Python Quick Reference Python Quick Reference Python Quick Reference

OPERATOR PRECEDENCE IN EXPRESSIONS OPERATOR PRECEDENCE IN EXPRESSIONS OPERATOR PRECEDENCE IN EXPRESSIONS

Operator Description A Operator Description A Operator Description A
`expr,...` String conversion NA `expr,...` String conversion NA `expr,...` String conversion NA
{key:expr,...} Dictionary creation NA {key:expr,...} Dictionary creation NA {key:expr,...} Dictionary creation NA
[expr,...] List creation NA [expr,...] List creation NA [expr,...] List creation NA
(expr,...) Tuple creation or simple parentheses NA (expr,...) Tuple creation or simple parentheses NA (expr,...) Tuple creation or simple parentheses NA
f(expr,...) Function call L f(expr,...) Function call L f(expr,...) Function call L
x[index:index] Slicing L x[index:index] Slicing L x[index:index] Slicing L
x[index] Indexing L x[index] Indexing L x[index] Indexing L
x.attr Attribute reference L x.attr Attribute reference L x.attr Attribute reference L
x**y Exponentiation (x to yth power) R x**y Exponentiation (x to yth power) R x**y Exponentiation (x to yth power) R
~x Bitwise NOT NA ~x Bitwise NOT NA ~x Bitwise NOT NA
+x, -x Unary plus and minus NA +x, -x Unary plus and minus NA +x, -x Unary plus and minus NA
x*y, x/y, x//y, x%y Multiplication, division, remainder L x*y, x/y, x//y, x%y Multiplication, division, remainder L x*y, x/y, x//y, x%y Multiplication, division, remainder L
x+y, x-y Addition, subtraction L x+y, x-y Addition, subtraction L x+y, x-y Addition, subtraction L
x<<y, x>>y Left-shift, right-shift L x<<y, x>>y Left-shift, right-shift L x<<y, x>>y Left-shift, right-shift L
x&y Bitwise AND L x&y Bitwise AND L x&y Bitwise AND L
x^y Bitwise XOR L x^y Bitwise XOR L x^y Bitwise XOR L
x|y Bitwise OR L x|y Bitwise OR L x|y Bitwise OR L
x<y, x<=y, x>y, x>=y Comparisons C x<y, x<=y, x>y, x>=y Comparisons C x<y, x<=y, x>y, x>=y Comparisons C
x<>y, x!=y, x==y Equality/inequality tests* C x<>y, x!=y, x==y Equality/inequality tests* C x<>y, x!=y, x==y Equality/inequality tests* C
x is y, x is not y Identity tests C x is y, x is not y Identity tests C x is y, x is not y Identity tests C
x in y, x not in y Membership tests C x in y, x not in y Membership tests C x in y, x not in y Membership tests C
not x Boolean NOT NA not x Boolean NOT NA not x Boolean NOT NA
x and y Boolean AND L x and y Boolean AND L x and y Boolean AND L
x or y Boolean OR L x or y Boolean OR L x or y Boolean OR L
lambda arg,...: expr Anonymous simple function NA lambda arg,...: expr Anonymous simple function NA lambda arg,...: expr Anonymous simple function NA
* x!=y and x<>y are the same inequality test (!= is the preferred form, <> obsolete) * x!=y and x<>y are the same inequality test (!= is the preferred form, <> obsolete) * x!=y and x<>y are the same inequality test (!= is the preferred form, <> obsolete)
A Associativity L Left R Right C Chaining NA Not associative A Associativity L Left R Right C Chaining NA Not associative A Associativity L Left R Right C Chaining NA Not associative

LIST OBJECT METHODS LIST OBJECT METHODS LIST OBJECT METHODS

Operator Description Operator Description Operator Description
L.count(x) Returns the number of occurrences of x in L L.count(x) Returns the number of occurrences of x in L L.count(x) Returns the number of occurrences of x in L
L.index(x) Returns the index of the first occurrence of x in L or raises an L.index(x) Returns the index of the first occurrence of x in L or raises an L.index(x) Returns the index of the first occurrence of x in L or raises an
exception if L has no such item exception if L has no such item exception if L has no such item
L.append(x) Appends x to the end of L L.append(x) Appends x to the end of L L.append(x) Appends x to the end of L
L.extend(l) Appends all the items of list l to the end of L L.extend(l) Appends all the items of list l to the end of L L.extend(l) Appends all the items of list l to the end of L
L.insert(i,x) Inserts x at index i in L L.insert(i,x) Inserts x at index i in L L.insert(i,x) Inserts x at index i in L
L.remove(x) Removes the first occurrence of L.remove(x) Removes the first occurrence of L.remove(x) Removes the first occurrence of
x from L x from L x from L
L.pop(i=-1) Returns the value of the item at L.pop(i=-1) Returns the value of the item at L.pop(i=-1) Returns the value of the item at
index i and removes it from L index i and removes it from L index i and removes it from L
L.reverse( ) Reverses, in-place, the items of L L.reverse( ) Reverses, in-place, the items of L L.reverse( ) Reverses, in-place, the items of L
L.sort(f=cmp) Sorts, in-place, the items of L, L.sort(f=cmp) Sorts, in-place, the items of L, L.sort(f=cmp) Sorts, in-place, the items of L,
comparing items by f comparing items by f comparing items by f

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 Python Quick Reference Python Quick Reference Python Quick Reference
COMMON FILE OPERATIONS COMMON FILE OPERATIONS COMMON FILE OPERATIONS
Operation Interpretation Operation Interpretation Operation Interpretation
output = open('/tmp/spam', 'w') Create output file ('w' means write). output = open('/tmp/spam', 'w') Create output file ('w' means write). output = open('/tmp/spam', 'w') Create output file ('w' means write).
input = open('data', 'r') Create input file ('r' means read). input = open('data', 'r') Create input file ('r' means read). input = open('data', 'r') Create input file ('r' means read).
S = input.read( ) Read entire file into a single string. S = input.read( ) Read entire file into a single string. S = input.read( ) Read entire file into a single string.
S = input.read(N) Read N bytes (1 or more). S = input.read(N) Read N bytes (1 or more). S = input.read(N) Read N bytes (1 or more).
S = input.readline( ) Read next line (through end-line marker). S = input.readline( ) Read next line (through end-line marker). S = input.readline( ) Read next line (through end-line marker).
L = input.readlines( ) Read entire file into list of line strings. L = input.readlines( ) Read entire file into list of line strings. L = input.readlines( ) Read entire file into list of line strings.
output.write(S) Write string S into file. output.write(S) Write string S into file. output.write(S) Write string S into file.
output.writelines(L) Write all line strings in list L into file. output.writelines(L) Write all line strings in list L into file. output.writelines(L) Write all line strings in list L into file.
output.close( ) Manual close (done for you when file output.close( ) Manual close (done for you when file output.close( ) Manual close (done for you when file
collected). collected). collected).

COMMON DICTIONARY LITERALS AND OPERATIONS COMMON DICTIONARY LITERALS AND OPERATIONS COMMON DICTIONARY LITERALS AND OPERATIONS
Operation Interpretation Operation Interpretation Operation Interpretation
D1 = { } Empty dictionary D1 = { } Empty dictionary D1 = { } Empty dictionary
D2 = {'spam': 2, 'eggs': 3} Two-item dictionary D2 = {'spam': 2, 'eggs': 3} Two-item dictionary D2 = {'spam': 2, 'eggs': 3} Two-item dictionary
D2['eggs'] Indexing by key D2['eggs'] Indexing by key D2['eggs'] Indexing by key
D2.has_key('eggs'), 'eggs' in D2 membership test D2.has_key('eggs'), 'eggs' in D2 membership test D2.has_key('eggs'), 'eggs' in D2 membership test
D2.keys( ), D2.values( ), D2.items( ) lists of keys, values, items D2.keys( ), D2.values( ), D2.items( ) lists of keys, values, items D2.keys( ), D2.values( ), D2.items( ) lists of keys, values, items
D2.copy( ), D2.update(D1) shallow copy, dict merging D2.copy( ), D2.update(D1) shallow copy, dict merging D2.copy( ), D2.update(D1) shallow copy, dict merging
D2.get(key, default=None) "indexing" w/default value D2.get(key, default=None) "indexing" w/default value D2.get(key, default=None) "indexing" w/default value
len(D1) Length (number stored entries) len(D1) Length (number stored entries) len(D1) Length (number stored entries)
D2[key] = 42 Adding/changing, D2[key] = 42 Adding/changing, D2[key] = 42 Adding/changing,
del D2[key] deleting del D2[key] deleting del D2[key] deleting
D4 = dict(zip(keyslist, valslist)) Construction D4 = dict(zip(keyslist, valslist)) Construction D4 = dict(zip(keyslist, valslist)) Construction

COMMON TUPLE LITERALS AND OPERATIONS COMMON TUPLE LITERALS AND OPERATIONS COMMON TUPLE LITERALS AND OPERATIONS
Operation Interpretation Operation Interpretation Operation Interpretation
() An empty tuple () An empty tuple () An empty tuple
T1 = (0,) A one-item tuple (not an expression) T1 = (0,) A one-item tuple (not an expression) T1 = (0,) A one-item tuple (not an expression)
T2 = (0, 'Ni', 1.2, 3) A four-item tuple T2 = (0, 'Ni', 1.2, 3) A four-item tuple T2 = (0, 'Ni', 1.2, 3) A four-item tuple
T2 = 0, 'Ni', 1.2, 3 Another four-item tuple (same as prior line) T2 = 0, 'Ni', 1.2, 3 Another four-item tuple (same as prior line) T2 = 0, 'Ni', 1.2, 3 Another four-item tuple (same as prior line)
T1[i] Indexing T1[i] Indexing T1[i] Indexing
T1[i:j] slicing T1[i:j] slicing T1[i:j] slicing
len(t1) length (number of items) len(t1) length (number of items) len(t1) length (number of items)
T1 + T2 Concatenation T1 + T2 Concatenation T1 + T2 Concatenation
T2 * 3 repetition T2 * 3 repetition T2 * 3 repetition
for x in T2 Iteration for x in T2 Iteration for x in T2 Iteration
3 in T2 member- 3 in T2 member- 3 in T2 member-
ship test ship test ship test

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