CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS “he pot cho ll view ofp poems nad wh ile ‘Egat tpaen pene (ted oor ew pt rence, (Steere, Socios soda) a secur ae el ‘tommy se cuanto a ope ie sect) ep of rl eon red “ema tha eh i pn hy) 1 rk rere, {Series cote nity + Sich, pn eb, “inept pen nd ome gap wth cn oe fr cpa gl od Seven 4 Introduction ‘The design tons gen in thi paper on rubble mound structures are based on tits of scomatiand structures. Sacre in protatype may lifer (sb- antialy) from the trbseetons Tats based on thee design to's can ‘eres cal be wed na conceptual eegn. The conSience bande ven fr ‘most fmuls support the fact tat realty ay ifr fom the mean cure [Re adveed o prorm pia model investigation for detaed design of ll, Iinpertat rabble mound atractre,111. Processes invoteed with rubble mound structures ‘The process involved with stability of rubble mound sructares der wave (posibiy combined with are) atack ae gen ia «Sa scheme in Fg 1 i} Fe 1. Ba nef men of nad pee ‘The cvirmentl condone (ware, current and gctecnel character ‘s lod to numberof parameters wach dscbo the boundary conton at rin feat of tho sructure (An Fi). Tes parameters are net fected by {he strchre iol and generally, the deiner of structure has 2p ace on ten. Wore agi, wave hight databuton, wave bealing, wate pio, ‘Spectral shape, weve ange, cues esate gromety, water depth ebp ‘hd water eves re thea ral enviunmenal parameter Thess ev {oneal parnocters are not deveribed a this paper. A specie gonechcal ‘vizounental eouditon is an eartnquake ‘Gorrsing pacaoctes can be divided into parameters elated to bya (@ Fig 1), elated to getecais(C) and tothe structure (D). Hyealc paamerers ae related to the desiption ef the wave action on the structare (Gydrai response). Ths hydraulic parameters re decribed in Suess. 2.1 sad 22. The main hyde reponon a wan Tumsp, run-dows, mae ‘ratoping, wave transninion sad relection. These ar covered In So. 3. Capt Darn of Rae Mowat Bratt 225 Geotchaealyarameers ar related to, fr instance, Uiqulaction, dynamic ‘adients end excessive pore paroes They are mot dsb in tis paper. "The stractue canbe desnbed by alge mune of vtructural parameters (0) andsome mporane ons te the slope ofthe struct, th as and mass ‘ensy ofthe rook, rok a ain spe, surace movthses ehsion, porosity, Peraabiliy ches aad bull modo, and the dineasons and crveseeson of the structre, ‘The stroctaral parts related to hyanicsabity are ‘rerbed in Saba 25. “The loude onthe structs oro strata laments are ven by the eave ronmental, hyéraabi,grotecnial, and structzal parameters ogetber (Fin Fig 1). "Thee lds en be divided into tone doe to external water moon i slpe,n gemated iy nternal water motion inthe euctre ad ‘cthqunion, The external water motion aleted amongst tbe things by ‘the defermation ofthe wave (henkng or et breaking), the rama and rum ‘own, transi, overtopping and refleton. These topics are deseribed in Subic, 2.2, The ners! mater motion crv the penetration or dispation tf water ino the strata, the variation of po pemare and the variation ‘fhe ate ne, The topes not tented inthis paper ‘Amor allstracturl parameters might have some or large inoene onthe leads Slo, shape, and grading of ara snes hae infuenoeon the roughse= of th dope and terre, on up atid at-down. Filter size sd grading, {oestter wih the sbovesnntoned Gamctrsizs of the amc stones ave ‘sr nlwace co the permeable ofthe rrwtar, ad benoe, 0 to itera ‘The rertance agai the lds (waves earthquakes) canbe called the strength ofthe srucire (Fin Pig, 1) Sroctoral parameters ae eset (he formulation ofthe eength of he stracsure. Mos of them alo inuence the loads, as desta hove Final the comparison of he strngth with ha ode lads oa description fe pon oft structare or elements of the struc (in Fig 1) the Atergtion ofthe socalled flare mechani The fare mechanism may be tread ina eters or probable wy. dreuleeeacatl response ae stably of eor layers, ker yes ‘xt ad en, foeburme, ned ality of erst wale and yraically st ble slope. These stractral responses ar desribed in Se. A. Geotechnical respons or interaction are sp fare, eetemen,lqueacion, dynamic re ‘pone, neal exsin, end impacts. They are no dsrbed in tis apesFigue 1 can alo be ued i ode to dare te various ways of physi ‘sd mineral modeling ofthe sabity of coastal and sherelne srt, A Pack bee ethod i wed the enromestl parameters (A in Fig 1 nd the Ines (B) and structaral (D)parameurs are modded phil, andthe espones(@) are gen i graphs or rls. A description of water oton (E) an atrengh (F) ot cores exe bot mathod ie wd parts of the loud (B) ace decid hoo rete formulations o mmereal models which are read to the sent (F) (tbe structure by tana of fare terion or relablity fonction. The t= ‘escalation of tbe foraula ight both sinplest example of tis ‘Finally a white box wae fl relevant ld and flare eterions can be kcribed ty taeretal/ghylc formations or nanercl models, without ‘copra constants, I obvious hat wl ake a loag ie and lengthy ‘orate lr foe costal and hoeline status cn be designed by meas cha wbite box. "The col bla, gre, and whit, oe fr the mito deseribed ove do ot muget penis Each meted canbe ofl ina dag pred "Ths paper wilde! with physi processes and desig tos, which mens ‘tha devon tole shouldbe described so tha ey ar easly applicable 1 ta eng of appotion shoud be s wide as pose, ‘+ research data fom varios invetgations should, wherever posible, be com ‘Sed and compared, rate han giving the data of diferent investigations separate. 1.2. Classification of rubble mound structures tie mound stoctue an be dase bythe use of the H/AD parameter, whee A= wave bight, = rive mass density, ani D ~ characteristic Ener of structure, aoe wai rok or covert), toe, sing, or sand Smal values of 11/A> pire stractizs a clsons or tractues with Tage stor mite. Large one iply gael bosch and and bec, ‘Only two type of strates have to be dating if he response ofthe various stracites is conrad These types canbe elsif into say ‘able snd dynamically able, ‘Sttally sable stroctres are tose mbere no or maar damage is allowed under design conditions. Daniage i delnod a dglacoment of amor units ‘The mace of nv! wits mast be large enough to withstand the wave fro onc Desi of Ruble Nod Brass 23 ving design conditions. Cimon and traditinilly dvignedbratatas ‘slong co th group of satay stable structures Th design i baad on sn optsnam ston betwen erg condos, allowable damage, an cost of fsiruton nd malatensnce. Stati tbl is characterised Wy the design, parameter damage, and ean roughly be caesied by H/AD = na ‘Dynamically stable castes ae straceree were profledevelpment S| coseerned. Unite atone gral or nnd) are diplced by wav ation wat a rfl is reached where the tatsporecapciyaloog he rofl eroded to 2 ery Jw lve. Matera round the slater lel i eoainosty moving urag cach run-up and raz-down of the woes, but whca the tot aarp ‘expat bao bicee ero, tho profile has ached an equ yale ‘abit i charaered by th desi parameter pela and can roughly be (cad by HAD > 8. "The structures concerned in this paper ave roe armored breakwaters end slopes ead bea type breakwaters. ‘The stroctares are roughly claifed by jap -1-0. ‘an cvevow ofthe types of streties with lerent HAD values shown in Fig. 2, whic gives te following rough dasication 1 RIAD <1 Cassons ot savas [No damage allowed for thee fad stroctces. The dimer, D, can be ‘he big or width of the sevetae 2 H/AD=1-4" Stabe breakwater: Generally wll slopes ave applied wit heavy etal armor units or ‘atural rock Only Ile damage (displaces) is allowed under severe ‘eign conditions. The dieters a carats Gameter of te unl, ‘cha the nial damier 3. H/AD=$-6 Shaped and burn breakwaters, “These stroctses are chaaceron by more o ae tec pes abowe and ‘low the ill-wate vl with more get lope in betwen which edoos ‘he wave fren the arne wit, Berm breakwater are deigoed with & ‘ery Seep seaward slope aad «horse berm just abe the slater lev. The Sat arms develop more get pole whi i stable frtber on. The poe cange to be expected ae inert. 4 HiAD = 6-20 Rock soper/becbes, ‘The diameter ofthe rock ie elatinly mall and canoot withstand ee sere wave attack witht cirlacement of material The profile whieh i ‘eg developed under diferent nave Douary ones is the dxgn parsnete.288 1 Wn der Mer it Capt Des of a Mond Brateaies 22¢ & H/AD~ 16-500 Grae beads ‘Grin sn, roy etooen tm cotter ad fur millimeters, can be ‘hse ae gravel. Gravel beaches will ange cooliuouly uoder raryas ‘woe condtens and water lvls (6). Again the develepnent of the role one of the deign parameters. ©, M/AD > 300 Saud beaches (during storm sur) ‘Aloo mister wih vay smal ameter can withtand sree wae tae ‘The Dutch coat pasty protected by sund dunes, The dune erson ‘and profle developmen: durag storm surges is one ofthe main dx Darunrter. Extensive hare research Eat been perfeted tht topic (Walings, 1985 and Stet, 1085). 2, Governing Parameters ‘The wave Boundary odie can manly be desarbed by the wave height evod er seepnes and the sin lary parameter ‘The main hydrulle responses of rubble mound structures to wave ood ons re wave ru-ap aod ror-iorn, vertoping, transmission, and reaction. ‘The governing parameters rated to ae yall responses ar Murtrtad tn Fig. andar cloesod inthis ection. The hydrate responses itself are decd in So 3 ‘relly large numberof trctural prams can be dfnd atl to ves, roa, tbe rossi and te respons ofthe rcture. Thestretaal Dantas are rest inthis ton, the sacral pons in See 2.1, Wave poremeters ‘are conditions ar given pelacpally by the incfen wave height a the toe of he steve, H, wal s the sgneast rave bright, (average ofthe highest 1/3 of the wanes) of H( 4m, tase ca the spectrum); the mean or peak wave pesos ce‘ [toed an satis ox spectral nals) the ogi of wave stack, 9 and the water pt ‘The wave beght datcbution at deep wetr can be desrbed bythe geese Raylegh sistbstion and in that cae oe caracteratie val or instance, ead ‘he sigifean wave bug, decries the whole tribution. In shallow and ‘depth ied water the higher mass rk nd in mot case th wave it Aitebatiens can n longs be desrbed by the Rayaghdstributio, In those ation AD. ‘vata, the actus wave belght dition may be important ta conier, Pe 2 TypectareueHint 5. Gonna barra cr anothe charactors valu oor Ubi he sigcat wave eight. Chars teste vals often usd ao the 2% wave height, Hyg, and the Hn lng ‘the average ofthe highest ten percent ofthe waves, Fore Rapegh trot, the wl Hig = 14H, sed Hyg = 127 H, ol, nepal Mad Eratatrs 228 “The inloence ofthe wave petad Is often deeb sta wave length and seated to the wove eight, renting move seepoes. The wave easpnes canbe defn byes the deep water wave length, Lim 7/2 a ® TF 1 the situation considered isnt relly in deepwater (inmost es) the wane length st dog water and a he strutue afr snd thereoe fins ‘nave merce is obtained a ot, the wate saspares as defined in Ea. () ‘Becsber a dmmensonlen wavs period. Uae of and Ty 8 Ty in Ee es fs Subexpt wo eepeiey Sm 208 Sp "The most useful paramnter decrbing wave action on a hope, ard some of ts eee, the te saity or tear parameter, G also trae the Iiaren suber Fr ge tena/ii o ‘The suf cnlary parameter ba often bee wd o sre the frm ef ‘wave breaking on a bench or sructae eo Fig.)- Ie aoald be noted thst Me 4 Deyn tin a, 170) iene vss ofthis parameter are dei within this paper, rleting tbe spproacos of diferent remarcher. In tis sto, Gy aly ae used when # Js deserted by fm OF fp22. Hydroutleporameters 221. Ruwesp and rundown Wve action on rubble mound sacar wil ance he water sfc to ce clate oer a erica range generally grater than the ncdeat wave bet ‘he extreme levels reached in each we, tered run-up and run-down, Ry sod fy respectively, and dafnd relat to the stase mater lv, cone ‘portant dain parameter (oo Fig. )- The design ron lee lb sed to detrmine the lee of the structure ce, the upper Li of prseeon her srsctarl elements, or as an indicator of posible ovetcppig of Wave ‘runmioion. The ran-dowa lov i often tla to determine the lowe te ‘fain armor pectection and/or pomtble eel fr a oe ber, "Rup-up and run-down are often given ina dimensoales form, Rasy and |B whore the tet» deere the lee considers (fates 2%) cor igalcant (0), 2.22. Overtpping etzems run-ap lov excel the cost lee, the stesetare wil overtop. This ‘ay ow for eave fe waves uncer the design eve, and lw vetop ping ate may often be accepted witht severe eonreqoente fo the structure (r tho aca procctad by it Sen wal and beste re often design ‘on the bass tas come (smal) ovstoppng dlshage i Yo be expected under ‘ctrne wave contions. Tht main design proiam therefor rfc 9 one (of dimensioning the cram tion geometry sch tht the saan oeroppng ‘ichargy, yun design eoudtons reaaas below scgptble iis "The most simple cimecsones parameter, Q, for tho mean overonping lscarg,g,can be dein by « a & @ Sometimes the wave snopes and soe angl alo hav influence onthe oer ‘opleg ain Uist cate, the dition of dimensonie metoping Ascharee sin Ba (3) may be extended by ineluling som or pp andor cota. Vion ‘efnitions en be found in Oven (180), Bradbury eto (1958) and De Wal fd Van der Mese (1092) 223, Weve tronomistion Brcalatrs with elatively lw castles may be overtop with suflent oe Das of Rate Mownd Brats 131 ‘severity to exe wave acon Yehind. Where a breskvater& constevcted of eltvly permeable contri, lng wave ptods ny Ie to transmission of wave eneray dough the teuture, Ia ume cases the two diferent responses sl be combined ‘The quaicaton of wave translscen i importct inthe design of low esd relate intended to protert beaches or serlines, and Ln the de Son of taor beanies where lng wave poo transmitted ®0¥gh the Trekrater could ease movement of ships or other Boating bodies. “The soir of wave tranaiion ie descibed Wy the coeficient of rane ‘ison, Cdl intern ofthe tedent and tantated wave eights, H, fod Hy rexpactvely, or the total negent and team wave energies, 5, nd Fy 4 a an ka VE @ 224 Weve rflations ‘Wa rletons ae of importance on the open cas, and at eommeca and small boot hacboor. The traction of cent and releced waves often Tend to» confine ae in ont of the structure, with ouxsional steep and ‘oaable waves of cosierale asad to small beats, Reflected waves can tlbo propagate into ares of «harbor previo stltred from wave ection. ‘They wil nad to Soeremed oak orbital veloc, increasing the tiod of movement of beach matelal Under oblique waves, reflection wil increase Tor curt ad bene nel sediment tanepor ‘A coil sraturs ret oan proportion ofthe incident wave ene ‘Thin fen deed by efecto cooticies, Cy, define in tems ofthe - ‘deat and reo wave heights, Hand My rxpeiely, oftho tal incident nd ralted ave eerie Band By LAE © When cansieing radon wavs, values of C- may be defined using the sigan indent and lected wave ight ae represetativoof Ue hedent fd reflected enero123, Structural parameters Stretaral parameter canbe dvd into four ctesces which il be treated In Ui secton, and ae rte to ros 1 he croseseition; and 1 the esponse of the eae. 23.1 Structural pormeer lee 4 water “The most important pazameter which pve a eaiosip Sete the tac ‘are aad the wave conditions fas been teed in uber. 1.2 In general the T/SD gives good cassfeton, Far the design of ubble mound struct, "his parareer shouldbe defind in more deta. ‘The wave height is uraly the sicaat wave height, Hy defined ether by oho average ofthe highest one tid of the wavs © by 4M. Foe deep te, both dfntins give more of Hs tho amo wave eight. For shllow ‘ale conditions euttantialdiftrences may be preset. "The relative bya dest ie deacibd by inal tte, ‘Mg = madian mae of uit see by SG on mat dtbtion carve, ‘Tho partes H/AD changes to H,/ Dao: Compt Dag of ae NowBuy Another spportent structural parameter is te sur sir parame hie rls the lope angle to the wave period or wave pie aad wise {Gon elaifation of breaker types. The su sinlarty parameter (em € Sth Ty, ele in Subse. 2.) For dyeamicaly tablestractres with pole dovlpmen, asi sila rameter cannot be defined asthe dope isnot stright. Furhurmore, dja fell stable structs ore dseribed by = large range of y/.Dae vals, ‘that at, pombe to neo rate the wave period to the nominal dnt ‘and to make a combined wave bagi = pesiod parameter, This paramoter ‘eked by Fs on, fo item Be ota © ‘Toe relationship between H/ADaz ab HoT, sted in Table ‘Tae Rout men HD. ad Ha ee Tlie ie Sally aaa 7 Rockakpeedbeehe 6a ast Cel bee 0 soa Sod base Sap > 000 Aver paramtter whith rats both wave height and prio (or ma steepest the nomial diameter wa atoduoed Ly Ahrens (1987). Int Shore Prtecon Maal (SPM, 181), H,/Dau ifn ala the statis ‘uber, Ny Abie cid the local wave soqpes ina modified tai smumber, 7, dened by semenTh this equation, the laa wave ctaepnese and nt he denp water wave -seepous ‘The lel wav seepors is called using the local wave leg {hom the Aiysbrors, where the deep naler wave steepooss le calelaed by Ba (2). This mode stability une, Ni, has alow raion with HT, ‘he 2. Wave i pid prates tod by Ba, (8). An overview of posible wave ih pao parameters (geen iTable 282. Structural parmeers lata to rock ‘The most important parameter which esl to the rock Is the nail meter dei by Ba (1). lated thi, ofcourse, Mth 50% value fn the mass dlstbotin carve, The grating ofthe cock can be given by {he Das Dis, where Duy and Di ae he 855% and 15% yale ofthe weve ‘ome reserve o by Dats/Dyse, based aga onthe mass dsteoation fares, The are the oust inportant parameters ar fr se sblty of armor layers Is concomed.Byampes of gradings are shown in Table 3, showing the ration tezmen clases of tone (hare simply alan as Mp/ Mig and Pas/Ds) Parter detail of reammendel methods of pelping gradings and of su ‘ested gradings ave given ia the CUR/CIRIA Maneal (1981), Subec,32.24 Comet es of Rabie Mond Satins 295 ‘nates. Bape ef iinge Taree ene Wie patae Verein DelDucis 1S yD e28— DulDu > 28, cue D/P Coe Pal Casa Dan ia a a seas te te mame sie 38 wlio my as namaste a 3 yeaa L000 8 sy ru Teabag) 200 0am ng 0 momo 10 ewig sos ga 28.5. Strctral porametors rata lo the erosion ‘There ate many parameters related t the rosesection end most of them ae bvigo,Figre 5 give an overview. The parents ae: aca ‘emer lel lt th el y "Tosh ef are ede at wines sou poy = ‘aap ot ert spe : Depth lhe tou below -ter oe Ie ‘The permeability ofthe eruerave hasan Laflacnce on the stabi of he amor ager. This depends om the ae fier layers acre ad canbe gen tyra notional permeablty factor, P. Examples of ave sbowa in Fig 6, based om the work of Van der Mase (1588) ‘Toe lower iit of Pian armor lye with thlcknos of wo diameters os sn imperaable core (std relay) ad with ony thin Ser ayer. Ths lower ‘Boundary fev by P= 0. The per imitof Ps given by 3 homogenous ‘rocare whisk consis oly of armor stones. In tht case, P= 06. Twocsber {luc are chown in Fg, 6 and ach prior stractare should be compared ‘ith the given sacar inorder totale an ertimation of he P face TE Should be noted that P ie nota measure of prety!ie. oeing ps a tthe nse “The estimation of P fom Fig. 6 fra particle structure must, more ct Jax, be based on engineering judgment Altbough the ext vale ay ot ‘precely be determined, aveaton af Paroud the etinatat ake may wel ‘Brean do about he importance ofthe permeability ‘The pemeabiley factor P can alo be ditenlned by sing a moms (pedal that can give the volume of water that penetrates through tho senor layer daring rai-ap. Calculations shoud be doae for te sttares ‘ith P = 05 and 06 (oe Fig 0) ad forthe actual structure. As P= 01 [Fone 20 pentation at all» graph eas be made with P vrmss penetrated ‘te of water, The sulted stun for the acts] erecta en gies in the gph the Panive, The prootare kat ben dered in moe deta in ‘Vander Mea (1968), "ita mers models develope by Kobra and Warjato (188180), Yon Gon (100), or Egising eta. (108), the penetration of water during romp cn be elated lye) 284, Stuctarlporometer related othe rnonse of he srutue ‘The bebaviour fhe structure canbe desibed bya ew parameters. Sately ‘n= eral cae 0, oan Fe. Sei pen er Por ou et stable structures are decid by the development of damage. "This an be ‘he amount of rock that is diplcnd or the paced dstance ofa crown wal Dymamsaly stable structure ae desta by a deoloped pro. "The damage tothe armor lye can be gies percentage of dipaced, stones rtd toa cin nen (he waco ora prt tho lye). I ths ese, boner iis dif to compare various structure asthe damage ues ate ‘elated to difient ttle for ear strate, Another pouty is a derbe ‘he daring by the ei ate azoand etillwatr level When thi eelon ea ie elated to the ap of he stone, dmenstonls damage leis preencod ‘ich ndependent of he sae ops angle and eight) of she rructare. Tie damage lee Is dead by Ac ot 0)here, ‘Se damage eve, ‘Ag = eosin area aroand stillater level, [A plot of erature with damage is showa in Fig 7, the damage level taking bot tslement and dizplacemeat aco sovant. A physi description ofthe dag, the number of eqozes with aside Dy which tito the froson area, Another deorption ofS the number afcubie ones with aside (of Daan aod within a Dy Wide ep of to structure, The etl umber ‘of sone exoded within the ssp an Bo more ole than 8, depenfig om {he porety, the grading ofthe armor stones acd the shape ofthe tame. ‘Gavel the atom umber of ones ered in Dao wide i is aa 07 101 tion he damage 5 aaainivey Pict, Dameron i ‘The Emits of $ depend mainly oo the slope angle of the strate. For ‘two diameter thick armor layer, the values in Table 4 ean be wed. The {nn damage of $= 2-3 acording to the exter ofthe Hudson forma, ‘wtih gives 0-2% damage. Faure is defined as expe of the ker Inger Fer S vals higher han 15-20, the dsfrmation of the structure ress in an ‘Shaped profil and shold be alld deamicaly sabe etal Dat of Rae Med Prats 299 Another defn s uggistd for damage to conerete armor ut. Such tmnage canbe defied es the reatve damage, No, wie th eta amber (lant (deplored, rocking, etc) related to with (along the lustdlal {sof he struc) of one nominal diameter, Dy. For ees, Dy is these (thee fr tatapods, Dy = 0.65 D, where D's the bgt ofthe i for ferepods, Dy — O70, and or Dolose, Dy = 034 D (with 2 walt ratio of om). Te nae ieee Tah [An extension oft subrrpt in Ny can ge the distinction betwen wit AUsplacad ent of the le, waite rckng within she aye (only once or more {lines} ete. In far thn dignr ean det his en damage desertion, but the actual amber is rated toa width of ene Dy, The following damage ‘ecrptinne wil be wood inthis pape: Nye = wits diepaced ot ofthe amar ayer (hyde damage) Nor ~ racing wnt, enon = 000 te, Nae = Not Nor "The defnition of oe i coaparable withthe detiton of, although SS insides dplacement and settlement, bt doesnot tae tno spank the porosity of the aor Iyer. Generally 5 is about tice Nas ‘Danial sible siructars are these whee pote Gevopnent is 3 ceed Units (stone, gavel sand) are displaced by wave action uni a roles each war the tranper expat alg the profi rede toa Ininimusk, Dysamie stability is characterized by the design parasites prof, ‘At exanpl of a scbematsa profs showa in Fig 8. The intl slope was 15 which sclativly gel and one should note that Fig 8 is shown (a dioret sale. "The profile cons of bnch crest (the highest peat Gf te profile), cured slope around si-watr level (above st-water lvlsto, low gute), nd a steeper pat relatively deep, below stl-wate lee Fr gale slopes (hinge lope > Lt) a step found a ths deep par. The profile caraterbo hy numberof ngs, heights and anges and thee ‘rer lad tate wave boundary conditions and rrwtual parameters (Von {er Mer, 1988). 4g Schott cn 915 ini slop. 5. Hydraulic Response ‘This section presents methods that may be sel forthe eaeuation of the -ylaule sponse pacamsers which mere a gvea ia Fig. 3: ‘+ runup and rundown lvls 1 cwetoping discharges 1 wave trasimiosons and ve redections, ‘Where pes, the prion methods ace Senta’ wih che nits of their appiaion. ‘These mathods ace generally stale to dsvbe the opt an of ate Mound Briere 261 ‘ayralic reponse for only fw spied eases, ether becuse tts ave ‘ben conde fora tied range of wav ondiions or bens the stuctre fometey tnd een sprees simpleton in rltion to many preted fHrutars Ie wil heer be noomany to timate the perfrmase for eel ‘uation from predicdon for rtd (out ds) structure ooigurtins ‘Wher his at pone, othe predictions are ls vlble than expected, lyse modal st should be conducted. 8.1, Wave run-up and rundown Precio of Ry and Re may be based on sple empirical equations sp- ported by model tt rents, rom mame models of wave/stustre ars fon. One-dimensional numeric dels of wave ru-up have bera developed ‘yy Kobepa and Warjoso (199,10), Van Gent (198), and Hagering tol (903) A twodimensona! model hat bee developed iy Van er Mest et (3902) Those aumerel model wl ote ised hee “Al calcltin methods requ arsmeters to be did precely. Run-up ‘and run-down leet are dened relative to ai wetr lea ove Fg 3)- On {rnc bem nd sallow apes, rn-dowa lvl ayo ll below sillwater. ‘Allon down vl in ths pape ze ven paste if below tl-vatr level, ‘sd all up Ieee wl abso be sven bs pote if above it. ‘The upward excursion i generally grater than the dowaward, and the mean water level on the slopes fan abo at-water lee. Again this may ‘bemot masked cn berted nnd shallow aoen. These ss of complcale ‘he defisition,ealeulatin, or mearurement of run-iowa parameters. ‘Much ofthe eld data tile on nave ran-p and rundown apply to eale and smooth oper Some laboratory measzements have born made om leeper snot slopes sad on pores armored slopes. Predicon methods for noth slopes nay’ be wd deci for armored slopes that are ied or fly {Govtal with cones or bitumen, These methods ean aso be sed for rough ‘oaprous slopes with an appropri retuson facto. "The bebo of wave on ough poros (rabble mound) slopes i very iffrent fora that ca nonporous slopes, and the run-up perfomance ot tl prudcted by adapting oqutias or nonth opes: Diferent dat must be ‘hed Thi irene strata Sn Fg. 9, here sgn relative ran, TReo/Hyi loti for bat sooth ad rok pes. Tho greatest divergence ‘betwee the pfrmanos ofthe diferent slope types ives fr 1 < fy <8. For Gp shove 6 or 7, the ronsap peformunen of spooth and porous slopes tendsto be very sia values Ip that can, Uo wave motion surging up and down the Hope without breaking, and te oughnes and post is then les © sh snc) 2 LAPT see cen Pg 8 Campenni rn format and be mata ee Doh Hydraulics hat receatlypeormol various sppind fundamental re sonrch sts fo lyst scale model on wave runup and eretoplag on ‘rious strectars (De Waal and Van de Meer, 1902), Rut-p has nena Sewn erued ea sock oper The infuenoe on run-up and weroping of ‘bas, rougnes on the lope (alu oe ter of ok) and shallow meer, bat ‘bom menured fer smooth slopes. Fal, the ifsence ef shar-erested aes sd oblique ong and shor-restd) waves hes boon sud on wave - fod overtopping. All rscrch was coaooed by the Technical Advisry (Comittee fer Water Defcss (TAW) in Tho Netherand, De Weal aod Van der Mec (190) zien eral view ofthe Sia ests, nik desi ora las sod design gop Only the msn emule wll be rmarived hee, then ‘unup and run-dorn oo rock slopes wil be dele with 'A general ruppfonns ean be geen witha anon dope sea bas. Th cmp! Das of Rube Mond Brains 248 orm fo he 29% relive rans Raa ven by Be Be share Hy = thesignican wave bgt, 7 — a total rfuction factor fr various TRuenen, abd fy ~ the sr similarity parameter based the pe pared ‘This general formula i shown in Fig 10. Sg with e maximum of 3.0 oy ° T a z 4 10, Gam omar wane enon a mah slp cing ant ts, “The itvnce of berms, roughness, shallow water, ad oblique wave stad wave rubrup aid overtopping ean be given ss reduction factor yy, Shr and ag respetiely. Tey ace deed ae the rao of run on » slope oridere to tht on a noo impeemeabie slope wnder ori intel ‘cnuioas (TAN, 174. The ttl redveson factor thea becomes mien a or the redaction factors one eee to De Wal and Van det Meer (1902), An overview of Bq, (12) with ll tx reuse in Fig 1. this figure, the vertical ase ves the relative run-up vied by the total edaetionfactor. Equation (11) cao be conidred asthe average ofthe data (exes for s small onepredction acoand f, = 2). The relly ofthe ation can be described by sstuning the factor 15 at wochaic variable ith & ‘normal distribution wth meas 1 an variation coeicet (standard deviation 15 5) Fe = 65, form 0) “The rump for parmeabe stature (P > O) i ied to mou ne 08) ca Inthe sbowe oguaton, cscs ae gen Sn Table 5. Vals fo the co- ices oho sadd bane been determing for eva ft = 01% 1% 2% 5% 1095 spat, and moun ranap eres * it iat te 2s oc on tab om 135ase of the tents an the gation are shown, fr exam, value f= 16, and egies, for euch of P= 0.1 and P'> 0-4 in Fign 1 and 1 “Thereby of Bas. (18)-16) ean be deseribed by assuming coeficiets and d a tocar variables with x normal datribtion. The vaziaton ciclo for these cousins are 7% for P< Ot and 12% for P 2 04 \Conddence Sande canbe calculated Dazed on thee wilson Sooo a were Len i we eae Fig 2, Ri 2 runap on ck ee "Tho send method is to dacribe the ran.ap aga Welbul istbuton Pa PUR > Reg) an Rap = H(-Ing)* as) se, ‘= probably (between 0 and 1, ‘Rap = rump level exon by * 10% of the rut lees, = sae parameter, 6 shape parameter. Cone at of abe Mond Babs 247 B oo due ea f t Fg 1 Rain tint a on lps ‘Theshape parameter edelines he shape of the carve. For¢=2, Rag leribution is obtained. The sale paramcer can be describ ty, ® ca ‘The shape parameter is esrb by, 2 for plunging wave: asa cota? 09) 06, oy 1 fr srgng mas, SP ea ep ‘he tasion between Ba. (20) and (21 seed yc value forth eu ent preter, be = TEP aay e Fr Gn < Go 20) shoul be i fc Gu > Ge Ba (2). The ‘arma eel apple fr dps with cota <7 For Semper saps te Aitcatins n ope yg a fst tne‘Beamples of rurupditsbutows ar down in Fig, 14 Tho roi of ‘ap (20)(2) ean be describ hy saciming ba a stochastic vasabe With = ‘nol ditsbaton, The variation eodicent of Bis O% for P< 04 a0 OR for PD. Conhdence bans can be aastd by means of thee variation ‘eect 0090 Exceedonce P (%) P36, Rap transom 9 ope ode tn porns ae dopo so in chin Tite a at ety ee TOUR SULTS St cary ae ooo Seen ect eet ae sie Fae nama sar siete, ‘ers hon Fe 8a gern pea ‘neptune ni eee ea Sore ae ny et he pu ow Be 9) ‘Sin ete sty Compt Doi of ate Mand Breas 216 z B 5 * Pe * 2 bnpemece coe PT SE aa Pe 5 Rendon Ryo ips ad perme ps, 2.2. Overtopping In the desi of many st walls and briskeatar, the conta Idrasic response i often the ware overtopping dachrge. Under random waves this ‘ars edly fom one wove to another. Ther are rome data erate to ‘quai this variation, Por many eases itis stint 0 use the mean d= ‘Gare, oraly expe arn dacnrge per meter n/p Suggere erica! value of for various design stantios are cummed fn Pig 16. This inorpoaies roomnended Hinting vals ofthe mean dix ‘hare forthe sablty of erat and rosr armor to types of searlls and/or the sft of obicies and poop. Moet dats i Fig 18 reer to oe Japanese Asta, De Geli ef ot (1001) and Franco (109) iavetigated eel rer ‘oppingdacrgs at verti brewster fo (mode!) ears and poole (model tnd prototype) That rss give lager alorable overtopping (ee Fi. 16) Dutch resin De Hp’ lage Deliafume on «prototype gas dike ‘owed tht stations with overtopping more than 1-51/s pe meter were not ‘cos anymore far people by fot. This station i as give in Fg 16.raat eas onoopia lta (i pem) ig 16. Cel tpn cae ‘The calelton of overtopping discharge fo a particular structure geome try, water lov, and mane condition based on empirical equations Ste to Iheulc model etree The data valable on overtopping preformance {Fresca to few structural geotietie. A welldoow and wide data et ope to plea and beret sce oper without crown was (Ones, 198) More testcted stdin hae Seen reported by TAW (1874), Bradbury et ak (0088), and Amat and resco (188) Receaty, Det Hydrauos fished tro extensive studies on weve run-up and overtopping (De Waal and Van det oar, 192). och of tne studies ave dreloped dimensionless parameters of the cet frshoard forts a pei fraser denesionia groupe Eve Conta Den of Rae Noand Brats 251 ‘been used ty end autor. The simplest of such parueters the relative Iecboad, R./H. Thissinpe parameter, however, omits We nporan ects of tho wave period ot ware steepness and slope ange Tor plain and bermed smooth slopes, Oven (1080) rates dimensions scharge poramstr, Q, toa dienlonlowsfeeboaé parsetr, Uy 8 ‘exponeatil equation ofthe form oth es ‘Tho datstons of @ and that were given by Owen (1960) are va G Eve ) nd vale fo Uh cefients oan # one deriv rr the at rents se ‘xe given in Table. ‘Be 6 Va fhe ica aan i (4 fr gt met alga, (Oven, 1, De Was! end Van dee Moxr (1902) used Owen's data on smooth snes sod ho data from Faitro (196), bases ne ova ereuive me Saremeat (ce Subse. 31) Thay derived two approaches, ove by rating ‘reaping to wave run-up snd the oer by tating netopping separa. ‘Bot routhods are given hare "The simplest approach for deteranisg wave overtopping flowed when the ert Geeboard is rlted to ap expected run-up level oa noooNe topped hope, sy, ho Ray. Ths "Shortage in ramp eight” can then beSecsbe by (Hua, — e)/ He: Batons (11) and (12) ean be aed to eter tit Raye nlading all itnoa of berms, te. (ee Sate. 31), Fo ock Slopes, Bas. (1) to (20) canbe se, "Te spas: dimensiones deerption of oetoping i ven by Ea. (9) Figur IT sows the El roils on cverpping and ges all avaiable data, ‘acon data of Oven (100), Fuhrer of ab (080), and various tts at Dell Hyrule. The horlootal axis gis the “shortage in ur-up beiht” (Rue R/ Hy, For the ro vale, the crt bgt equal to the emp spit. For negative values, the cst hight is owen higher and overtopping il be (very) eal ora value of 13, he wast owl 1.5 H lowe than he 2 rurap elt and oretoping wil obvomy be lige. The vertical ai {Gon the lari ofthe men dimeasiolass overtopping discharge Q. igure £7 sve about GD) data plas. Te forma thas deseibs more or lee the average of the data gien by an exponential funcuon as sugested ty Oren (1980) ws = aig se om ) og(a/Vati (RaasRel/ty Fe 1, ontop oe dope a8 tin af meu ‘The rlabilty of Ba (27) canbe given by assuming that lg Q (ad ot ) is # somal nibtion with Yaron eoueest V = o/h = O11 Concept De of ae Mol Brats 253 Relnhlty bands can then be cult for vaio pact valves of mean oveopping dichargs, "The approse desribed above ha 8 Emitd aplication if the netoping ‘lume bese ly age, rif rest height s mac lower than the 2% ‘ubup beg, esecilly when rovtion foto fr indvence of Berm ‘reapplied Inthe cass bore the method should bw applied wich eae sd ‘he mchod dete below i prefered ‘rom the analy of De Wal abd Van der Moc (192), was fond that ‘wave oneopping should be dived into situations with plaaging and with Siring wove Ip fc, thie corresponds with wove rtp (6 Figs 10 nd 1). The damasonlee overtopping dacarg ese by Qo and Qu and te mensions cet hight by Ry and Ry, respectively, wher the index beans reskin (phuging, fy < 2) nav ann meansnenbreakig (Cut, > 2) seve The dations we fe «= engin 5 Ry: Bet (an) "The total reducton factor is describ in bee. 8.2. ‘The average fall data for breaking waves shown is Fig 18 end canbe desert gain by an exponential flo = 006-928 (= ‘Te rbablty of Ba. (32) can be sven by assuming the coeficont $2 to ‘bea foci able with normal dittion with mean 52 and standard deviation 058, ‘Asmar graph i shown in Fg, 19 for zonbresking wats td the average oft data canbe deserted by aon ont, 3)oe 8 War oetapig mae (rg na > 2 Cone Dani of Rate Mond Brakes 235 ‘The rabty can now be dsr by a standard deviation of 0.35 fo the ficient 26. Sorprisiay there are ery ite date salable dvcbing the orectoppine performance of rok armored see walle without crows vals However, the ‘esos fam wo tests by Bradbury ta. (1968) ay be ud to give estimates (ofthe infoence of ware condoms abd relative freeboard, Again the st ‘esuleBave been used t gv value of cofcicots in an empl oqaten ‘Bradbury eal sve the fllovingpredton forea: qnert co wih Q_ fia o- Bale cy al “QE a Vatae of @ and b have been cacaed fom tho reels of tte wth a rock armored Hope at: wis the crest etal sown in Fig. 20. For sction a= S710"! and b= 292. For section Bya= 13°10"? and b= 382, Fie 2h Overy rc rte wtb ml Brady 18)More dita are avilable to desrbe the etoping peformance of rock scmored structures with crown wall: Tess have bows conducod by Beadery ol (1988) and Amin and Franco (195), and the ress ve been sed fo determine vans fr eoeients «and Bia Bq ($4). The erosertons ‘did are itated in Fig, 21 and ales fr the eoeceats are given In ‘Table 7. Each of thew ates have taed iferens dimensiones eaboud and discharge parameter in empl equation that are val fora range of zens structural oaiguratins. Th ata have ot bee analy as ase Set, and the wer may, chrfore, now to compare the results given by ne than one predieton metho, ‘yale mol tt ceata mesure by Seal (380), Powel and Alsop (4988), Daessch td Ka (1085), Ares (1997) and Vander Mer (19883) hve boon remaljsed by Van dor Moc (1980) to give single prediction rethod. This ret: C; tothe relative crest fretboard, / Hy. The data used te plated i Fig. 22. ‘The prdlson equations describing the dara may be ‘sumared: ‘Range of validity Equation R -20< Rca o- 0 6 cy =0as—os8 (38) G=010 (9) Figure 2 shows all ets togetar with the uations, These equations veo very snpltiedeiption ofthe data naib, bt wl often be su ‘Seat for palininary etinste of performance. The uper aod lover bowedCr latve crest Meight Re/Hime OF Re/He Pg 2 Wa tno a soph era sr ‘ofthe data considered are gen Wy ln 0.15 higher fr lover) than the mean nu ven above. This corresponds with the 0% eonfdence bands (the stan dard deviation was 0.02). ‘Aven alysis on the data was perform by Daemes (1001 nd be abo pedormod more tests on rave tanmninion. A sumary has besa described by Vin der Mawr and 'Angremond (1001) and Van der Meer and Daten (94) az given ee ‘Util now wave sanmasion ha bon described in the conventional way 8 function of RJ. Te not clear, hone, that the we of his combination ‘crest fesboard and wave bight pred sma els with, oa the one Ind, constant and varabe fandom the tbe, able Ry nd constaat Fy. Moreover, when R Sooo vero, nfneoce of the wave height lst ‘wah lade wo large Sater inthe graph at R= 0 "Theor, as decid to separate R, and H, a th scond analysis. Cepia Ds of ube Mond Brains 258 ‘The mas oc nomial date ofthe armor layer ofa rable mound strectze {drormin by the exrome wave attack that can be expeetl daring the [ttine ofthe stuctare. ‘There i «diet relationship batwes the design ‘wav height andthe sizeof amor rock, which ater grea atthe stebity {sctor Hy/ Dao, where isthe lative buoyant dens Ts ean be concluded ‘at the nominal diameter of the armor lor characters the rubble mound ‘race. Ii theremin a god parameter to caraeriv oth the mate Init andthe cro ight n dieeialse wa "Tha raative wav bight ca thea be giver 8 H,/Daay in acordance wth ‘hostility factor, andthe lao cret height by /Daae, beng th amber frock thatthe cet level above below e-water level Moreover, s seperation into H,/Dyn snd RejDyx eeables a diction Detwoun various eases For example, Ha/Dazo values (zmaler than 10 2) proce low waver tavling though te crs a hgh Ha/Dqa vals (3 to 5) ye stestions under extrese wave afta. Finally, Dy ex be wood te deseribe other breakwater propertis as the rest with B. This isthe parameter B/D “The primary paranete for ware trasemison can now be vn as elaiecrest bets Ref Das alae wave height: H,/Daso ition wave saepns sap And poss: ByDaso ‘Tha outeome of the anal on wave trnsmsion, icing th data of Demor (1801), ma ar relaticahip btwoan the wave transmission coei- ‘eat Cand the lative cet belht Daz, which sald between misma, ‘and maim vals of C. In Fi 25, the ase graph s shown, The inaly incrensing cores ae preted by (0) with «a Equation (A) ie applicable fr conventional and retype eealvatrs. The neice or comensionl brakes i described by +051, (a)sd for seetsype reskeaters by ra 2606 FE +088, «@) “The flowing mislzum and maximum values are deve: Conventional brea: Maia: C,= 075; maximum: C,= 075 wo Roctsype beakwates: Minimam: C,= 0.15; maximum: C,= 060 {ow Dasa < —2, Hearty increasing oC. = 0.80 for e/Daso = 8. (48) tronsmission coefficient Cy lative creat height Re/Drs0 Fg 2, Bae 8 fre ion. ‘The seas wasted on varios proupe with constant wave stxpnes tad» consaatrltve wave pit The vbity of the wave truszision formula (Eq. 4) corerponds, of cous, wit the ranges ofthese groups that sro wed. The frm val for 1 Hy] Day <6 2nd O01 < by 088. Both epper boundarie can be regarded ar physically bound. Values of “H,|Daap > © wl couse stability of he eructre and Yale Of fap > O15 opal Dan of Rate Mound Braker 28 ‘rll cause waves boning on sapness. fa fact, bouadare ar aly gen fr ‘tema low wave eights ease the roak disor and fr wer aw ware ‘Seepoeses (low all ate) "Tae forala te applcle outside the rang give abo, bt tha rial lelow. Figur 2 sows tbe rarured wae trai cefent vrs the falelated ove fan a, (40) for vais data st of eonvezional beater ‘The rinbity of the forms can be douibd by ataming «normal dit ‘lon around thine in Fig 24. With the ration af the range of appiation ten above the standard devistion amounted to o(C)) = 0.45, whith means {hat the G0 condense ele on be give by C, +008. This a remartae {neteee a relay compared to the snp frm given by Bas (37-(8) fan Pig. 2, where asaodard deviation of (C2) ~ 00 ea, jpttaeiitare alenaan [sess | J ER& E [e satp o ie ose. ie i E rape? 3a Pe 24 Cena (4) vat mal ae mini fr ori! ea "The rity ofthe formal fr rotaype breakwater is more dif to esrb If nly teste ace talon where the eet bolt ta bees lomo 20 Tes than 10% of the inl Bight, and the tes conditions Ue within the rage of sppleaton, the standard deviation amounts t o(C;) = DOB, Ifthe_recrction he cet beght oot ake ao aecout, he sandr deviation sous to o( C2) = 0.094 3.4. Reflections ‘Waves il set fom nen ll coastal or Hhoreline structures. Fer stom ‘ares wth nonporous ad tp fem, apranimatly 100% ofthe ware eee incident upon the strortze wil eee. Rube ope are often we So b= bor and crt cogieering to award wave action. Such slopes wil pene ‘elect gaint lew wave energy than the eqlelotnoaorous or oot lope. Although some of the dow proces ae diferent, i hs been foun “Covalent to eluate the refleson performance given by Cig an equ ton of he sae form for nonporous oes, but with diferent val of ‘copical coils fo teh the lterastve constuction, Data for random ‘rove rv olable for smooth and armored slopes at angles betwen 1:15 ad 28 (omooth), and 1. and 16 (ro). ‘Data by Allsop sd Channel (1968) willbe gen here, together with data ‘ny Van der Maer (108), analjood ly Post (1969).” Formulas of oer ‘elecences wl be oe fr eoparion For aaoth impermeable slope, Batis (1978) goes =o 6) on rc wth 25 1.0,6 = 8.5 for smooth lope, 06,0 ~ 66 fora commratve etinate of rough permeable slopes qtione (46) an (AP) aze shown in Fig 25 together with the reflection nao Van der Mer (198) far 05 dope, The to curves fr smooth slopes tse doe, The curve of Selig (10S) for permeable dope sot conservative ‘stint, but ven uderetintes the retction for age valves "The best it curve shrug al the dat pointe Pig. 25 ven by Poet (0030) anal ven in he gure Selig (1085) ges G Me™ with (Cr) = 0885 0) Comet Dat of Rate Mond Bratt 285 aa me Eoin spe, fo foek Pl 3, Compo ao ok aoe with term. (Van er er 085) ‘Tsu simiaity parameter da aot describe the combine slope ane. save steps ine in a sullent way. Therefe, both the lope ale wave seeps wor sparta nd Porte deve the alowing relatonsip G,=00T1 Pore, 0) ith etc.) = 0085, ‘P= otonl pemosbilty factor dscbed in Subse. 23. ‘The standard deviation of 055 in Bq, (48) reduced to D036 in Ea, (9) ‘eich ew emsirable neens in rea. "Thereof dom wave tts by Alloy and Channa (1960), analysed to sve sles forthe coficint oan bin Bg, (4) (but with &y send of {viepresented below. The rock arorel slopes used rockin two or ot lye ‘laced on an inperesble slope covered By underlay ston, began! toP-=04, The range of wave cmos for which thee results maybe ind sgoen by 0.004 < te < 0052, 204.08 < HJ ADys9 < 19. Taig tet bee tt Poste (18) also rently the data given by Alopand Conel which ‘were cvbod above. Figure pve th dst by Alp and Chanel ogee {rth Bq (8), The carve ea ite Bghar tan the average given i the ta. “The ben cae ls dserlbd by 156g G oo) ection coctint C Compt Ds of ule Moms Brateses 285 4. Structural Response 4.1 Introduction ‘The bdr and strwtar! parameters are decibel in Soc. 2 and the y- Araule repos a See. 3, Fig ives an overview of the deine af he dra paramere and cesponces ar wave rp Fat-down, overtopping ‘tanainiae, and retin, and Pig. dows the stuctral vant which se elated to the rosesectin. The response ofthe structare ner dale Toads wil be desis nts xeon and dein Wools wl be given "The design took described here permit the dsign of many Srcture types ‘Nevertlns shouldbe rerebered th ach design rol ations ‘or each strture which is npurtant and expensive to bull avin 0 eefrm piel model sedis. Figure 2 gives the sae crosesection as in Fig 5, but no shows the ‘ssrons parts ofthe rretare wich wil be dselbed in the folowing scons Some gerd pat abd design rule for the gomrricl design of he cree seation wil be given bre. Ths are 1 the minimum erat wth, 1 the hike of rm lage), {the mumber ef nits or rock per surface area, 1 tbe bottom eettion ofthe am aye ee et rar mow (42) Ines) Re 2 Veron prt of te, “The crs with often determined ly construction mato used (sous onthe corey rus or xa) ey funetinal requirements (ade wall ‘on the tap). Whine the with of th ret canbe mill, equzed minumdt Buin shoud be provided, whee (SPM, 1984) Bain (810 4}Dyan oy ‘The thickness of layers is given by beta yank Dan ~ ‘The numberof units pr! given by N= ak(l 2D ) Where tatty = tices farmer, uadeclayer, Ber, n= number of ayer, fy =ayer hikes epfices, ie = ohm port, ‘Values of fy and ny a6 goon in tho SPM (1988) ae Anaher source for var of fy and my for eck the CUR/CIRIA Manual (ava Cnet Dro Fate Mond Bratasters 267 ‘The mumber of unis na rook apr depends on the wading of tbe rock. The value ofthat are given shore decribe a rather nasrow grading (ion ck) For vpap and even wider grodad material the number af stnes ca ‘ot ently be etinated. In tat cao, the volume ofthe rock os the suctre con be used. "The boom elvation ofthe snr layer shouldbe extended dowasope te ap eleration below sisi eilwater love of lest cn (eget) srave beh ifthe wate bigt fac ited by he water depth. Under depth Timed conitions, the ara ayer should be extended othe bottom a shows in Fg. 2 and support by toe 42. Rock armor layers Many methods forthe prediction frock sof enor unit desgnd for wave stack have besa propane inthe Inet 5 year. Thae trstd in pre deal hace are the Hedsn formu wed ia SPM (1084) andthe femal derived by Van der Rew (19555). 424, Badoon forme ‘The original Hadao fra writen «s) Ke stably oeficiet taking nt sexount ll ether vara. Ki ales uggsted fr din correspond wo "no tage" conlon where up to 56 | ‘he armor ants may be doplaced. Inthe 173 ition ofthe Shore Protection ‘Maal, the ale ges fr Ko for rough, axgular sone i tr lagers ca 8 ‘realoner tak were Kp =85 fo boning wes, Kp = 40 for vonbroking waves ‘Th dott of breaking and nootreaing wovess ferent ftom plunging sod surging wore, which wee desrbed in Subse. 2.1 A Braking wave in Eq (4) mens tht the wave brea die 0 the foratore in Goat of the structure dct on the armor layer. dos ot debe the ype of breaking dv othe lope ofthe stucrure tea‘Nose with andoen wanes bd been condacte andi was uggeted that ‘yin Ba. (4) was tobe wed By 1984 te edo given was more cations. ‘The SPM now recommends HT = Hy, bei the average ofthe ight 10% ofall waves For the ese edared above, Ue value of Kp for breaking was ‘as revised dowaard fom 33 t 20 (or onbreakng wae, remained 40) ‘Toe ees of the tro nage equmleat to an inceae isthe ut st0e mass aguod by «factor of sbowt 38! ‘The ain odvastages ofthe Hudson formula ar its simplicity, and the wide range of armor tats and configurations fer which values of Kp have ‘ean derived, The Hudson forla ao has may imitations. rif, they + sb use of eglar waves only, 1 20 account take nthe formula of wate paid or tors datos, 1 to description of the damage lvl, + th ue of nonovertppel ead permeable core structures ols: ‘The se of Kpeata doce not alas bet dcrte the ot ofthe slope ange Isnt therfore be cooveniet to define angle stability number ith fut this Ko cota. Furtha, ema often be more bp to wok in tems of Nima srmoe si such ar Spi or nominal diameter. The Hudioa frala cas be rearranged to Myf BDqc9= (Kpoor0)!*. 6) Equaion (68) shows thst the Hodson formula can be writen is terms of the struct parameter My/ADain which wae decal ie Seber. 2. 422. Von der Mee formas — dep water conditions Based om ear werk of Thorpe and Shuttle (1975) an extensive sres of ‘aod sts ras conducted at Del Hydrol (Van der Moat (187), (168) ‘od (19680). "Thee ince strates with x wide range of core/anderaer Deracabiitis and wider range of wave aniitone, Two formulas mee de hed for plunging aod surging wove, reapetiney, whi are now known 2 ‘he Van er Moe formulas fer planging waves, cy Const Da of Ruble Mond Brees 9 snd or surging mares, He _ gpa (5\* vaxaer Boag" 00-°" (Gp) vem a "Toe transson fom nga to surging noes canbe etd ng © cca leo Ge = 62781 ~® Fer cota 40, th trastion fom plunging to wrgng does not exist and for thse slope sage, only Eq (58) shold be wd. All praters sed ix Bas. (6)(38) ae decribed in Se. 2. The notional perorabityfoter Pe ‘shown in Fig. 6. The factor P shoud le betwee 04 and OS. Design vale forthe dasage es are shows Tle. Theva “tat” of damage, 3=2~ $sql to the dalton of "uo damage a the Hudson forma (Bq, (4). The mavimun mamber of waves which should be used ‘2 He (66) and (67) TO. ARer thie mamber of wae, te tract more oF les bas raced an agua ‘Tho wave specs shale bewean 0.05 < som < 0.06 (lost be com ete possible rang). The mass density vai inthe tess betmen 2000 ka? nd $100 ky, which is ako the ponte ange of appiation. "Tho ralabify ofthe fora depends the difreots due to random ‘behaviour of rook slope, accuracy of testing damage end curve Sting of the tat ret ‘The vabilty of the Bye (6) and (57) cam be exam by glvng the ooBeients 62 and 1.0 in the equations a normal dstbution wth a con standard deviation. Tho cousin 62 can be described by a ‘andar deviation of 0. (aiation coeicent 6%) a the coefcient 1.0 by ' toadard deviation of 0.08 (7). Tha vals are sgaicaty lowes tha ‘hat for tbe Hose formule 18% foe Ki (with ean Ko 8). With tess ‘stmndard deviations i i simpo to inelade 0% or ether onfidence bands "Bgutins (5558) se more complex than the Hodson forma, Eas (5) ot (65). "They alo include the eet ofthe wave period, the storm draion, ‘the permeability of the structre, and a arly defied dazage level This may came ifeences between te Hoon formula aed Bp. (8-58), which ‘re ustrted bereatr ‘Tho H,/Dqao i th Hodson frmule is only rated to the slope ange ‘ota. Therefore pet of Hh) ADgea ot Ny vers cota shows ae curve fr