Chapter 7

7.1

head loss S tan

From the figure: i = = = sin
length S

cos

q = k i A = (k)(sin )(4.2 cos )(1)

k = 4.8 10-3 cm/sec = 4.8 10-5 m/sec

q = (4.8 105 )(sin 6)(4.2 cos 6)(3600) = 0.0754 m3 /hr/m



to change
to m/hr

7.54 10- 2 m 3 /hr/m

h
7.2 i=
S

cos

h cos 0.075 2.75 cos14
q = kiA = k ( H 1 cos 1) = 2 (2 cos14)
S 10
N 30
m/sec
= 1.29 10 -4 m 3 /sec/m

41
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 QL (350 cm 2 )(30 cm)
7.3 a. k = = 2
= 3.96 10- 3 cm/sec
Aht (176.71 cm )(50 cm)(300 sec)

1+ e
b. vs = v ; v = ki
e

1+ e 50 cm 1 + 0.61
vs = ki = (0.00396) = 0.0174 cm/sec
e 30 cm 0.61

QL (160)(15)
7.4 k= ; 0.062 =
Aht (31.67)(h)(60)

h = 20.37 cm

aL h (0.25)(15) 40
7.5 a. k = 2.303 log10 1 = ( 2.303) log10
At h2 (19.64)(8 60) 20

= 2.75 10-4 cm/sec

h
b. k = 2.303 aL log10 1
At h2

(0.25)(15) 40 40
0.000275 = ( 2.303) log10 = 0.00122 log
(19.64)(6 60) h2 h2

h2 = 23.82 cm

h
7.6 a. k = 2.303 aL log10 1
At h2

0.97 50 41
= (2.303) log10 = 0.241 cm/min = 0.00402 cm/sec
16 10 18.5

k ( 4.02 105 m/sec)(1.005 103 N s/m2 )

K= = = 4.13 10-12 m2
w 9.789 103 N/m3

42
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 h
b. k = 2.303 aL log10 1
At h2

0.97 50 41
0.241 cm/min = ( 2.303) log10
16 7 h2

h2 = 23.5 cm

7.7 From Eq. (7.15) and Table 7.2 for T = 28 C:

k 20C = T C k T C = (0.832)(0.009) = 7.49 10 3 cm/sec
20C

e13 0.623

7.8
k 1+ e
Eq. (7.31): 1 = 3 1 , or
0.03
= 1 + 0.62 = 0.1471
k2 e2 k2 0.483 0.0747

1 + e2 1 + 0.48

k2 = 0.015 cm/sec

7.9 e = emax (emax emin)Dr = 0.68 (0.68 0.42)(0.52) = 0.544

0.7825
e3
Eq. (7.32): k (cm/sec) = 2.4622 D102
1 + e
0.7825
0.5443
= (2.4622) (0.4) 2 = 0.1 cm/sec
1 + 0.544

7.10 e1 = emax (emax emin)Dr = 0.72 (0.72 0.46)(0.8) = 0.512

e2 = 0.72 (0.72 0.46)(0.67) = 0.545

e13 0.5123

k1 1 + e1 0.006 1 + 0.512 0.0887
= , or = =
k2 e23 k2 0.5453 0.1047

1 + e2 1 + 0.545

43
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 k2 = 7.08 103 cm/sec

n1 0.36
7.11 n1 = 0.36; e1 = = = 0.562
1 n1 1 0.36

0.48
n2 = 0.48; e2 = = 0.923
1 0.48
3 3
e 3 1 + e 1 + e1 e2 1.562 0.923
Eq. (7.31): k2 = k1 2 3 1 = k1 = (0.072)
1 + e2 e1 1 + e2 e1 1.923 0.562

k2 = 0.259 cm/sec

7.12 d(field) = Rd(max) = (0.9)(16) = 14.4 kN/m3

Gs w (2.7)(9.81)
e= 1 = 1 = 0.839
d (field) 14.4

e3 0.6
Eq. (7.34) : k (cm/sec) = 35 (Cu )( D10 mm)2.32
1 + e

0.8393
= 35 (3.1)0.6 (0.23)2.32 = 0.732 cm/sec
1 + 0.839

7.13 Sieve Opening Percent Fraction between two

no. (cm) passing consecutive sieves (%)
30 0.06 100 { 27
40 0.0425 73 { 14
60 0.02 59 { 36
100 0.015 23 { 23
200 0.0075 0

For fraction between fi 27

= = 550.93
sieve Nos. 30 and 40 D 0.404
li Dsi
0.595
0.06 0.404
0.04250.595

44
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 For fraction between fi 14
= = 514.21
sieve Nos. 40 and 60 D 0.404
li Dsi
0.595
0.0425 0.404
0.02 0.595

For fraction between fi 36

= = 2127.71
sieve Nos. 60 and 100 D 0.404
li Dsi
0.595
0.02 0.404
0.0150.595

For fraction between fi 23

= = 2306 .35
sieve Nos. 100 and 200 D 0.404
li Dsi
0.595
0.015 0.404
0.00750.595

100% 100
= = 0.0182
D li Dsi
0.4040.595
550.93 + 514.21 + 2127.71 + 2306.35

2
1 0.683
k = (1.99 10 )(0.0182)
4

2
= 0.0219 cm/sec
7.5 1 + 0.68

n
k1 e1n 1 + e2 1 + e2 e1
7.14 = =
k 2 1 + e1 e2n 1 + e1 e2

n
0.2 106 2.6 0.95 n
6
= ; 0.1648 = 0.593
0.91 10 1.95 1.6

log 0.1648
n= = 3.45
log 0.593

en (0.2 106 )(1 + 0.95)

k1 = C 1 ; C= = 4.655 10 7 cm/sec
1 + e1
3.45
0.95

1.13.45
k3 = ( 4.655 10 7 ) = 3.08 10- 7 cm/sec
2 .1

7.15 Eq. (7.37): log k = A log e + B

log k1 log k2 log(0.2 106 ) log(0.91 106 )

A = = = 2.9
log e1 log e2 log(0.95) log(1.6)

B log k1 A log e1 = log(0.2 106 ) 2.9 log(0.95) = 6.634

log (k3) = (2.9)log(1.1) 6.634 = 6.514

45
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 k3 = 3.062 107 cm/sec

1
7.16 k H ( eq ) = (k1H1 + k2 H 2 + ....)
H

1
k H ( eq ) = [(104 )(1) + (2.8 102 )(1) + (3.5 105 )(2)] = 7.042 103 cm/sec
4

H 4
kV ( eq ) = =
H1 H 2 1 1 2
+ + .... 4
+ 2
+
k1 k2 10 2.8 10 3.5 10 5
= 5.95 10 5 cm/sec

k H ( eq ) 7.042 103
= = 118.35
kV ( eq ) 5.95 105

7.17 q = kiA

160 150
i= = 0.08
125

q = 250 m3/day

A = 2500 = 1000 m2

q 250
k= = = 3.125 m/day
iA (0.08)(1000)

CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEM

H 60
7.C.1 a. kv ( eq ) = = = 1.076 103 cm/sec
H1 H 2 H 3 20 20 20
+ + + +
k1 k2 k3 5 103 4.2 102 3.9 104

47
q = kv ( eq )iA = (0.001076) (152 ) = 0.149 cm3/sec = 536.4 cm3/hr
60 4
46
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 b. x = 0 mm

Z = 220 mm;

u
= 470 + 220 = 690 mm
w
u
h= + Z = 690 220 = 470 mm
w

x = 200 mm

Z = 220 mm

kv (eq)i = k1i1

47 H
(0.001076) = (0.005)
60 20

H = 3.371 cm = 33.71 mm

Therefore, h = 470 33 .71 = 436.29 mm

u
= 436.29 (220) = 656.29 mm
w

x = 400 mm

Z = 220 mm

kv ( eq)i = k2i2

47 H
(0.001076) = (0.042)
60 20

H = 0.4 cm = 4 mm

Therefore, h = 436 .29 4 = 432.29 mm

u
= 432.29 (220) = 652.29 mm
w

47
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 x = 600 mm

Z = 220 mm

kv (eq)i = k3i3

47 H
(0.001076) = (0.00039)
60 20

H = 43.224 cm = 432.24 mm

Therefore, h = 432 .29 432 .24 0 mm

u
= 0 (220) = 220 mm
w

c. The variation of heads with distance is shown in the following figure.

47
d. v = kv ( eq )i = (0.001076) = 0.000843 cm/sec
60

48
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 v
vs =
n

0.000843
Soil I: vs = = 0.00168 cm/sec
0.5

0.000843
Soil II: vs = = 0.0014 cm/sec
0.6

0.000843
Soil III: vs = = 0.00255 cm/sec
0.33

These values are plotted in the figure on the previous page.

e. Height of water column is equal to the piezometric or pressure head at a point.

Therefore: height of water in A = pressure head at x = 200 mm = 656.29 mm
height of water in B = pressure head at x = 400 mm = 652.29 mm

49
2014 Cengage Learning. All rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 50
2014 Cengage Learning. All rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.