Giáo trình ngôn ngữ mô tả phần cứng PDF

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH
TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN

--------------oOo--------------
Gio trnh
NGN NG M T PHN CNG

VERILOG
Bin son: TS. V c Lung

ThS. Lm c Khi
Ks. Phan nh Duy
2012
Li ni u
Ngy nay, khi mch thit k vi hng triu cng logic c tch hp
trong mt con Chip th vic thit k mch v i dy kt ni bng tay tr nn
bt kh thi, chnh t l do mt khi nim ngn ng c mc tru tng
cao dng m t thit k phn cng c ra i, chnh l Verilog.
Cng vi s ra i ca ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog l hng lot cc
cng c EDA (Electronic Design Automation) v CAD (Computer Aided
Design) gip cho nhng k s thit k phn cng to nn nhng con
Chip c tch hp rt cao, tc siu vit v chc nng a dng.
Gio trnh Ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog nhm gip sinh vin
trang b kin thc v thit k vi mch. Gio trnh tp trung vo mng thit
k cc mch s vi mch t hp v mch tun t. Gio trnh cng gii thiu
v cc bc cn thc hin trong qu trnh thit k vi mch t vic m t
thit k, kim tra, phn tch cho n tng hp phn cng ca thit k.
Gio trnh Ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog dng cho sinh vin
chuyn ngnh K thut my tnh v sinh vin cc khi in t. tip nhn
kin thc d dng, sinh vin cn trang b trc kin thc v thit k s v
h thng s.
Gio trnh ny c bin dch v tng hp t kinh nghim nghin cu
ging dy ca tc gi v ba ngun ti liu chnh: IEEE Standard for Verilog
Hardware Description Language, 2006; Verilog Digital System Design,
Second Edition, McGraw-Hill; The Complete Verilog Book, Vivek
Sagdeo, Sun Micro System, Inc.
Nhm cung cp mt lung kin thc mch lc, gio trnh c chia ra
lm 9 chng:
Chng 1: Dn nhp thit k h thng s vi Verilog. Chng ny s
gii thiu lch s pht trin ca ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog, bn
cnh mt qui trnh thit k vi mch s dng ngn ng m t phn cng
Verilog cng c trnh by c th y.
Chng 2: Trnh by cc t kha c s dng trong mi trng m t
thit k bi Verilog.
Chng 3: Trnh by cc loi d liu c s dng trong thit k mch
bi Verilog, gm hai loi d liu chnh l loi d liu net v loi d liu
bin.
Chng 4: Trnh by cc ton t cng nh cc dng biu thc c h
tr bi Verilog.
Chng 5: Gii thiu cu trc ca mt thit k, phng thc s dng
thit k con.
Chng 6: Trnh by phng php thit k s dng m hnh cu trc,
trong phng thc ny, module thit k c xy dng bng cch gi cc
module thit k nh hn v kt ni chng li.
Chng 7: Trnh by phng thc thit k s dng m hnh RTL bi
php gn ni tip v m hnh hnh vi s dng ngn ng c tnh tru tng
cao tng t nh ngn ng lp trnh. Phn thit k my trng thi s dng
m hnh hnh vi cng c nu ra trong chng ny.
Chng 8: Trnh by phng php thit k v s dng tc v v hm.
Chng 9: Gii thiu cc phng php kim tra chc nng ca thit k.
Do thi gian cng nh khi lng trnh by gio trnh khng cho php
tc gi i su hn v mi kha cnh ca thit k vi mch nh phn tch nh
thi, tng hp phn cng. c c nhng kin thc ny c gi c th
tham kho trong cc ti liu tham kho m gio trnh ny cung cp.
Mc d nhm tc gi c gng bin son k lng tuy nhin cng
kh trnh khi nhng thiu st. Nhm tc gi mong nhn c nhng ng
gp mang tnh xy dng t qu c gi nhm chnh sa gio trnh hon
thin hn.
Chng 1. Dn nhp thit k h thng s vi Verilog
Khi kch thc v phc tp ca h thng thit k ngy cng tng,

nhiu cng c h tr thit k trn my tnh (CAD) c s dng vo qu
trnh thit k phn cng. Thi k u, nhng cng c m phng v to ra
phn cng a ra phng php thit k, kim tra, phn tch, tng hp v
t ng to ra phn cng mt cch phc tp. S pht trin khng ngng
ca nhng cng c thit k mt cch t ng l do s pht trin ca nhng
ngn ng m t phn cng (HDLs) v nhng phng php thit k da trn
nhng ngn ng ny. Da trn nhng ngn ng m t phn cng (HDLs),
nhng cng c CAD trong thit k h thng s c pht trin v c
nhng k s thit k phn cng s dng rng ri. Hin ti, ngi ta vn
ang tip tc nghin cu tm ra nhng ngn ng m t phn cng tt
hn. Mt trong nhng ngn ng m t phn cng c s dng rng ri
nht l ngn ng Verilog HDL. Do c chp nhn rng ri trong ngnh
cng nghip thit k s, Verilog tr thnh mt kin thc c i hi
phi bit i vi nhng k s cng nh sinh vin lm vic v hc tp trong
lnh vc phn cng my tnh.
Chng ny s trnh by nhng cng c v mi trng lm vic c
sn tng thch vi ngn ng Verilog m mt k s thit k c th s dng
trong qui trnh thit k t ng ca mnh gip y nhanh tin thit k.
u tin s trnh by tng bc v thit k phn cp, thit k mc cao t
vic m t thit k bng ngn ng Verilog n vic to ra phn cng ca
thit k . Nhng qui trnh v nhng t kha chuyn mn cng s c
minh ha phn ny. K tip s tho lun nhng cng c CAD hin c
tng thch vi Verilog v chc nng ca n trong mi trng thit k t
ng. Phn cui cng ca chng ny s ni v mt s c tnh ca
1
Verilog khin n tr thnh mt ngn ng c nhiu k s thit k phn
cng la chn.
1.1 Qui trnh thit k s
Trong thit k mt h thng s s dng mi trng thit k t ng,

qui trnh thit k bt u bng vic m t thit k ti nhiu mc tru
tng khc nhau v kt thc bng vic to ra danh sch cc linh kin cng
nh cc ng kt ni gia cc linh kin vi nhau (netlist) cho mt mch
tch hp vi ng dng c th (ASIC), mch in (layout) cho mt mch tch
hp theo yu cu khch hng (custom IC), hoc mt chng trnh cho mt
thit b logic c kh nng lp trnh c (PLD). Hnh 1.1 m t tng bc
trong qui trnh thit k ny.
Bc u ca thit k, mt thit k s c m t bi s hn hp
gia m t mc hnh vi (behavioural) Verilog, s dng nhng gi
(module) thit k Verilog c thit k sn, v vic gn h thng cc
bus v wire lin kt cc gi thit k ny thnh mt h thng hon chnh.
K s thit k cng phi c trch nhim to ra d liu kim tra
(testbench) xem thit k ng chc nng hay cha cng nh dng kim
tra thit k sau khi tng hp. Vic kim tra thit k c th thc hin c
bng vic m phng, chn nhng k thut kim tra, kim tra thng thng
hoc kt hp c ba phng php trn. Sau bc kim tra nh gi thit k
(bc ny c gi l kim tra tin tng hp (presynthesis verification)),
thit k s c tip tc bng vic tng hp to ra phn cng thc s
cho h thng thit k cui cng (ASIC, custom IC or FPLD,). Nu h
thng thit k l ASIC, thit k s s c sn xut bi nh sn xut khc;
nu l custom IC, thit k s c sn xut trc tip; nu l FPLD, thit k
s c np ln thit b lp trnh c. Sau bc tng hp v trc khi
2
phn cng thc s c to ra, mt qu trnh m phng khc (hu tng hp
(postsynthesis)) phi c thc hin. Vic m phng ny, ta c th s dng
testbench tng t testbench s dng trong m phng tin tng hp
(presynthesis). Bng phng php ny, m hnh thit k mc hnh vi
v m hnh phn cng ca thit k c kim tra vi cng d liu ng vo.
S khc nhau gia m phng tin tng hp v hu tng hp l mc
chi tit c th t c t mi loi m phng.
M t thit k dng Verilog

module flipflop (q,d,clk);

always(posedge clk)

endmodule
M phng tin tng hp:

dng Testbench to dng in
sng
- Kim tra chc nng out
- Kim tra nh thi
Phn tch Tng hp t cell v i kt

- To ra mt - a v hm Boole ni
d liu trung - Rt gn biu thc - Ti u din tch
gian - To ra phn cng - Ti u kt ni
c kt ni bi cc
linh kin c bn
Phn tch timing 2.1ns
- Ch ra thi gian tr
hon trn tng path
ca mch
M phng hu tng hp:

dng Testbench to dng in
sng
- Kim tra chc nng out
- Kim tra nh thi
Np thit k ln To ra ASIC netlist ti mc To ra layout ch

FPGA cng transistor to Chip
Hnh 1.1 Lung thit k ASIC
3
Nhng phn tip theo s m t t m v mi khi trong Hnh 1.1
1.1.1 Dn nhp thit k
Bc u tin trong thit k h thng s l bc dn nhp thit k.

Trong bc ny, thit k c m t bng Verilog theo phong cch phn
cp t cao xung thp (top-down). Mt thit k hon chnh c th bao gm
nhng linh kin mc cng hoc mc transistor, nhng khi (module)
phn cng c chc nng phc tp hn c m t mc hnh vi, hoc
nhng linh kin c lit k bi cu trc bus.
Do nhng thit k Verilog mc cao thng c m t mc
m ti n m t h thng nhng thanh ghi v s truyn d liu gia
nhng thanh ghi ny thng qua h thng bus, vic m t h thng thit k
mc ny c xem nh l mc truyn d liu gia cc thanh ghi
(RTL). Mt thit k hon chnh c m t nh vy s to ra c phn
cng tng ng thc s r rng. Nhng cu trc thit k Verilog mc
RTL s dng nhng pht biu qui trnh (producedural statements), php
gn lin tc (continuous assignments), v nhng pht biu gi s dng khi
(module) xy dng sn.
Nhng pht biu qui trnh Verilog (procedural statements) c
dng m t mc hnh vi mc cao. Mt h thng hoc mt linh kin
c m t mc hnh vi th tng t vi vic m t trong ngn ng
phn mm. V d, chng ta c th m t mt linh kin bng vic kim tra
iu kin ng vo ca n, bt c hiu, ch cho n khi c s kin no
xy ra, quan st nhng tn hiu bt tay v to ra ng ra. M t h thng mt
cch qui trnh nh vy, cu trc if-else, case ca Verilog cng nh nhng
ngn ng phn mm khc u s dng nh nhau.
Nhng php gn lin tc (continuous assignment) trong Verilog l
nhng php gn cho vic th hin chc nng nhng khi logic, nhng php
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gn bus, v m t vic kt ni gia h thng bus v cc chn ng vo v
ng ra. Kt hp vi nhng hm Boolean v nhng biu thc c iu kin,
nhng cu trc ngn ng ny c th c m t nhng linh kin v h
thng theo nhng php gn thanh ghi v bus ca chng.
Nhng pht biu gi s dng khi Verilog c thit k sn
(instantiantion statements) c dng cho nhng linh kin mc thp trong
mt thit k mc cao hn. Thay v m t mc hnh vi, chc
nng, hoc bus ca mt h thng, chng ta c th m t mt h thng bng
Verilog bng cch kt ni nhng linh kin mc thp hn. Nhng linh
kin ny c th nh nh l mc cng hay transistor, hoc c th ln nh l
mt b vi x l hon chnh.
1.1.2 Testbench trong Verilog
Mt h thng c thit k dng Verilog phi c m phng v

kim tra xem thit k xem ng chc nng cha trc khi to ra phn
cng. Trong qu trnh chy m phng ny, nhng li thit k v s khng
tng thch gia nhng linh kin dng trong thit k c th c pht hin.
Chy m phng mt thit k i hi vic to ra mt d liu ng vo kim
tra v qu trnh quan st kt qu sau khi chy m phng, d liu dng
kim tra ny c gi l testbench. Mt testbench s dng cu trc mc
cao ca Verilog to ra d liu kim tra, quan st p ng ng ra, v c
vic bt tay gia nhng tn hiu trong thit k. Bn trong testbench, h
thng thit k cn chy m phng s c gi ra (instantiate) trong
testbench. D liu testbench cng vi h thng thit k s to ra mt m
hnh m phng m s c s dng bi mt cng c m phng Verilog.
5
1.1.3 nh gi thit k
Mt nhim v quan trng trong bt k thit k s no cng cn l

nh gi thit k. nh gi thit k l qu trnh m ngi thit k s kim
tra thit k ca h c sai st no c th xy ra trong sut qu trnh thit k
hay khng. Mt sai st thit k c th xy ra do s m t thit k m h, do
sai st ca ngi thit k, hoc s dng khng ng nhng khi trong thit
k. nh gi thit k c th thc hin bng m phng, bng vic chn
nhng k thut kim tra, hoc kim tra thng thng.
1.1.3.1 M phng
Chy m phng dng trong vic nh gi thit k c thc hin

trc khi thit k c tng hp. Bc chy m phng ny c hiu nh
m phng mc hnh vi, mc RTL hay tin tng hp. mc
RTL, mt thit k bao gm xung thi gian clock nhng khng bao gm tr
hon thi gian trn cng v dy kt ni (wire). Chy m phng mc
ny s chnh xc theo xung clock. Thi gian ca vic chy m phng
mc RTL l theo tn hiu xung clock, khng quan tm n nhng vn
nh: nguy him tim n c th khin thit k b li (hazards, glitch), hin
tng chy ua khng kim sot gia nhng tn hiu (race conditions),
nhng vi phm v thi gian setup v hold ca tn hiu ng vo, v nhng
vn lin quan n nh thi khc. u im ca vic m phng ny l tc
chy m phng nhanh so vi chy m phng mc cng hoc mc
transistor.
Chy m phng cho mt thit k i hi d liu kim tra. Thng
thng trong mi trng m phng Verilog s cung cp nhiu phng
php khc nhau a d liu kim tra ny vo thit k kim tra. D
liu kim tra c th c to ra bng ha s dng nhng cng c son
6
tho dng sng, hoc bng testbench. Hnh 1.2 m t hai cch khc nhau
nh ngha d liu kim tra ng vo ca mt cng c m phng. Nhng
ng ra ca cng c m phng l nhng dng sng ng ra (c th quan st
trc quan).
M t thit k Dng sng ng ra

Verilog
in
M hnh linh kin out
Cng c m
Sng tn hiu ng vo
phng
To bng 2 cch Bo co kt qu
- V sng dng text
- Testbench PASS/FAIL
in
Hnh 1.2 Hai cch khc nhau nh ngha d liu kim tra ng vo
chy m phng vi Verilog testbench, trong testbench s gi h

thng thit k ra kim tra, lc ny h thng thit k c xem nh l
mt phn ca testbench, testbench s cung cp d liu kim tra n ng vo
ca h thng thit k. Hnh1.3 m t mt on code ca mt mch m,
testbench ca n, cng nh kt qu chy m phng ca n di dng sng
ng ra. Quan st hnh ta thy vic chy m phng s nh gi chc nng
ca mch m. Vi mi xung clock th ng ra b m s tng ln 1. Ch
rng, theo biu thi gian th ng ra b m thay i ti cnh ln xung
clock v khng c thi gian tr hon do cng cng nh tr hon trn ng
truyn. Kt qu chy m phng cho thy chc nng ca mch m l chnh
xc m khng cn quan tm n tn s xung clock.
Hin nhin, nhng linh kin phn cng thc s s c p ng khc
nhau. Da trn nh thi v thi gian tr hon ca nhng khi c s
7
dng, thi gian t cnh ln xung clock n ng ra ca b m s c tr
hon khc khng. Hn na, nu tn s xung clock c cp vo mch thc
s qu nhanh so vi tc truyn tn hiu bn trong cc cng v transistor
ca thit k th ng ra ca thit k s khng th bit c.
Vic m phng ny khng cung cp chi tit v cc vn nh thi
ca h thng thit k c m phng. Do , nhng vn tim n v nh
thi ca phn cng do tr hon trn cng s khng th pht hin c. y
l vn in hnh ca qu trnh m phng tin tng hp hoc m phng
mc hnh vi. iu bit c trong Hnh1.3 l b m ca ta m s
nh phn. Thit k hot ng nhanh chm th no, hot ng c tn s
no ch c th bit c bng vic kim tra thit k sau tng hp.
Testbench M t thit k
`timescale 1ns/100ps module DFF (clk, din, qout);
module testbench(); input clk, din;
reg clk; output reg qout;
wire din, qout; always @(posedge clk) begin
always #10 clk = ~clk; qout = din;
DFF i1 (clk, din, qout); end
endmodule endmodule
SIMULATOR
10ns
clk
din
qout
Hnh1.3 M t mt on code ca mt mch flip-flop
8
1.1.3.2 K thut chn kim tra (assertion)
Thay v phi d theo kt qu m phng bng mt hay to nhng d

liu kim tra testbench phc tp, k thut chn thit b gim st c th c
s dng kim tra tun t nhng c tnh ca thit k trong sut qu trnh
m phng. Thit b gim st c t bn trong h thng thit k c m
phng bi ngi thit k. Ngi thit k s quyt nh xem chc nng ca
thit k ng hay sai, nhng iu kin no thit k cn phi tha mn.
Nhng iu kin ny phi tun theo nhng c tnh thit k, v thit b
gim st c chn vo h thng thit k m bo nhng c tnh ny
khng b vi phm. Chui thit b gim st ny s sai nu mt c tnh no
c t vo bi ngi thit k b vi phm. N s cnh bo ngi thit
k rng thit k khng ng chc nng nh mong i. Th vin OVL
(Open Verification Library) cung cp mt chui nhng thit b gim st
chn vo h thng thit k gim st nhng c tnh thng thng ca
thit k. Ngi thit k c th dng nhng k thut gim st ca ring mnh
chn vo thit k v dng chng kt hp vi testbench trong vic kim
tra nh gi thit k.
1.1.3.3 Kim tra thng thng
Kim tra thng thng l qu trnh kim tra nhng c tnh bt k

ca thit k. Khi mt thit k hon thnh, ngi thit k s xy dng mt
chui nhng c tnh tng ng vi hnh vi ca thit k. Cng c kim tra
thng thng s kim tra thit k m bo rng nhng c tnh c m
t p ng c tt c nhng iu kin. Nu c mt c tnh c pht
hin l khng p ng ng, c tnh c xem nh vi phm. c tnh
bao ph (coverage) ch ra bao nhiu phn trm c tnh ca thit k
c kim tra.
9
1.1.4 Bin dch v tng hp thit k
Tng hp l qu trnh to ra phn cng t ng t mt m t thit k

phn cng tng ng r rng. Mt m t phn cng Verilog dng tng
hp khng th bao gm tn hiu v m t nh thi mc cng, v nhng
cu trc ngn ng khc m khng dch sang nhng phng trnh logic tun
t hoc t hp. Hn th na, nhng m t phn cng Verilog dng cho
tng hp phi tun theo nhng phong cch vit code mt cch nht nh
cho mch t hp cng nh mch tun t. Nhng phong cch ny v cu
trc Verilog tng ng ca chng c nh ngha trong vic tng hp
RTL.
Trong qui trnh thit k, sau khi mt thit k c m t hon thnh
v kt qu m phng tin tng hp ca n c kim tra bi ngi thit k,
n phi c bin dch tin gn hn n vic to thnh phn cng thc
s trn silicon. Bc thit k ny i hi vic m t phn cng ca thit k
phi c nhn ra. V d, chng ta phi ch n mt ASIC c th, hoc mt
FPGA c th nh l thit b phn cng mc ch ca thit k. Khi thit b
mc ch c ch ra, nhng tp tin m t v cng ngh (technology files)
ca phn cng (ASIC, FPGA, hoc custom IC) s cung cp chi tit nhng
thng tin v nh thi v m t chc nng cho qu trnh bin dch. Qu
trnh bin dch s chuyn i nhng phn khc nhau ca thit k ra mt
nh dng trung gian (bc phn tch), kt ni tt c cc phn li vi nhau,
to ra mc logic tng ng (bc tng hp), sp xp v kt ni (place and
route) nhng linh kin trong thit b phn cng mc ch li vi nhau
thc hin chc nng nh thit k mong mun v to ra thng tin chi tit v
nh thi trong thit k.
Hnh 1.4 m t qu trnh bin dch v m t hnh nh kt qu ng ra
ca mi bc bin dch. Nh trn hnh, ng vo ca bc ny l mt m t
10
phn cng bao gm nhng mc m t khc nhau ca Verilog, v kt qu
ng ra ca n l mt phn cng chi tit cho thit b phn cng mc ch
nh FPLD hay sn xut chip ASIC.
Tng hp
Phn tch Sp xp cell v i
- a v biu thc Boolean
- To ra mt d dy kt ni
- Ti u logic
liu thit k c nh - Ti u din tch
-To ra phn cng c kt
dng ng nht - Ti u kt ni
ni bi cc linh kin c bn
2.1ns
Phn tch timing
- Ch ra thi gian tr hon
trn tng path ca mch
Np thit k ln To ra ASIC netlist ti mc To ra layout

FPGA cng transistor ch to Chip
Hnh 1.4 M t qu trnh bin dch v m t hnh nh kt qu ng ra
1.1.4.1 Phn tch
Mt thit k hon chnh c m t dng Verilog c th bao gm m

t nhiu mc khc nhau nh mc hnh vi, h thng bus v dy kt
ni vi nhng linh kin Verilog khc. Trc khi mt thit k hon chnh
to ra phn cng, thit k phi c phn tch v to ra mt nh dng ng
nht cho tt c cc phn trong thit k. Bc ny cng kim tra c php v
ng ngha ca m ng vo Verilog.
1.1.4.2 To phn cng
Sau khi to c mt d liu thit k c nh dng ng nht cho tt

c cc linh kin trong thit k, bc tng hp s bt u bng chuyn i
d liu thit k trn sang nhng nh dng phn cng thng thng nh
mt chui nhng biu thc Boolean hay mt netlist nhng cng c bn.
11
1.1.4.3 Ti u logic
Bc k tip ca qu trnh tng hp, sau khi mt thit k c

chuyn i sang mt chui nhng biu thc Boolean, bc ti u logic
c thc hin. Bc ny nhm mc ch lm gim nhng biu thc vi
ng vo khng i, loi b nhng biu thc lp li, ti thiu hai mc, ti
thiu nhiu mc.
y l qu trnh tnh ton rt hao tn thi gian v cng sc, mt s
cng c cho php ngi thit k quyt nh mc ti u. Kt qu ng ra
ca bc ny cng di dng nhng biu thc Boolean, m t logic di
dng bng, hoc netlist gm nhng cng c bn.
1.1.4.4 Binding
Sau bc ti u logic, qu trnh tng hp s dng thng tin t thit

b phn cng mc ch quyt nh chnh xc linh kin logic no v thit
b no cn hin thc mch thit k. Qu trnh ny c gi l binding v
kt qu ng ra ca n c ch nh c th s dng cho FPLD, ASIC, hay
custom IC.
1.1.4.5 Sp xp cell v i dy kt ni
Bc sp xp v i dy kt ni s quyt nh vic t v tr ca cc
linh kin trn thit b phn cng mc ch. Vic kt ni cc ng vo v ng
ra ca nhng linh kin ny dng h thng dy lin kt v vng chuyn
mch trn thit b phn cng mc ch c quyt nh bi bc sp xp
v i dy lin kt ny. Kt qu ng ra ca bc ny c a ti thit b
phn cng mc ch, nh np ln FPLD, hay dng sn xut ASIC.
Mt v d minh ha v qu trnh tng hp c ch ra trn Hnh 1.5.
Trong hnh ny, mch m c dng chy m phng trong hnh 1.3
12
c tng hp. Ngoi vic m t phn cng thit k dng Verilog, cng c
tng hp i hi nhng thng tin m t thit b phn cng ch tin hnh
qu trnh tng hp ca mnh. Kt qu ng ra ca cng c tng hp l danh
sch cc cng v flip-flop c sn trong thit b phn cng ch v h thng
dy kt ni gia chng. Hnh 1.5 cng ch ra mt kt qu ng ra mang tnh
trc quan m c to ra t ng bng cng c tng hp ca Altera
Quartus II.
M t thit k
module DFF (clk, din, qout);
input clk, din;
output reg qout;
always @(posedge clk) begin
qout = din;
end
endmodule
Linh kin c bn:

- Inverter
SYNTHESIS TOOL - Nand
- Or,
M t nh thi
din
qout
clk
Hnh 1.5 Minh ha v qu trnh tng hp
1.1.5 M phng sau khi tng hp thit k
Sau khi qu trnh tng hp hon thnh, cng c tng hp s to ra

mt netlist hon chnh cha nhng linh kin ca thit b phn cng ch v
cc gi tr nh thi ca n. Nhng thng tin chi tit v cc cng c dng
hin thc thit k cng c m t trong netlist ny. Netlist ny cng
13
bao gm nhng thng tin v tr hon trn ng dy v nhng tc ng
ca ti ln cc cng dng trong qu trnh hu tng hp. C nhiu nh dng
netlist ng ra c th c to ra bao gm c nh dng Verilog. Mt netlist
nh vy c th c dng m phng, v m phng ny c gi l m
phng hu tng hp. Nhng vn v nh thi, v tn s xung clock, v
hin tng chy ua khng kim sot, nhng nguy him tim n ca thit
k ch c th kim tra bng m phng hu tng hp thc hin sau khi thit
k c tng hp. Nh trn Hnh 1.1, ta c th s dng d liu kim tra m
dng cho qu trnh m phng tin tng hp dng cho qu trnh m
phng hu tng hp.
Do tr hon trn ng dy v cc cng, p ng ca thit k sau
khi chy m phng hu tng hp s khc vi p ng ca thit k m
ngi thit k mong mun. Trong trng hp ny, ngi thit k phi sa
li thit k v c gng trnh nhng sai st v nh thi v hin tng chy
ua gia nhng tn hiu m khng th kim sot.
1.1.6 Phn tch thi gian
Quan st trn Hnh 1.1, bc phn tch thi gian l mt phn trong
qu trnh bin dch, hoc trong mt s cng c th bc phn tch thi gian
ny c thc hin sau qu trnh bin dch. Bc ny s to ra kh nng
xu nht v tr hon , tc xung clock, tr hon t cng ny n
cng khc, cng nh thi gian cho vic thit lp v gi tn hiu. Kt qu
ca bc phn tch thi gian c th hin di dng bng hoc biu .
Ngi thit k s dng nhng thng tin ny xc nh tc xung clock,
hay ni cch khc l xc nh tc hot ng ca mch thit k.
14
1.1.7 To linh kin phn cng
Bc cui cng trong qui trnh thit k t ng da trn Verilog

l to ra phn cng thc s cho thit k. Bc ny c th to ra mt netlist
dng sn xut ASIC, mt chng trnh np vo FPLD, hay mt mch
in cho mch IC.
1.2 Ngn ng phn cng Verilog (Verilog HDL)
Trong phn trc, ta trnh by tng bc thit k mc RTL

t mt m t thit k Verilog cho n vic hin thc ra mt phn cng thc
s. Qui trnh thit k ny ch c th thc hin c khi ngn ng Verilog
c th hiu c bi ngi thit k h thng, ngi thit k mc RTL,
ngi kim tra, cng c m phng, cng c tng hp, v cc my mc lin
quan. Bi v tm quan trng ca n trong qui trnh thit k, Verilog tr
thnh mt chun quc t IEEE. Chun ny c s dng bi ngi thit k
cng nh ngi xy dng cng c thit k.
1.2.1 Qu trnh pht trin Verilog
Verilog c ra i vo u nm 1984 bi Gateway Design

Automation. Khi u, ngn ng u tin c dng nh l mt cng c
m phng v kim tra. Sau thi gian u ngn ng ny c chp nhn bi
ngnh cng nghip in t, mt cng c m phng, mt cng c phn tch
thi gian, v sau ny vo nm 1987, cng c tng hp c xy dng v
pht trin da vo ngn ng ny. Gateway Design Automation v nhng
cng c da trn Verilog ca hng sau ny c mua bi Cadence Design
System. T sau , Cadence ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic pht
trin cng nh ph bin ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog.
15
Vo nm 1987, VHDL tr thnh mt chun ngn ng m t phn
cng ca IEEE. Bi do s h tr ca B quc phng (DoD), VHDL c
s dng nhiu trong nhng d n ln ca chnh ph M. Trong n lc ph
bin Verilog, vo nm 1990, OVI (Open Verilog International) c thnh
lp v Verilog chim u th trong lnh vc cng nghip. iu ny to ra
mt s quan tm kh ln t ngi dng v cc nh cung cp EDA
(Electronic Design Automation) ti Verilog.
Vo nm 1993, nhng n lc nhm chun ha ngn ng Verilog
c bt u. Verilog tr thnh chun IEEE, IEEE Std 1364-1995, vo
nm 1995. Vi nhng cng c m phng, cng c tng hp, cng c phn
tch thi gian, v nhng cng c thit k da trn Verilog c sn, chun
Verilog IEEE ny nhanh chng c chp nhn su rng trong cng ng
thit k in t.
Mt phin bn mi ca Verilog c chp nhn bi IEEE vo nm
2001. Phin bn mi ny c xem nh chun Verilog-2001 v c dng
bi hu ht ngi s dng v ngi pht trin cng c. Nhng c im
mi trong phin bn mi l n cho php bn ngoi c kh nng c v
ghi d liu, qun l th vin, xy dng cu hnh thit k, h tr nhng cu
trc c mc tru tng cao hn, nhng cu trc m t s lp li, cng
nh thm mt s c tnh vo phin bn ny. Qu trnh ci tin chun ny
vn ang c tip tc vi s ti tr ca IEEE.
1.2.2 Nhng c tnh ca Verilog
Verilog l mt ngn ng m t phn cng dng c t phn cng

t mc transistor n mc hnh vi. Ngn ng ny h tr nhng cu trc
nh thi cho vic m phng nh thi mc chuyn mch v tc thi,
n cng c kh nng m t phn cng ti mc thut ton tru tng.
Mt m t thit k Verilog c th bao gm s trn ln gia nhng khi
16
(module) c mc tru tng khc nhau vi s khc nhau v mc chi
tit.
1.2.2.1 Mc chuyn mch
Nhng c im ca ngn ng ny khin n tr nn l tng trong

vic m hnh ha v m phng mc chuyn mch bao gm kh nng
chuyn mch mt chiu cng nh hai chiu vi nhng thng s v tr
hon v lu tr in tch. Nhng tr hon mch in c th c m hnh
ha nh l tr hon ng truyn, tr hon t thp ln cao hay t cao xung
thp. c im lu tr in tch mc tru tng trong Verilog khin
n c kh nng m t nhng mch in vi linh kin ng nh l CMOS
hay MOS.
1.2.2.2 Mc cng
Nhng cng c bn vi nhng thng s c nh ngha trc s

cung cp mt kh nng thun tin trong vic th hin netlist v m phng
mc cng. i vi vic m phng mc cng vi mc ch chi tit v c
bit, nhng linh kin cng c th c nh ngha mc hnh vi.
Verilog cng cung cp nhng cng c cho vic nh ngha nhng phn t
c bn vi nhng chc nng c bit. Mt h thng s logic 4 gi tr n
gin (0,1,x,z) c s dng trong Verilog th hin gi tr cho tn hiu.
Tuy nhin, m hnh mc logic chnh xc hn, nhng tn hiu Verilog
gm 16 mc gi tr v mnh c thm vo 4 gi tr n gin trn.
1.2.2.3 tr hon gia pin n pin
Mt tin ch trong vic m t nh thi cho cc linh kin ti ng vo

v ng ra cng c cung cp trong Verilog. Tin ch ny c th c dng
17
truy vn li thng tin v nh thi trong m t tin thit k ban u. Hn
na, tin ch ny cng cho php ngi vit m hnh ha tinh chnh hnh vi
nh thi ca m hnh da trn hin thc phn cng.
1.2.2.4 M t Bus
Nhng tin ch v m hnh bus v thanh ghi cng c cung cp bi

Verilog. i vi nhiu cu trc bus khc nhau, Verilog h tr chc nng
phn gii bus v wire vi h thng logic 4 gi tr (0,1,x,z). Vi s kt hp
gia chc nng bus logic v chc nng phn gii, n cho php m hnh ha
c hu ht cc loi bus. i vi vic m hnh ha thanh ghi, vic m t
xung clock mc cao v nhng cu trc iu khin nh thi c th c s
dng m t thanh ghi vi nhng tn hiu xung clock v tn hiu reset
khc nhau.
1.2.2.5 Mc hnh vi
Nhng khi qui trnh (procedural blocks) ca Verilog cho php m

t thut ton ca nhng cu trc phn cng. Nhng cu trc ny tng t
vi ngn ng lp trnh phn mm nhng c kh nng m t phn cng.
1.2.2.6 Nhng tin ch h thng
Nhng tc v h thng trong Verilog cung cp cho ngi thit k

nhng cng c trong vic to ra d liu kim tra testbench, tp tin truy xut
c, ghi, x l d liu, to d liu, v m hnh ha nhng phn cng
chuyn dng. Nhng tin ch h thng dng cho b nh c v thit b
logic lp trnh c (PLA) cung cp nhng phng php thun tin cho
vic m hnh ha nhng thit b ny. Nhng tc v hin th v I/O c th
c s dng kim sot tt c nhng ng vo v ng ra d liu ca ng
18
dng v m phng. Verilog cho php vic truy xut c v ghi ngu nhin
n cc tp tin.
1.2.2.7 PLI
Cng c tng tc ngn ng lp trnh (PLI) ca Verilog cung cp

mt mi trng cho vic truy xut cu trc d liu Verilog s dng mt th
vin cha cc hm ca ngn ng C.
1.2.3 Ngn ng Verilog
Ngn ng Verilog HDL p ng tt c nhng yu cu cho vic thit

k v tng hp nhng h thng s. Ngn ng ny h tr vic m t cu trc
phn cp ca phn cng t mc h thng n mc cng hoc n c
mc cng tc chuyn mch. Verilog cng h tr mnh tt c cc mc
m t vic nh thi v pht hin li. Vic nh thi v ng b m c
i hi bi phn cng s c ch trng mt cch c bit.
Trong Verilog, mt linh kin phn cng c m t bi mt cu trc
ngn ng khai bo module. S m t mt module s m t danh sch
nhng ng vo v ng ra ca linh kin cng nh nhng thanh ghi v h
thng bus bn trong linh kin. Bn trong mt module, nhng php gn
ng thi, gi s dng linh kin v nhng khi qui trnh c th c dng
m t mt linh kin phn cng.
Nhiu module c th c gi mt cch phn cp hnh thnh
nhng cu trc phn cng khc nhau. Nhng phn t con ca vic m t
thit k phn cp c th l nhng module, nhng linh kin c bn hoc
nhng linh kin do ngi dng t nh ngha. m phng cho thit k,
nhng phn t con trong cu trc phn cp ny nn c tng hp mt
cch ring l.
19
Hin nay c rt nhiu cng c v mi trng da trn Verilog cung
cp kh nng chy m phng, kim tra thit k v tng hp thit k. Mi
trng m phng cung cp nhng chng trnh giao din ha cho bc
thit k trc layout (front-end) v nhng cng c to dng sng v cng
c hin th. Nhng cng c tng hp da trn nn tng ca Verilog v khi
tng hp mt thit k th thit b phn cng ch nh FPGA hoc ASIC cn
phi c xc nh trc.
1.3 Tng kt
Phn ny cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan v nhng c ch,

nhng cng c v nhng qui trnh dng trong vic m t mt thit k t
bc thit k n qu trnh hin thc phn cng. Phn ny cng ni s lc
v thng tin kin thc m ta s i su trong cc phn sau. Bn cnh , n
cng cung cp n ngi c lch s pht trin ca Verilog. Cng vi vic
pht trin chun Verilog HDL ny l s pht trin khng ngng ca cc
cng ty nghin cu, xy dng v hon thin cc cng c h tr i km, kt
qu l to ra nhng cng c tt hn v nhng mi trng thit k ng b
hn.
1.4 Bi tp
1. Verilog l g ? Ti sao ta phi s dng ngn ng m t phn cng

Verilog trong thit k Chip?
2. Tm hiu mi trng thit k trn FPGA l QuartusII ca Altera v
tm hiu mi trng m phng v mi trng tng hp ca n. Hy
lin tng so snh mi trng thit k ny vi mi trng m phng
v tng hp m c trnh by trong phn ny.
20
3. Nu s khc bit gia ngn ng m t phn cng ni chung (ngn
ng Verilog HDL ni ring) v ngn ng lp trnh ni chung (ngn
ng C ni ring).
4. Tm hiu s khc bit gia hai loi ngn ng m t phn cng
Verilog HDL v VHDL.
5. Qu trnh tng hp (synthesis) l g?
6. Verilog HDL c th c s dng m t mch tng t (analog)
trong phn cng khng ?
7. Tm kim 3 cng c m phng Verilog HDL h tr min ph.
8. Tm kim 3 ti liu h tr vic hc v nghin cu Verilog HDL.
9. Tm kim 3 website h tr vic hc v nghin cu Verilog HDL.
10.Tm kim cc cng ty thit k chip Vit Nam ang s dng Verilog
HDL trong vic thit k.
11.Tm hiu v s dng thnh tho hai cng c m phng QuartusII v
ModelSim.
21
Chng 2. Qui c v t kha
2.1 Khong trng
Khong trng c th cha nhng k t c bit nh k t space, k t

tab, k t xung dng. Nhng k t ny c th c b qua tr khi n c
s dng tch bit vi nhng k t c bit mang ngha khc. Tuy
nhin, nhng k t khong trng v k t tab c th c xem nh nhng k
t c bit trong chui (xem trong mc 2.5).
2.2 Ch thch
Ngn ng Verilog HDL c hai cch to ch thch. Ch thch mt

dng c th bt u bng hai k t // v kt thc vi mt dng mi. Ch
thch mt khi s bt u vi mt /* v kt thc vi */. Ch thch khi
khng nn qu ri rm. Trong ch thch khi th hai k t // khng mang
ngha g c bit c.
2.3 Ton t
Nhng ton t nh chui k t n, kp hay gm ba k t c dng

trong nhng biu thc. Trong phn tho lun v biu thc ta s trnh by v
cch s dng cc ton t trong biu thc nh th no.
Nhng ton t n thng xut hin bn tri ca ton hng ca
chng. Nhng ton t kp thng xut hin gia nhng ton hng ca
chng. Ton t c iu kin thng c hai ton t k t c phn bit bi
ba ton hng
22
2.4 S hc
Hng s c m t nh l hng s nguyn hoc hng s thc.

V d 2.1
243 // s thp phn

1.4E9 // 1.4x109
-5d18 // s thp phn -18 lu trong 5 bit
4b1011 // s nh phn 1011 lu trong 4 bit
8hEF // s thp lc phn EF lu trong 8 bit
16o56 // s bt phn 56 lu trong 16 bit
4bxxxx // s nh phn ty nh
4bzzzz // s nh phn c gi tr tng tr cao
2.4.1 Hng s nguyn
Hng s nguyn c th c m t theo nh dng s thp phn, thp

lc phn, bt phn v nh phn.
C hai dng biu din hng s nguyn. Dng th nht l mt s
thp phn n gin, n c th l mt chui k t t 0 n 9 v c th bt
u vi ton t n cng hoc tr. Dng th hai c m t di dng
hng c s, n gm ba thnh phn mt l thnh phn m t rng hng
s, mt thnh phn l k t mc n () c theo sau bi mt k t ca c
s tng ng (D), v thnh phn cui cng m t gi tr ca s .
V d 2.2 Hng s khng du

374 // s thp phn
h 473FF // s thp lc phn
o7439 // s bt phn
23
5be // khng hp l ( s thp lc phn i hi h)
Thnh phn u tin, rng hng s, m t rng s bit cha

hng s. N c m t nh l mt s thp phn khng du khc khng. V
d, rng ca hai s hexadecimal l 8 bit bi v mi mt s hexadecimal
cn 4 bit cha.
Thnh phn th hai, nh dng c s, bao gm mt k t c th k t
thng hoc k t hoa m t c s ca s , ta c th thm vo hoc
khng thm vo pha trc n k t s (hoc S) ch rng n l mt s c
du, tip tc pha trc n l mt k t mc n. Nhng c s c dng
c th l d, D, h, H, o, O, b, B m t cho c s thp phn, c s thp lc
phn, c s bt phn v c s nh phn mt cch tng ng.
K t mc n v k t nh dng c s khng c cch nhau bi
bt k khong trng no.
Thnh phn th ba, mt s khng du, bao gm nhng k t ph hp
vi c s c m t trong thnh phn th hai. Thnh phn s khng
du ny c th theo sau ngay thnh phn c s hoc c th theo sau thnh
phn c s bi mt khong trng. Nhng k t t a n f ca s thp lc
phn c th l k t thng hoc k t hoa.
V d 2.3 Hng s c rng bit

4b1011 // s nh phn 4 bit
5 D 5 // s thp phn 5 bit
3b10x // s nh phn 3 bit vi bit c trng s thp nht c
gi tr khng xc nh
12hx // s thp lc phn 12 bit c gi tr khng xc nh
16hz // s thp lc phn 16 bit c gi tr tng tr cao.
24
Nhng s thp phn n gin khng km theo rng bit v nh
dng c s c th c xem nh l nhng s nguyn c du, trong khi
nhng s c m t bi nh dng c s c th c xem nh nhng s
nguyn c du khi thnh phn ch nh s c km thm vo hoc n s
c xem nh nhng s nguyn khng du khi ch c thnh phn nh
dng c s c s dng. Thnh phn ch nh s c du s khng nh
hng n mu bit c m t m n ch nh hng trong qu trnh bin
dch.
Ton t cng hay tr ng trc hng s rng l mt ton t n
cng hay tr. Hai ton t ny nu c t nm gia thnh phn nh dng
c s v s l khng ng c php.
Nhng s m c biu din di dng b hai.
V d 2.4 S dng du vi hng s

6 d -7 // c php khng ng
-6 d 7 // s b 2 ca 7, tng ng vi (6d 7)
4 shf // s c du (s b 2) 4 bit 1111, bng -1, tng
ng vi 4h1
-4 sd15 // tng ng vi (4sd15), hay (-1) = 1 =
0001
8sd? //tng ng 8sbz
Cc gi tr s c bit x v z:
-Mt s x dng biu din mt gi tr khng xc nh trong nhng
hng s thp lc phn, hng s bt phn v hng s nh phn.
-Mt s z dng biu din mt s c gi tr tng tr cao.
Mt s x c th c thit lp trn 4 bit biu din mt s thp lc
phn, trn 3 bit biu din mt s bt phn, trn 1 bit biu din mt s
nh phn c gi tr khng xc nh. Tng t, mt s z c th c thit lp
25
trn 4 bit biu din mt s thp lc phn, trn 3 bit biu din mt s
bt phn, trn 1 bit biu din mt s nh phn c gi tr tng tr cao.
V d 2.5 T ng thm vo bn tri

reg [11:0] m, n, p, q;
initial begin
m = h x; // to ra xxx
n = h 4x; // to ra 04x
p = h z5; // to ra zz5
q = h 0z8; // to ra 0z8
end
reg [15:0] e, f, g;
e = h4; // to ra {13{1b0}, 3b100}
f = hx // to ra {16{1hx}}
g = hz; // to ra {16{1hz}}
Nu rng bit ca s khng du nh hn rng c m t trong

phn m t hng s th s khng du s c thm vo bn tri n l cc s
0. Nu bt ngoi cng bn tri trong s khng du l x hoc z th mt x
hoc mt z s c dng thm vo bn tri mt cch tng ng. Nu
rng ca s khng du ln hn rng c m t trong phn m t hng
s th s khng du s b ct xn i t bn tri.
S bit dng to nn mt s khng c rng ( c th l mt s
thp phn n gin hoc mt s khng m t rng bit) nn t nht l 32
bit. Nhng hng s khng du, khng rng m bit c trng s cao l
khng xc nh (x) hoc tng tr cao (z) th n s c m rng ra n
rng ca biu thc cha hng s.
Gi tr x v z m t gi tr ca mt s c th l ch hoa hoc ch
thng.
26
Khi c s dng m t mt s trong Verilog, th k t du chm
hi (?) c ngha thay th cho k t z. N cng thit lp 4 bit ln gi tr
tng tr cao cho s thp lc phn, 3 bit cho s bt phn v 1 bit cho s nh
phn. Du chm hi c th c dng gip vic c code d hiu hn
trong trng hp gi tr tng tr cao l mt iu kin khng quan tm
(dont care). Ta s tho lun r hn v vn ny khi trnh by v casez v
casex. K t du chm hi cng c dng trong nhng bng trng thi do
ngi dng t nh ngha.
Trong mt hng s thp phn, s khng du khng bao gm nhng
k t x, z hoc ? tr trng hp ch c ng mt k t ch ra rng
mi bit trong hng s thp phn l x hoc z.
K t gch di (_) c th dng bt k ni u trong mt s, ngoi
tr k t u tin. K t gch di s c b qua. c tnh ny c th c
dng tch mt s qu di gip vic c code d dng hn.
V d 2.6 S dng du gch di trong m t s

27_195_000
16b0011_0101_0001_1111
32 h 12ab_f001
Nhng hng s m c rng bit v nhng hng s c du c
rng bit l nhng s c du m rng khi n c gn n mt loi d liu
l reg bt chp bn thn reg ny c du hay khng.
di mc nh ca x v z ging nh di mc nh ca mt s
nguyn.
2.4.2 Hng s thc
Nhng s hng s thc c th c biu din nh c m t bi

chun IEEE 754-1985, mt chun IEEE cho nhng s du chm ng c
chnh xc kp.
27
Nhng s thc c th c m t bng mt trong hai cch, mt l
theo dng thp phn (v d, 25.13), hai l theo cch vit hn lm (v d,
45e6, c ngha l 45 nhn vi 106. Nhng s thc c biu din vi du
chm thp phn s c t nht mt k s mi bn ca du chm thp phn.
V d 2.7
2.5
0.9
1543.34592
3.2E23 or 3.2e23
5.6e-3
0.9e-0
45E13
43E-6
354.156_972_e-19 (du gch di c b qua)
Nhng dng s sau khng ng l s thc v chng khng c t nht

mt k s mi bn ca du chm thp phn.
.43
8.
7.E4
.6e-9
2.4.3 S o
S thc c th bin i sang s nguyn bng cch lm trn s thc

n s nguyn gn nht thay v ct xn s bit ca n. Bin i khng tng
minh c th thc hin khi mt s thc c gn n mt s nguyn. Nhng
ci ui nn c lm trn khc 0. V d:
28
Hai s thc 48.8 v 48.5 u tr thnh 49 khi c bin i sang s
nguyn, v s 48.3 s tr thnh 48.
Bin i s thc -5.5 sang s nguyn s c -6, bin i s 5.5 sang
s nguyn s c 6.
2.5 Chui
Mt chui l mt dy cc k t c nm trong hai du nhy kp()

v c ghi trn mt dng n. Nhng chui c dng nh l nhng ton
hng trong biu thc v trong nhng php gn c xem nh l nhng
hng s nguyn khng du v c biu din bi mt dy k t 8 bit
ASCII. Mt k t ASCII biu din bng 8 bit.
2.5.1 Khai bo bin chui
Bin chui l bin c loi d liu l reg vi rng bng vi s k t

trong chui nhn vi 8.
V d 2.8
lu tr mt chui 12 k t Verilog HDL! i hi mt reg c
rng 8*12, hoc 96 bit
reg [8*12:1] stringvar;
initial begin
stringvar = Verilog HDL!;
end
29
2.5.2 X l chui
Chui c th c x l bng vic s dng cc ton t Verilog HDL.

Gi tr m c x l bi ton t l mt dy gi tr 8 bit ASCII. Cc ton t
x l chui c th hin chi tit hn trong phn 4.3.3.
2.5.3 Nhng k t c bit trong chui
Mt s k t ch c s dng trong chui khi ng trc n l mt

k t m u, gi l k t escape \. Bng bn di lit k nhng k t ny
v ngha ca n.
Bng 2.1 K t c bit trong chui

Chui escape K t to bi chui escape
\n K t xung dng
\t K t tab
\\ K t \
\ K t
\ddd Mt k t c m t trong 1-3 k s bt phn (0 d 7)
Nu t hn ba k t c s dng, k t theo sau khng th
l mt k s bt phn. Vic thc thi c th dn n li nu
k t c biu din ln hn 377
2.6 nh danh, t kha v tn h thng
nh danh (indentifier) c dng gn cho mt i tng (object)

mt tn duy nht n c th c gi ti khi cn. nh danh c th l mt
nh danh n gin hoc mt nh danh escaped. Mt nh danh n gin
c th l mt dy bt k gm cc k t, k s, du dollar ($), v k t gch
di (_).
30
K t u tin ca mt nh danh khng th l mt k s hay $; n c
th l mt k t hoc mt du gch di. nh danh s l khc nhau gia
ch thng v ch hoa nh trong ngn ng lp trnh C.
V d 2.9
kiemtra_e
net_m
fault_result
string_ab
_wire1
n$983
y c s gii hn v di ca nh danh, nhng gii hn ny t

nht l 1024 k t. Nu mt nh danh vt ra khi gii hn v chiu di
c xc nh th li c th c thng bo ra.
2.6.1 nh danh vi k t \
Tn nh danh escaped c bt u vi k t gch cho (\) v kt

thc bi khong trng (k t khong trng, k t tab, k t xung dng).
Chng cung cp cch thc chn thm nhng k t ASCII c th in c
vo trong cc k t c code t 33 n 126, hoc gi tr thp lc phn t 21
n 7E).
C hai k t gch cho (\) v k t khong trng kt thc u khng
c xem nh l thnh phn ca tn nhn dng. Do , mt nh danh
\abc s c x l ging nh nh danh abc.
V d 2.10
\netc+num
\-signal
31
\***fault-result***
\wirea/\wireb
\{m,n}
\i*(k+l)
Mt t kha trong Verilog HDL m ng trc n l mt k t

escape s khng c bin dch nh l mt t kha.
2.6.2 Tc v h thng v hm h thng
Du dollar ($) m u mt cu trc ngn ng s cho php pht trin

nhng tc v h thng v hm h thng do ngi dng nh ngha. Nhng
cu trc h thng khng phi l ngn ng thit k, m n mun ni n
chc nng m phng. Mt tn theo sau du $ c bin dch nh l mt tc
v h thng hoc hm h thng.
Tc v h thng/hm h thng c th c nh ngha trong ba vi tr:
Mt tp hp chun nhng tc v h thng v hm h thng.
Nhng tc v h thng v hm h thng thm vo c nh
ngha dng cho PLI (Programming Language Interface).
Nhng tc v h thng v hm h thng thm vo c nh
ngha bi thc thi phn mm.
V d 2.11
$time tr v thi gian chy m phng hin ti
$display tng t nh hm printf trong C
$stop ngng chy m phng
$finish hon thnh chy m phng
$monitor gim st chy m phng
32
2.7 Bi tp
1. Nu tc dng v s khc bit gia hai hm h thng $monitor v

$display khi s dng hai hm h thng ny trong qu trnh m
phng.
2. Lm sao c th c v ghi mt file d liu trong m t phn cng
Verilog HDL (gi s file cha ni dung b nh khi to).
3. Hy tm thm 10 tc v h thng v nu ngha ca chng
33
Chng 3. Loi d liu trong Verilog
3.1 Khi qut
Verilog ch h tr nhng loi d liu c nh ngha trc.

Nhng loi d liu ny bao gm d liu bit, mng bit, vng nh, s
nguyn, s thc, s kin, v mnh ca d liu. Nhng loi ny nh
ngha trong phn ln m t ca Verilog. Verilog ch yu x l trn bit v
byte khi m t mch in t. Loi s thc th hu dng trong vic m t
tr hon v nh thi v n cng rt hu dng trong vic m hnh ha
mc cao nh l phn tch xc sut kt ni mch trong h thng v nhng
gii thut x l tn hiu s. Loi d liu phn cng bao gm net v reg.
Thng thng nhng loi ny c th c xem nh l dy kt ni v thanh
ghi. D liu net c th c khai bo chi tit hn to ra nhng loi d
liu khc nh tri-stated hay non-tri-stated v ph thuc vo cc x l nhiu
kt ni s to ra nhng php and, or hoc dng gi tr trc . Phn tip
theo s trnh by chi tit v nhng vn ny.
3.2 Nhng h thng gi tr
Mi loi d liu c nhng mc ch c th ca n trong vic m t.

Nhng h thng gi tr nh ngha nhng loi gi tr khc nhau c
nh ngha trong ngn ng v bao gm c nhng thao tc gip h tr nhng
h thng gi tr ny. Chng cng c nhng nh ngha hng s tng ng.
Trong Verilog c nhiu gi tr khc nhau nh:
bits and integers(32 bits), time (64 bits) bit-vectors v
integers c th phi hp mt cch t do. Integers c nh
34
ngha c 32 bit. Gi tr time c 64 bit. Thc s bit c hai loi
sau:
4 gi tr trng thi (0,1,x,z); c bit nh l gi tr
logic.
128 loi trng thi (4 trng thi v 64 mnh (8 cho
mnh 0 v 8 cho mnh 1)
Loi floating point (s thc)
Chui k t
Gi tr tr hon Nhng gi tr ny c th l single, double,
triplet hay n-tuple ch tr hon cnh ln, cnh xung
hoc s chuyn i khc ca tn hiu.
Gi tr chuyn trng thi (01) chuyn trng thi t 0 sang
1. Gi tr ny c th c trong nhng linh kin c bn do ngi
dng nh ngha hoc trong nhng khi m t (specify blocks)
Nhng gi tr c iu kin/Boole true/false hoc 0/1
units (ch dng cho timescale) femtoseconds (Fs) n
seconds (s)
3.3 Khai bo loi d liu
3.3.1 Gii thiu
Nhng loi d liu khc nhau trong Verilog c khai bo bng pht
biu khai bo d liu. Nhng pht biu ny xut hin trong nhng nh
ngha module trc khi s dng v mt s trong chng c th c khai
bo bn trong nhng khi tun t c t tn. Thm vo , nhng loi
gi tr c th phn bit vi nhng loi ca d liu khc, nhng c tnh
phn cng ca wires so vi registers cng c phn bit nh l nhng
khai bo net so vi khai bo reg trong Verilog. T driving ngha l iu
35
khin c dng trong nhng m t phn cng m t cch thc mt gi
tr c gn n mt phn t. Nets v regs l hai phn t d liu chnh
trong Verilog. Nets c iu khin mt cch ni tip t nhng php gn
ni tip (continuous assignments) hoc t nhng phn t cu trc nh
module ports, gates, transistors hoc nhng phn t c bn do ngi dng
t nh ngha. Regs c iu khin mt cch cht ch t nhng khi hnh
vi (behavioural blocks). Nets thng thng c thc thi nh l wires trong
phn cng v regs th c th l wires hoc phn t tm hoc flip-flops
(registers).
Nhng loi d liu khc nhau trong Verilog c khai bo nh l
mt trong nhng loi sau:
parameter: Loi ny l nhng biu thc gi tr hng s c
phn tch sau qu trnh bin dch v cho php modules c
gn tham s.
input, output, inout : Nhng loi d liu ny nh ngha chiu
v rng ca mt port.
net: y l loi d liu dng cho vic kt ni hoc wire trong
phn cng vi s phn tch khc nhau.
reg: y l loi d liu tru tng ging nh l mt thanh ghi
(register) v c iu khin theo hnh vi.
time: y l loi d liu lu tr khong thi gian nh tr
hon v thi gian m phng.
integer: y l loi d liu s nguyn.
real: y l loi d liu floating point hay s thc
event: y l d liu ch ra rng mt c hiu c bt tch
cc.
Nhng loi d liu ny tt c c th c khai bo mc module.
Nhng m t khc trong Verilog vi nhng kh nng to lp mc ch bao
36
gm nhng tc v, nhng hm v nhng khi begin-end c t tn. Nets
c iu khin khng theo hnh vi (non-behaviorally) nn do n khng
th c khai bo cho nhng mc ch khc. Tt c nhng loi d liu
khc c th c th hin trong nhng tc v v trong nhng khi begin-
end.
V d 3.1
input a, b;
reg [15:0] c;
time tg;
Dng u tin trong v d trn l mt dng khai bo input, dng th

hai l mt khai bo d liu reg 16 bit. Dng cui cng l khai bo cho mt
bin c t tn l tg.
3.4 Khai bo loi d liu net
3.4.1 Gii thiu
Net l mt trong nhiu loi d liu trong ngn ng m t Verilog

dng m t dy kt ni vt l trong mch in. Net s kt ni nhng linh
kin mc cng c gi ra, nhng module c gi ra v nhng php
gn ni tip. Ngn ng Verilog cho php c gi tr t mt net t bn trong
nhng m t hnh vi, nhng ta khng th gn mt gi tr t mt net bn
trong nhng m t hnh vi. Mt net s khng lu gi gi tr ca n. N
phi c iu khin bi mt trong hai cch sau.
Bng vic kt ni net n ng ra ca mt cng hay mt
module.
Bng vic gn mt gi tr n net trong mt php gn ni tip.
37
Nhng loi net khc nhau c nh ngha trong Verilog c m t
bn di v trong Bng 3.1 s tm tt s phn gii logic ca chng. S
phn gii logic l mt qui nh gii quyt xung t xy ra khi c nhiu
mc logic iu khin mt net.
Wire: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x v s phn gii logic c da
trn s tng ng.
Wand: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x v s phn gii logic c da
trn nguyn tc ca php wired and
Wor: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x v s phn gii logic c da
trn wired or
Tri: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x,z v s phn gii logic c da
trn nguyn tc ca bus tri-state
Tri0: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x,z v s phn gii logic c da
trn nguyn tc ca bus tri-state v mt gi tr mc nh l 0
khi khng c iu khin
Tri1: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x,z v s phn gii logic c da
trn nguyn tc ca bus tri-state v mt gi tr mc nh l 1
khi khng c iu khin
Trior: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x,z v s phn gii logic c
da trn nguyn tc ca tri-state cho gi tr z-non-z s dng
hm or ca gi tr non-z
Triand: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x,z v s phn gii logic c
da trn nguyn tc ca tri-state cho gi tr z-non-z s dng
hm and ca gi tr non-z
Trireg: mt net vi gi tr 0,1,x,z v s phn gii logic c
da trn nguyn tc ca tri-state cng vi gi tr lu tr in
tch (gi tr trc c dng phn gii gi tr mi)
Supply0, supply1 (gnd v vdd)
38
Bng 3.1 S phn gii ca cc loi net
tri/wire 0 1 X Z triand/wand 0 1 X Z
0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 X 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 1
X X X X X X 0 X X X
Z 0 1 X X Z 0 1 X Z
trior/wor 0 1 X Z tri0 0 1 X Z
0 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 X 1 X 1
X X 1 X X X X X X X
Z 0 1 X Z Z 0 1 X 0
trireg 0 1 X Z tri1 0 1 X Z
0 0 1 X 0 0 0 X X 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 X 1 X 1
X X 1 X X X X X X X
Z 0 1 X P Z 0 1 X 1
3.4.2 Wire v Tri
Loi d liu wire l mt loi n gin kt ni gia hai linh kin. D

liu wire dng cho nhng net c iu khin bi mt cng linh kin n
hay trong php gn ni tip (continuous assignments). Trong V d 3.2
nhng khai bo 2-wire c to ra. Khai bo u tin m t wire n (
scalar wire ) a1. Khai bo th hai m t mt mng (vector) b2 vi 3 bits.
Bit trng s cao nht (MSB) ca n c trng s l 2 v bit trng s thp
nht (ISB) c trng s l 0.
39
V d 3.2
wire a1;
wire [2:0] b2;
tri abc
D liu tri th hon ton ging vi d liu wire v c php s dng

v chc nng tuy nhin n khc vi d liu wire ch, d liu tri c
dng cho nhng net c iu khin bi nhiu cng linh kin ng ra. Loi
d liu tri (tri-state) l loi d liu c bit ca wire trong s phn gii
gi tr ca net c iu khin bi nhiu linh kin iu khin c thc
hin bng vic s dng nhng qui lut ca bus tri-state. Tt c cc bin m
iu khin net tri phi c gi tr Z (tng tr cao), ngoi tr mt bin. Bin
n ny xc nh gi tr ca net tri.
Trong V d 3.3, ba bin iu khin bin out. Chng c thit lp
trong module khc ch mt linh kin iu khin tch cc trong mt thi
im.
V d 3.3
module tri_kiemtra (out, m, n,p);
input [1:0] select ,m ,n, p;
output out;
tri out;
assign out = m ; to kt ni cho net tri
assign out = n;
assign out = p;
endmodule
module mnp (m, n, p, select)
output m, n, p;
input [1:0] select;
40
always @(select) begin
m = 1bz; // thit lp tt c cc bin c gi tr Z
n = 1bz;
p = 1bz;
case (select) // ch thit lp mt bin non-Z
2b00: m = 1b1;
2b01: n = 1b0;
2b10: p = 1b1;
endcase
end
endmodule
module top_tri_test ( out, m, n, p, select);
input [1:0] select;
input m, n, p;
output out;
tri out;
mnp (m, n, p, select);
tri_test (out, m, n, p);
endmodule
3.4.3 Wired net
Wired nets bao gm nhng loi d liu wor, wand, trior v triand.
Chng c dng m hnh gi tr logic ca net. Nhng wired net trn c
bng s tht khc nhau phn gii nhng xung t nu xy ra khi c
nhiu cng linh kin cng iu khin mt net.
41
3.4.3.1 Wand/triand nets
Wand/triand l loi d liu c bit ca wire dng hm and tm

gi tr kt qu khi nhiu linh kin iu khin mt net, hay ni cch khc
nu c bt k ng ra linh kin iu khin no c gi tr 0 th gi tr ca net
c iu khin s l 0. Trong V d 3.4, hai bin iu khin bin out. Gi
tr ca out c xc nh bng hm logic and gia b1 v b2.
V d 3.4
module wand_test (out, b1,b2);
input b1, b2;
output out;
wand out;
assign out = b1;
assign out = b2;
endmodule
Ta c th gn mt gi tr tr hon trong khai bo wand, v ta c th

s dng nhng t kha n (scalar) v mng (vector) cho vic m phng.
3.4.3.2 Wor/Trior
Loi d liu wor /trior l loi d liu c bit ca wire dng hm or

tm gi tr kt qu khi nhiu linh kin iu khin mt net, hay ni cch
khc nu c bt k ng ra linh kin iu khin no c gi tr 1 th gi tr ca
net c iu khin s l 1. Trong V d 3.5, hai bin iu khin bin out.
Gi tr ca out c xc nh bng hm logic OR gia a1 v a2.
V d 3.5
module wor_test(a1,a2);
input a1, a2;
42
ouput out;
wor out;
assign out = a1;
assign out = a2;
endmodule
3.4.4 Trireg net
Net trireg c dng m hnh gi tr in dung lu gi trn net

ca mch in, n c kh nng lu gi gi tr in tch. Mt trireg c th l
mt trong hai trng thi sau:
Trng thi c iu khin (driven state): Khi c t nht mt ng ra
ca linh kin iu khin net trireg c gi tr 1, 0 hoc x th gi tr ny s
c truyn n net trireg v gi tr ny iu khin gi tr ca net trireg.
Trng thi lu gi in dung: Khi tt c cc ng ra ca linh kin iu
khin net trireg u c gi tr tng tr cao (z) th net trireg s lu gi gi tr
cui cng m n trng thi c iu khin. Gi tr tng tr cao ca cc
ng ra linh kin iu khin s khng c truyn n net trireg.
Do , net trireg s lun c gi tr 0 hay 1 hoc x v khng c gi
tr z. mnh gi tr trn net trireg trong trng thi lu gi in dung c
m t bi rng, c th l ln (large), va (medium) hay nh (small)
vi gi tr mc nh l medium nu n khng c m t. Trong trng thi
c iu khin, mnh ca net trireg s ph thuc vo mnh ca linh
kin iu khin nh supply, strong, pull, weak m ta s tho lun sau. Nh
mt m hnh Verilog nh pha di, ta s ly c gi tr kt qu ca wire
trireg khi transistor iu khin n b tt.
V d 3.6
module kiemtra;
43
reg c0, c1, i1, i2;
tri d0, d1, d2;
trireg d;
and(d0, il, i2);
nmos nl (d1, d0, c0);
nmos n2(d, d1, c1);
initial
begin
$monitor(time = %d d = %d c0=%d c1=%d d0=%d d1=%d
i1=%d i2=%d, $time, d, c0, c1, d0, d1, i1, i2);
#1
i1 = 1;
i2 = l;
c0 = l;
c1 = 1;
#5
c0 = 0;
end
endmodule
Simulation result:
time = 0 d= x c0=x c1=x d0=x d1=x i1=x i2=x
time = 1 d= 1 c1=1 c1=1 d0=1 d1=1 i1=1 i2=1
time = 6 d= 1 c0=0 c1=1 d0=1 d1=0 i1=1 i2=1
3.4.5 Tri0 v tri1 nets
Net tri0 v tri1 dng m hnh nhng net vi linh kin in tr ko

ln hoc ko xung. Mt net tri0 s tng ng vi mt net vi c iu
44
khin lin tc bi gi tr 0 vi mnh pull. Mt net tri1 s tng ng
vi mt net vi c iu khin lin tc bi gi tr 1 vi mnh pull.
Khi khng c linh kin iu khin net tri0, gi tr ca n vn l 0 vi
mnh pull. Khi khng c linh kin iu khin net tri1, gi tr ca n vn
l 1 vi mnh pull. Khi c nhiu linh kin iu khin net tri0 hoc tri1
th s phn gii mnh ca cc linh kin iu khin vi mnh pull ca
net tri0 hoc tri1 s xc nh gi tr ca net.
3.4.6 Supply0/supply1 nets
Loi d liu supply0 v supply1 nh ngha nhng net wire c

mc c nh n mc logic 0 (ni t, vss) v logic 1 ( ngun cung cp,
vdd). Vic s dng supply0 v supply1 tng t nh khai bo mt wire v
sau gn gi tr 0 hoc 1 ln n. Trong V d 3.7, power c ni ln
ngun cung cp (lun l logic 1 c mnh ln nht) v gnd c ni
n t (ground) ( lun l logic 0 c mnh nht).
V d 3.7
supply0 gnd;
supply1 power;
3.4.7 Thi gian tr hon trn net
Trong thc t bt k net no trong mch in t cng to ra tr

hon trn net. Trong Verilog, tr hon c th c khai bo kt hp
trong pht biu khai bo net. Nhng gi tr tr hon ny l thi gian tr
hon c tnh t khi tn hiu ti ng ra ca linh kin iu khin thay i
cho n khi tn hiu trn net thc s thay i. tr hon c m t bi
s hoc biu thc theo sau biu tng #. Nhng gi tr ny l hng s,
45
tham s, biu thc ca chng hay c th l nhng biu thc ng dng
nhng bin s khc. tr hon c th l rise, fall, hay hold (thi gian thay
i n z) v mi loi tr hon ny c th c ba gi tr - minimum, typical
v maximum. S m t tr hon rise, fall, v hold c phn bit bi
du phy (,) v s m t min-typ-max c phn bit bi du hai chm (:).
tr hon rise bao gm thi gian tr hon khi gi tr tn hiu thay i t 0
ln 1, 0 n x v t x n 1. tr hon fall bao gm thi gian tr hon khi
gi tr tn hiu thay i t 1 xung 0, 1 n x v t x n 0. tr hon
hold bao gm thi gian tr hon khi gi tr tn hiu thay i t 0 ln z, 1 n
z v t x n z. Khi nim tr hon ny cng c dng cho vic nh
ngha tr hon ca cng, transistor, linh kin c bn do ngi dng t
nh ngha v nhng m t hnh vi.
V d 3.8
tri #9 t1, t2;
wire #(10,9,8) a1, a2;
wand #(10:8:6, 9:8:6) a3;
Trong V d 3.8, dng u tin m t t1, t2 c thi gian tr hon rise,

fall, hold u l 9 n v thi gian. Dng th hai, wire a1 v a2 nh ngha
ba gi tr khc nhau cho ba s thay i 10 cho rise, 9 cho fall v 8 cho
hold. Dng cui cng, wand a3 nh ngha gi tr min, type cho c ba s
thay i rise, fall, hold.
V d 3.9
wire a1, a2;
tri[7:0] t1, t2;
trireg large trg1, trg2;
triand [31:0] #(10:5) gate1;
46
Trong v d trn, dng u tin vi t kha wire khai bo a1 v a2
l wire n ( scalar wire hay single bit). Dng th hai khai bo hai vector
wire 8 bit t1 v t2 c loi d liu l tri. Dng k tip khai bo net c kh
nng lu gi in dung trg1 v trg2 vi ln in dung l large. Dng
cui cng khai bo mt net c rng 32 bit c loi d liu l triand vi
tr hon l ti thiu (minimum) v trung bnh (typical).
3.5 Khai bo loi d liu bin - reg
Khai bo reg c thc hin cho tt c nhng tn hiu m c iu

khin t nhng m t hnh vi. Loi d liu reg lu gi mt gi tr c cho
n khi n c gn mt gi tr mi trong mt m t tun t (khi intitial
hoc always). Loi d liu reg th c mc tru tng hn so vi loi d
liu net nhng n c quan h mt thit vi khi nim thanh ghi (register)
vi kh nng lu gi gi tr v c th c xem nh l mt register trong
phn cng. Tuy nhin, chng cng c th c xem nh l wire hoc phn
t nh tm thi m khng phi l phn t thc trong phn cng, iu ny
ph thuc vo vic s dng chng bn trong khi m t hnh vi.
V d 3.10
reg reg1, reg2;
reg [63:0] data1, data2, data3;
3.6 Khai bo port
3.6.1 Gii thiu
Ta phi khai bo tht tng minh v chiu (input, output hay

bidirectional) ca mi port xut hin trong danh sch khai bo port. Trong
47
Verilog nh ngha ba loi port khc nhau, l input, output v inout. Loi
d liu ca port c th l net hoc reg. Loai d liu reg ch c th xut hin
port output. Hng s v biu thc lun nm pha di khai bo port.
input: tt c port input ca mt module c khai bo vi mt pht
biu input. Loi d liu mc nh ca input port l wire v c iu khin
bi c php ca wire. Ta c th khai bo rng ca mt input nh mt
mng (vector) ca nhng tn hiu, ging nh input b trong v d di.
Nhng pht biu input c th xut hin bt c v tr no trong m t thit
k nhng chng phi c khai bo trc khi chng c s dng.
V d 3.11
input m;
input [2:0] n;
output: tt c port output ca mt module c khai bo vi mt

pht biu output. Nu khng c mt loi d liu khc nh l reg, wand,
wor, hoc tri c khai bo, th output port s c loi d liu mc nh l
wire v n cng c iu khin bi c php ca wire. Mt pht biu
output c th xut hin bt c v tr no trong m t thit k, nhng n
phi c khai bo trc khi c s dng. Ta c th khai bo rng ca
mt output nh mt mng (vector) ca nhng tn hiu. Nu ta s dng loi
d liu reg khai bo cho output th reg phi c cng rng vi rng
ca mng (vector) ca tn hiu.
V d 3.12
output a;
output [2:0] b;
reg [2:0] b;
48
inout: ta c th khai bo port hai chiu (bidirectional) vi pht biu
inout. Mt port inout c loi d liu l wire v c iu khin bi c php
ca wire. Ta phi khai bo port inout trc khi n c s dng.
V d 3.13
inout a:
inout [2:0] b;
V d 3.14
module fulladder(cout, sum, in1, in2, in3);
input in1, in2, in3; // khai bo 3 ng vo
output cout, sum; //khai bo 2 ng ra
wire in1, in2, in3; //khai bo kiu d liu
reg cout, sum; //khai bo kiu d liu

endmodule
3.7 Khai bo mng v phn t nh mt v hai chiu.
3.7.1 Gii thiu
Verilog ch h tr khai bo mng mt v hai chiu. Nhng mng

mt chiu c gi l bit-vectors v n c th l loi d liu net hoc reg.
Nhng mng hai chiu c gi l nhng phn t nh v l loi d liu
reg. Ta c th nh ngha rng cho tt c cc loi d liu c trnh by
trong chng ny. Vic nh ngha rng cung cp mt cch to ra
mt bit-vector. C php ca mt m t rng l [msb:lsb]. Nhng biu
thc ca msb (bit c trng s ln nht) v lsb (bit c trng s nh nht)
49
phi l nhng biu thc c gi tr hng khc 0. Nhng biu thc c gi tr
hng ch c th to nn bi nhng hng s, nhng tham s ca Verilog v
cc ton t. Khng c gii hn trong vic nh ngha rng ti a ca mt
bit-vector trong Verilog, tuy nhin vic gii hn ny c th s ph thuc
vo cng c m phng, tng hp, hoc nhng cng c khc.
3.7.2 Mng net
V d 3.15
wire [63:0] bus;
V d 3.15 m t vic khai bo mt wire c rng 64 bits.
V d 3.16
wire vectored [31:0] bus1;
wire scalared [31:0] bus2;
V d 3.16, ta s dng hai t kha ch dn vectored v scalared,

chng u c dng khai bo multi-bit nets, tuy nhin chng khc
nhau ch c cho php m t tng bit hay tng phn ca net hay khng.
assign bus1 [1] = 1b1; // sai c php v s dng vic chn bit
ca mt vectored net.
assign bus2 [1] = 1b1; // ng v vic chn bit ca mt
scalared net l c php.
Trnh bin dch chp nhn c php ca nhng cu trc m t Verilog
ny, tuy nhin chng s b b qua khi mch c tng hp ra phn cng.
3.7.3 Mng thanh ghi
V d 3.17 Khai bo mng thanh ghi
50
reg [7:0] areg
3.7.4 Mng phn t nh
V d 3.18 : Khai bo mng phn t nh
reg amem [7:0] ;
reg bmem [7:0][0:3];
51
reg [7:0] cmem [0:3];
reg [2:0] dmem [0:3][0:4];
52
3.8 Khai bo loi d liu bin - s nguyn, thi gian, s thc,
v thi gian thc
3.8.1 Gii thiu
Thm vo kh nng m hnh ha cho phn cng trong Verilog, ta c

th s dng thm mt s loi d liu bin khc ngoi d liu bin reg. Mc
d bin d liu reg c th c dng cho nhng chc nng tng qut nh
m thi gian, lu gi s thay i gi tr ca net, bin d liu integer v
time th cung cp s thun li v d c hiu hn trong vic m t thit k.
3.8.2 Integer
Loi d liu integer l bin c chc nng tng qut c dng

tnh ton s lng. N khng c xem nh l thanh ghi trong phn cng
thit k. Loi d liu integer gm 32 bit v n c th c gn v s dng
hon ton ging nh loi bin d liu reg. Php gn qui trnh (procedural
assignment) c dng kch s thay i gi tr ca loi d liu integer.
Nhng php tnh trn bin d liu integer s to ra nhng kt qu
di dng b 2.
53
V d 3.19
integer i1, i2;
3.8.3 Time
Bin d liu time c rng 64 bit v ny thng c dng lu

gi gi tr output ca hm h thng $time hoc tnh ton thi gian chy
m phng trong nhng trng hp m vic kim tra nh thi l bt
buc hoc cho nhng mc ch d tm v pht hin li ca thit k trong
qu trnh m phng.
Loi d liu time c th c gn v s dng hon ton ging nh
loi bin d liu reg. Php gn qui trnh (procedural assignment) c dng
kch s thay i gi tr ca loi d liu time
V d 3.20
time t1, t2;
3.8.4 S thc (real) v thi gian thc (realtime)
Bn cnh bin d liu integer v time, Verilog cn c h tr vic s

dng hng s thc v bin d liu thc (real). Ngoi tr nhng ngoi l nh
trnh by pha di th bin d liu real c th c s dng tng t nh
integer v time.
Khng phi tt c cc php ton trong Verilog c th c s
dng vi nhng s thc.
Bng 3.2 Ton t vi s thc

Unary+ unary- Unary operation
+ - * / ** Arithmetic
54
> >= < <= Relational
! && || Logical
== != Logical equality
?: Conditional
Bng 3.3 Ton t kt ni v sao chp

{} {{}} concatenate replicate
% modulus
=== !== case equality
~ & | ^ ~^ ^~ bitwise
^ ~^ ^~ & ~& | ~| reduction
>> << >>> <<< shift
Bin d liu khng co khai bo rng ca bin. Vic tnh

ton c thc hin dng chun nh dng IEEE floating
point.
Bin d liu c gi tr mc nh l 0.
Thi gian thc (realtime) c khai bo v s dng tng t nh s
thc (real). Chng c th hon i cho nhau.
V d 3.21
real float;
realtime rtime;
55
3.9 Khai bo tham s
3.9.1 Gii thiu
Trong Verilog HDL, loi d liu tham s (parameter) khng thuc

loi d liu bin (variables: reg, integer, time, real, realtime) cng nh loi
d liu net. D liu tham s khng phi l bin m chng l hng s. C
hai loi tham s: tham s module (module parameter), v tham s c t
(specify parameter). Vic khai bo trng tn gia net, bin hay tham s l
khng c php.
C hai loi tham s trn u c php khai bo rng. Mc nh,
parameters v specparams s c rng cha gi tr ca hng s,
ngoi tr khi tham s c khai bo rng.
3.9.2 Tham s module (module parameter)
Tham s module c hai loi khai bo: parameter v localparameter.
3.9.2.1 Parameter
3.9.2.1.1 Gii thiu
Gi tr ca khai bo parameter trong mt module c th c thay

i t bn ngoi module bng pht biu defparam hoc pht biu gi
instance ca module . Thng thng khai bo parameter c dng
m t nh thi hoc rng ca bin.
V d 3.22
parameter msb = 1; // nh ngha tham s msb c gi tr hng s l 1
parameter e = 43, f =789; // nh ngha hai hng s
parameter r = 46.7; // khai bo r l mt hng s thc
56
parameter byte_size = 9,
byte_mask = byte_size - 6;
parameter average_delay = (r + f) / 2;
parameter signed [3:0] mux_selector = 0;
parameter real r1 = 3.6e19;
parameter p1 = 13'h7e;
parameter [31:0] dec_const = 1'b1; // gi tr c i sang 32 bit
parameter newconst = 3'h4; // ng l tham s ny c rng [2:0]
parameter newconst = 4; // ng l tham s ny c rng ti thiu
l 32 bit.
3.9.2.1.2 Thay i gi tr ca tham s khai bo parameter
Mt tham s module c th c m t loi d liu v m t rng.

S tc ng ca gi tr tham s mi khi n ln gi tr ca tham s
c khai bo ban u trong module vi m t loi d liu v m t
rng s tun theo nhng qui lut sau:
Mt khai bo tham s m khng m t loi d liu v rng
s c loi d liu v rng mc nh ca gi tr cui cng
c gn vo tham s .
Mt khai bo tham s m khng m t loi d liu m ch m
t rng th rng ca tham s s khng i, cn loi d
liu s l unsigned khi gi tr mi c ln.
Mt khai bo tham s m ch m t loi d liu m khng m
t rng th loi d liu ca tham s s khng i, cn
rng s c gi tr cha gi tr mi c ln.
Mt khai bo tham s m m t c loi d liu l c du v m
t c rng th loi d liu v rng ca tham s cng s
khng i khi gi tr mi c ln.
57
Trong Verilog c hai cch thay i gi tr ca tham s c khai
bo bi parameter : mt l pht biu defparam, vi pht biu ny n s cho
php gn gi tr mi vo tham s trong module bng cch dng tn gi mt
cch phn cp, hai l php gn gi tr tham s khi gi instance ca module
, bng cch ny s cho php thay i gi tr tham s trong cng mt dng
vi vic gi instance ca module .
3.9.2.1.2.1 Pht biu defparam
S dng pht biu defparam, gi tr tham s c th c thay i bn

trong instance ca module thng qua vic s dng tn phn cp ca tham
s.
Tuy nhin, pht biu defparam c m t trong mt instance hoc
mt dy cc instance th s khng lm thay i gi tr tham s trong nhng
instance khc ca cng mt module.
Biu thc bn phi ca php gn defparam l biu thc hng s ch
bao gm s v nhng tham s tham chiu c khai bo trc trong
cng module vi pht biu defparam.
Pht biu defparam c bit hu dng v ta c th nhm tt c cc
php gn thay i gi tr cc tham s ca cc module khc nhau ch trong
mt module.
Trong trng hp c nhiu pht biu defparam cho mt tham s duy
nht th gi tr tham s s ly gi tr ca pht biu defparam sau cng.
Nu pht biu defparam ca mt tham s c khai bo trong nhiu file
khc nhau th gi tr ca tham s s khng c xc nh.
V d 3.23
module top;
reg clk;
58
reg [0:4] in1;
reg [0:9] in2;
wire [0:4] o1;
wire [0:9] o2;
vdff m1 (o1, in1, clk);
vdff m2 (o2, in2, clk);
endmodule
module vdff (out, in, clk);
parameter size = 1, delay = 1;
input [0:size-1] in;
input clk;
output [0:size-1] out;
reg [0:size-1] out;
always @(posedge clk)
# delay out = in;
endmodule
module annotate;
defparam
top.m1.size = 5,
top.m1.delay = 10,
top.m2.size = 10,
top.m2.delay = 20;
endmodule
Trong V d 3.22, module annotate c pht biu defparam, gi tr t

pht biu ny s ln nhng gi tr tham s size v delay trong instance
m1 v m2 trong module top. Hai module top v annotate u c xem
nh module top-level.
59
3.9.2.1.2.2 Php gn gi tr tham s khi gi instance ca module
Trong Verilog c mt phng php khc dng gn gi tr n mt

tham s bn trong instance ca mt module l s dng mt trong hai
dng ca php gn gi tr tham s trong instance ca module. Mt l php
gn theo th t danh sch tham s, hai l php gn bi tn. Hai dng php
gn ny khng th t ln ln vi nhau m chng ch c th l mt trong
hai dng cho ton b instance ca module.
Vic gn gi tr tham s instance ca module theo th t danh sch
tham s tng t nh vic gn gi tr tr hon cho nhng cng ca
instance, cn vic gn gi tr tham s instance ca module theo tn tham s
th tng t nh vic kt ni port ca module bi tn. N gn nhng gi tr
tham s cho nhng instance c th m trong module ca nhng instance
ny nh ngha nhng tham s trn.
Mt tham s m c khai bo trong mt block, mt tc v hay
mt hm ch c th khai bo li mt cch trc tip dng pht biu
defparam. Tuy nhin, nu gi tr tham s ph thuc vo mt tham s th
hai, th vic nh ngha li gi tr tham s th hai cng s cp nht gi tr
ca tham s th nht.
1. Php gn gi tr tham s theo th t danh sch tham s
Th t ca nhng php gn trong php gn gi tr tham s theo th
t danh sch tham s instance ca module s theo th t tham s lc khai
bo bn trong module. N khng cn thit phai gn gi tr cho tt c cc
tham s c bn trong module khi dng phng php ny. Tuy nhin, ta
khng th nhy qua mt tham s. Do , gn nhng gi tr cho mt phn
nhng tham s trong tt c cc tham s khai bo trong module th nhng
php gn thay th gi tr ca mt phn nhng tham s s ng trc
nhng khai bo ca nhng tham s cn li. Mt phng php khc l
60
phi gn gi tr cho tt c cc tham s nhng dng gi tr mc nh (cng
c gi tr nh c gn trong khai bo tham s trong nh ngha module)
cho cc tham s m khng cn c gi tr mi.
Xt V d 3.24, trong v d ny nhng tham s bn trong instance
ca nhng module mod_a, mod_c, v mod_d c thay i trong khi gi
instance.
V d 3.24
module tb1;
wire [9:0] out_a, out_d;
wire [4:0] out_b, out_c;
reg [9:0] in_a, in_d;
reg [4:0] in_b, in_c;
reg clk;
// To testbench clock v stimulus.
// Bn instance ca module vdff vi php gn gi tr tham s theo th
t danh sch tham s
// mod_a c hai gi tr tham s mi size=10 v delay=15
// mod_b c gi tr tham s mc nh l (size=5, delay=1)
// mod_c c mt gi tr tham s mc nh l size=5 v mt gi tr
mi l delay=12
// thay i gi tr ca tham s delay, ta cng cn phi m t gi
tr mc nh ca tham s size
// mod_d c mt gi tr tham s mi l size=10, v gi tr tham s
delay vn gi gi tr mc nh ca n.
vdff #(10,15) mod_a (.out(out_a), .in(in_a), .clk(clk));
vdff mod_b (.out(out_b), .in(in_b), .clk(clk));
vdff #( 5,12) mod_c (.out(out_c), .in(in_c), .clk(clk));
61
vdff #(10) mod_d (.out(out_d), .in(in_d), .clk(clk));
endmodule
parameter size=5, delay=1;
output [size-1:0] out;
input [size-1:0] in;
input clk;
reg [size-1:0] out;
#delay out = in;
endmodule
Nhng gi tr ca tham s cc b khng th b ln, do chng

khng c xem nh l mt phn th t ca danh sch cho php gn gi tr
tham s. Trong V d 3.25, addr_width s c gn gi tr 12, v
data_width s c gn gi tr 16. Mem_size s khng c gn gi tr mt
cch tng minh do th t danh sch, nhng n s c gi tr 4096 do biu
thc khai bo ca n.
V d 3.25
module my_mem (addr, data);
parameter addr_width = 16;
localparam mem_size = 1 << addr_width;
parameter data_width = 8;
...
endmodule
module top;
...
62
my_mem #(12, 16) m(addr,data);
endmodule
2. Php gn gi tr tham s bi tn
Php gn gi tr tham s bi tn bao gm tn tng minh ca tham
s v gi tr mi ca n. Tn ca tham s s l tn c m t trong
instance ca module.
Ta khng cn thit gn nhng gi tr n tt c cc tham s bn trong
module khi s dng phng php ny. Ch nhng tham s no m c
gn gi tr mi th mi cn c ch ra.
Biu thc tham s c th l mt la chn vic gi instance ca
module c th ghi li vic hin din ca mt tham s m khng cn bt k
mt php gn n n. Nhng du ng m ngoc c i hi, v trong
trng hp ny tham s s gi gi tr mc nh ca n. Khi mt tham s
c gn mt gi tr, th mt php gn khc n tn tham s ny l khng
c php.
Xt V d 3.26, trong v d ny c nhng tham s ca mod_a v ch
mt tham s ca mod_c v mod_d b thay i trong khi gi instance ca
module.
V d 3.26
module tb2;
wire [9:0] out_a, out_d;
wire [4:0] out_b, out_c;
reg [9:0] in_a, in_d;
reg [4:0] in_b, in_c;
reg clk;
// Code to testbench clock & stimulus ...
63
// Bn instance ca moduel vdff vi gi tr tham s c gn bi tn
// mod_a c gi tr tham s mi l size=10 v delay=15
// mod_b c gi tr tham s mc nh l (size=5, delay=1)
// mod_c c mt gi tr tham s mc nh l size=5 v c mt gi tr
tham s mi l delay=12
// mod_d c mt gi tr tham s mi l size=10.
// cn tham s delay vn gi gi tr mc nh
vdff #(.size(10),.delay(15)) mod_a (.out(out_a),.in(in_a),.clk(clk));
vdff mod_b (.out(out_b),.in(in_b),.clk(clk));
vdff #(.delay(12)) mod_c (.out(out_c),.in(in_c),.clk(clk));
vdff #(.delay( ),.size(10) ) mod_d (.out(out_d),.in(in_d),.clk(clk));
endmodule
parameter size=5, delay=1;
output [size-1:0] out;
input [size-1:0] in;
input clk;
reg [size-1:0] out;
#delay out = in;
endmodule
N th hp l khi gi nhng instance ca module dng nhng loi

nh ngha li tham s trong cng module top-level. Xt v d sau, trong
v d ny nhng tham s ca mod_a b thay i bng cch dng vic nh
ngha li tham s theo th t danh sch v tham s th hai ca mod_c c
thay i bng cch dng vic nh ngha li tham s bng tn trong khi gi
instance ca module.
64
V d 3.27
module tb3;
// s pha trn gia instance c khai bo tham s theo th t v
instance c khai bo tham s theo tn th hp l
vdff #(10, 15) mod_a (.out(out_a), .in(in_a), .clk(clk));
vdff mod_b (.out(out_b), .in(in_b), .clk(clk));
vdff #(.delay(12)) mod_c (.out(out_c), .in(in_c), .clk(clk));
endmodule
N s khng hp l khi gi instace ca bt k module no dng ln

ln nhng php gn li gi tr tham s bng th t danh sch tham s v tn
ging nh trong php gi instance ca module mod_a di.
V d 3.28
// instance mod_a khng hp l do c s pha trn gia cc php gn
tham s
vdff #(10, .delay(15)) mod_a (.out(out_a), .in(in_a), .clk(clk));
3.9.2.1.3 S ph thuc tham s
Mt tham s (v d, memory_size) c th c nh ngha vi mt

biu thc cha nhng tham s khc (v d, word_size). Tuy nhin, vic gn
gi tr tham s, c th l bng pht biu defparam hoc trong pht biu
gi instance ca module, s thay th mt cch hiu qu vic nh ngha
tham s vi mt biu thc mi. Bi v memory_size ph thuc vo gi tr
ca word_size, bt k c s thay i no ca word_size s lm thay i gi
tr ca memory_size. V d, trong khai bo tham s sau, mt gi tr mi cp
nht ca word_size, c th l bi pht biu defparam hoc pht biu gi
instance ca module m trong module ny nh ngha nhng tham s
65
trn, th gi tr ca memory_size s c t ng c nht. Nu
memory_size c cp nht bi pht biu defparam hay mt pht biu gi
instance th n s ly gi tr m khng cn quan tm n gi tr ca
word_size.
V d 3.29
parameter
word_size = 32,
memory_size = word_size * 4096;
3.9.2.2 Tham s cc b (localparam)
Trong Verilog, tham s cc b (localparam) ging tng t vi

tham s (parameter) ngoi tr l n khng th c gn li gi tr bi pht
biu defparam hoc php gn gi tr tham s khi gi instance ca module.
Nhng tham s cc b (localparam) c th c gn bi nhng biu thc
hng s cha nhng tham s (parameter) m nhng tham s (parameter)
ny c th c gn li gi tr bi pht biu defparam hoc php gn gi tr
tham s khi gi instance ca module.
Vic chn bit hay mt phn ca tham s cc b m loi d liu ca
n khng phi l real th c php.
V d 3.30
localparam thamso1;
localparam signed [3:0] thamso2;
localparam time t1;
localparam integer int2;
localparam var = 5*6;
66
3.9.3 Tham s c t (specify parameter)
T kha specparam khai bo n l mt loi c bit ca tham s

(parameter) ch dng cho mc ch cung cp gi tr nh thi (timing) v
gi tr tr hon (delay), nhng n c th xut hin trong bt k biu thc no
m biu thc khng c gn n mt tham s (parameter) v biu thc
cng khng phi l phn m t rng trong mt khai bo. Nhng tham
s c t ( specparams) c php khai bo bn trong khi c t (specify
block) hoc bn trong mt module chnh.
Mt tham s c t (specify parameter) khai bo bn ngoi mt khi
c t (specify block) th cn c khai bo trc khi n c s dng. Gi
tr m c gn n mt tham s c t c th l mt biu thc hng s bt
k. Mt tham s c t c th c dng nh l phn ca mt biu thc
hng s cho mt khai bo tham s c t k tip. Khng ging nh mt
tham s module (module parameter), mt tham s c t khng th c
gn li gi tr t bn trong ngn ng Verilog, nhng n c th c gn li
gi tr thng qua tp tin d liu SDF ( Standard Delay Format).
Nhng tham s c t (specify parameter) v tham s module
(module parameter) th khng th thay th cho nhau. Ngoi ra, tham s
module (module parameter) khng th c gn bi mt biu thc hng s
m c cha tham s c t ( specify parameter). Bng 3.4 tm tt s khc
nhau gia hai loi khai bo tham s.
Bng 3.4 S khc nhau gia hai loi khai bo tham s

Specparams (tham s c t) Parameters ( tham s module)
S dng t kha specparam S dng t kha parameter
Cn c khai bo bn trong mt Cn c khai bo bn ngoi nhng
module hoc mt khi c t ( khi c t ( specify block)
specify block)
67
C th c dng bn trong mt Khng th c dng bn trong
module hoc mt khi c t ( nhng khi c t (specify block).
specify block)
C th c gn bi tham s c t Khng th c gn bi
(specparam) v tham s module specparams.
(parameter).
S dng tp tin d liu SDF gn Dng pht biu defparam hoc php
gi tr cho tham s c t. gn gi tr tham s cho instance ca
module gn gi tr cho tham
s.
Mt tham s c t (specify parameter) c th c m t rng.

rng ca nhng tham s c t cn tun theo nhng qui lut sau:
Mt khai bo tham s c t m khng c m t rng th
mc nh s l rng ca gi tr cui cng c gn n n,
sau khi c bt k gi tr no gn ln n.
Mt khai bo tham s c t m c m t rng th rng
ca n s theo rng khai bo. rng s khng b nh
hng bi bt k gi tr no c gn ln n.
Vic chn bit hay mt phn ca tham s cc b m loi d liu ca
n khng phi l real th c php.
V d 3.31
specify
specparam tRise_clk_q = 150, tFall_clk_q = 200;
specparam tRise_control = 40, tFall_control = 50;
endspecify
Nhng dng gia nhng t kha specify v endspecify l khai
bo bn tham s c t. Dng u tin khai bo hai tham s c t
68
tRise_clk_q v tFall_clk_q vi gi tr tng ng l 150 v 200. Dng th
hai khai bo hai tham s c t tRise_control v tFall_control vi gi tr
tng ng l 40 v 50.
V d 3.32
module RAM16GEN (output [7:0] DOUT, input [7:0] DIN,
input [5:0] ADR,
input WE, CE);
specparam dhold = 1.0;
specparam ddly = 1.0;
parameter width = 1;
parameter regsize = dhold + 1.0; // Khng hp l - khng th
gn tham s c t (specparam) n mt tham s (parameter)
endmodule
3.10 Bi tp
1. Trong ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog HDL, c my loi d liu

c bn? Nu chc nng s dng ca mi loi.
2. Trong kiu d liu net c nhng loi khai bo d liu no? Nu s
khc nhau gia cc loi khai bo d liu net?
3. Trong kiu d liu bin c nhng loi khai bo d liu no? Nu s
khc nhau gia cc loi khai bo d liu bin?
4. Trong ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog HDL, c nhng loi tham
s no? Nu s khc bit gia tham s module v tham s c t?
5. Khi no ta s dng khai bo defparam?
69
6. C my loi tham s module ? Nu s khc bit gia hai khai bo
parameter v localparameter trong tham s module ?
70
Chng 4. Biu thc
Chng 4. Biu thc
Biu thc l mnh m t cc ton t v cc gi tr ca cc ton

hng trong Verilog HDL v cch s dng chng.
Mt biu thc l mt cu trc t hp ca cc ton hng vi ton t
to nn mt kt qu l mt hm ca cc gi tr ton hng v ng ngha
ca ton t. Bt k mt ton hng hp l nh l mt net bit-select, bt chp
ton t u c xem nh l mt biu thc. Bt k ni no mt gi cn
mt cu lnh trong Verilog, biu thc c th c s dng.
4.1 Biu thc gi tr hng s
Mt vi cu trc cu lnh yu cu mt biu thc l mt biu thc gi

tr hng s. Ton hng ca biu thc gi tr hng s bao gm cc hng s,
chui, tham bin, bit-select hng, part-select hng ca tham bin, cc hm
gi hng (10.4.5), v cc hm h thng gi, nhng chng c th s dng
bt k ton t no c nh ngha trong Bng 4.1.
Cc hm gi h thng hng gi cc hm c xy dng trong h
thng ni m cc i s l cc biu thc hng. Khi s dng trong biu thc
hng s, cc hm gi s nh gi trong thi gian thit lp. Cc hm h
thng s dng trong hm gi h thng hng s gi l cc hm thun ty,
gi tr ca n ch ph thuc vo cc i s u vo v khng nh hng
n xung quanh. C th, cc hm h thng cho php trong biu thc hng
s c chuyn i t danh sch cc hm h thng trong phn 17.8 v danh
sch cc hm h thng ton hc trong 17.11.
Cc loi d liu reg, integer, time, real v realtime l cc loi d liu
cho bin. M t lin qua ti bin p dng cho tt c cc loi d liu ny.
Mt ton hng c th l mt trong:
71
Chng 4. Biu thc
Hng s (bao gm c s thc) hoc chui.
Tham bin (bao gm c tham bin ni v tham bin ch nh).
Bit-select v part-select ca tham bin (khng bao gm s
thc).
Net.
Bit-select v part-select ca net.
Bin reg, integer, hoc time.
Bit-select v part-select ca bin reg, integer, hoc time.
Bin real hoc realtime.
Mng cc phn t.
Bit-select v part-select ca mng cc phn t.
Mt hm gi do ngi dng nh ngha hoc hm gi h thng
m n tr v bt k gi tr no bn trn.
4.2 Ton t
K hiu cho ton t trong ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog tng

t nh trong ngn ng lp trnh C. Bng 4.1 l danh sch cc ton t ny.
Bng 4.1 Danh sch cc ton t

{} {{}} Ton t kt ni, ton t lp
+ - Ton t mt ngi
+ - * / ** Ton t s hc
% Ton t chia ly phn d
> >= < <= Ton t quan h
! Ton t nghch o logic
&& Ton t logic and
|| Ton t logic or
== Ton t bng
72
Chng 4. Biu thc
!= Ton t khng bng
=== Ton t bng case
!== Ton t khng bng case
~ Ton t ph nh bitwise
& Ton t and bitwise
| Ton t or ton b bitwise
^ Ton t or loi tr bitwise
^~ hoc ~^ Ton t tng ng
<< Ton t dch tri logic
>> Ton t dch phi logic
<<< Ton t dch tri ton hc
>>> Ton t dch phi ton hc
?: Ton t iu kin
4.2.1 Ton t vi ton hng s thc
Cc ton t trong Bng 4.2 l hp l khi p dng i vi ton hng

s thc. Tt c cc ton t khc s xem nh l bt hp l khi s dng vi
ton hng s thc.
Kt qu khi s dng ton t logic v ton t quan h trn s thc l
mt gi tr bit n v hng .
Bng 4.2 Danh sch cc ton t khng c s dng i vi s thc

unary + unary - Ton t mt ngi
+ - * / ** Ton t s hc
>, >=, <, <= Ton t quan h
! && || Ton t logic
== != Ton t bng
?: Ton t iu kin
73
Chng 4. Biu thc
Bng 4.3 Danh sch ton t khng c php s dng i vi ton t s thc
{} {{}} Ton t ghp ni, thay th
% Ton t chia ly phn d
=== !== Ton t bng
~ , &, |, ^, ^~, ~^ Ton t bitwwise
^, ^~, ~^, &, ~&, |, ~| Ton t gim
<< >> <<< >>> Ton t dch
4.2.2 Ton t u tin
Th t u tin ca cc ton t trong Verilog c m t trong Bng

4.4.
Cc ton t trong cng mt dng trong Bng 4.4 c th t u tin
nh nhau. Cc dng c sp xp theo th t tng dn u tin. V d
cc ton t *, /, v % c cng u tin v u tin ca n cao hn ton
t + v -.
Tt c cc ton t s c thc hin t tri sang phi, ngoi tr ton
t iu kin n c thc hin t phi sang tri. S kt hp ton t theo
th t i vi cc ton t c cng u tin. V vy, trong v d ny B s
cng vi A v sau ly tng A+B tr cho C.
A+B-C
Khi ton t c u tin khc nhau, th ton t c u tin cao s
thc hin trc. Trong v d tip theo, B s chia cho C ( ton t chia c
u tin cao hn), v sau kt qu s c cng thm A.
A+B/C
Du ngoc c th s dng thay i u tin ca ton t
(A+B)/C // khng ging vi A+B/C
74
Chng 4. Biu thc
Bng 4.4 Th t u tin ca ton t

+ - ! ~ & ~& | ~| ^ ~^ ^~(ton t mt u tin cao nht
ngi)
** u tin cao nh
* / % u tin gim dn t cao xung

<< >> <<< >>> thp
< <= > >=
== != === !==
&(ton t 2 ngi)
^ ^~ ~^(ton t 2 ngi)
|(ton t 2 ngi)
&&
||
?: u tin thp nh
{} {{}} u tin thp nht
4.2.3 S dng s nguyn trong biu thc
S nguyn c th s dng nh mt ton hng trong biu thc. Mt s

nguyn c th biu din nh l:
Mt s nguyn khng du, khng c s (v d 12)
Mt s nguyn khng du, c c s (v d d12, sd12,)
Mt s nguyn c du c c s (v d 16d12,16sd12,)
Mt gi tr ph nh ca mt s nguyn khng ch r c s s c
nh gi khc vi mt s nguyn ch r c s. Mt s nguyn khng c c
s s c nh gi nh l mt gi tr khng du gm hai phn: du v gi
75
Chng 4. Biu thc
tr. Mt s nguyn khng u c c s s c nh gi nh l mt gi tr
khng du.
V d 4.1 ch ra 4 cch vit biu thc -12 chia 3. Ch rng c
hia gi tr-12 v d12 c nh gi l ging nhau v 2 thnh phn
bit, nhng trong biu thc d12 khng cn c nh danh nh l mt s
ph nh c du.
V d 4.1
integer IntA;
IntA = -12 / 3;// kt qu l -4.
IntA = -'d 12 / 3;// kt qu l 1431655761.
IntA = -'sd 12 / 3;// kt qu l -4.
IntA = -4'sd 12 / 3; // -4'sd12 l mt s m 4-bit l 1100, vi -4. -(-4)
= 4.
// kt qu l 1.
4.2.4 Th t tnh ton trong biu thc
Ton t phi thc hin theo cc quy tc kt hp trong khi nh gi

mt biu thc nh c miu t trong 4.2.2. Tuy nhin nu kt qu cui
cng ca biu thc c th c pht hin sm hn, th ton b biu thc
khng cn c nh gi ht. iu ny gi l ngn mch (short-circuiting)
mt nh gi biu thc.
V d 4.2
Reg regA, regB, regC, result;
Result = regA&(regB|regC)
Nu gi tr ca regA l 0 th kt qu ca biu thc c th c pht
hin l 0 m khng cn tnh ton gi tr ca biu thc con regB|regC.
76
Chng 4. Biu thc
4.2.5 Ton t s hc
Ton t hai ngi c a ra trong Bng 4.5
Bng 4.5 Ton t hai ngi

a+b a cng b
a-b a tr b
a*b a nhn b
a/b a chia b
a%b a chia b ly d
a**b a ly tha b
Trong php chia s nguyn cn phn tch phn s khi mu s l s 0.

i vi php chia v php chia ly phn d, nu ton hng th 2 l 0 th kt
qu ca ton b biu thc phi l x. Trong php chia ly phn d, v d
y%z cho ra kt qu l phn d khi ly y chia cho z, v vy khi z = 0 th kt
qu chnh l y. Khi kt qu ca php chia ly d c gn bng ton
hng u tin.
Nu mt trong hai ton hng i vi ton t ly tha l s thc, th
kt qu cng l s thc. Kt qu ca ton t ly tha l khng xc nh nu
ton hng th nht l 0 v ton hng th hai khng dng, hoc nu ton
hng th nht l s m v ton hng th hai khng l mt s nguyn.
Nu c hai ton hng ca ton t ly tha l s thc th cc loi kt
qu c th hin trong phn 4.5.1v 4.6.1. Kt qu l bx nu ton hng
th nht l 0 v ton hng th hai l mt s m. Kt qu l 1 nu ton hng
th 2 l 0.
Trong tt c cc trng hp, ton hng th hai ca ton t ly tha
phi c xem l na xc thc.
Nhng iu ny s c minh ha trong Bng 4.6.
77
Chng 4. Biu thc
Bng 4.6 Ton t ly tha

Ton hng 1(op1) m <-1 -1 0 1 dng > 1
Ton hng 2 (op2)
dng op1**op2 op2 l chn ->-1 0 1 op1**op2
op2 l l ->1
0 1 1 1 1 1
m 0 op2 l chn ->-1 bx 1 0
op2 l l ->1
Ton t s hc mt ngi c quyn u tin cao hn i vi ton t nh

phn. Ton t mt ngi c a ra trong Bng 4.7
Bng 4.7 Ton t s hc mt ngi

+m Ton t mt ngi cng m
-m Ton t mt ngi tr m
i vi ton t s hc, nu bt k ton hng no c gi tr bit l

khng xc nh X v tr khng cao Z th kt qu chung ca biu thc phi
l X.
Bng 4.8 a ra mt vi v d v ton t chia ly d v ly tha.
Bng 4.8 Ton t chia ly d v ly tha

Biu thc Kt qu Ch thch
10%3 1 10 chia 3 d 1
12%3 0 12 chia 3 khng d
-10%3 -1 Du ca kt qu l du ca ton hng u tin
11%-3 2 Du ca kt qu l du ca ton hng u tin
-4d12%3 1 -4d12 c gi tr l 1
3**2 9 3*3
78
Chng 4. Biu thc
2**3 8 2*2*2
2**0 1 Bt k s no ly tha 0 cng bng 1
2.0**-3sb1 0.5 2.0 l s thc, nn kt qu cng l s thc
2**-3sb1 0 2**-1=1/2, c phn nguyn l s 0
0**-1 bx 0 ly tha s m l mt s khng xc nh
9**0.5 3.0 Kt qu l mt s thc
9.0**(1/2) 1.0 kt qu l 0
-3.0**2.0 9.0
4.2.6 Biu thc s hc vi tp thanh ghi (regs) v s nguyn (integer)
Mt gi tr c gn cho mt bin reg hoc net c xem nh l mt

gi tr khng du nu khng bin reg hoc net phi c khai bo r rng l
c du. Mt gi tr c gn cho mt bin integer, real hoc realtime c
xem nh l mt gi tr c du. Mt gi tr c gn cho bin time c
xem nh l mt gi tr khng du. Gi tr c du, ngoi tr chng c gn
cho bin real v realtime, s s dng mt biu din hai thnh phn. Gi tr
gn cho bin real v realtime s s dng biu din du chm ng. S
chuyn i gia gi tr c du v khng du s gi nguyn s biu din, ch
thay i s th hin.
Danh Bng 4.9 a ra cch gii thch mi loi d liu trong ton t
s hc
Bng 4.9 Loi d liu trong ton t s hc

Loi d liu Gii thch
net khng du Khng du
net c du C du, b 2
reg khng du Khng du
79
Chng 4. Biu thc
reg c du C du, b 2
integer C du, b 2
time Khng du
real, realtime C du, du chm ng
Theo V d 4.3 s cho thy nhiu cch khc nhau chia tr 12

chia 3- s dng d liu loi integer v reg trong biu thc.
V d 4.3
integer intA;
reg [15:0] regA;
reg signed [15:0] regS;
intA = -4'd12;
regA = intA / 3; // kt qu ca biu thc l -4,
// intA l d liu loi integer, regA bng 65532
regA = -4'd12; // regA bng 65524
intA = regA / 3; // Kt qu ca biu thc 21841,
// regA l d liu loi reg
intA = -4'd12 / 3; // kt qu ca biu thc l 1431655761.
// -4'd12 thc t l mt d liu loi reg 32-bit
regA = -12 / 3; // kt qu ca biu thc l -4,
//-12 thc t l mt d liu loi integer.
regS = -12 / 3; // kt qu ca biu thc l -4. regS l mt reg c
du
regS = -4'sd12 / 3; // kt qu ca biu thc l 1. -4'sd12 l 4.
// Theo lut chia s nguyn ly phn d 4/3==1.
80
Chng 4. Biu thc
4.2.7 Ton t quan h
Bng 4.10 lit k v nh ngha ton t quan h
Bng 4.10 Ton t quan h

a<b a nh hn b
a>b a ln hn b
a<=b a nh hn hoc bng b
a>=b a ln hn hoc bng b
Mt biu thc s dng nhng ton t quan h ny s c trng gi

tr l 0 nu quan h l sai, hoc c gi tr l 1 nu n l ng. Nu mi ton
hng trong mt ton t quan h cha gi tr khng xc nh (x) hoc gi tr
tr khng cao (z), th kt qu s l mt bit c gi tr khng xc nh (x).
Khi mt hoc c hai ton hng ca mt ton t quan h l khng du,
biu thc c hiu nh l so snh gia hai gi tr khng du. Nu ton
hng khng bng nhau v chiu di bit, th ton hng nh hn s thm s 0
c di bng ton hng ln hn.
Khi c hai ton hng l c du, th hiu thc s c hiu nh l so
snh gia hai gi tr c du. Nu ton hng khng bng nhau v chiu di
bit, th ton hng nh hn s thm bit du c di bng ton hng ln
hn.
Nu mt ton hng l s thc th ton hng khc s c chuyn i
v dng s thc v biu thc c hiu nh l mt so snh gia hai gi tr
s thc.
Tt c cc ton t quan h s c u tin ging nhau. Ton t quan
h s c u tin thp hn so vi ton t s hc.
81
Chng 4. Biu thc
V d 4.4
V d sau s minh ha vi thc thi cc lut v u tin
a<foo - 1// biu thc ny ging vi biu thc a<(foo - 1)
Nhng . . .
foo-(1<a)// biu thc ny khng ging vi biu thc foo-1<a
Khi foo-(1<a) c tnh ton, biu thc quan h s c tnh ton
u tin, v sau hoc l 0, hoc l 1 s c tr bi foo. Khi foo-1<a
c tnh ton th gi tr ca ton hng foo s tr i 1 sau em so snh
vi a.
4.2.8 Ton t so snh bng
Ton t so snh bng c u tin thp hn so vi ton t quan h.

Bng 4.11 lit k v nh ngha ton t so snh bng
Bng 4.11 Ton t so snh bng

a===b a bng b, bao gm c x v z
a!==b a khng bng b, bao gm c x v z
a==b a bng b, kt qu c th l khng xc nh
a!=b a khng bng b, kt qu c th l khng xc nh
C bn ton t so snh bng s c u tin ging nhau. Bn ton

t ny so snh tng bit ca cc ton hng. Ging nh ton t quan h, kt
qu s l 0 nu so snh sai v 1 nu so snh ng.
Nu ton hng khng bng nhau v chiu di bit v nu mt hoc c
hai ton hng l khng du th ton hng nh hn s thm s 0 vo trc
cho bng kch thc ca ton hng ln. Nu c hai l c du th ton hng
nh hn s thm bit du vo trc cho bng kch thc ca ton hng ln.
Nu mt ton hng l mt s thc, th ton hng cn li s chuyn v
kiu s thc v biu thc c xem nh l php so snh gia hai s thc.
82
Chng 4. Biu thc
Trong ton t == v != nu ton hng l khng xc nh (x) hoc tr
khng cao (z) th quan h l khng xc nh, v kt qu s l mt bit c gi
tr khng xc nh (x).
Trong ton t === v !==, s so snh s hon thnh nh l mt cu
lnh case. Bit x hoc z trong ton hng s c so snh v s cho kt qu
l bng nu ging nhau. Kt qu ca ton t s l mt gi tr xc nh 0
hoc 1.
4.2.9 Ton t logic
Ton t logic and (&&) v or (||) l ton t logic lin kt. Kt qu

ca s tnh ton so snh logic s l 1, 0 hoc nu kt qu khng r rng th
kt qu l x. u tin ca && ln hn || v c hai c u tin thp hn
ton t quan h v ton t so snh bng.
Ton t logic th 3 l ton t nghch o logic 1 ngi (!). Ton t
nghch o chuyn i ton hng khng phi s 0 hoc 1 thnh s 0 v
chuyn s 0 hoc sai thnh 1. Kt qu gi tr ng khng r rng s l x.
V d 4.5
V d 1 nu reg alpha gi gi tr integer 237 v beta gi gi tr l 0,
th v d cho php thc thi nh m t:
regA=alpha && beta //regA c ci t l 0
regB =alpha || beta //regB c ci t l 1
V d 2- Biu thc cho php thc thi mt ton t logic v ba biu
thc con m khng cn bt k du ngoc n no
a < size -1 && b != c && index != lastone
Tuy nhin, n khuyn khch s dng du ngoc n vo mt mc
ch thc t s lm cho biu r rng hn v u tin, nh cch vit trong
v d di y.
83
Chng 4. Biu thc
(a < size -1) && (b != c) && (index != lastone)
V d 3 Thng thng s dng ton t ! trong mt cu trc nh
sau:
if(!inword)
Trong mt vi trng hp, cu trc trn lm cho ngi c chng
trnh kh hiu hn cu trc: if ( inword ==0)
4.2.10 Ton t thao tc trn bit
Ton t thao tc trn bit s thc thi thao tc trn tng bit ca ton
hng, y l ton t kt hp tng bit trn mi ton hng vi bit tng ng
trn ton hng kia tnh ton ra 1 bit kt qu. Cc bng t 4-12 n 14-16
s cho thy kt qu mi php ton c th trn bit.
Bng 4.12 Ton t &

& 0 1 x z
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 x x
x 0 x x x
z 0 x x x
Bng 4.13 Ton t |

| 0 1 x z
0 0 1 x x
1 1 1 1 1
x x 1 x x
z x 1 x x
Bng 4.14 Ton t ^
84
Chng 4. Biu thc
^ 0 1 x z
0 0 1 x x
1 1 0 x x
X x x x x
Z x x x x
Bng 4.15 Ton t ^~,~^

^~,~^ 0 1 x z
0 1 0 x x
1 0 1 x x
X x x x x
Z x x x x
Bng 4.16 Ton t ~

~
0 1
1 0
x x
z x
Khi cc ton hng khng bng nhau v chiu di, th ton hng ngn
hn s thm s 0 vo v tr bit c ngha nht (MSB).
4.2.11 Ton t gim
Ton t gim mt ngi s thc hin mt ton t trn bit trn mt

ton hng n kt qu l mt bit n. thc hin ton t gim and, or,
xor, bc u tin l ton t s p dng ton t gia bit u tin vi bit th
hai ca ton hng s dng cc bng logic t 4-17 n 4-19. Bc th hai v
85
Chng 4. Biu thc
cc bc con tun t tip theo s p dng ton t gia 1 bit kt qu ca
bc pha trc vi bit tip theo ca ton hng s dng cc bng logic trn.
Vi cc ton t gim nand, nor, xnor, kt qu s tnh ton bng cch o
kt qu ca ton t gim and, or, xor tng ng.
Bng 4.17 Ton t gim &

& 0 1 x z
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 x x
x 0 x x x
z 0 x x x
Bng 4.18 Ton t gim |

| 0 1 x z
0 0 1 x x
1 1 1 1 1
x x 1 x x
z x 1 x x
Bng 4.19 Ton t gim ^

^ 0 1 x z
0 0 1 x x
1 1 0 x x
X x x x x
Z x x x x
86
Chng 4. Biu thc
Bng 4.20 cho thy kt qu ca vic p dng ton t gim trn cc
ton hng khc nhau.
Bng 4.20 Ton t gim trn cc ton hng khc nhau.

Ton & ~& | ~|` ^ ~^ Ch thch
hng
4b0000 0 1 0 1 0 1 Tt c cc bit l 0
4b1111 1 0 1 0 0 1 Tt c cc bit l 1
4b0110 0 1 1 0 0 1 S chn l 1
4b1000 0 1 1 0 1 0 S l l 1
4.2.12 Ton t dch
y l hai loi ton t dch, ton t dch logic << v >>, v ton t
dch s hc <<< v >>>. Ton t dch tri << v <<< s dch ton hng bn
tri ca chng sang tri mt s v tr bit c a ra trong ton hng bn
phi. Trong c hai trng hp, bit v tr trng s c in vo bng s 0.
Ton t dch phi, >> v >>>, s dc ton hng bn tri ca chng sang
phi mt s v tr bit c a ra trong ton hng bn phi. Trong ton t
dch phi logic s in vo v tr bit trng l s 0. Trong ton t dch phi
ton hc s in vo v tr bit trng s 0 nu kt qu l loi khng du v n
s in vo v tr bit trng gi tr bit c ngha nht ca ton hng bn tri
nu kt qu l loi c du. Nt ton hng bn phi c dng gi tr x hoc z,
th kt qu s khng xc nh (x). Ton hng bn phi lun lun c xem
nh l mt s khng du v khng c nh hng n du ca kt qu. Du
ca kt qu c xc nh bng ton hng bn tri v s d ca biu thc
nh m t trong 4.6.1.
87
Chng 4. Biu thc
V d 4.6
V d 1- Trong v d ny, thanh ghi result c gn gi tr nh phn
0100, do dch gi tr nh phn 0001 sang tri hai v tr v in s 0 vo
v tr trng
module shift;
reg [3:0] start, result;
initial begin
start = 1;
result = (start << 2);
end
endmodule
V d 2- Trong v d ny, thanh ghi result c gn gi tr nh phn
1110, l do dch gi tr nh phn 1000 sang phi hai v tr v in bit
du vo v tr trng.
module ashift;
reg signed [3:0] start, result;
initial begin
start = 4'b1000;
result = (start >>> 2);
end
endmodule
4.2.13 Ton t iu kin
Ton t iu kin, cn gi l ton t tam phn, s c quyn lin kt v xy dng

s dng ba ton hng ngn cch bi hai ton t trong dng c a ra trong
C php 4-1
88
Chng 4. Biu thc
C php 4-1
conditional_expression ::=
expression1 ? { attribute_instance } expression2 : expression3
expression1 ::=
expression
expression2 ::=
expression
expression3 ::=
expression
Vic nh gi ton t iu kin s bt u vi vic so snh bng gi

tr logic ca biu thc 1 vi s 0, s hng iu kin. Nu iu kin nh gi
l sai (0), th biu thc 3 s c tnh ton v s dng kt qu cho kt qu
ca biu thc iu kin. Nu iu kin nh gi l ng (1), th biu thc 2
s c tnh ton v s dng kt qu cho kt qu ca biu thc iu kin.
Nu iu kin nh gi l gi tr khng xc nh (x hoc z), th c hai biu
thc 2 v biu thc 3 s c tnh ton, v kt qu s c kt hp, bit ti
bit s dng Bng 4.21 tnh ton kt qu cui cng nu biu thc 2 v
biu thc 3 khng phi l s thc, trong trng hp ny kt qu l 0. Nu
kch thc ca biu thc 2 v biu thc 3 khc nhau, ton hng ngn hn s
tng chiu di cho bng ton hng di v thm s 0 vo bn tri (th t cao
hn).
Bng 4.21 Ton t iu kin

?: 0 1 x z
0 0 x x x
1 x 1 x x
x x x x x
89
Chng 4. Biu thc
z x x x x
V d 4.7
Theo v d ny s c 3 trng thi bus u ra minh ho vic s dng
ton t iu kin thng thng.
wire [15:0]busa=drive_busa?data:16'bz;
Bus data s c li vo busa khi bit drive_busa l 1. Nu bit drive_busa
khng xc nh, th mt gi tr khng xc nh s c li vo busa, ni
cch khc busa khng xc nh.
4.2.14 Ton t ghp ni
Ton t ghp ni l kt qu ca vic ni cc bit kt qu t mt hay

nhiu biu thc li vi nhau. Ton t ghp ni s dng k hiu ngoc nhn
({}) v dng du phy (,) ngn cch cc biu thc.
Mt s hng s khng xc nh kch thc s khng c php s
dng trong ton t ghp ni. l v kch thc ca mi ton hng trong
ton t ghp ni cn phi tnh ton cho ph hp vi kch thc ca kt qu
ton t ghp ni.
V d 4.8
V d ny s ghp ni bn biu thc:
{a, b[3:0], w, 3b101}
N c c lng cho php trong v d:
{a, b[3], b[2], b[1], b[0], w, 1b1, 1b0, 1b1}
Ton t ny c th ng dng ch kt ni nh l mt ton t nhn bn,

vi biu thc trong kt ni pha trc l mt biu thc khng m, khng z,
v khng x th ton t c gi l ton t nhn bn hng, cc du ngoc
90
Chng 4. Biu thc
nh c lng vo nhau v n biu th mt kt ni nhiu gi tr nhn bn
vi nhau trong php ton kt ni. Khng ging nh ton t kt ni, biu
thc bao gm ton t lp khng c nm bn tri php gn v khng c
kt ni vi cng output hoc inout.
y l v d cho ton t nhn bn bn ln gi tr w
{4{w}} // tp cc gi tr ging nhau {w, w, w, w}
Bn di l mt v d cho ton t nhn bn hp l
{1bx{1b0}}
V d tip theo minh ha ton t nhn bn lng vo ton t kt ni
{b, {3{a, b}}} // tp cc gi tr {b, a, b, a, b, a, b}
Ton t nhn bn c th c hng s nhn bn l s 0. iu ny c
dng lm tham bin cho chng trnh. Mt php nhn bn vi hng s
nhn bn l s 0 c tnh l c 1 s 0 hoc b qua. Ton t nhn bn s
tip cn ch vi kt ni vi ton hng c kt ni vi kch thc dng.
V d 4.9
parameter P = 32; // Hp l cho tt c P t 1 ti 32
assign b[31:0] = { {32-P{1b1}}, a[P-1:0] } ;
// Khng hp l cho P=32 bi v s 0 nhn bn xut hin mt mnh
trong ton t kt ni.
assign c[31:0] = { {{32-P{1b1}}}, a[P-1:0] }
// Khng hp l cho P=32
initial
$displayb({32-P{1b1}}, a[P-1:0]);
Khi mt biu thc nhn bn c tnh ton, ton hng s tnh ton
mt cch chnh xc thm ch nu ton t nhn bn l s 0. V d:
Result = {4{func(w)}}
S tnh ton nh l :
91
Chng 4. Biu thc
Y = func(w)
Result = {y, y, y, y}
4.3 Ton hng
C mt s loi ton hng c th c ch r trong cc biu thc. Loi

n gin l mt tham chiu n mt net, bin, hoc tham s dng hon
chnh ca n, ch l tn ca net, bin, hoc tham s c a ra. Trong
trng hp ny, tt c cc bit to thnh gi tr ca net, bin hoc tham s
c s dng nh ton hng.
Nu mt bit duy nht ca mt bin vector net, vector reg, integer,
hoc time, hoc tham s c yu cu, th bit c gi l ton hng bit-
select. Ton hng part-select s c s dng tham chiu ti mt nhm
cc bit gn nhau trong bin vector net, vector reg, integer hoc time hoc
tham s.
Mt mng cc yu t hoc bit-select hoc part-select hoc bt k
mng cc phn t c th c tham chiu nh l mt ton hng. Mt ton
t kt ni ca mt ton hng khc ( bao gm c kt ni lng nhau) c th
c xem nh l mt ton hng. Mt hm cng l mt ton hng.
4.3.1 Vector bit-select v part-select addressing
Bit-select trch ra mt bit ring bit t bin vector net, vector reg,
integer, hoc time, hoc parameter. Cc bit c th c nh a ch bng
mt biu thc. Nu mt bit-select nm ngoi gii hng hoc bit-select l x
hoc z, th gi tr tr v c tham s l x. Mt bit-select hoc part-select
ca mt gi tr v hng, hoc ca mt bin hoc tham s thuc loi real
hoc realtime s khng hp l.
92
Chng 4. Biu thc
Mt s bit lin k nhau trong mt bin vector net, vector reg, integer,
hoc time, hoc tham s c th nh a ch v c gi l mt part-select.
C hai loi part-select, part-select hng s v part-select ch s. Part-select
hng s ca mt vector net hoc reg c a ra theo c php bn di:
Vect [msb_expr: lsb_expr]
C msb_expr v lsb_expr s l biu thc s nguyn khng i. Biu
thc u c a ch c ngha hn biu thc th hai
Part-select ch s ca mt bin vector net, vector reg, integer hoc
time, hoc tham s c a ra theo c php bn di:
reg [15:0] big_vect;
reg [0:15] little_vect;
big_vect[lsb_base_expr +: width_expr]
little_vect[msb_base_expr +: width_expr]
big_vect[msb_base_expr -: width_expr]
little_vect[lsb_base_expr -: width_expr]
Trong msb_base_expr v lsb_base_expr l hai biu thc s
nguyn, v width_expr l mt biu thc s nguyn dng khng i.
Lsb_base_expr v msb_base_expr c th thay i trong thi gian chy.
Trong hai v d u bit c chn bt u t base v tng dn phm vi bit.
Hai v d th hai bit c chn bng u t v tr base v gim dn phm vi
bit.
Mt part-select ca bt k loi no c phm vi a ch nm ngoi
vng a ch ca net, bin reg, integer, time hoc parameter hoc part-
select m c gi tr x hoc z th chng s c gi tr x khi c v s khng
nh hng n d liu lu tr khi ghi. Part-select nm ngoi phm vi cc
b ny s tr v gi tr x cho cc bit nm ngoi phm vi khi c v ch nh
hng n cc bit trong phm vi khi ghi.
93
Chng 4. Biu thc
V d 4.10
reg [31: 0] big_vect;
reg [0 :31] little_vect;
reg [63: 0] dword;
integer sel;
big_vect[ 0 +: 8] // == big_vect[ 7 : 0]
big_vect[15 -: 8] // == big_vect[15 : 8]
little_vect[ 0 +: 8] // == little_vect[0 : 7]
little_vect[15 -: 8] // == little_vect[8 :15]
dword[8*sel +: 8] // bin part-select vi rng c nh
4.3.2 a ch mng v phn t nh
Vic khai bo mng v b nh (mng thanh ghi mt chiu) c

tho lun phn 3.7. Trong phn ny s i vo vn nh a ch mng.
V d 4.11
Trong v d tip theo s khai bo mt b nh 1024 t 8 bit:
reg [7:0] men_name[0:1023];
C php cho a ch b nh s bao gm tn vng nh v biu thc
a ch, theo nh dng sau:
men_name[addr_expr];
Trong addr_expr l mt biu thc nguyn bt k; v vy mt b
nh gin tip c th ch ra nh l mt biu thc n.V d tip theo minh
ha cho b nh gin tip:
men_name[men_name[3]];
94
Chng 4. Biu thc
Trong V d 4.11, t nh a ch men_name[3] s dng lm biu
thc cho vic truy cp b nh ti a ch men_name[men_name[3]]. Cng
ging nh ton t bit-select, a ch trong vng khai bo b nh mi l biu
thc a ch c nh hng. Nu ch s nm bn ngoi vng gin hn a ch
b nh hoc nu bt k bit no trong a ch l z hoc x th gi tr tham
chiu s l x.
V d 4.12
V d tip theo khai bo mt mng hai chiu [256:256] phn t 8 bit
v mt mng ba chiu [256:256:8] cc phn t mt bit:
reg [7:0] twod_array[0:255][0:255];
wire threed_ array[0:255][0:255][0:7];
C php sau truy xut n mng bao gm tn ca b nh hoc mng
v biu thc s nguyn cho mi chiu ca mng:
twod_array[addr_expr][addr_expr]
threed_array[addr_expr][addr_expr][addr_expr]
Nh cc v d trc, addr_expr l mt biu thc s nguyn bt k.
Trong mng hai chiu twod_array truy cp n vector 8 bit, trong khi mng
ba chiu threed_array truy xut n cc bit n trong mng ba chiu.
biu din bit-select hoc part-seclect ca phn t mng, t mong
mun s c chn u tin bng cch cung cp a ch cho mi chiu.
Mt la chn bit-select v part-select s nh a ch ging nh l bit-select
v part-select net v reg.
V d 4.13
twod_array[14][1][3:0] // Truy xut 4 bit thp ca t
twod_array[1][3][6] // Truy xut bit th 6 ca t
twod_array[1][3][sel] // S dng bin bit-select
threed_array[14][1][3:0] // Khng hp l
95
Chng 4. Biu thc
4.3.3 Chui
Ton hng chui s c xem nh hng s bao gm mt chui tun

t cc k t ASCII 8 bit. Bt k ton t Verilog HDL c th thao tc trn
ton hng chui. Ton t s xem bn trong chui nh l mt gi tr s
ring l.
Khi mt bin ln hn yu cu gi gi tr cho vic gn, ni dung
sau khi gn s c b sung vo bn tri vi s 0. iu ny th hp vi
vic b sung xy ra trong php gn nhng gi tr khng phi chui.
V d 4.14
Theo v d ny, ta khai bo mt bin chui c ln cha 14
k t v gn cho n mt gi tr. V d s thao tc trn chui s dng ton t
ghp ni.
module string_test;
reg [8*14:1]stringvar;
initial begin
stringvar="Helloworld";
$display("%s is stored as %h", stringvar, stringvar);
stringvar={stringvar,"!!!"};
$display("%s is stored as %h", stringvar, stringvar);
end
endmodule
Kt qu m phng cho on chng trnh trn:
Hello world is stored as 00000048656c6c6f20776f726c64
Hello world!!! is stored as 48656c6c6f20776f726c64212121
96
Chng 4. Biu thc
4.3.3.1 Ton t chui
Cc ton t chui thng dng sao chp, ni chui, so snh c h

tr bi ton t Verilog HDL. Ton t sao chp cung cp bng mt php
gn. Ton t ni chui cung cp bng ton t ghp ni. Ton t so snh
c cung cp bng ton t so snh bng.
Khi thao tc trn cc gi tr trong cc vector reg, cc reg phi c t
nht 8*n bit ( vi n l s k t ASCII) trong th t ph hp vi m 8 bit
ASCII.
4.3.3.2 Gi tr chui m v vn tim n
Khi chui c gn cho mt bin, gi tr lu tr s thm vo bn tri

gi tr s 0. S thm vo ny c th nh hng n kt qu ca ton t so
snh v ton t ni chui. Ton t so snh v ni chui s khng phn bit
c gia s 0 do kt qu ca vic thm vo v s 0 trong chui chnh thc
(\0, ASCII NUL).
V d 4.15 s minh ha vn xy ra:
V d 4.15
reg [8*10:1]s1,s2;
initial begin
s1="Hello";
s2="world!";
if ({s1,s2}=="Helloworld!")
$display("stringsareequal");
end
Vic so snh trong V d 4.15 b li bi v trong qu trnh gn vo

bin chui gi tr thm vo cc bin s1, s2 c lu vo nh bn di:
97
Chng 4. Biu thc
s1=000000000048656c6c6f
s2=00000020776f726c6421
Ton t ghp ni s1 v s2 bao gm c cc gi tr s 0 thm vo, kt
qu cho ta gi tr:
000000000048656c6c6f00000020776f726c6421
Bi v chui Hello world! khng bao gm s 0 thm vo, php so
snh b li theo m t sau:
4.3.3.3 Chui rng
Chui rng ( ) s c xem nh l gi tr ASCII NUL (\0), c

gi tr l 0 v n khc vi chui (0).
4.4 Biu thc tr hon thi gian ti thiu, trung bnh, v ti
Biu thc tr hon trong ngn ng Verilog HDL c m t bi ba

biu thc ngn cch nhau bi du hai chm (:) v gp li vi nhau bng du
ngoc n (()). iu th hin cc gi tr i din cho thi gian ti thiu,
trung bnh v ti a theo th t. C php ny c a ra theo c C php
4-2.
C php 4-2
constant_expression ::=
98
Chng 4. Biu thc
constant_primary
| unary_operator { attribute_instance } constant_primary
| constant_expression binary_operator { attribute_instance }
constant_expression
| constant_expression ? { attribute_instance } constant_expression
constant_expression
constant_mintypmax_expression ::=
constant_expression
| constant_expression : constant_expression : constant_expression
expression ::=
primary
| unary_operator { attribute_instance } primary
| expression binary_operator { attribute_instance } expression
| conditional_expression
mintypmax_expression ::=
expression
| expression : expression : expression
constant_primary ::= (From A.8.4)
number
| parameter_identifier [ [ constant_range_expression ] ]
| specparam_identifier [ [ constant_range_expression ] ]
|constant_concatenation
| constant_multiple_concatenation
| constant_function_call
| constant_system_function_call
| ( constant_mintypmax_expression )
| string
primary ::=
99
Chng 4. Biu thc
number
| hierarchical_identifier [ { [ expression ] } [ range_expression ] ]
| concatenation
| multiple_concatenation
| function_call
| system_function_call
| ( mintypmax_expression )
| string
Biu thc tr hon trong ngn ng Verilog HDL thng thng c ba

gi tr. Ba gi tr ny cho php thit k cc chng trnh kim tra vi gi tr
tr han ti thiu, trung bnh v ti a.
Cc gi tr th hin trong nh dng min:typ:max c th c s
dng trong cc biu thc. nh dng min:typ:max c th s dng bt k
biu thc no.
V d 4.16
V d 1 - V d ny cho thy biu thc nh ngha b ba duy nht ca
gi tr tr hon. Trong biu thc:
(a:b:c)+(d:e:f)
Gi tr nh nht l tng ca a+d, gi tr trung bnh l tng ca b+e,
gi tr ln nht l tng ca c+f.
V d 2 v d tip theo th hin mt biu thc in hnh s dng
gi tr theo nh dng min:typ:max.
val-(32'd50:32'd75:32'd100)
100
Chng 4. Biu thc
4.5 Biu thc di bit
Kim sot s lng bit c s dng trong vic tnh ton cc biu
thc l rt quan trng nu ph hp vi kt qu t c. Mt vi tnh hun
c gii php n gin; v d, nu mt bit v ton t c quy nh trn hai
thanh ghi 16 bit, th kt qu s l mt gi tr 16 bit. Tuy nhin, trong mt
vi tnh hun, n khng r rn l c bao nhiu bit c s dng trong vic
tnh ton biu thc hoc kch c ca kt qu l bao nhiu.
V d, thc hin tnh ton php cng s hc ca hai thanh ghi 16
bit cn s dng 16 bit, hoc cn s dng 17 bit c th cha c bit trn?
Cu tr li ph thuc vo loi thit b c m hnh v cch m thit b
iu khin nh bit trn. Verilog HDL s dng di bit ca ton hng
pht hin c bao nhiu bit c s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton biu thc.
Cc lut v di bit c a ra 4.5.1. Trong trng hp ton t cng,
di bit ca ton hng ln hn s c s dng cho bin bn tri php
gn.
V d 4.17
reg [15:0] a, b; // thanh ghi 16 bit
reg [15:0] sumA; // thanh ghi 16 bit
reg [16:0] sumB; // thanh ghi 17 bit
sumA = a + b; // biu thc tnh ton s dng 16 bit
sumB = a + b; // biu thc tnh ton s dng 17 bit
4.5.1 Qui lut cho biu thc di bit
Cc lun qun l biu thc di bit c trnh bi r rnh cc

tnh hun thc t c mt gii php t nhin.
101
Chng 4. Biu thc
S lng bit ca mt biu thc (cn gi l kch c ca biu thc) s
c xc nh bng ton hng c gi trong biu thc v ni dung ca
biu thc a ra.
Mt biu thc t xc nh l biu thc m di bit ca n c xc
nh duy nht bi t biu thc , v d, biu thc th hin gi tr tr hon.
Mt biu thc xc nh ton b l biu thc m di bit ca n
c xc nh bng di bit ca biu thc v mt phn ca biu thc
c lin quan khc. V d, kch c bit ca biu thc bn phi ca php gn
ph thuc vo t n v kch c ca biu thc bn tri.
Bng 4.22 th hin cch cc biu thc thng thng xc nh di
bit ca kt qu biu thc. Trong Bng 4.22, i, j v k l cc ton hng ca
biu thc, v L(i) th hin di bit ca ton hng i.
Ton hng nhn c th thc hin m khng mt bt k bit trn no
bng cch gn kt qu rng cha n.
Bng 4.22 Biu thc xc nh di bit ca kt qu biu thc

Biu thc di bit Ch thch
Hng s khng xc Bng di bit
nh kch thc ca s integer
Hng s c kch thc Kch thc ca
xc nh hng s
i op j, vi op l: + - max (L(i),L(j))
* / % & | ^ ^~ ~^
op j, vi op l : + - ~ L(i)
i op j, vi op l: === 1bit Ton hng c kch
!== == != > >= < <= thc l:max (L(i),L(j))
i op j, vi op l: && || 1bit Tt c cc ton hng t
102
Chng 4. Biu thc
xc nh
op j, vi op l: & ~& 1bit Tt c cc ton hng t
| ~| ^ ~^ ^~ ! xc nh
i op j, vi op l: >> L(i) j t xc nh
<< ** >>> <<<
i?j:k max(L(j),L(k) i t xc nh
{i,...,j} L(i)+..+L(j) Tt c cc ton hng t
xc nh
{i{j,..,k}} i * (L(j)+..+L(k)) Tt c cc ton hng t
xc nh
4.5.2 V d minh ha vn v biu thc di bit
Trong sut qu trnh tnh ton mt biu thc, kt qu tm thi s ly

kch c ca ton hng ln hn (trong trng hp ton t gn, n cn bao
gm c bn tri php gn). S thn trng s ngn chn vic mt bit du
trong qu trnh tnh ton. V d bn di m t cch di bit ca ton t
c th lm cho kt qu mt bit du.
V d 4.18 Khai bo cc thanh ghi

reg [15:0] a, b, answer; // thanh ghi 16 bit
Mc ch tnh ton biu thc
Answer = (a + b ) >> 1l; // s khng th thc thi
y a v b cng vi nhau, nn kt qu c th xy ra trn, v sau

dch phi 1 bit duy tr bit nh trong thanh ghi kt qu 16 bit.
Vn xy ra, tuy th nhng bi v tt c cc ton hng trong biut
thc l c chiu rng 16 bit. V vy, biu thc (a + b) cho ra mt kt qu
103
Chng 4. Biu thc
tm thi l mt gi tr 16 bit, v vy bit nh b mt trc khi thc thi vic
tnh ton ton t dch phi mt bit.
Gii php l p buc biu thc (a + b) thc hin tnh ton s dng t
nht 17bit. V d thm vo ton t cng mt s integer c gi tr 0, biu
thc s tnh ton ng v n thc thi s dng kch c bit ca integer. Theo
v d bn di th s to ra kt qu ng vi mc ch
Answer = (a + b + 0) >> 1; // s thc thi ng
Trong v d tip theo:
V d 4.19
module bitlength();
reg [3:0] a,b,c;
reg [4:0] d;
initial begin
a = 9;
b = 8;
c = 1;
$display("answer = %b", c ? (a&b) : d);
end
endmodule
Cu lnh $display s hin th
Answer = 01000
Bng cch t n, biu thc a&b c chiu di l 4 bit, nhng bi v trong ni
dung ca biu thc iu kin, n s s dng di bit ln nht, v vy nn
biu thc a&b s c di l 5, l di ca d.
.
4.5.3 V d minh ha v biu thc t xc nh
V d 4.20
104
Chng 4. Biu thc
reg [3:0] a;
reg [5:0] b;
reg [15:0] c;
initial begin
a = 4'hF;
b = 6'hA;
$display("a*b=%h", a*b); // Kch thc ca biu thc t
xc nh
c = {a**b}; // biu thc a**b l t xc nh
// trong ton t kt ni {}
$display("a**b=%h", c);
c = a**b; // Kch thc ca biu thc xc nh bi c
$display("c=%h", c);
end
Kt qu m phng ca v d ny:
a*b=16 // 'h96 b ct b cn 'h16 v kch thc ca biu thc l 6
a**b=1 // kch thc ca biu thc 4 bit (kch thc ca a)
c=ac61 // kch thc ca biu thc 16 bit (kch thc ca c)
4.6 Biu thc c du
iu khin du ca mt biu l rt quan trng to ra mt kt qu

ph hp. Thm vo tun theo cc lut trong 4.6.1 ti 4.6.4, hai chc
nng h thng s s dng iu khin theo cc loi khun kh trong biu
thc: $signed() v $usnigned(). Cc hm ny s tnh ton cc biu thc
u vo v tr v mt gi tr c cng kch c v gi tr ca biu thc u
vo v c nh ngha bi cc hm:
105
Chng 4. Biu thc
$signed tr v mt gi tr c du
$unsigned tr v mt gi tr khng du
V d 4.21
reg [7:0] regA, regB;
reg signed [7:0] regS;
regA = $unsigned(-4); // regA = 8'b11111100
regB = $unsigned(-4'sd4); // regB = 8'b00001100
regS = $signed (4'b1100); // regS = -4
4.6.1 Qui nh cho nhng loi biu thc
Cc lut cho vic xc nh kt qu loi cho mt biu thc:

Loi biu thc ch ph thuc vo ton hng. N khng ph
thuc vo v bn tri.
S thp phn l c du.
S c s l khng c du, ngoi tr trng hp c thm k
hiu s c s dng trong c s ch nh ( nh l 4sd12).
Kt qu ca bit-select l khng du, bt chp ton hng.
Kt qu ca part-select l khng du, bt chp ton hng thm
ch nu part-select ch nh ton b vector.
reg [15:0] a;
reg signed [7:0] b;
initial
a = b[7:0]; // b[7:0] l khng du
Ku qu ca ton t kt ni l khng du, bt chp ton hng.
Kt qu ca ton t so snh (1,0) l khng du, bt chp ton
hng.
Chuyn i t s thc sang s nguyn bng loi cng bc l
c u.
106
Chng 4. Biu thc
Du v kch c ca ton hng t xc nh c xc nh bi t
ton hng v c lp vi yu cu ca biu thc
i vi ton hng khng t xc nh, p dng cc lut sau:
Nu bt k ton hng no l s thc, kt qu l s thc.
Nu bt k ton hng no l khng du, kt qu l khng
du, bt chp ton t.
Nu tt c ton hng no l c du, kt qu l c du, bt
chp ton t, ngoi tr trng hp c ch r theo cch
khc.
4.6.2 Nhng bc nh gi mt biu thc
Cc bc tnh ton mt biu thc:

Xc nh kch c ca biu thc da trn cc chun v lut xc
nh kch c ca biu thc bn trn.
Xc nh du ca biu thc s dng cc lut phn 4.6
Truyn li cc loi v kch thc ca biu thc(hoc t xc nh
biu thc con_ tr xung ton hng xc nh theo ng cnh
ca biu thc. Ni chung, ton hng xc nh theo ng cnh
ca mt ton t s ging loi v kch thc ca kt qu ton
t. Tuy nhin, c 2 ngoi l:
Nu kt qu ca ton t l s thc v nu n c ton hng
xc nh theo ng cnh m khng phi s thc th ton hng
s i s nh th nu n l t xc nh th n s chuyn i
sang s thc trc khi ton t c p dng
Ton t quan h v ton t bng c ton hng m khng
hon ton l t xc nh hoc khng hon ton l xc nh
theo ng cnh. Ton hng s nh hng ln nhau nh l nu
chng l ton hng xc nh theo ng cnh vi loi v kch
107
Chng 4. Biu thc
thc ca kt qu ( kch thc ln nht ca 2 ton hng)
xc nh theo chng. Tuy nhin, loi kt qu thc s s lun
l 1 bit khng du. Loi v kch thc ca ton hng s c
lp vi phn cn li ca biu thc v ngc li.
Khi truyn t ti mt ton hng n gin nh c nh
ngha 5.2 th ton hng s chuyn i truyn t loi v
kch thc. Nu mt ton hng c m rng th n s ch m
rng du nu loi truyn t l c du.
4.6.3 Nhng bc nh gi mt php gn
Cc bc tnh ton mt php gn:

Xc nh kch thc ca phn bn phi bng chun v lut xc
nh kch thc ca php gn.
Nu cn, m rng kch thc ca ton t bn phi, thc hin
m rng bit du nu ch nu phn bn phi ca ton t l c
du.
4.6.4 Tnh ton nhng biu thc ca hai s c du X v Z
Nu mt ton hng c du b thay i kch thc ti mt kch thc

c du ln hn v gi tr ca bit du l x, th gi tr ca kt qu s in
thm Xs. Nu bit du l c gi tr l z, th gi tr ca kt qu s in thm
Zs. Nu gi tr du ca bt k bit no l x hoc z, th ton t khng hp
logic bt k s c gi gi tr ca kt qu s l z v loi ph hp vi loi
ca biu thc
108
Chng 4. Biu thc
4.7 Nhng php gn v php rt gn
Nu chiu rng ca biu thc bn phi ln hn chiu rng ca biu

thc bn tri trong php gn, th MSBs ca biu thc bn phi s lun lun
b loi b ph hp vi kch thc ca biu thc bn tri. Qu trnh thc
hin khng yu cu cnh bo hoc bo co bt k li no lin quan n
kch thc ca php gn khng ph hp hoc b ct ngn. Ct ngn bit du
ca biu thc c du s thay i du ca kt qu.
V d 4.22
V d 1:
reg [5:0] a;
reg signed [4:0] b;
initial begin
a = 8'hff; // sau khi gn, a = 6'h3f
b = 8'hff; // sau khi gn, b = 5'h1f
end
V d 2:
reg [0:5] a;
reg signed [0:4] b, c;
initial begin
a = 8'sh8f; // sau khi gn, a = 6'h0f
b = 8'sh8f; // sau khi gn, b = 5'h0f
c = -113; // sau khi gn, c = 15
// 1000_1111 = (-'h71 = -113) b ct ngn cn ('h0F = 15)
end
109
Chng 4. Biu thc
V d 3:
reg [7:0] a;
reg signed [7:0] b;
reg signed [5:0] c, d;
initial begin
a = 8'hff;
c = a; // sau khi gn, c = 6'h3f
b = -113;
d = b; // sau khi gn, d = 6'h0f
end
4.8 Bi tp
1. Nu cc ton t thng dng v u tin ca chng?
2. Nu th t tnh ton trong mt biu thc logic?
3. Cch s dng s nguyn trong biu thc?
4. C bao nhiu loi ton hng trong Verilog? M t c th tng loi?
5. Cc lut xc nh du cho kt qu ca mt biu thc?
6. Cc bc nh gi tr ca mt biu thc?
7. Cho a, b, c, d, e c khai bo nh sau:
reg [7:0] a, b; reg [8:0]c; reg [15:0] d;
nh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
a = 255; b = 255; c = a + b;
110
Chng 4. Biu thc
c = 9'b0 + a + b;
d={a,b};
c = &b;
111
Chng 5. Cu trc phn cp v module
5.1 Cu trc phn cp
Ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog h tr cu trc phn cp bng

cch cho php modules c nhng trong modules khc. Modules cp
cao hn to th hin ca module cp thp v giao tip vi chng thng
qua cc u vo, u ra v u vo ra 2 chiu. Cc cng vo ra c th l v
hng hoc l vector.
Cu trc phn cp gip ngi thit k chia mt h thng thit k ra
thnh cc module nh hn d thit k v kim sot lung d liu trong
qu trnh thit k.
Nh mt v d cho h thng module phn cp, hy xem xt mt h
thng bao gm cc bng mch in (PCBs).
5.2 Module
5.2.1 Khai bo module
Trong mc ny cung cp c php thng thng cho mt nh ngha

module v c php cho vic ci t module, cng vi mt v d v nh
ngha module v ci t module.
Mt nh ngha module c bao gia bi hai t kha module v
endmodule. Cc nh danh km theo sau t kha module s l tn nh
ngha ca module. Danh sch cc ty chn ca tham s c nh ngha s
ch r mt danh sch theo th t cc tham s ca module. Danh sch cc
ty chn ca cng hoc khai bo cng c nh ngha s ch r mt danh
sch theo th t cc cng ca module. Th t c s dng trong nh
ngha danh sch cc tham s trong module-parameter-port-list v trong
112
danh sch cng c th c ngha trong vic ci t cc module. Cc nh
danh trong danh sch ny s khai bo li trong cc cu lnh input, output,
v inout trong nh ngha module. Khai bo cng trong danh sch khai bo
cng s khng khai bo li trong thn module. Cc mc ca module nh
ngha ci to thnh module, v chng bao gm nhiu loi khai bo v nh
ngha khc nhau, nhiu trong s c gii thiu.
T kha macromodule c th dng thay th t kha module
nh ngha mt module. Mt qu trnh thc thi c th chn gii quyt
module c nh ngha bt u vi th kha macromodule khc nhau.
C php 5-1
module_declaration ::=
{attribute_instance} module_keyword module_identifier [
module_parameter_port_list ]
list_of_ports ; { module_item }
endmodule
|{ attribute_instance } module_keyword module_identifier [
module_parameter_port_list ]
[ list_of_port_declarations ] ; { non_port_module_item }
endmodule
module_keyword ::= module | macromodule
module_parameter_port_list ::= (From A.1.3
# ( parameter_declaration { , parameter_declaration } )
list_of_ports ::= ( port { , port } )
list_of_port_declarations ::= ( port_declaration { , port_declaration } ) | ( )
port ::= [ port_expression ] | . port_identifier ( [ port_expression ] )
port_expression ::= port_reference | { port_reference { , port_reference } }
port_reference ::= port_identifier [ [ constant_range_expression ] ]
port_declaration ::= {attribute_instance} inout_declaration
| {attribute_instance} input_declaration
| {attribute_instance} output_declaration
module_item ::= (From A.1.4)
port_declaration ;
| non_port_module_item
module_or_generate_item ::=
{ attribute_instance } module_or_generate_item_declaration
| { attribute_instance } local_parameter_declaration ;
113
| { attribute_instance } parameter_override
| { attribute_instance } continuous_assign
| { attribute_instance } gate_instantiation
| { attribute_instance } udp_instantiation
| { attribute_instance } module_instantiation
| { attribute_instance } initial_construct
| { attribute_instance } always_construct
| { attribute_instance } loop_generate_construct
| { attribute_instance } conditional_generate_construct
module_or_generate_item_declaration ::=
net_declaration
| reg_declaration
| integer_declaration
| real_declaration
| time_declaration
| realtime_declaration
| event_declaration
| genvar_declaration
| task_declaration
| function_declaration
non_port_module_item ::=
module_or_generate_item
|generate_region
| specify_block
| { attribute_instance } parameter_declaration ;
| { attribute_instance } specparam_declaration
parameter_override ::= defparam list_of_defparam_assignments ;
V d 5.1 nh dng ca mt module chun

module tn_module (danh sch cc cng, nu c);
Khai bo port input, output, inout;
Khai bo tham s
Khai bo cc loi d liu (d liu net, d liu bin, v d: wire, reg, integer)
Gi v gn c tnh (instantiate) module con (sub-module)
Pht biu gn s dng m hnh RTL (assign)
Pht biu gn qui trnh (always, initial)
114
Khai bo hm v tc v
Khai bo kt thc module (endmodule)
5.2.2 Module mc cao nht
Module mc cao nht (top-module) l module m n bao gm trong

vn bn gc, nhng n hu nh khng c mt cu lnh ci t no trong
bt k mt module no khc. iu ny p dng c khi module ci t to ra
trong khi to m khng phi t n ci t. Mt m hnh phi c t nht
mt module mc cao nht.
5.2.3 Gi v gn c tnh mt module (instantiate)
Vic gi v gn c tnh module cho php mt module gi v gn

c tnh mt module khc ra s dng. Cc module khng c nh
ngha lng nhau. Ni cch khc, mt module c nh ngha s khng
cha m t thit k ca mt module khc trong cp t kha module
endmodule. Mt module c nh ngha lng trong mt module khc
bng cch gi v gn c tnh ca module ra s dng. Mt cu lnh
gi v gn c tnh module s to ra mt hoc nhiu bn sao ca module
c nh ngha.
V d, mt module b m phi ci t module D flip-flop to ra
nhiu th hin ca flip-flop.
C php 5-2 a ra c php chi tic cho vic gi v gn c tnh
module.
C php 5-2
module_instantiation ::= (From A.4.1)
module_identifier [ parameter_value_assignment ]
module_instance { , module_instance } ;
parameter_value_assignment ::=
# ( list_of_parameter_assignments )
115
list_of_parameter_assignments ::=
ordered_parameter_assignment { , ordered_parameter_assignment }
| named_parameter_assignment { , named_parameter_assignment }
ordered_parameter_assignment ::=
expression
named_parameter_assignment ::=
. parameter_identifier ( [ mintypmax_expression ] )
module_instance ::=
name_of_module_instance ( [ list_of_port_connections ] )
name_of_module_instance ::=
module_instance_identifier [ range ]
list_of_port_connections ::=
ordered_port_connection { , ordered_port_connection }
| named_port_connection { , named_port_connection }
ordered_port_connection ::=
{ attribute_instance } [ expression ]
named_port_connection ::=
{ attribute_instance } . port_identifier ( [ expression ] )
Vic gi v gn c tnh module c th cha mt lot cc c im

k thut. N cho php mt mng cc th hin c to ra. C php v ng
ngha ca cc mng th hin nh ngha cho cc cng v cc cng c bn
p dng tt cho cc module.
Mt hoc nhiu th hin ca module (bn sao nguyn bn ca
module) c th a ra trong mt cu lnh gi v gn c tnh module ring
l.
Danh sch cc cng kt ni s cung cp ch cho module c nh
ngha vi cng. Cc du ngoc n lun lun cn thit. Khi mt danh sch
cc cng kt ni c a ra s dng theo thc t phng thc cc cng
kt ni, phn t u tin trong danh sch s kt ni vi cng u tin trong
khai bo cng trong module, phn t th 2 kt ni vi cng th 2 v c nh
th. Phn 5.2.4.9 s tho lun r hn v cc lut kt ni cng vi cng.
Mt kt ni c th tham kho n gin ti mt bin hoc mt nh
danh net, mt biu thc, hoc mt khon trng. Mt biu thc c th s
116
dng cung cp mt gi tr ti mt cng vo ca module. Mt cng kt
ni trng s trnh by tnh hung ni m cng khng kt ni
Khi kt ni mt cng bng tn, mt cng cha c kt ni s ch ra
bng cch b n ra trong danh sch hoc khng cung cp biu thc bn
trong u ngoc (v d portname()).
V d 5.2
V d 1: V d ny minh ha mt mch ( module cp thp) c
iu khin bi mt dng sng n gin (module cp cao hn) ni m
mch c ci t bn trong module dng sng:
//module cp thp: module m t mt mch flip-flop nand
module ffnand (q, qbar, preset, clear);
output q, qbar;//khai bo 2 net u ra cho mch
input preset, clear;// khai bo 2 net u vo cho mch
// khai bo cng nand 2 u vo v cc kt ni vi chng
nand g1 (q, qbar, preset),
g2 (qbar, q, clear);
endmodule
// module cp cao:
// dng sng m t cho flip-flop nand
module ffnand_wave;
wire out1, out2;//u ra t mch
reg in1, in2;//bin iu khin mch
parameter d = 10;
// th hin ca mch ffnand, tn l "ff",
// v c t u ra ca cc kt ni IO bn trong
ffnand ff(out1, out2, in1, in2);
// nh ngh dng sng m phng mch
117
initial begin
#d in1 = 0; in2 = 1;
#d in1 = 1;
#d in2 = 0;
#d in2 = 1;
end
endmodule
V d 2: V d ny to ra 2 th hin ca module flip-flop ffnand c
nh ngha trong v d 1. N kt ni ch vi u ra q vo mt th hin v
ch mt u ra qbar vo mt th hin khc.
// dng sng m t kim tra
// nand flip-flop, khng c cng u ra
module ffnand_wave;
reg in1,in2;//bin iu khin mch
parameter d=10;
// to hai bn sao ca mch ff nand
// ff1 c qbar khng kt ni, ff2 c q khng kt ni
ffnand ff1(out1,,in1,in2),
ff2(.qbar(out2), .clear(in2), .preset(in1), .q());
// ff3(.q(out3),.clear(in1),,,); is illegal
// nh ngh dng sng m phng mch
initial begin
#din1=0;in2=1;
#din1=1;
#din2=0;
#din2=1;
end
118
endmodule
5.2.4 Khai bo port
Cng cung cp mt phng tin kt ni cc m t phn cng bao

gm module v cc phn cng nguyn thy. V d, module A c th khi
to module B, s dng cc cng kt ni ph hp ti module A. Tn cc
cng ny c th khc vi tn ca cc dy ni ni v cc bin c ch ra
trong nh ngha module B
5.2.4.1 nh ngha port
C php cho cc cng v danh sch cng c a ra trong C php

5-3.
C php 5-3
list_of_ports ::= (From A.1.3)
( port { , port } )
list_of_port_declarations ::=
( port_declaration { , port_declaration } )
|()
port ::=
[ port_expression ]
| . port_identifier ( [ port_expression ] )
port_expression ::=
port_reference
| { port_reference { , port_reference } }
port_reference ::=
port_identifier [ [ constant_range_expression ] ]
port_declaration ::=
{attribute_instance} inout_declaration
| {attribute_instance} input_declaration
| {attribute_instance} output_declaration
119
5.2.4.2 Lit k port
Cng tham kho cho mi cng trong danh sch cc cng bn trn
ca mi khai bo module c th l 1 trong s:
Mt nh danh n gin hoc nh danh b b qua.
Mt bit-select ca mt vector khai bo trong module
Mt part- select ca mt vector khai bo trong module
Mt ton t kt ni ca bt k phn no trong 3 phn trn.
Biu thc cng l ty chn bi v cng c th c nh ngha m
khng cn bt k kt ni no trong module. Khi mt cng c nh
ngha, th khng c cng no khc c nh ngha cng tn.
C hai loi cng module, loi u tin ch l cng biu thc, l loi
cng ngm. Loi th hai l loi cng trc tip. iu r rng chi tit cng
nh danh s dng kt ni vi cng ca module th hin bng tn v cng
biu thc bao gm khai bo cc nh danh bn trong module nh miu t
trong phn 5.2.4.3. Tn cng kt ni s khng s dng cho cng ngm nh
nu cng biu thc khng l mt nh danh n gin hoc l nh danh b
b qua, m s s dng tn cng.
5.2.4.3 Khai bo port
Mi cng nh danh trong mt cng biu thc trong danh sch ca cc cng trong
khai bo module cng s khai bo trong thn ca module nh mt trong cc khai
bo: input, output hoc inout (cng hai chiu). c th thm vo khai bo cc
loi d liu khc cho cc cng t th v d reg hoc wire.C php cho vic khai
bo cng a ra trong
120
C php 5-4:
C php 5-4
inout_declaration ::=
inout [ net_type ] [ signed ] [ range ] list_of_port_identifiers
input_declaration ::=
input [ net_type ] [ signed ] [ range ] list_of_port_identifiers
output_declaration ::=
output [ net_type ] [ signed ] [ range ]
list_of_port_identifiers
| output reg [ signed ] [ range ]
list_of_variable_port_identifiers
| output output_variable_type
list_of_variable_port_identifiers
list_of_port_identifiers ::= (From A.2.3)
port_identifier { , port_identifier }
Nu khai bo mt cng bao gm mt net hoc loi bin khc, th

cng c th khai bo li trong khai bo net hoc bin. Nu mt net hoc
bin khai bo nh l mt vector, th c t phm vi gia hai khai bo cng
phi ging ht nhau.
121
5.2.4.4 Lit k khai bo port
Mt c php thay th gim ti t nht vic sao chp d liu c th

s dng ch ra cc cng trong module. Mi module s khai bo bn
khng nhng trong c php khai bo danh sch cc cng trong phn 5.2.4.4
m s dng c danh sch cc port c m t trong phn ny.
Mi khai bo cng cung cp thng tin y v cng, hng cng,
rng, net, hoc cc loi bin v nhng m t y khc v port nh c
du hoc khng du. C php tng t cho khai bo du vo, u vo ra v
u ra cng c s dng phn u ca module theo cch khai bo cng,
ngoi ra danh sch khai bo port l bao gm phn u ca module ch
khng phi tch bit ( ngay sau du ; cui phn u module)
V d 5.3
Trong v d sau, module tn Test c a ra trong v d trc c
khai bo li nh sau:
module test (
input [7:0] a,
input signed [7:0] b, c, d,//nhiu cng cng chia s mt
thuc tnh khai bo
output [7:0] e,// mi thuc tnh phi c 1 khai bo.
output reg signed [7:0] f, g,
output signed [7:0] h) ;
// Khng hp l nu c bt k khai bo cng no trong phn
thn module
endmodule
122
Cc loi cng tham chiu ca khai bo cng module s khng hon
thnh s dng cch thc danh sch khai bo cng ca khai bo module.
Cng nh khai bo cng s dng trong danh sch khai bo cng s ch nh
danh n gin hoc nh danh trng. Chng s khng c bit-select, part-
select hoc ton t kt ni (nh trong v d complex_ports) hoc khng c
cc cng phn chia ( trong v d split_ports), hoc khng c tn cng ( nh
trong v d same_port).
Thit k t do c th s dng ln ln cc c php trong khai bo
module, v vy vic m t thc thi trng hp t bit bn trn c th thc
hin s dng c php danh sch cng.
5.2.4.5 Kt ni cc port ca module c gi bng danh sch theo th t
Mt phng php lm cho cc kt ni gia cc biu thc cng c

lit k trong th hin ca module v cng khai bo bn trong th hin
module l theo thc t danh sch. Ngha l biu thc cng lit k trong th
hin ca module s kt ni ti cng v tr cng trong danh sch cng khi
khai bo module con.
V d 5.4 minh ha mt module mc cao nht (topmod) ci t
mo un th 2 (mobB). Module mobB c cng kt ni theo th t danh
sch. Kt ni thc hin nh l:
Cng wa trong modB nh ngha kt ni ti bit-select v[0]
trong module topmod.
Cng wb kt ni ti v[3].
Cng c kt ni ti w.
Cng d kt ni ti v[4].
Trong nh ngha mobB, cng wa v wb c khai bo l cng vo
ra trong khi cng c v d c khai bo l cng vo.
V d 5.4
123
module topmod;
wire [4:0] v;
wire a,b,c,w;
modB b1 (v[0], v[3], w, v[4]);
endmodule
module modB (wa, wb, c, d);
inout wa, wb;
input c, d;
tranif1 g1 (wa, wb, cinvert);
not #(2, 6)n1 (cinvert, int);
and #(6, 5)g2 (int, c, d);
endmodule
Trong sut qu trnh m phng ca th hin b1 ca modB, cng And

g2 hot ng u tin cung cp mt gi tr int. Gi tr ba trng thi qua
cng not n1 cung cp u ra cinvert, sau cho hot ng cng tranif g1.
5.2.4.6 Kt ni cc port ca module c gi bng tn
Cch th 2 kt ni cc cng ca module bao gm lin kt r rng

hai tn ca mi bn trong kt ni: khai bo tn cng t khai bo module ti
biu thc, v d tn s dng trong khai bo module, theo sau bng tn s
dng trong th hin ca module. Tn ghp ny sau c t trong danh
sch kt ni ca module. Tn cng s l tn ch ra trong khai bo module.
Tn cng khng th l bit-select, part-select hoc ton t kt ni ca cc
cng. Nu khai bo cng ca module l ngm nh, biu thc cng phi l
biu thc n gin hoc l biu thc trng, m s c s dng nh tn
cng. Nu khai bo cng ca module l r rng, tn r rng s c s
dng nh tn cng.
124
Biu thc cng c th l mt biu thc hp l bt k.
Biu thc cng l ty chn v vy trong ci t module c th bo
co s tn ti ca cng m khng kt ni vi bt k ci g. Cc du ngoc
n vn phi yu cu c.
Hai loi kt ni cng ca module khng c ln ln, kt ni ti
cng t th ca th hin module s hoc tt c theo th t hoc tt c theo
tn.
V d 5.5
V d 1: Trong v d ny, ci t module kt ni ti tn hiu topA v
topB ti cng In1 v Out nh ngha trong module ALPHA. C mt cng
cung cp bi module ALPHA khng c s dng, tn l In2.C th c
cc cng khng c s dng c cp trong ci t ny.
ALPHA instance1 (.Out(topB),.In1(topA),.In2());
V d 2:
V d ny nh ngha module modB v topmod, v sau topmod
ci t modB s dng kt ni cng theo tn.
module topmod;
wire [4:0] v;
wire a,b,c,w;
modB b1 (.wb(v[3]),.wa(v[0]),.d(v[4]),.c(w));
endmodule
module modB(wa, wb, c, d);
inout wa, wb;
input c, d;
tranif1 g1(wa, wb, cinvert);
not #(6, 2)n1(cinvert, int);
and #(5, 6)g2(int, c, d);
125
endmodule
Bi v kt ni l theo tn nn th t ca cc cng khai bo c th o
v tr.
Nhiu kt ni cng ca th hin module l khng cho php, v d bn
di l khng hp l
V d 3: v d cho thy kt ni cng khng hp l
module test;
a ia (.i (a), .i (b), // khng hp l khi kt ni u ra 2 ln.
.o (c), .o (d), // khng hp l khi kt ni u vo 2 ln.
.e (e), .e (f)); // khng hp l khi kt ni u vo ra 2 ln.
endmodule
5.2.4.7 S thc trong kt ni port
Loi d liu s thc khng kt ni trc tip vi cng. N s kt ni

gin tip, nh v d bn di. Hm h thng $realtobits v $bitstoreal s
c s dng kt ni qua cc bit trn m hnh cng ca module.
V d 5.6
module driver (net_r);
output net_r;
real r;
wire [64:1] net_r = $realtobits(r);
endmodule
module receiver (net_r);
input net_r;
wire [64:1] net_r;
real r;
126
initial assign r = $bitstoreal(net_r);
endmodule
5.2.4.8 Kt ni nhng port khng tng t nhau
Mt cng ca mt module c th c xem nh l cung cp mt lin

kt hoc mt kt ni gia hai biu tng (v d dy ni, thanh ghi, biu
thc ) mt ci t bn trong module v mt ci t bn ngoi module.
Kim tra kt ni cng theo lut m t trong phn 5.2.4.9 s thy
rng, biu tng nhn gi tr t mt cng (biu tng input ca module ni
v output ca module ngoi) s c cu trc biu thc net. Cc biu tng
khc cung cp gi tr c th l mt biu thc bt k.
Mt cng c khai bo l mt u vo (u ra) nhng s dng nh
l u ra (u vo) hoc u vo ra c th c cng ch vo ra. Nu
khng cng ch s c cnh bo xut hin.
5.2.4.9 Nhng qui nh khi kt ni port
Cc lut kt ni cng trong phn ny s chi phi cch khai bo cng

ca module v cch chng kt ni vi nhau.
Lut 1: Mt cng vo hoc cng vo ra phi l mt net.
Lut 2: Mi cng kt ni s l php gn lin tc ca ngun ti cui
cng, ni m mt biu tng kt ni l tn hiu ngun v nhng ci khc l
tn hiu chm. Mt php gn l php gn lin tc t ngun ti cui cng
cho u vo hoc u ra. Php gn l khng mnh gim kt ni bn dn
cho cng inout. Ch dy ni hoc biu thc c cu trc dy ni s n trong
php gn.
Mt biu thc cu trc dy dn l mt biu thc cng trong ton
hng l:
Mt net v hng
127
Mt vector net.
Mt hng s bit-select ca mt vector net.
Mt part-select ca mt vector net.
Mt ton t kt ni ca biu thc cu trc net.
Theo cc biu tng bn ngoi s khng kt ni ti u ra hoc
u vo ra ca module:
Bin.
Biu thc khc vi nhng iu sau:
Mt net v hng
Mt vector net.
Mt hng s bit-select ca mt vector net.
Mt part-select ca mt vector net.
Mt ton t kt ni ca biu thc trong danh sch trn.
Lut 3:
Nu net hai bn ca cng l loi net uwire, mt cnh bo s xy ra
n net khng gp li vo trong mt net n nh m t trong phn 5.2.4.10
5.2.4.10 Loi net to ra t vic kt ni port khng tng t nhau
Khi cc loi net khc nhau kt ni vi nhau thng qua mt module,

th cc net ca tt c cc cng phi a v cho ging loi vi nhau. Kt qu
loi net c xc nh theo bng 5-1. Trong bng ny, net ngoi ngha l
net ch ra trong th hin ca module, net ni ngha l net ch ra trong
module nh ngha. Net m loi ca n c s dng gi l dominating net.
Net m loi ca n b thay i gi l dominated net. N c quyn hp cc
dominating v dominatr net vo trong mt net n, loi ny c loi nh l
mt dominating net. Kt qu ca net gi l simulated net v dominated net
gi l collapsed net.
128
Loi simulated net s thc hin delay ch ra dominating net. Nu
dominating net l loi trireg, bt k gi tr mnh no ch ra cho trireg s
p dng cho simulated net.
Bng 5.1 T hp gia net ni v net ngoi

Net ni Net ngoi
wire, tri ext ext ext ext ext ext ext ext ext
wand, int ext ext ext ext ext ext ext ext
triand warn warn warn warn warn
wor, int ext ext ext ext ext ext ext ext
trior warn warn warn warn warn
trireg int ext ext ext ext ext ext ext ext
warn warn warn
tri0 int ext ext int ext ext ext ext ext
warn warn warn warn
tri1 int ext ext int ext ext ext ext ext
warn warn warn warn
uwire int int int int int int ext ext ext
warn warn warn warn warn
supply0 int int int int int int int ext ext
warn
supply1 int int int int int int int ext ext
warn
T kha:
ext: s dng net ngoi
int: s dng net ni
warn: xut hin cnh bo
Lut gii quyt loi net:

129
Khi 2 net kt ni vi nhau bi cc cng khc loi nhau, kt qu l
mt net n c th l mt trong:
Loi dominating net nu mt trong hai net l dominating net,
hoc
Loi ca net ngoi ti module
Khi loi dominatin net khng tn ti, loi net ngoi s c s dng.
Bng loi net:
Bng 5.1 ch ra loi net b gi bi loi net theo lut gii quyt net.
Simulated net s theo loi net ch ra trong bng v tr hon k thut
ca net. Nu simulated net c chn l trireg, bt k mnh gi tr no
ch ra cho trireg s p dng cho simulated net.
5.2.4.11 Kt ni nhng gi tr c du thng qua (port)
Thuc tnh du khng c thng qua trong cu trc phn cp.

Trong th t c loi c du qua cu trc phn cp, t kha signed phi
c s dng trong khai bo i tng mt cp khc trong cu trc
phn cp. Bt k biu thc no trong mt cng s c xem nh l bt k
biu thc no khc trong php gn. N s c loi, k c, nh gi v gi tr
kt qu gn ti i tng bn khc ca cng s dng ging lut nh mt
php gn.
5.3 Bi tp
1. M hnh cu trc phn cp trong Verilog?
2. Cc cch khai bo, gi v gn t tnh cho mt module?
3. Cc cch khai bo port?
4. Cc cch kt ni port?
130
5. Nhng quy lut khi kt ni port?
131
Chng 6. M hnh thit k cu trc (Structural model)
6.1 Gii thiu
M hnh thit k cu trc m t cc h thng di dng cc cng linh

kin hay cc khi linh kin c kt ni li vi nhau thc hin c
nhng chc nng mong mun. M hnh thit k cu trc c m t mt
cch trc quan h thng thit k s, do n thc s gn ging vi m t
vt l phn cng ca h thng.
Ngi thit k thng s dng m hnh thit k cu trc cho nhng
module nh cn ti u v timing, din tch v s dng m hnh ny th phn
cng thit k sau khi tng hp ra mch s ging vi m t thit k trn
Verilog. Tuy nhin, i vi mt h thng ln th vic s dng m hnh cu
trc l khng kh thi bi v s cng knh ca n khi ghp hng ngn hng
vn cng c bn li vi nhau cng nh tiu tn thi gian rt ln cho vic
chy m phng kim tra thit k.
6.2 Nhng linh kin c bn
6.2.1 Cng and, nand, or, nor, xor, v xnor
Khai bo th hin ca mt cng logic nhiu u vo s bt u vi

mt trong nhng t kha sau:
and nand nor or xor xnor
c t tr hon s l 0, 1 hoc 2 tr hon. Nu c t tr hon bao gm
2 tr hon, tr hon u s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh ln, tr hon th
hai s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh xung, v trong thi gian nh hn 2
tr hon s thit lp u ra l x. Nu ch c mt tr hon c a ra th s
132
tr hon c cnh ln v cnh xung. Nu khng c c t tr hon th s
khng c tr hon thng qua cng.
Su cng logic ny c mt u ra v mt hoc nhiu u vo. Tham
s u tin trong danh sch cc tham s s kt ni vi u ra ca cng
logic, cc tham s khc kt ni ti u vo:
Bng s tht ca cc cng ny th hin kt qu ca cng 2 gi tr u
vo:
Bng 6.1 Bng s tht ca cc cng logic

and 0 1 x z nand 0 1 x z
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 x x 1 1 0 x x
x 0 x x x x 1 x x x
z 0 x x x z 1 x x x
or 0 1 x z xor 0 1 x z
0 0 1 x x 0 0 1 x x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 x x
x x 1 x x x x x x x
z x 1 x x z x x x x
nor 0 1 x z xnor 0 1 x z
0 1 0 x x 0 1 0 x x
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x x
x x 0 x x x x x x x
z x 0 x x z x x x x
133
Cc phin bn ca su cng logic ny c nhiu hn 2 u vo s m
rng t nhin theo bng trn, nhng s lng u vo nh hng ti tr
hon truyn.
V d 6.1
V d ny khai bo mt cng and 2 u vo:
and a1 (out, in1, in2);
Trong u vo l in1, in2. u ra l out, th hin tn l a1.
6.2.2 Cng buf v not
Khai bo th hin ca mt cng logic nhiu u vo s bt u vi

mt trong nhng t kha sau:
and nand nor or xor xnor
c t tr hon s l 0, 1 hoc 2 tr hon. Nu c t tr hon bao gm
2 tr hon, tr hon u s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh ln, tr hon th
hai s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh xung, v nh hn 2 tr hon s thit
lp u ra l x. Nu ch c mt tr hon c a ra th s tr hon c
cnh ln v cnh xung. Nu khng c c t tr hon th s khng c tr
hon thng qua cng.
Hai cng logic ny c mt u vo v mt hoc nhiu u ra. Tham
s cui cng trong danh sch cc tham s s kt ni vi u vo ca cng
logic, cc tham s khc kt ni ti u ra.
Bng s tht ca cc cng ny th hin kt qu ca cng 1 u vo
v mt u ra:
Bng 6.2 Bng s tht ca cng buffer v cng not

buf not
u vo u vo u vo u vo
0 0 0 0
134
1 1 1 1
x x x x
x x x x
V d 6.2
V d sau khai bo mt cng buf 2 u ra:

buf b1 (out1, out2, in);
u vo l in, u ra l out1, out2, tn th hin l b1
6.2.3 Cng bufif1, bufif0, notif1, v notif0
Khai bo th hin ca mt cng logic ba trng thi s bt u vi

mt trong cc t kha sau:
bufif0 bufif1 notif1 notif0
y l bn cng logic thuc loi ba trng thi iu khin. Bn cnh
cc gi tr logic 0 v 1, u ra cng ny c th l gi tr z.
c t tr hon s l 0, 1, 2 hoc 3 tr hon. Nu c t tr hon bao
gm 3 tr hon, tr hon u s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh ln, tr hon
th hai s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh xung, tr hon th ba s xc nh
tr hon s chuyn tip ti gi tr z v nh nht trong 3 tr hon s xc nh
tr hon ca chuyn tip ti x. Nu c t tr hon bao gm 2 tr hon, tr
hon u s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh ln, tr hon th hai s xc nh
u ra tr hon cnh xung, v nh hn trong 3 tr hon s xc nh tr
hon ca chuyn tip ti x v z. Nu ch c mt tr hon c a ra th n
ch ti tr hon tt c cc chuyn tip u ra. Nu khng c c t tr hon
th s khng c tr hon thng qua cng.
Mt vi t hp ca gi tr d liu u vo v gi tr iu khin u
vo c th gy ra cng c hai gi tr u ra, m khng c tham kho no
cho mt trong hai gi tr ( xem phn 7.10.2). Bng logic cho cc cng ny
135
bao gm hai k hiu biu din cho kt qu khng st nh. K hiu L s ch
ra mt kt qu c gi tr 0 hoc z. Gi tr H ch ra kt qu c gi tr 1 hoc
z. Tr hon trn s chuyn tip ti H hoc L s xem nh ging vi tr hon
chuyn tip ti gi tr x. Bn cng logic ny s c mt u ra v mt u
vo d liu, mt u vo iu khin. Tham s th nht trong danh sch
tham s kt ni vi u ra, tham s th hai kt ni vi u vo, tham s th
ba kt ni vi u vo iu khin.
Bng 6.3 Bng s tht ca cc cng ba trng thi

bufif0 CONTROL bufif1 CONTROL
0 1 x z 0 1 x z
0 0 z L L 0 z 0 L L
1 1 z H H 1 z 1 H H
x x z x x x x z x x
z x z x x z x z x x
notif0 CONTROL notif1 CONTROL

0 1 x z 0 1 x z
0 1 z L L 0 z 1 L L
1 0 z H H 1 z 0 H H
x x z x x x x z x x
z x z x x z x z x x
V d 6.3
V d sau khai bo mt th hin ca cng bufif1:
bufif1 bf1 (outw, inw, controlw);
Trong u ra l outw, u vo l inw, u vo iu khin l
controlw, th hin tn l bf1
136
6.2.4 Cng tc MOS
Khai bo th hin ca mt cng tc MOS s bt u vi mt trong

cc t kha sau:
cmos nmos pmos rcmos rnmos rpmos
Cng tc cmos v rcmos c m t trong 7.7
T kha pmos vit tt cho transistor P-type matal-oxide
semiconductor (PMOS) v t kha nmos l vit tt cho transistor N-type
matal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS). Transistor PMOS v NMOS c tr
khng tng i thp gia cc ngun v cc mng khi chng dn. T kha
rpmos l vit tt ca transistor in tr PMOS v t kha rnmos l vit tt
ca transistor in tr NMOS. Transistor in tr PMOS v NMOS c tr
khng cao hn nhiu gia cc ngun v cc mng khi chng dn so vi
transistor PMOS v NMOS thng. Thit b ti trong mch MOS tnh l v
d ca transistor rpmos v rnmos. Bn cng tc l knh dn mt chiu cho
d liu tng t nh cng bufif.
tr hon ca chuyn tip ti x. Nu c t tr hon bao gm 2 tr hon, tr
hon u s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh ln, tr hon th hai s xc nh
u ra tr hon cnh xung, v nh hn trong 2 tr hon s xc nh tr
hon ca chuyn tip ti x v z. Nu ch c mt tr hon c a ra th n
ch ti tr hon tt c cc chuyn tip u ra. Nu khng c c t tr hon
th s khng c tr hon thng qua cng.
Mt vi t hp ca gi tr d liu u vo v gi tr iu khin u
vo c th gy ra cng tc c hai gi tr u ra, m khng c tham kho
137
no cho mt trong hai gi tr. Bng logic cho cc cng ny bao gm hai k
hiu biu din cho kt qu khng st nh. K hiu L s ch ra mt kt qu
c gi tr 0 hoc z. Gi tr H ch ra kt qu c gi tr 1 hoc z. Tr hon trn
s chuyn tip ti H hoc L s xem nh ging vi tr hon chuyn tip ti
gi tr x.
Bn cng logic ny s c mt u ra v mt u vo d liu, mt u
vo iu khin. Tham s th nht trong danh sch tham s kt ni vi u
ra, tham s th hai kt ni vi u vo, tham s th ba kt ni vi u vo
iu khin.
Cng tt nmos v pmos s cho qua tn hiu t u vo v thng ti
u ra ca chng vi mt thay i v mnh tn hin tron mt trng
hp, tho lun 7.11. Cng tt rnmos v rpmos s gim mnh tnh hin
truyn qua chng, tho lun trong phn 7.12.
Bng 6.4 Th hin bng logic ca cng truyn

pmos CONTROL cmos CONTROL
rpmos 0 1 x z rcmos 0 1 x z
0 0 z L L 0 z 0 L L
1 1 z H H 1 z 1 H H
x x z x x x z x x x
z z z z z z z z z z
V d 6.4
V d ny khai bo mt cng tc pmos:
pmos p1 (out, data, control);
Trong u ra l out, u vo l data, u iu khin l control v
tn th hin l p1.
138
6.2.5 Cng tc truyn hai chiu
Khai bo th hin ca cng tc truyn hai chiu s bt u vi mt

trong cc t kha sau:
tran tranif1 tranif0
rtran rtranif1 rtranif0
Cng thc truyn hai chiu s khng tr hon tn hiu truyn qua
chng. Khi thit b tranif(), tranif1, rtranif0 hoc rtranif1 l tt, chng s
chn tn hiu; v khi chng m th chng s cho tn hiu i qua. Thit b
tran v rtran khng th tt v chng lun lun cho tn hiu qua chng.
c t tr hon cho cc thit b tranif1, tranif0, rtranif1, v
rtranif0 l 0, 1 hoc 2 tr hon. Nu c t tr hon bao gm 2 tr hon, tr
hon u s xc nh u ra tr hon m, tr hon th hai s xc nh u ra
tr hon ng, v nh hn trong 2 tr hon s xc nh tr hon ca chuyn
tip ti x v z. Nu ch c mt tr hon c a ra th n c t cho c tr
hon m v ng. Nu khng c c t tr hon th s khng c tr hon
ng v m cho cng tc truyn hai chiu.
Cng tc truyn hai chiu tran v rtran s khng chp nhn c t tr
hon.
Cc thit b tranif1, tranif0, rtranif1 v rtranif0 c 3 tham s trong
danh sch vo ra. Hai tham s u s l hai thit b u cui hai chiu iu
khin tn hiu ti v i t thit b, v u cui th 3 s kt ni vi u vo
iu khin. Thit b tran v rtran s c danh sch cc cng gm hai cng
hai chiu. C hai u cui hai chiu s iu khin truyn v iu kin tn
hiu ti v i t thit b, cho php tn hin qua theo mi hng t thit b.
Thit b u cui hai chiu c tt c 6 thit b ch kt ni vi nhng net v
hng hoc bit-select ca nhng vector net.
139
Thit b tran, tranif0 v tranif1cho qua tn hiu vi thay i v
mnh ch trong trng hp m t phn 6.11. Thit b rtran, rtranif1,
rtranif0 s lm gim mnh ca tn hiu qua chng theo lut tho lun
trong phn 6.12
V d 6.5
V d sau m t khai bo mt th hin tranif1:
tranif1 t1 (inout1,inout2,control);
Thit b u cui hai chiu l inout1 v inout2, u vo iu khin l
control, tn th hin l t1.
6.2.6 Cng tc CMOS
Khai bo th hin ca mt cng tc CMOS bt u vi mt trong

nhng t kha sau:
cmos rcmos
tr hon ca chuyn tip ti x. Tr hon trong qu trnh chuyn tip ti gi
tr H hoc L ging nh tr hon trong chuyn tip ti x. Nu c t tr hon
bao gm 2 tr hon, tr hon u s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh ln, tr
hon th hai s xc nh u ra tr hon cnh xung, v nh hn trong 2
tr hon s xc nh tr hon ca chuyn tip ti x v z. Nu ch c mt tr
hon c a ra th n ch ti tr hon tt c cc chuyn tip u ra. Nu
khng c c t tr hon th s khng c tr hon thng qua cng
Cng tc cmos v rcmos c mt u vo d liu, mt u ra d liu
v hai u vo iu khin. Trong danh sch cc cng vo ra, cng vo ra
140
u tin kt ni ti u ra d liu, cng vo ra th hai kt ni ti u vo
d liu, cng vo ra th 2 kt ni ti knh n u vo iu khin, l cng
vo ra cui cng kt ni ti knh p ca u vo iu khin.
Cng cmos s cho qua tn hiu vi thay i mnh ch trong mt
trng hp, m t 6.2.11. Cng rcmos lm gim mnh ca tn hiu qua
n theo lut m t 6.2.12.
Cng tc cmos xem nh l t hp ca cng tc pmos v cng tc
nmos. Cng tc rcmos xem nh l t hp ca cng tc rpmos v cng tc
rnmos. Cng tc t hp trong cu hnh ny s chia s d liu u vo v
u ra trn cng vo ra nhng chng phn bit nhau v u vo iu khin.
V d 6.6
S tng ng mt cng cmos ghp i t mt cng cmos v mt
cng pmos c a ra trong v d sau:
cmos (w, datain, ncontrol, pcontrol);
tng ng vi
nmos (w, datain, ncontrol);
pmos (w, datain, pcontrol);
Hnh 6.1 Cng truyn CMOS
141
6.2.7 Ngun pullup v pulldown
Khai bo th hin ca mt ngun pullup v pulldown bt u bng

mt trong cc t kha:
pullup pulldown
Ngun pullup t gi tr logic 1 ln net kt ni ti danh sch cc
cng. Ngun pulldown t gi tr 0 ln net kt ni vi danh sch cc cng.
Tn hin m ngun t ln nhng net c mnh pull trong s thiu
c t mnh. Nu c mt c t mnh 1 trn ngun pullup hoc
mnh 0 trn ngun pulldown, tn hiu s c c t mnh. c t
mnh 0 trn ngun pullup v c t mnh 1 trn ngun pulldown.
Khng c c t tr hon cho ngun
V d 6.7
V d khai bo hai th hin ngun pullup:
pullup (strong1) p1 (neta), p2 (netb);
Trong v d ny, th hin p1 iu khin neta v th hin p2 iu
khin netb vi mnh strong
6.2.8 M hnh mnh logic
Ngn ng Verilog cung cp cho m hnh chnh xc ca tn hiu tranh

chp, cng truyn hai chiu, thit b MOS in tr, MOS ng, chia s thay
i, v nhng cu hnh mng khc ph thuc k thut bng cch cho php
tn hiu net v hng c gi tr khng y v c nhiu cp mnh
khc nhau hoc t hp cc cp mnh. M hnh logic nhiu cp
mnh gii quyt t hp tn hiu trong cc gi tr bit v khng bit biu
din cho hnh vi ca phn cng thc hin chnh xc hn.
Chi tit v mnh s c hai yu t:
142
mnh phn 0 ca gi tr net, gi l strength0, thit k nh
supply0 strong0 pull0 weak0 highz0
mnh phn 1 ca gi tr net, gi l strength1, thit k nh
T hp (highz0, highz1) v (highz1, highz0) l khng hp l
Mt d phn ny c t mnh, n hu ch xem xt mnh
nh mt thuc tnh nm gi cc vng ca mt chui lin tc trong th t
d on kt qu ca tn hiu t hp.
Bng 6.5 chng minh s lin tc ca mnh. Ct bn tri l danh
sch cc t kha s dng trong c t mnh. Ct bn phi l mc
mnh tng quan.
Bng 6.5 mnh ca net

Tn mnh Cp mnh
supply0 7
strong0 6
pull0 5
large0 4
weak0 3
medium0 2
small0 1
highz0 0
highz1 0
small1 1
medium1 2
weak1 3
143
large1 4
pull1 5
strong1 6
supply1 7
Trong Bng 6.5 c bn mnh iu khin

supply strong pull weak
Tn hiu vi mnh iu khin s truyn t u ra cng v u ra
ca php gn lin tc.
Trong Bng 6.5 c ba mnh thay i do lu tr
large medium small
Tn hiu vi mng thay i do lu tr s hnh thnh trong loi net
trireg.
C th ngh rng mnh ca tn hiu trong Bng 6.5 nh v tr trn
thc t l trong Hnh 6.2.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Su0 St0 Pu0 La0 We0 Me0 Sm0 HiZ0 HiZ1 Sm1 Me1 We1 La1 Pu1 St1 Su1
Hnh 6.2 mnh cc mc logic 0 v 1
Tho lun v t hp tn hiu sau phn ny dng hnh v tng t nh

Hnh 6.2
Nu gi tr tn hiu ca mt net l bit, tt c mnh ca n s nm
trong mt trong hai phn: phn strength0 ca thc t l trn Hnh 6.2
hoc phn stregth1. Nu gi tr ca mt net l khng bit, n s c cp
mnh cu trong phn strength1 v strength0. Mt net vi gi tr z c
cp mnh trong mt phn con ca thc t l.
144
6.2.9 mnh v gi tr ca nhng tn hiu kt hp
Thm vo trong gi tr ca tn hiu, mt net c th hoc l c

mnh nhiu cp khng r rng hoc l mnh r rng bao gm mt
hay nhiu cp . Khi t hp tn hiu, mi mnh v gi tr s xc nh
mnh v gi tr ca tn hiu kt qu tun theo cc khi nim trong phn
6.2.9.1ti 6.2.9.4.
6.2.9.1 S kt hp gia nhng tn hiu c mnh r rng
Phn ny gii quyt vi cc tn hiu t hp m mi tn hiu c mt

gi tr r rng v c mt mc mnh.
Nu hai hoc nhiu hn cc tn hiu c mnh khng bng nhau t
hp trong mt cu hnh dy dn net, mnh ca tn hiu s l mnh
tri hn trong tt c v xc nh kt qu. T hp ca hai hoc nhiu hn
cc tn tn hiu c gi tr ging nhau s c kt qu ging vi gi tr c
mnh ln nht trong tt c. T hp tn hiu ng nht mnh v gi tr s
cho kt qu ging vi tn hiu .
T hp ca cc tn hiu c gi tr khng ging nhau v c mnh
ging nhau s c th c mt trong ba kt qu. Hai kt qu xy ra trn dy
dn logic, kt qu th ba xy ra trong trng hp trng. Dy dn logic s
tho lun trong 6.2.9.4. Kt qu trong s vng mt ca dy dn logic c
tho lun trong ch ca Hnh 6.4.
V d:
Trong Hnh 6.3, nhng con s trong du ngoc n ch ra quan h v
mnh ca tn hiu. T hp ca mt pull1 v mt strong0 kt qu l mt
strong0, v n mnh hn trong 2 tn hiu.
145
Hnh 6.3 Kt qu ca vic iu khin net bi hai mch khc nhau
6.2.9.2 mnh khng r rng: ngun v s kt hp
Mt s phn loi tn hiu s l mnh khng r rng:

- Tn hiu vi gi tr xc nh v nhiu cp mnh.
- Tnh hiu vi mt gi tr x, trong cc cp mnh bao gm c
hai phn strength1 v strength0 ca thc mnh trong Hnh
6.2.
- Tn hiu vi mt gi tr L, trong cc cp mnh bao gm tr
khng cao gia nhp vi cp mnh trong phn strength0 trong
thc o mnh trong Hnh 6.2.
- T n hiu vi mt gi tr H, trong cc cp mnh bao gm tr
khng cao gia nhp vi cp mnh trong phn strength1 trong
thc o mnh trong Hnh 6.2.
Nhiu cu hnh c th to ra cc tn hiu vi mnh khng r rng.
Khi hai tn hiu bng nhau v mnh v ngc nhau v gi tr kt hp,
kt qu s l gi tr x, cng vi cp mnh ca c hai tn hiu v cc
cp mnh nh hn.
146
V d:
Trong Hnh 6.4 ch ra mt t hp ca tn hiu weak vi gi tr 1 v
tn hiu weak vi gi tr 0 cho ra mt tn hiu c mnh weak v c gi
tr l x.
Hnh 6.4 Hai tn hiu c mnh bng nhau cng iu khin mt net
u ra ca tn hiu (WeX) c m t trong Hnh 6.5:

strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.5 u ra ca tn c mnh nm trong mt trong cc gi tr thuc dy trn
Mt tn hiu c mnh khng r rng c th c gi tr l mt dy

cc gi tr c th. V d mnh ca u ra t mt cng iu khin ba
trng thi vi u vo iu khin l khng xc nh nh Hnh 6.6:
Hnh 6.6 Cng ba trng thi vi tn hiu iu khin khng xc nh
147
u ra ca bufif1 trong Hnh 6.6l mt strong H, dy gi tr u ra
c m t trong Hnh 6.7.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.7 Tn hiu ng ra ca bufif1 c mnh nm trong khong nh trn hnh
u ra ca bufif0 trong Hnh 6.6 l mt strong L, dy gi tr u ra

c m t trong Hnh 6.8.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.8 Tn hiu ng ra ca bufif0 c mnh nm trong khong nh trn hnh
T hp ca hai tnh hiu c mnh khng r rng s cho ra kt qu

l mt tn hiu c mnh khng r rng. Kt qu ca tn hiu s c mt
dy cc cp mnh m bao gm cc cp mnh ca cc thnh
phn tn hiu. T hp u ra t 2 cng iu khin 3 trng thi vi u vo
iu khin khng xc nh c m t trong Hnh 6.9, l mt v d.
Hnh 6.9 T hp hai ng ra c mnh khng xc nh
148
Trong Hnh 6.9, t hp tn hiu c mnh khng r rng cho ra

mt dy bao gm cc mc cao nht v thp nht ca tn hiu v tt c
cc mnh gia chng, nh m t trong Hnh 6.10.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.10 mnh ca ng ra trn hnh 6.9
Kt qu l mt gi tr x bi v phm vi ca n gm gi tr 1 v 0. S
3 5, i trc gi tr x, l t hp ca hai s. S th nht l s 3, tng ng
vi mc strength0 cao nht cho kt qu. S th hai l 5, tng ng vi
cp strength1 cao nht cho kt qu.
Mng chuyn mch c th to ra mt phm vi mnh ca cc gi
tr ging nhau, nh l tnh hiu ca mt cu hnh t cao xung thp nh
Hnh 6.11.
149
Hnh 6.11 Mng chuyn mch
Trong Hnh 6.11, t hp cao ca mt thanh ghi, mt cng iu khin

bng mt thanh ghi c gi tr khng xc nh, v mt pullup to ra mt tn
hiu c gi tr 1 v phm vi mnh 651 m t trong Hnh 6.12.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.12 mnh ng ra ca net 651
Trong Hnh 6.11, t hp thp ca mt pulldown, mt cng iu

khin bi mt thanh ghi c gi tr khng xc nh, v mt cng and cho ra
mt tn hiu c gi tr 0 v phm vi mnh 530 m t trong Hnh 6.13.
strength0 strength1
150
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.13 mnh ng ra ca net 530
Khi tn hiu ca cu hnh t cao xung thp trong Hnh 6.11 t hp,
kt qu l mt gi tr khng xc nh vi phm vi (56x) xc nh bi gi tr
u v cui l hai tn hiu trong Hnh 6.14.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.14 mnh ng ra ca net 56x
Trong Hnh 6.11, thay th pulldown trong cu hnh thp bng mt

supply0 s thay i phm vi ca kt qu ti phm vi (StX) m t trong
Hnh 6.15.
Phm vi trong Hnh 6.15 l strong x bi v n l khng xc nh v
cc cc ca c hai thnh phn l strong. Cc cc ca u ra ca cu hnh
thp l strong bi v pmos thp gim mnh ca tn hiu supply0. M
hnh ha tnh nng ny tho lun trong phn 6.2.10.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.15 mnh ng ra ca net 56x khi thay th pulldown bi supply0
151
Cng logic to ra kt qu vi mnh khng r rng cng ging nh
iu khin ba trng thi. Nh trong trng hp trong Hnh 6.16. Cng
andN1 khai bo vi mnh highz0, v N2 khai bo vi mnh weak0.
Hnh 6.16 Ng ra to bi cc cng logic c tn hiu iu khin khng r rng
Hnh 6.16, thanh ghi b c gi tr khng xc nh; v vy u vo ca

cng and pha trn l strong x, cng and pha trn c c t mnh bao
gm highz0. Tn hiu t cng and pha trn l mt strong H bao gm cc
gi tr m t trong Hnh 6.17.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.17 mnh ca tn hiu ng ra StH
Hiz0 trong phn ca kt qu bi v c t mnh cho cng trong

cu hi xc inh mnh cho u ra vi gi tr 0. c t mnh khc
ngoi tr khng cao cho gi tr 0 kt qu u ra trong mt u ra cng c
gi tr x. u ra ca cng and bn di l weak 0 nh m t trong Hnh
6.18.
152
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.18 mnh ca tn hiu ng ra We0

Khi tn hiu t hp, kt qu c phm vi (36x) nh m t trong Hnh
6.19.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.19 mnh ca tn hiu ng ra 36x
Hnh 6.19 trnh by t hp ca mt tn hiu c mnh khng r

rng v mt tn hiu c mnh r rng. T hp ny l ch ca phn
6.2.9.3.
6.2.9.3 Tn hiu c mnh khng r rng v tn hiu c mnh r rng
T hp ca mt tn hiu c mnh r rng v gi tr xc nh vi

mt tn hiu c mnh khng r rng c trnh bi trong mt vi trng
hp c th. hiu mt tp cc lut qun l loi t hp, n cn thit xem
xt cc cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng rin mi n
v quan h vi tn hiu c mnh r rng. Khi tn hiu c gi tr xc nh
v c mnh r rng kt hp vi mt thnh phn tn hiu khng r rng,
s theo cc lut sau:
Cc cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng
ln hn cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng s
vn c trong kt qu.
153
Cc cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng
nh hn cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng s
bin mt khi kt qu, ch ca lut c.
Nu cc hot ng ca cc lut a v lut b cho ra kt qu cc
cp mnh gin on v tnh hiu ngc nhau v gi tr,
tn hiu gin on s l mt phn ca kt qu.
Cc hnh sau m t mt vi ng dng ca cc lut.
Trong Hnh 6.20, cc cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh khng
r rng nh hn hoc bng cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r
rng, bin mt khi kt qu, theo lut b.
Trong Hnh 6.21, lut a, lut b v lut c c p dng. Cc cp
mnh ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng m c gi tr i ngc v
mnh thp hn mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng khng xut hin
trong kt qu. Cc cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng
thp hn mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng, v c gi tr ging nhau
khng xut hin trong kt qu. Cc cp mnh ca tn hiu c
mnh r rng c mnh cao hn cc cc ca tn hiu c mnh khng
r rng nh ngha phm vi ca kt qu.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T hp ca hai tn hiu bn trn cho ra tn hiu kt qu bn di:

strength0 strength1
154
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.20 mnh ng ra tun theo lut b
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.21 mnh ng ra tun theo lut a, b v c
Trong Hnh 6.22, lut a v lut b c p dng. Cc cp mnh

ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng m c gi tr i ngc v mnh
thp hn mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng khng xut hin trong
kt qu. Cc cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng c mnh
cao hn cc cc ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng nh ngha phm vi
ca kt qu.
strength0 strength1
155
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.22 mnh ng ra tun theo lut a, b
Trong Hnh 6.23, lut a, lut b v lut c c p dng. Cc cc ln

ca mnh ca tn hiu c mnh khng r rng ln hn cp
mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng. Kt qu l mt phm vi c nh
ngha bi mnh ln nht trong phm vi mnh ca tn hiu c
mnh khng r rng v cp mnh ca tn hiu c mnh r rng.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
156
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.23 mnh ng ra tun theo lut a, b v c
6.2.9.4 Loi wired logic net
Cc loi net triand, wand, trior v wor s gii quyt xung t khi c
nhiu iu khin c cng mt mnh. Loi net s gii quyt gi tr tn
hiu bng cch xem tn hiu nh u vo ca hm logic.
V d:
Xem xt t hp ca hai tn hiu c mnh r rng trong Hnh 6.24.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.24 Ng ra t hp bi tn hiu ng vo c mnh r rng

T hp ca tn hiu trong Hnh 6.24, s dng dy dn logic and, cho
ra mt kt qu vi gi tr ging vi k qu to ra bi cng and vi gi tr
ca hai tn hiu u vo. T hp ca tn hiu s dng dy dn logic or to
ra kt qu vi gi tr ging vi kt qu c to ra bi cng or vi gi tr
ca hai tn hiu u vo. mnh ca kt qu ging vi mnh ca t
hp tn hiu trong c hai trng hp. Nu gi tr ca tn hiu bn trn thay
157
i c hai tn hiu trong Hnh 6.24 thnh gi tr 1, th kt qu ca c hai loi
logic l 1.
Khi tn hiu c mnh khng r rng t hp trong dy dn logic,
n cn phi xem xt cc kt qu ca tt c cc t hp ca mi cp
mnh trong tn hiu u vi mi cp mnh trong tn hiu th 2, nh
trong Hnh 6.25.
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Signal1
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Signal2
T hp cc cp mnh cho cng and theo hnh di y:

Signal1 Signal2 Kt qu
mnh Gi tr mnh Gi tr mnh Gi tr
5 0 5 1 5 0
6 0 5 1 6 0
Kt qu ca tn hiu:
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T hp cc cp mnh cho cng or theo hnh di y:
158
Signal1 Signal2 Kt qu
mnh Gi tr mnh Gi tr mnh Gi tr
5 0 5 1 5 1
6 0 5 1 6 0
Kt qu ca tn hiu:
strength0 strength1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hnh 6.25 T hp cc mc logic c mnh khc nhau
6.2.10 S suy gim mnh bng nhng linh kin khng tr
Cc cng tc nmos, pmos v cmos s cho qua mnh t d liu

u vo ti d liu u ra, ngoi tr mnh ca supply s gim xung
mnh strong.
Cc cng tc tran, tranif0, tranif1 s khng nh hng ti mnh
tn hiu qua cc cng u cui hai chiu, ngoi tr mnh supply s gim
xung mnh strong.
6.2.11 S suy gim mnh bng nhng linh kin tr
Cc thit b rnmos, rpmos, rtran, rtranif1, rtranif0 s gim mnh

ca tn hiu i qua chng theo Bng 6.6
Bng 6.6 mnh nhng linh kin tr

mnh u vo mnh gim
Supplydrive Pulldrive
Strongdrive Pulldrive
159
Pulldrive Weak drive
Largecapacitor Mediumcapacitor
Weak drive Mediumcapacitor
Mediumcapacitor Smallcapacitor
Smallcapacitor Smallcapacitor
Highimpedance Highimpedance
6.2.12 mnh ca loi net
Cc loi net tri0, tri1, supply0 v supply1 s to ra tn hiu vi cc

cp mnh c th. Khai bo mt trireg c th c t mt trong hai cp
mnh khc cp mnh mc nh.
6.2.12.1 mnh ca net tri0, tri1
Loi net tri0 m hnh mt mng kt ni ti mt thit b in tr ko

xung. Trong s vng mt ca mt ngun , nh vy tn hiu c gi tr 0
v mnh pull.Loi net tri1 m hnh mt mng kt ni ti mt thit b
in tr ko xung. Trong s vng mt ngun , nh vy tn hiu c gi
tr 1 v mnh pull.
6.2.12.2 mnh ca trireg
Loi net trireg m hnh mt nt lu tr thay i. mnh ca kt

qu t mt net trireg m n thay i trng thi lu tr ( l, mt iu
khin thay i net v sau i n tr khng cao) s l mt trong ba trng
mnh: large, medium, hoc small. c t mnh kt ni vi mt net
trireg c th s c t bi ngi dng nh ngha net. Mt nh l medium.
C php ca c t ny c m t trong 3.4.1( thay i mnh).
160
6.2.12.3 mnh ca net supply0, supply1
Loi net supply0 m hnh mt kt ni vi t. Loi net supply0 m

hnh mt kt ni ti ngun cung cp. Loi net supply0 v supply1 l cc
supply iu khin mnh.
6.2.13 tr hon cng (gate) v net
Tr hon cng v net cung cp mt phng tin m t chnh xc hn

tr hon thng qua mt mch. Tr hon cng c t tr hon truyn tn hiu
t bt k u vo no ca cng ti u ra cng. Ti a ba gi tr trn mt
u ra trnh din bi tr hon cnh tng, cnh gim, v tt c t nh thy t
6.2.1 ti 6.2.8.
Tr hon net tham kho thi gian ly c t bt k iu khin no
trn net thay i gi tr theo thi gian khi gi tr ca net cp nht v truyn
qua hn na. Ti a c ba gi tr trn net c th c t.
C cng v net, mt nh tr hon s l 0 khi khng c c t tr hon
c a ra. Khi mt gi tr tr hon c a ra, th gi tr ny s s dng
cho tt c cc tr hon truyn chnh xc cho cng hoc net. Khi hai tr hon
c a ra, tr hon th nht s c t cho tr hon cnh ln, v tr hon
th hai c t cho tr hon cnh xung. Tr hon khi tn hiu thay i ti tr
khng cao hoc khng xc nh s thp hn hai gi tr tr hon ny.
Ba c t tr hon :
Tr hon th nht tham kho ti chuyn tip ti gi tr 1 (tr
hon cnh ln).
Tr hon th hai tham kho ti chuyn tip ti gi tr 0 (tr
hon cnh xung).
Tr hon th ba tham kho ti chuyn tip ti gi tr tr khng
cao.
161
Khi mt gi tr thay i ti gi tr khng xc nh, tr hon s l nh
nht trong ba tr hon. mnh ca tn hiu u vo s khng nh hng
ti tr hon truyn t u vo ti u ra.
Bng 6.7 tng hp tr hon truyn t - ti c la chn c t 2 v
3 tr hon.
Bng 6.7 tr hon trn net

Tr hon nu c
T gi tr: Ti gi tr:
2 tr hon 3 tr hon
0 1 d1 d1
0 x min(d1,d2) min(d1,d2,d3)
0 z min(d1,d2) d3
1 0 d2 d2
1 x min(d1,d2) min(d1,d2,d3)
1 z min(d1,d2) d3
x 0 d2 d2
x 1 d1 d1
x z min(d1,d2) d3
z 0 d2 d2
z 1 d1 d1
z x min(d1,d2) min(d1,d2,d3)
V d 6.8
V d 1: V d ny c t mt, hai v ba tr hon:
and #(10) a1 (out, in1, in2);// ch c mt tr hon
and #(10,12) a2 (out, in1, in2);// tr hon cnh ln v cnh xung
bufif0 #(10,12,11) b3 (out, in, ctrl);// tr hon cnh ln, cnh xung,
v tt
162
V d 2: V d ny c t mt module mch lt n gin vi ba
trng thi u ra, ni tr hon ring c a ra cho tng cng. Tr hon
truyn t u vo ti u ra ca mt module s c tch ly, v n ph
thuc vo phn tn hiu i qua mng.
module tri_latch (qout, nqout, clock, data, enable);
output qout, nqout;
input clock, data, enable;
tri qout, nqout;
not #5 n1 (ndata,data);
nand #(3,5) n2 (wa,data,clock),
n3 (wb,ndata,clock);
nand #(12,15) n4 (q,nq,wa),
n5 (nq,q,wb);
bufif1 #(3,7,13) q_drive(qout,q,enable),
nq_drive(nqout,nq,enable);
endmodule
6.2.14 tr hon min:typ:max
C php cho tr hon trn mt cng nguyn thy (bao gm UPD), net
v lnh gn lin tc s cho php ba gi tr tr hon cho cnh ln, cnh
xung v tc. Gi tr ti a, trung bnh v ti thiu ca mi gi tr tr hon
s c t nh l cc biu thc cch nhau bi du hai chm (:). Chng khng
yu cu qua h (v d: min<=typ<=max) gia cc biu thc tr hon ti
thiu, trung bnh v ti a. c th l ba biu thc bt k.
V d 6.9 cho thy gi tr min:typ:max cho tr hon cnh ln, cnh

xung v tc.
163
V d 6.9
module iobuf (io1, io2, dir);
...
bufif0 #(5:7:9, 8:10:12, 15:18:21) b1 (io1, io2, dir);
bufif1 #(6:8:10, 5:7:9, 13:17:19) b2 (io2, io1, dir);
...
endmodule
C php tr hon iu khin trong lnh th tc (9.7) cng cho php
cc gi tr ti thiu, trung bnh v ti a. l cc c t bi cc biu thc
ngn cch bi du hai chm (:). V d 6.10 minh ho l thuyt ny:
V d 6.10
parameter min_hi = 97, typ_hi = 100, max_hi = 107;
reg clk;
always begin
#(95:100:105) clk = 1;
#(min_hi:typ_hi:max_hi) clk = 0;
end
6.2.15 phn r in tch ca net trireg
Ging nh vi net, c t tr hon trong trireg net khai bo cng bao

gm ba gi tr tr hon. Hai tr hon u c t tr hon chuyn tip ti trng
thi logic 1 v 0 khi net trireg c iu khin bi mt iu khin. Tr
hon th ba c t cho thi gian phn r in tch th hin cho tr hon
chuyn tip ti trng thi logic z. Thi gian phn r in tch c t tr hon
gia khi iu khin trireg net tc v khi n thay i lu tr trong khong
khng xc nh.
164
Mt net trireg khng cn c t tr hon tc v net trireg khng bao
gi thc hin chuyn tip ti trng thi logic z. Khi iu khin ca mt net
trireg thc hin chuyn tip t trng thi logic 1, 0, hoc x ti tc, net
trireg s nh li trng thi logic 1, 0 hoc x trc khi m iu khin cn
m. Gi tr z s khng truyn t iu khin ca mt net trireg ti mt trireg.
Mt net trireg c th ch gi mt trng thi logic x khi x l trng thi logic
khi u ca net trireg hoc khi net trireg b p buc sang trng thi z khi
s dng cu lnh force ( trong phn 9.3.2).
Mt c t tr hon cho phn r in tch mt hnh mt nt lu tr
np khng l l tng, v d mt nt lu tr np s np dng r ra ngoi
thng qua thit b xung quanh v cc kt ni.
Cc qu trnh phn r in tch v c t tr hon cho phn r in
tch c m t trong phn 6.2.15.1 v 6.2.15.2.
6.2.15.1 Qu trnh phn r in tch
Phn r in tch l nguyn nhn ca chuyn tip t 1 hoc 0 lu tr

trong net trireg ti gi tr khng xc nh sau c t tr hon. Qu trnh
phn r in tch bt u khi iu khin ca net trireg tc v net net trireg
bt u gi in tch. Qu trnh phn r in tch s kt thc theo hai iu
kin bn di:
c t tr hon bi thi gian phn r in tch tri qua v net trireg
thc hin chuyn tip t 1 hoc 0 ti x.
iu khin ca mt net trireg m v truyn 1, 0 hoc x vo net
trireg.
165
6.2.15.2 c t tr hon ca thi gian phn r in tch
Gi tr tr hon th 3 trong khai bo mt net trireg c t thi gian

phn r in tch. Mt b ba gi tr tr hon c t trong mt khai bo net
trireg c m t:
#(d1,d2,d3)// (tr hon cnh ln, tr hon cnh xung , thi gian phn
r in tch)
Thi gian phn r in tch c t trong mt khai bo net trireg s i
trc bi mt c t tr hon cnh tng hoc cnh gim.
V d 6.11
V d 1:
V d sau m t mt c t ca thi gian phn r in tch trong mt
khai bo net trireg:
trireg (large) #(0,0,50) cap1;
V d ny khai bo mt net trireg tn cap1. Net trireg ny lu tr
mt in tch large. c t tr hon cho cnh tng l 0, cho tr hon cnh
gim l 0, v thi gian phn r in tch l 50 n v thi gian.
V d 2:
V d tip theo trnh din mt file ngun m t bao gm mt khai
bo net trireg vi mt c t thi gian phn r in tch. Hnh 6-26 th hin
thi s mch ca ngun m t:
module capacitor;
reg data, gate;
// khai bo trireg vi thi gian phn r in tch l 50 n v.
trireg (large) #(0,0,50) cap1;
nmos nmos1 (cap1, data, gate); // nmos iu khin trireg
initial begin
$monitor("%0d data=%v gate=%v cap1=%v", $time,
166
data, gate, cap1);
data = 1;
// Cht iu khin u vo bng cng tc nmos
gate = 1;
#10 gate = 0;
#30 gate = 1;
#10 gate = 0;
#100 $finish;
end
endmodule
Hnh 6.26 M hnh phn cng ca on m t trong v d trn
6.3 Nhng phn t c bn ngi dng t nh ngha (UDP)
Phn ny m t mt m hnh k thut tng thm vo tp cc cng

nguyn thy c nh ngha trc bng cch thit kt v c t nhng yu
t c bn mi gi l UDPs. Th hin ca UDPs mi c th s dng
ging ht nh l cng nguyn thy biu din cc m hnh mch in.
C hai loi quan h c th hin trong mt UDP:
Mch t hp m hnh bi mt UDP t hp.
Mch tun t - m hnh bi mt UDP tun t.
167
Mt UDP t hp s dng gi tr u vo ca n xc nh gi tr
u ra tip theo ca n. Mt UDP tun t s dng gi tr ca u vo ca
n v gi tr ca u ra hin ti xc nh gi tr u ra tip theo ca n.
UDP tun t cung cp mt cch m hnh mch in tun t l cc flip-
flop v mch cht. UDP tun t c c quan h kch hot theo mc v theo
cnh.
Mi UDP c chnh xc mt u ra, c th c mt trong ba trng thi
1, 0 hoc x. Gi tr ba trng thi z khng c h tr. Trong mch UDPs
tun t, u ra lun lun c gi tr l trng thi ni b.
Gi tr z truyn ti u vo ca mt UDP c xem nh l mt gi
tr x.
6.3.1 nh ngha phn t c bn UDP
nh ngha UDP l mt module c lp, chng ging nh mt cp

nh ngha module trong c php phn cp. Chng c th nm bt c
u trong vn bn ngun, c th c trc hoc sau th hin ca chng trong
module gi chng. Chng khng nm gia cp t kha module v
endmodule.
Thc c th gii hn s nh ngh UDP ti a trong mt m hnh,
nhng chng cho php ti t nht l 256.
C php thng thng ca mt nh ngha UDP nh c C php 6-1:
C php 6-1
udp_declaration ::=
{ attribute_instance } primitive udp_identifier ( udp_port_list ) ;
udp_port_declaration { udp_port_declaration }
udp_body
endprimitive
| { attribute_instance } primitive udp_identifier (
udp_declaration_port_list ) ;
udp_body
168
endprimitive
udp_port_list ::= (From A.5.2)
output_port_identifier , input_port_identifier{, input_port_identifier}
udp_declaration_port_list ::=
udp_output_declaration, udp_input_declaration{,
dp_input_declaration }
udp_port_declaration ::=
udp_output_declaration ;
| udp_input_declaration ;
| udp_reg_declaration ;
udp_output_declaration ::=
{ attribute_instance } output port_identifier
| { attribute_instance } output reg port_identifier [ =
constant_expression ]
udp_input_declaration ::=
{ attribute_instance } input list_of_port_identifiers
udp_reg_declaration ::=
{ attribute_instance } reg variable_identifier
udp_body ::= (From A.5.3)
combinational_body | sequential_body
combinational_body ::=
table combinational_entry { combinational_entry } endtable
combinational_entry ::=
level_input_list : output_symbol ;
sequential_body ::=
[ udp_initial_statement ] table sequential_entry { sequential_entry }
endtable
udp_initial_statement ::=
initial output_port_identifier = init_val ;
init_val ::= 1'b0 | 1'b1 | 1'bx | 1'bX | 1'B0 | 1'B1 | 1'Bx | 1'BX | 1 | 0
sequential_entry ::=
seq_input_list : current_state : next_state ;
seq_input_list ::=
level_input_list | edge_input_list
level_input_list ::=
level_symbol { level_symbol }
edge_input_list ::=
{ level_symbol } edge_indicator { level_symbol }
edge_indicator ::=
( level_symbol level_symbol ) | edge_symbol
current_state ::= level_symbol
169
next_state ::=output_symbol | -
output_symbol ::= 0 | 1 | x | X
level_symbol ::= 0 | 1 | x | X | ? | b | B
edge_symbol ::= r | R | f | F | p | P | n | N | *
6.3.1.1 Tiu UDP
Mt nh ngha UDP c hai hnh thc xen k nhau. Hnh thc th

nht bt u vi t kha primitive, theo sau l mt nh danh, s l tn ca
UDP. N ko theo sau l mt danh sch cc cng nm trong du ngoc n
v c phn cch nhau bi du phy, cui cng l mt du chm phy.
Tiu ca nh ngha UDP s theo sau bi danh sch cc cng v bng
trng thi. nh ngha UDP kt thc bi t kha UDP.
Hnh thc th hai bt u vi t kha primitive, theo sau l mt
nh danh, s l tn ca UDP. N ko theo sau l mt danh sch cc cng
nm trong du ngoc n v c phn cch nhau bi du phy, cui cng
l mt du chm phy. Tiu ca nh ngha UDP s theo sau bi bng
trng thi. nh ngha UDP kt thc bi t kha UDP.
UDPs c nhiu cng u vo v c chnh xc mt cng u ra; cng
hai chiu vo ra khng c php dng trong UDPs. Tt c cc cng trong
UDP l v hng, cng vector khng c php dng.
u ra s cng u tin trong danh sch cng.
6.3.1.2 Khai bo cng (port) UDP
UDPs bao gm cc khai bo cng u vo v u ra. Khai bo cng

u ra bt u bng t kha output, theo sau l tn cng u ra.Khai bo
cng u vo bt u bng t kha input, theo sau l tn ca mt hoc
nhiu cng u vo.
170
UDPs tun t bao gm khai bo mt reg cho cng u ra thm vo
khai bo u ra, khi khai bo UDP s dng cch khai bo th nht ca tiu
UDP hoc nh phn khai bo u ra. UDPs t hp khng bao gm khai
bo reg. Gi tr ban u ca u ra c th c t bi cu ln initial trong
UDP tun t (6.3.1.3)
Qu trnh thc thi c th gii hn s u vo ca UDP, nh chng
cho php t nht 9 u vo cho UDP tun t v 10 u vo cho UDP t hp.
6.3.1.3 Khai bo khi to UDP tun t
Cu lnh khi to ca mt UDP tun t c t gi tr u ra khi qu

trnh m phng bt u. Cu lnh ny bt u vi t kha initial. Cu ln
ny theo sau s l cu lnh gn m mt bit n nguyn c gn vo cng
u ra.
6.3.1.4 Bng khai bo UDP
Bng trng thi nh ngha quan h ca mt UDP. N bt u vi t

kha table v kt thc vi t kha endtable. Mi dng ca bng kt thc
bng mt du chm phy.
Mi dng ca bng c to ra s dng mt lot cc k t (m t
trong trong Bng 6.8), trong cho thy gi tr u vo trng thi u ra.
Ba trng thi 1, 0 v x c h tr. Trng thi z b loi thc thi trong
UDPs. Mt s k t t bit c nh ngha biu din cc trng thi c
th ca mch t hp. Chng c m t trong Bng 6.8.
Th t ca cc trng trng thi u vo trong mi dng ca bng
theo th t trong danh sch cng trong nh ngha tiu UDP. N khng
quan h vi th t khai bo cng.
171
UDPs t hp c mt trng trn u vo v mt trng cho u ra.
Trng u vo ngn cch vi u ra bi u hai chm (:). Mi dng nh
ngha u ra cho mt t hp t bit cc gi tr u vo.
UDPs tun t c thm vo mt trng gia trng u vo v u ra.
l trng th hin trng thi hin ti ca UDP v tng ng vi gi tr
u ra hin ti. N gii hn bi du hai chm (:). Mi dng nh ngha u
ra da trn trng thi hin ti, t hp chi tit ca cc gi tr u vo, v mt
chuyn tip gi tr hin ti ti u vo. Mt dng nh m t bn di l
khng hp l:
(01) (10) 0 : 0 : 1 ;
Nu tt c cc gi tr u vo l x, th trng thi u ra s l x.
Khng cn thit c t r rng mi t hp u vo c th. Khi tt
c t hp cc gi tr u vo l khng c t r rng kt qu mc nh cho
u ra l x.
Khng hp l nu t hp ca u vo ging nhau, bao gm c cnh
c t cho u vo khc.
6.3.1.5 Gi tr Z trong UDP
Gi tr z trong bng trng thi khng c h tr v n xem nh l

khng hp l. Gi tr z qua cng u vo ti UDP c xem nh l gi tr
x.
6.3.1.6 Tng hp cc k hiu
tng s r rng v d vit ca bng trng thi, mt vi k hiu t

bit c cung cp. Bng 6.8 tng hp ngha ca tt c cc gi tr k hiu
hp l trong phn bng ca nh ngha UDP.
Bng 6.8 Gi tr k hiu hp l trong phn bng ca nh ngha UDP
172
K hiu Gii thch Ghi ch
0 Logic 0
1 Logic 1
x Khng xc nh Cho php trong cc trng u vo v
u ra ca tt c UDPs v trng trng
thi hin ti trong UDPs tun t
? Lp li cc gi tr 0,1 Khng cho php trong trng u ra
v x
b Lp li cc gi tr 0,1 Cho php trong cc trng u vo ca
tt c UDPs v trng trng thi hin ti
trong UDPs tun t. Khng cho php
trong trng u ra
- Khng thay i Ch cho php trong trng u ra ca
UDPs tun t.
(vw) Gi tr thay i t v v v w c th l mt gi tr bt k trong
ti w 0, 1, x, ?, b v ch cho php trong
trng u vo.
* Nh (??) Bt k thay i no trong u vo
r Nh (01) Cnh tng ca u vo
f Nh (10) Cnh gim ca u vo
p Lp li cc gi tr Cnh dng ca in th u vo
(01), (0x) v (x1)
n Lp li cc gi tr Cnh m ca in th u vo
(01), (0x) v (x0)
173
6.3.2 UDP t hp
Trong UDPs t hp, trng thi u ra c xc nh ch nh l mt

hm ca cc trng thi u vo hin ti. Bt k thay i no ca trng thi
u vo, UDP cng c lng v trng thi u ra s c thit lp theo
gi tr ch nh bi dng trong bng trng thi ph hp vi tt c cc trng
thi u vo. Tt c cc t hp ca u vo khng c t r rng s iu
khin trng thi u ra ti gi tr x.
V d 6.12 nh ngha mt b dn knh vi hai u vo d liu v

mt u vo iu khin:
V d 6.12
primitive multiplexer (mux, control, dataA, dataB);
output mux;
input control, dataA, dataB;
table
// bng iu khin mux dataA dataB
01 0 : 1 ;
01 1 : 1 ;
01 x : 1 ;
00 0 : 0 ;
00 1 : 0 ;
00 x : 0 ;
10 1 : 1 ;
11 1 : 1 ;
174
1x 1 : 1 ;
10 0 : 0 ;
11 0 : 0 ;
1x 0 : 0 ;
x0 0 : 0 ;
x1 1 : 1 ;
endtable
endprimitive
Mc nhp u tin trong
V d 6.12 c th c gii thch nh sau: Khi control bng 0, dataA

bng 1 v dataB bng 0 th u ra mux bng 1.
T hp u vo 0xx( control =0, dataA=x, dataB=x) l khng r
rng. Nu t hp ny xy ra trong sut qu trnh m phng th gi tr cng
u ra s l x.
S dng du hi chm ?, m t mt b dn knh c th c vit tt:
V d 6.13
primitive multiplexer (mux, control, dataA, dataB);
output mux;
input control, dataA, dataB;
table
//bng iu khin mux dataA dataB
01?:1 ;// ? = 0 1 x
00?:0 ;
1?1:1 ;
1?0:0 ;
175
x00:0 ;
x11:1 ;
endtable
endprimitive
6.3.3 UDP tun t tch cc mc
Hnh vi ca mch tun t tch cc mc cng ging vi hnh vi ca

mnh t hp, ngoi tr u ra khai bo l mt loi reg v thm vo mt
trng trong mi mc ca bng. Trng mi ny s biu din trng thi
hin ti ca UDP. Trng u ra trong UDP tun t biu din trng thi
tip theo.
Xem xt v d mch cht:
V d 6.14
primitive latch (q, clock, data);
output q; reg q;
input clock, data;
table
// clock data q q+
01 : ? : 1 ;
00 : ? : 0 ;
1? : ? : - ;// - = khng thay i
endtable
endprimitive
M t ny khc vi UDP t hp hai iu. iu th nht, nh danh

u ra q c thm khai bo l reg ch ra l trng thai ni b q. Gi tr u
ra ca UDP lun ging vi trng thi hp b. iu th hai l mt trng
176
cho trng thi hiu ti, c thm vo phn cch vi u vo v u ra
bng du hai chm.
6.3.4 UDP tun t tch cc cnh
Trong hnh vi tch cc mc, gi tr ca u vo v trng thi hin ti

l xc nh gi tr u ra. Hnh vi tch cc cnh khc ch thay i
u ra gy nn bi mt chuyn tip ca u vo. iu ny lm cho bng
trng thi thnh bng chuyn tip.
Mi mc ca bng c mt c t chuyn tip t nht mt gi tr u
vo. Chuyn tip ny c t bi mt cp gi tr trong du ngoc n nh l
(01) hoc k hiu chuyn tip nh l r. Mc nh th ny l khng hp l:
(01)(01)0:0:1 ;
Tt c cc chuyn tip m khng nh hng n trng thi u ra
c quy nh r rng. Nu khng, qu trnh chuyn i lm cho gi tr
u ra chuyn sang z. Tt c cc chuyn tip khng r rng c mt nh
gi tr u ra l x.
Nu hnh vi ca UDP tch cc cnh ca u vo bt k, trng thi
u ra mong mun s c t cho tt c cc cnh ca tt c cc u vo.
V d 6.15 sau m t mt flip-flopD tch cc cnh ln:
V d 6.15
primitive d_edge_ff (q, clock, data);
output q; reg q;
input clock, data;
table
// clock dataqq+
// u ra thu c trn cnh tng ca clock
(01) 0:?:0;
177
(01) 1:?:1;
(0?) 1:1:1;
(0?) 0:0:0;
// b qua cnh m ca lock
(?0) ?:?:-;
// b qua s thay i d liu khi clock khng thay i
?(??):?:-;
endtable
endprimitive
Thut ng (01) biu din cho qu trnh chuyn tip ca gi tr u

vo. C th, (01) biu din mt chuyn tip t 0 ti 1. Dng u tin trong
bng nh ngha UDP trc c hiu nh sau: khi clock thay i gi tr t
0 ti 1 v d liu bng 0, u ra s l 0 bt k gi tr hin hnh.
Chuyn tip ca clock t 0 ti x vi d liu bng 0 v trng thi hin
ti l 1 th kt qu u ra q s l x.
6.3.5 Mch hn hp gia UDP mch tch cc mc v UDP tch cc cnh
nh ngha UDP cho php trn ln ln gia cu trc tch cc mc v

tch cc cnh trong cng mt bng. Khi u vo thay i, trng hp tch
cc cnh x l u tin, theo sau l trng hp tch cc mc. V vy, khi
trng hp tch cc cnh v tch cc mc cho ra cc gi tr u ra khc
nhau, th kt qu s quyt nh bi trng hp tch cc mc.
V d 6.16
primitive jk_edge_ff (q, clock, j, k, preset, clear);
output q; reg q;
input clock, j, k, preset, clear;
178
table
// clockjkpcstate output/next state
???01: ? : 1 ; // preset logic
???*1: 1 : 1 ;
???10: ? : 0 ; // clear logic
???1*: 0 : 0 ;
r0000: 0 : 1 ; // normal clockingcases
r0011: ? : - ;
r0111: ? : 0 ;
r1011: ? : 1 ;
r1111: 0 : 1 ;
r1111: 1 : 0 ;
f????: ? : - ;
b*???: ? : - ; // chuyn tip j v k
b?*??: ? : - ;
endtable
endprimitive
Trong v d ny, bin logic preset v clear l tch cc mc. Bt k

khi no t hp preset v clear l 01, th u ra s l 1. Tng t, khi t hp
preser v clear l 10, th gi tr u ra s l 0.
Cc logic cn li l tch cc cnh vi clock. Trong trng hp clock
thng thng, flip-flop tch cc vi cnh ln ca clock, nh ch nh r trong
trng clock trong bng bn trn. Trng hp khng tch cc vi cnh
xung ca clock c ch ra bi mt du gch (-) trong trng u ra (
Bng 6.8) cho mi mu vi f l gi tr ca clock. Nh rng u ra mong
mun cho cc chuyn tip u vo trnh gi tr khng mong mun x
179
u ra. Hai mu cui cng ch ra chuyn tip trong u vo j v k khng
thay i u ra khi ng h n nh mc thp hoc cao.
6.3.6 Gi s dng UDP
C php to mt th hin UDP c m t nh

C php 6-2.
C php 6-2
udp_instantiation ::=
udp_identifier [ drive_strength ] [ delay2 ]
udp_instance { , udp_instance } ;
udp_instance ::=
[ name_of_udp_instance ] ( output_terminal , input_terminal
{ , input_terminal } )
name_of_udp_instance ::=
udp_instance_identifier [ range ]
Th hin ca UDPs c c t bn trong module ging nh l mt

cng (xem 6.2) Tn th hin l ty chn ging nh cng. Cc cng kt ni
theo th t khai bo trong nh ngha UDP. Ch c hai tr hon c th c t
bi g gi tr z khng c h tr cho UDPs. Mt lot cc ty chn ch th
c ch nh bi mt mng cc th hin UDP. Lut kt ni cc cng cng
yu cu ging nh vi cng trong phn 6.2.
V d 6.17 m t vic to mt th hin ca flip-flop loi D d_edge_ff
( nh ngha trong phn 6.3.2)
V d 6.17
module flip;
reg clock, data;
parameter p1 = 10;
parameter p2 = 33;
parameter p3 = 12;
180
d_edge_ff #p3 d_inst (q, clock, data);
initial begin
data = 1;
clock = 1;
#(20 * p1) $finish;
end
always #p1 clock = ~clock;
always #p2 data = ~data;
endmodule
6.4 M t mch t hp v mch tun t s dng m hnh cu
trc
6.4.1 M t mch t hp
Ta c th s dng m hnh cu trc m t thit k cho tt c cc

loi mch t hp nh multiplexer, decoder, encoder, adder,
V d 6.18 M t cng XOR
module xor_gate ( out, a, b );

input a, b;
output out;
wire abar, bbar, t1, t2;
not invA (abar, a);
not invB (bbar, b);
and and1 (t1, a, bbar);
181
and and2 (t2, b, abar);

or or1 (out, t1, t2);
endmodule
V d 6.19 M t mch MUX2
module mux2 (in0, in1, select, out);

input in0,in1,select;
output out;
wire s0,w0,w1;
not (s0, select);
and (w0, s0, in0),
(w1, select, in1);
or (out, w0, w1);
endmodule // mux2
V d 6.20 M t mch decoder2-4
module decoder2_to_4 ( y0, y1, y2, y3, s1, s0 );

// Inputs and outputs
output y0, y1, y2, y3;
input s1, s0;
// Internal wires
wire s1n, s0n;
// Create complements of s1 and s0
not ( s1n, s1 );
not ( s0n, s0 );
and ( y0, s1n, s0n );
and ( y1, s1n, s0 );
and ( y2, s1, s0n );
and ( y3, s1, s0 );
endmodule
182
V d 6.21 M t mch encoder8-3
module encoder8_3( A , D );
output[2:0] A;
input[7:0] D;
or( A[0], D[1], D[3], D[5], D[7] );
or( A[1], D[2], D[3], D[6], D[7] );
or( A[2], D[4], D[5], D[6], D[7] );
endmodule
V d 6.22 M t mch adder 1 bit
module adder1 (s, cout, a, b, cin);

output s, cout;
input a, b, cin;
xor (t1, a, b);

xor (s, t1, cin);
and (t2, t1, cin),
(t3, a, b);
or (cout, t2, t3);
endmodule
V d 6.23 M t mch adder 4 bit t mch adder 1 bit
module adder4 (sum, carry, inA, inB);

output [3:0] sum;
output carry;
input [3:0] inA, inB;
adder1 a0 (sum[0], c0, inA[0], inB[0], 1'b0);
adder1 a1 (sum[1], c1, inA[1], inB[1], c0);
adder1 a2 (sum[2], c2, inA[2], inB[2], c1);
adder1 a3 (sum[3], carry, inA[3], inB[3], c2);
endmodule
183
6.4.2 M t mch tun t
Ta c th s dng m hnh cu trc m t thit k cho tt c cc

loi mch tun t nh latch, flipflop, register, counter,
V d 6.24 M t mch SR latch
module clockedSR_latch(Q, Qbar, Sbar, Rbar, clk);

//Port declarations
output Q, Qbar;
input Sbar, Rbar, clkbar;
wire X, Y;
// Gate declarations
not a(clkbar, clk);
or r1(X, Sbar, clkbar);
or r2(Y, Rbar, clkbar);
nand n1(Q, X, Qbar);
nand n2(Qbar, Y , Q);
endmodule
V d 6.25 M t mch D latch
module clockedD_latch(Q, Qbar, D, clk);

//Port declarations
output Q, Qbar;
input D, clk;
wire X, Y, clkbar, Dbar;
// Gate declarations
not a1(clkbar, clk);
not a2(Dbar, D);
or r1(X, Dbar, clkbar);
or r2(Y, D, clkbar);
nand n1(Q, X, Qbar);
nand n2(Qbar, Y , Q);
184
endmodule
V d 6.26 M t mch D flipflip
module edge_dff(q, qbar, d, clk, clear);

output q,qbar;
input d, clk, clear;
wire s, sbar, r, rbar,cbar;
not (cbar, clear);
not (clkbar, clk);
// Input latches
nand (sbar, rbar, s);
nand (s, sbar, cbar, clkbar);
nand (r, rbar, clkbar, s);
nand (rbar, r, cbar, d);
// Output latch
nand (q, s, qbar);
nand (qbar, q, r, cbar);
endmodule
V d 6.27 M t D flipflop master-slaver

// Negative edge-triggered D-flipflop with 2 D-latches in master-slave
relation
module edge_dff(q, qbar, d, clk, clear);
output q, qbar;
input d, clk, clear;
wire q1;
clockedD_latch master(q1, , d, clk, clear); // master D-latch
not(clkbar, clk);
clockedD_latch slave(q, qbar, q1, clkbar, clear, writeCtr); // slave D-latch
endmodule
V d 6.28 M t b m 4 bit
module counter(Q , clock, clear);

output [3:0] Q;
185
input clock, clear;

// Instantiate the T flipflops
t_ff tff0(Q[0], clock, clear);
t_ff tff1(Q[1], Q[0], clear);
endmodule
V d 6.29 M t thanh ghi 4 bit
// Register module - 4-bit register

module register4bits( dataOut, dataIn, enable, clock, clear );
// Inputs and outputs
output [3:0] dataOut;
input [3:0] dataIn;
input enable, clock, clear;
// 4 D-flipflops
edge_dff ff0( dataOut[0], dataIn[0], enable, clock, clear );
endmodule
6.5 Bi tp
1. Bn hiu th no v m hnh cu trc (structural model)?
2. Nu mt s cng logic c bn m bn bit v cc gi chng trong m

hnh cu trc bng ngn ng Verilog?
3. Cc m hnh mnh logic trong Verilog?
4. S kt hp mnh logic ca nhng tn hiu khng r rng trong

Verilog nh th no?
186
5. Nu cc t t tr hon cng v net?
6. UDP l g? Nu cc loi UDP c bn?
7. Cch khai bo v s dng mt UDP c bn?
8. To mt UDP theo cng thc boolean sau:
out = (a1 & a2 & a3 ) | (b1 & b2)
187
Chng 7. M hnh thit k hnh vi (Behavioral model)
7.1 Khi qut
M hnh thit k mc hnh vi s m t h thng theo cch m

n hnh x thay v kt ni cc linh kin mc thp li vi nhau. Hay ni
cch khc, m hnh thit k hnh vi ch m t mi quan h gia cc tn hiu
ng ra vi cc tn hiu ng vo m khng cn quan tm n cu trc phn
cng bn trong n. M hnh hnh vi c hai mc m t khc nhau, mt l
m t mc RTL hay cn gi l php gn ni tip hay cng c th gi
l php gn lin tc, hai l m t mc gii thut (algorithmic).
7.2 Php gn ni tip hay php gn lin tc - m hnh thit k
RTL (continuous assignment)
7.2.1 Gii thiu
Php gn ni tip m hnh thit k RTL, thng thng m t lung

d liu bn trong nhng h thng ging nh lung d liu gia nhng
thanh ghi. Php gn ni tip m hnh thit k RTL a s c s dng
trong vic thit k mch t hp.
Php gn ni tip m hnh thit k RTL, dng gn mt gi tr
n net, net y c th l net n hoc mt mng (vector) cc net, do
biu thc bn tri php gn ni tip phi c d liu l net, khng th l loi
d liu thanh ghi (register). Php gn ny c thc hin ngay khi c s
thay i gi tr bn phi ca php gn. Php gn ni tip m hnh thit
k RTL, cung cp mt phng php m hnh mch t hp m khng cn
m t s kt ni gia cc cng vi nhau, m thay vo n m t biu thc
188
logic iu khin net. Hay ni cch khc, php gn ni tip iu khin net
theo nh cch m cc cng linh kin iu khin net, trong biu thc bn
phi php gn c th c xem nh l mt mch t hp iu khin net
mt cch lin tc.
V d 7.1
assign m = 1b1;
assign a = b & c;
assign #10 a = 1bz;
7.2.2 Php gn ni tip khi khai bo net
Verilog cho php mt php gn ni tip c t trn cng pht biu

khai bo net
V d 7.2
wire (strong1, pull0) mynet = enable ; //khai bo v gn
wire a = b & c; //khai bo v gn
Tuy nhin vi cch gn ny, do mt net ch c khai bo mt ln

dn n net ny ch nhn c gi tr t mt php gn duy nht. Nu mun
mt net c th nhn gi tr t nhiu php gn khc nhau th ta phi dng
pht biu php gn ni tip tng minh.
7.2.3 Pht biu php gn ni tip tng minh
Trong pht biu php gn ni tip tng minh, ta dng mt cch

tng minh mt php gn ni tip vi t kha assign gn gi tr cho net
sau khi net c khai bo.
Nhng php gn trn cc net s c thc hin lin tc mt cch t
ng. Hay ni cch khc, bt c khi no gi tr ca mt ton hng bn biu
189
thc pha phi ca php gn thay i th ton b gi tr cc net bn tri
php gn s cp nht ngay li gi tr. Nu gi tr mi khc vi gi tr trc
th gi tr mi s c gn vo net bn tri php gn.
V d 7.3
wire a; //khai bo
parameter Zee = 1'bz;
assign a = Zee; //gn 1
assign a = b & c; //gn 2
Nhng dng hp l ca biu thc bn tri ca php gn ni tip phi
l loi d liu net:
Net (c th l net n scalar hoc mt mng cc net net
vector)
Bit bt k c chn trong net vector
Mt phn cc bit bt k c chn trong net vector
Mt phn cc bit bt k c ch s (index) c chn trong net
vector.
Biu thc ni {} gia cc biu thc hp l trn.
V d 7.4
module adder (sum_out, carry_out, carry_in, ina, inb);
output [3:0] sum_out;
output carry_out;
input [3:0] ina, inb;
input carry_in;
wire carry_out, carry_in;
wire [3:0] sum_out, ina, inb;
assign {carry_out, sum_out} = ina + inb + carry_in;
endmodule
190
Trong v d trn, php gn ni tip c s dng m hnh mt
mch cng 4 bit c nh. y ta khng th dng php gn ni tip khi
khai bo net bi v ta s dng cc net ny trong php ni {} pha bn tri
php gn.
V d 7.5
module select_bus(busout, bus0, bus1, bus2, bus3, enable, s);
parameter n = 16;
parameter Zee = 16'bz;
output [1:n] busout;
input [1:n] bus0, bus1, bus2, bus3;
input enable;
input [1:2] s;
tri [1:n] data; // khai bo net
// khai bo net vi php gn ni tip
tri [1:n] busout = enable ? data : Zee;
// pht biu vi 4 php gn ni tip
assign
data = (s == 0) ? bus0 : Zee,
data = (s == 1) ? bus1 : Zee,
data = (s == 2) ? bus2 : Zee,
data = (s == 3) ? bus3 : Zee;
endmodule
Trong v d trn ta thy net data c th nhn gi tr t nhiu php gn

ni tip khc nhau.
191
7.2.4 To tr hon (delay) cho php gn
to tr hon tnh t khi gi tr ca mt ton hng bn phi php

gn thay i cho n khi gi tr net bn tay tri c cp nht s thay i
gi tr th ta c th m t tr hon ngay trn php gn. Nu biu
thc bn tay tri l mt net n (scalar) th vic m t tr hon hon ton
ging nh m t tr hon cho cc cng linh kin, c th l thi gian
ln (rising), thi gian xung (falling) hay thi gian t trng thi tng
tr cao (high impedance) cho net .
Nu biu thc bn tay tri l mt mng cc net (net vector) th qui
lut sau s quyt nh php gn c tr hon loi no.
Nu biu thc bn phi php gn to ra s thay i t trng
thi khc 0 n trng thi 0, th tr hon thi gian xung
(falling) s c s dng
Nu biu thc bn phi php gn to ra s thay i t trng
thi bt k n trng thi tng tr cao z th thi gian tr hon
turn-off s c s dng.
Tt c cc trng hp cn li th tr hon thi gian ln (rising)
s c s dng.
Vic m t tr hon trong mt php gn ni tip ngay trn khai
bo net s c x l khc vi vic m t tr hon ca mt net ri sau
mi thc hin php gn ni tip. Mt gi tr tr hon c th c cung
cp cho mt net trong khai bao net nh trong v d sau:
wire #10 wireA;

assign wireA = 1bz;
assign wireA = b;
192
C php ny c gi l m t tr hon ca net, c ngha l bt k
s thay i gi tr no t biu thc bn phi php gn m c cung cp
n wireA u s b tr hon trong 10 n v thi gian trc khi php gn
c hiu lc. Nh vy trong v d trn, c hai php gn u i 10 n v
thi gian sau th gi tr bn phi php gn mi c cp nht cho net
wireA.
Cn i vi php gn ni tip c m t ngay trong khai bo net th
tr hon l mt phn ca php gn ni tip ch khng phi l tr hon
ca net, do n s khng phi l tr hon ca cc php gn khc trn
net . Hn na, nu bn tri php gn l mt mng cc net (vector net) th
thi gian tr hon ln, thi gian tr hon xung s khng c cung cp n
nhng bit ring l nu php gn nm ngay trong phn khai bo net.
wire #10 wireA = 1bz;
Trong trng hp m mt ton hng bn phi php gn thay i
trc khi s thay i ca gi tr trc c thi gian truyn n net
bn tri php gn th nhng bc sau s din ra.
Gi tr ca biu thc bn phi php gn c tnh.
Nu gi tr c tnh khc vi gi tr ang truyn n net
bn tri php gn th gi tr ang truyn ny s hy.
Nu gi tr c tnh bng vi gi tr ang truyn n net
bn tri php gn th gi tr ang truyn vn c tip tc.
7.2.5 mnh php gn
mnh iu khin ca php gn c th c m t bi ngi s

dng. Vic m t mnh ny ch hp l cho nhng php gn n nhng
net n nh sau
wire tri trireg
wand triand tri0
193
wor trior tri1
Nhng php gn ni tip c iu khin mnh c th c m t
ngay trong khai bo net hoc ng mt mnh trong php gn ni tip vi t
kha assign. Vic m t mnh, nu c cung cp th phi theo ngay
sau t kha (t kha cho loi d liu hay t kha assign) v ng trc m
t tr hon. Bt c khi no m php gn ni tip iu khin net th
mnh ca gi tr s m phng nh l c m t.
Mt m t mnh iu khin s bao gm mt gi tr mnh
m t cho mt net c gn gi tr 1 v mt gi tr mnh m t cho
mt net c gn gi tr 0.
Nhng t kha sau s m t mnh ca php gn 1:
Nhng t kha sau s m t mnh ca php gn 0:
Th t ca s m t hai mnh trn l ty . Hai nguyn tc sau s
rng buc vic s dng s m t mnh iu khin.
Nhng m t mnh (highz1, highz0) v (highz0, highz1) s
c xem nh l khng hp l.
Nu mnh iu khin khng c m t th mnh mc
nh s l (strong1, strong0).
7.3 Php gn qui trnh - m hnh thit k mc thut ton
(procedural assignment)
Php gn qui trnh m hnh thit k mc thut ton s dng

mt chui cc lnh c th ca nhng pht biu nh ngha chui cc
php ton trong h thng. Vic m t ny ging nh vic m t chng
trnh s dng ngn ng cp cao khc chng hn nh C. Php gn qui trnh
194
m hnh thit k mc thut ton a s c s dng trong vic thit
k mch tun t. Php gn qui trnh s cung cp kh nng tru tng cn
thit m t mt h thng phc tp mc cao chng hn nh h thng vi
x l hoc thc thi vic kim tra nh thi phc tp, m ta kh c th thc
hin c chng nu s dng m hnh cu trc hoc m hnh RTL (php
gn ni tip)
Php gn qui trnh c dng cp nht gi tr vo cho loi d liu
bin (variable) nh reg, integer, time, real, realtime v memory. Php
gn ny khng mt thi gian, m thay vo bin s lu gi gi tr ca
php gn cho n khi c mt php gn qui trnh k tip cho bin xut
hin.
Khc vi php gn lin tc (continuous assignment) l iu khin
net v cp nht gi tr cho net bt c khi no gi tr ca mt ton hng trong
biu thc bn phi php gn thay i, cn php gn qui trnh cp nht gi
tr cho bin di s iu khin ca lung cu trc qui trnh xung quanh n.
Bn phi ca php gn qui trnh c th l bt k mt biu thc no,
bt k loi d liu no dng tnh ton ra mt gi tr. Bn tri php gn l
mt bin nhn gi tr gn t pha phi php gn. Bin bn tri php gn ch
c th l mt trong nhng dng sau:
Mt bin n hay mt mng bin (variable vector) c loi d
liu bin l reg, integer, real, realtime, hoc time.
Mt bit c chn trong mt mng bin (variable vector) c
loi d liu bin l reg, integer, hoc time. Cc bit cn li s
khng b tc ng.
Mt phn cc bit c chn trong mt mng bin (variable
vector) c loi d liu bin l reg, integer, hoc time. Cc bit
cn li s khng b tc ng.
Mt t (word) trong b nh.
195
S kt hp dng php {} ni cc dng trn li vi nhau.
Vic kt hp dng php {} ny khin vic phn chia cc phn
kt qu ca gi tr biu thc bn phi v gn nhng phn ny
vo nhng phn khc nhau ca cc bin trong php {} bn tay
tri theo th t r rng.
Ch : Php gn n mt bin c kiu d liu bin l reg s khc so

vi php gn n bin c kiu d liu bin l real, realtime, time, hay
integer khi m s bt bn phi php gn t hn so vi bn tri php gn.
Php gn n reg s khng sign-extend.
Php gn qui trnh xut hin bn trong nhng khi qui trnh
(procedure) nh l always, initial , task, function v nhng t kha ny c
th c xem nh l s kch khi ca cc php gn qui trnh.
Cc khi qui trnh always v khi qui trnh initial bt u theo
nhng lung hot ng c lp.
Cc khi qui trnh task v function, ta s xem xt trong chng sau.
Ta xt mt v d n gin hon chnh v m hnh thit k qui trnh
procedure.
V d 7.6
module behave;
reg [1:0] a, b;
initial begin
a = b1;
b = b0;
end
always begin
#50 a = ~a;
196
end
always begin
#100 b = ~b;
end
endmodule
Trong qu trnh chy m phng thit k ny, tt c cc lung d liu

c m t bi khi initial v always s cng thc thi chy m phng ti
thi im zero. Lung d liu bn trong khi initial ch thc thi mt ln,
cn lung d liu trong khi always s thc thi lp li khi lung d liu
(php gn) chm n t kha end. Cn ch y l s lp li ca
lung d liu (hay c th ni l s lp li ca cc php gn) bn trong khi
always l hon ton khc vi s lp li ca cc m lnh (instructions) trong
ngn ng software. Cc php gn trong khi always s c synthesize ra
mt mch phn cng, mch ny c chc nng hot ng lp li, v d mt
mch m ln chng hn.
Trong m t thit k trn, hai d liu bin thanh ghi a v b c khi
to gi tr ln lt l 1 v 0 ngay ti thi im zero. Cc php gn trong
khi initial sau khi khi to gi tr cho cc bin xong th s khng thc thi
li bt k ln no na trong sut qu trnh chy m phng. Khi cu trc
initial cha mt block begin-end (y cn c gi l sequential block) ca
pht biu. Trong khi begin-end ny, bin d liu thanh ghi a c khi to
trc, sau n b. Khi cu trc always cng bt u thc thi ti thi
im zero, nhng gi tr ca cc bin d liu thanh ghi khng thay i cho
n khi khong thi gian tr hon c m t bi delay controls (bt u
bi #) c tri qua. Nh vy, theo nh m t thit k, trong qu trnh chy
m phng, gi tr bin thanh ghi d liu a s b o sau khong thi gian l
50 n v thi gian v bin thanh ghi d liu b b o sau khong thi gian
197
l 100 n v thi gian. Khi cu trc alays cng cha mt block begin-end
(y cn c gi l sequential block). Bi v, lung d liu (cc php gn)
trong khi cu trc always c lp li khi lung d liu chm end trong
khi begin-end nn vi m t thit k trn th s c hai dng xung tun
hon c to ra bi a v b. Mt l xung c chu k l 100 n v thi gian
c to ra bi a, mt l xung khc c chu k l 200 n v thi gian c
to ra bi b. Hai khi cu trc always nh trong m t thit k trn s thc
thi ng thi trong sut qu trnh chy m phng, bi v trong thc t sau
qu trnh synthesis, th hai khi always ny s to ra hai mch phn cng
c lp v khi c cung cp ngun in hot ng th c hai s hot ng
ng thi.
7.3.1 Php gn khai bo bin
Php gn khai bo bin l mt trng hp c bit ca php gn qui

trnh, dng gn mt gi tr cho bin. N cho php khi to mt gi tr
cho bin trong cng pht biu khai bo bin. Php gn c th l mt biu
thc hng s. Php gn ny khng mt thi gian, m thay vo , mt d
liu bin gi gi tr cho n khi c mt php gn k tip c gn n n.
Nhng php gn khai bo bin n mt mng l khng c php. Nhng
php gn khai bo bin ch c php mc module. Nu mt bin m
c gn hai gi tr khc nhau, mt l khi initial, mt l trong php gn
khai bo bin th th t ca php gn khng c xc nh.
V d 7.7
V d a: Khai bo mt bin thanh ghi 4 bit v gn gi tr gi tr cho
n l 4.
reg[3:0] a = 4h4;
Php gn khai bo bin trn tng ng vi :
198
reg[3:0] a;
initial a = 4h4;
V d b: Php gn sau l khng c php
reg[3:0] array [3:0] = 0;
V d c: Khai bo hai bin c kiu d liu bin l integer, bin u
c gn gi tr 0.
integer i =0, j;
V d d: Khai bo hai bin c kiu d liu bin l s thc real, gn
gi tr ln lt l 2.5 v 3,000,000.
real r1 = 2.5, n300k = 3E6;
V d e: Khai bo mt bin c kiu d liu bin l time, mt c kiu
d liu bin l realtime vi gi tr khi to
time t1 = 25;
realtime rt1 = 2.5;
7.3.2 Php gn qui trnh kn (blocking assignment)
Mt php gn c gi l php gn blocking assignment khi m gi

tr bn tri ca php gn ny c gn bi biu thc bn phi (ngha l
gi tr ca biu thc bn tri c xc nh valid) th php gn k tip
n trong sequential block (begin-end) mi c thc thi. Hay ni cch
khc, php gn blocking assignment thc thi xong th php gn k tip n
trong sequential block (begin-end) mi c thc thi. Tuy nhin, php gn
blocking assignment bn trong parallel block (fork-join) s khng cn tr
vic thc hin cc php gn k tip n.
Theo php gn qui trnh kn, = l ton t gn. iu khin vic
nh thi (timing) cho php gn c th dng mt iu khin tr hon (delay)
(v d: #6) hay mt iu khin s kin (v d: @(posedge clk) ). Gi tr ca
biu thc bn phi php gn s c gn vo bn tri php gn. Nu php
199
gn i hi mt gi tr, gi tr ny s c gn n ngay ti thi im c
khai bo bi mt trong hai iu khin nh thi trn.
Ton t gn = dng trong php gn qui trinh kn cng c dng
trong php gn ni tip (php gn lin tc, continuous assignment).
V d 7.8 m t php gn qui trnh kn:
V d 7.8
rega = 0;
rega[3] = 1; // gn ti a bit
rega[3:5] = 7; // gn ti mt phn ca mng
mema[address] = 8hff; // php gn n mt phn t nh.
{carry, acc} = rega + regb; // gn n mt php ni (concatenation)
7.3.2.1 Mch t hp vi php gn qui trnh kn
Nhng php gn qui trnh kn thng c s dng trong thit k

mch t hp (combination circuit). Tuy nhin, ta vn c th s dng php
gn qui trnh kn m t mch tun t (sequential circuit) nhng khng
ph bin.
Khi dng php gn qui trnh kn thit k mch t hp, ta cn ch
nhng yu cu mang tnh bt buc sau:
Tt c cc tn hiu input phi c t trong sensitive list.
Tn hiu ng ra phi c gn trong tt c cc lung iu
khin.
V d 7.9 Mch t hp chn knh, m t thit k ny p ng c hai

yu cu mang tnh bt buc trn.
module mux (f, sel, b, c);
output f;
input sel, b, c;
200
reg f;
always @(sel or b or c)
if (sel == 1)
f= b;
else
f = c;
endmodule
iu kin 1: Ba tn hiu input l sel, b, c u nm trong sensitive

list l @ (sel or b or c)
iu kin 2: Tn hiu output f nm trong c hai lung iu khin
(sel==1) v (sel ==0).
Ta cn ch y, nu trong m t thit k mch t hp ta khng
tun theo hai iu kin trn th thit k s khng sai v c php nhng chc
nng ca thit k s khng nh ta mong mun.
V d 7.10
module mux (f, g, a, b, c);
output f, g;
input a, b, c;
reg f;
always @(a or b or c)
if (a == 1)
f= b;
else
g = c;
endmodule
201
Trong V d 7.10, iu kin 1 c p ng tuy nhin iu kin 2
khng c p ng, trong lung iu khin u tin (a==1) ch c output f
c gn, vy output g khng c gi tr xc nh, tip n lung iu khin
k tip (a==0) ch c output g c gn, vy output f khng c gi tr xc
nh. Nh vy y khng th l mt m t thit k cho mch t hp bi v
trong mch t hp khi tn hiu input xc nh th tt c cc gi tr output
cng phi xc nh.
7.3.3 Php gn qui trnh h (non-blocking assignment)
Php gn qui trnh h cho php cc tt c cc php gn trong khi

sequential block (begin-end) c thc thi gn mt cch c lp m khng
ph thuc vo qu trnh gn ca php gn trc chng. Hay c th ni cch
khc, tt c cc php gn trong sequential block (begin-end) s c gn
ng thi ngay ti mt thi im m khng cn quan tm n th t cng
nh s ph thuc vo cc php gn trc .
Theo php gn qui trnh h <= l ton t gn ca php gn qui
trnh h. iu khin vic nh thi (timing) cho php gn c th dng
mt iu khin tr hon (delay) (v d: #6) hay mt iu khin s kin (v
d: @(posedge clk) ). Nu php gn i hi mt gi tr t bn phi php
gn, gi tr ny s c gn n cng ti thi im biu thc bn phi c
xc nh. Th t ca vic xc nh gi tr gia php gn v biu thc bn
phi s khng c xc nh nu vic iu khin vic nh thi khng c
m t.
Ton t ca php gn h <= ging nh ton t quan h nh hn
hoc bng <=. Trnh bin dch s quyt nh n thuc loi ton t no
da vo bi cnh s dng n. Khi <= c dng trong mt biu thc, n
s c xem nh l mt ton t quan h, v khi n c dng trong php
gn qui trnh h th n c xem nh l mt ton t gn.
202
Php gn qui trnh h c tnh theo hai bc:
Bc 1: Trnh m phng xc nh cc gi tr ca biu thc bn
phi ca tt c cc php gn qui trnh h trong khi sequential
block (begin-end) v ch chun b thc thi php gn gi tr
va xc nh khi c mt iu khin nh thi (#delay, @,
wait()) hoc sau php gn cui cng trong sequential block
(begin-end) xy ra.
Bc 2: Khi iu khin nh thi (#delay, @, wait()) hoc sau
php gn cui cng trong sequential block (begin-end) xy ra,
trnh m phng s gn cc gi tr c xc nh sn trong
bc 1 vo bn tri cc php gn mt cch ng thi.
V d 7.11 M t hai bc trong php gn qui trnh h

module evaluates2 (out);
output out;
reg a, b, c;
initial begin
a = 0;
b = 1;
c = 0;
end
always c = #5 ~c;
always @(posedge c) begin
a <= b; // tnh ton, ch gn
b <= a; // thc hin hai php gn
end
endmodule
Trong V d 7.11:
203
Bc 1: Trnh m phng xc nh cc gi tr ca biu thc bn phi
ca tt c cc php gn qui trnh h trong khi sequential block (begin-end)
v ch chun b thc thi php gn gi tr va xc nh khi c cnh ln xung
clock. Nh vy ti bc ny a vn mang gi tr 0, b vn mang gi tr 1.
Bc 2: Ti cnh ln xung clock, trnh m phng s gn cc gi tr
c xc nh sn trong bc 1 vo bn tri cc php gn mt cch
ng thi. Nh vy, sau bc ny, a c gn gi tr mi t b c sn trc
l 1 cn b c gn gi tr mi t a c sn trc l 0.
V d 7.12 So snh php gn qui trnh kn v qui trnh h trong vic khi to gi
tr.
//non_block1.v
module non_block1;
reg a, b, c, d, e, f;
//php gn kn
initial begin
a = #10 1; // a s c gn = 1 ti t = 10
b = #2 0; // b s c gn = 0 ti t = 12
c = #4 1; // c s c gn = 1 ti t = 16
end
//php gn h
initial begin
d <= #10 1; // d s c gn = 1 ti t = 10
e <= #2 0; // e s c gn = 0 ti t = 2
f <= #4 1; // f s c gn = 1 ti t = 4
end
endmodule
204
Ta thy rng, khi s dng php gn qui trnh h, do tt c php gn
ch c thc thi ng thi ti bc 2 do th t ca cc php gn qui
trnh h khng quan trong.
V d 7.13 So snh php gn qui trnh kn v qui trnh h trong m t mch tun
t.
V d 3: Blocking assignments
rega
always @(posedge clk) begin D-FF
rega = data ;
regb = rega ; data regb
end D-FF
clk
Blocking assignments
always @(posedge clk) begin
rega
regb = rega ;
data regb
rega = data ; D-FF D-FF
clk
end
Trong php gn qui trinh kn, th th t gia cc php gn s nh

hng n kt qu synthesis ca phn cng to ra do trong php gn qui
trinh kn, php gn ng sau ch c thc thi khi gi tr ca php gn
trc n c xc nh.
Non-blocking assignments
always @(posedge clk) begin rega
rega <= data ; data regb
D-FF D-FF
regb <= rega ; clk
end
205
Non-blocking assignments
always @(posedge clk) begin rega
regb <= rega ; data regb
rega <= data ; D-FF D-FF
clk
end
Trong php gn qui trinh h, th th t gia cc php gn s khng
nh hng n kt qu synthesis ca phn cng to ra, do trong php gn
qui trinh h cc php gn c thc thi mt cch ng thi.
V d 7.14
//non_block1.v
module non_block1;
reg a, b;
initial begin
a = 0;
b = 1;
a <= b;
b <= a;
end
initial begin
$monitor ($time, ,"a = %b b = %b", a, b);
#100 $finish;
end
endmodule
Gi tr cui cng ca php gn : a = 1; b =0
206
7.3.3.1 Mch tun t vi php gn qui trnh h
Nhng php gn qui trnh h thng c s dng trong thit k

mch tun t (sequential circuit).
V d 7.15 M t thit k mch ghi dch (shifter)

module shifter (in, A,B,C,clk);
input in, clk;
input A,B,C;
reg A, B, C;
always @ (posedge clk) begin
B <= A;
A <= in;
C <= B;
end
endmodule
iu ch trong v d trn l, th t ca cc php gn qui trnh

h l khng quan trng.
in A B C
D-FF D-FF D-FF
clk
Hnh 7.1 Phn cng thit k ca m t

V d 7.16 M t thit k mt my trng thi
207
module fsm (Q1, Q2, in, clock);
output Q1, Q2;
input clock, in;
reg Q1, Q2;
always @posedge clock) begin
Q1 <= in & Q0;
Q0 <= in | Q1;
end
endmodule
7.4 Pht biu c iu kin
Pht biu (expression) c iu kin (pht biu if-else) c s dng

a ra mt quyt nh xem mt pht biu (statement), mt php gn c
c thc thi hay khng. C php ca pht biu c iu kin nh sau
C php
conditional_statement ::=
if ( expression ) statement_or_null [ else statement_or_null ]
statement_or_null ::= statement | ;
Theo C php, nu biu thc (expression) c xc nh l ng

(ngha l mt gi tr khc khng) th pht biu (statement) s c thc thi.
Nu biu thc (expression) c xc nh l sai (ngha l mt gi tr bng
0, x hoc z) th pht biu khng c thc thi. Nu trong pht biu c iu
kin m c thm pht biu else v gi tr ca biu thc (expression) l sai
th pht biu else s c thc thi.
Bi v gi tr s hc ca biu thc if s c kim tra xem c phi l
0 hay khng, biu thc c th c vit ngn gn.
208
V d 7.17 Ba pht biu s m t cng mt logic
if (expression)
if (expression !=0)
if (expression == 1)
Bi v phn else trong pht biu if-else l ty chn, c th c hoc
khng nu khng cn thit nn c th gy hiu lm khi phn else b b i
trong cc pht biu m cc mnh if lin tip nhau. khng b bi ri
trong suy ngh ta cn nh rng phn else lun l mt phn ca mnh if
gn nht vi n. Ta xem xt 3 v d sau:
V d 7.18
if (index > 0)
if (rega > regb)
result = rega;
else
result = regb;
Vi m t thit k nh trn, do ngi vit khng cn thn dn n

ngi c d hiu lm l pht biu else l mt phn ca pht biu if (index
>0). Nhng pht biu else y l mt phn ca pht biu if (rega > regb)
v n gn nht vi else.
V d 7.19
if (index > 0)
if (rega > regb)
result = rega;
else
result = regb;
209
Vi cch m t r rng nh trn th s hn ch c nhng hiu lm
trong thit k.
kim sot cht ch hn, khi m t ta nn thm begin-end block
vo pht biu if-else.
V d 7.20
if (index > 0)
begin
if (rega > regb)
result = rega;
end
else result = regb;
Trong trng hp ny, pht biu else s l mt phn ca pht biu if

(index > 0)
7.4.1 Cu trc If-else-if
Cu trc If-else-if rt thng xut hin trong m t thit k. C php

ca n nh sau:
C php
if_else_if_statement ::=
if (expression) statement_or_null
{ else if (expression) statement_or_null }
else statement
Chui pht biu if-else-if ny l cch ph bin nht trong vic m t

a ra nhiu quyt nh. Biu thc s c tnh theo th t, nu bt k
biu thc no l ng th pht biu i km vi n s c thc thi v sau
210
n s thot ra khi chui pht biu. Mi pht biu c th l mt pht
biu n hay mt khi cc pht biu nm trong begin-end block.
Phn pht biu else cui cng trong cu trc if-else-if s c thc
thi khi m khng c iu kin no p ng c cc iu kin trn n.
Phn else thng c s dng to ra cc gi tr mc nh, hoc dng
trong qu trnh kim tra li.
Trong m t thit k sau s dng pht biu if-else kim tra bin
index a ra quyt nh xem mt trong ba bin thanh ghi modify_segn
c phi c cng vo a ch nh hay khng, v vic tng ny phi c
cng vo bin thanh ghi index. Mi dng u tin khai bo bin thanh ghi
v cc tham s.
V d 7.21
// khai bo kiu d liu bin v khai bo tham s
reg [31:0] instruction, segment_area[255:0];
reg [7:0] index;
reg [5:0] modify_seg1, modify_seg2, modify_seg3;
parameter segment1 = 0, inc_seg1 = 1, segment2 = 20, inc_seg2 =
2, segment3 = 64, inc_seg3 = 4, data = 128;
// kim tra ch s bin
if (index < segment2) begin
instruction = segment_area [index + modify_seg1];
index = index + inc_seg1;
end
else if (index < segment3) begin
end
211
else if (index < data) begin
end
else
instruction = segment_area [index];
7.5 Pht biu Case
Pht biu case l pht biu to ra nhiu s la chn, n kim tra xem
mt biu thc c ph hp vi mt biu thc khc hay khng. C php ca
pht biu case nh sau:
C php
case_statement ::=
| case ( expression ) case_item { case_item } endcase
| casez ( expression ) case_item { case_item } endcase
| casex ( expression ) case_item { case_item } endcase
case_item ::=
expression { , expression } : statement_or_null
| default [ : ] statement_or_null
Pht biu defaule c th la chn c hoc khng c. S dng nhiu

pht biu defaut trong mt pht biu case l khng hp l.
Mt v d n gin dng pht biu case gii m bin thanh ghi
rega to ra gi tr cho bin thanh ghi result nh sau:
V d 7.22
reg [15:0] rega;
reg [9:0] result;
212
case (rega)
16d0: result = 10b0111111111;
16d1: result = 10b1011111111;
16d2: result = 10b1101111111;
16d3: result = 10b1110111111;
16d4: result = 10b1111011111;
16d5: result = 10b1111101111;
16d6: result = 10b1111110111;
16d7: result = 10b1111111011;
16d8: result = 10b1111111101;
16d9: result = 10b1111111110;
default result = bx;
endcase
Nhng biu thc trong case item s c tnh ton v so snh theo
th t m chng c cho. Theo th t t trn xung, nu mt trong cc
biu thc trong case item ph hp vi biu thc trong du ngoc n () ca
case th pht biu m kt hp vi case item s c thc thi. Nu tt c
cc so snh u khng ng th pht biu m kt hp vi default item s
c thc thi. Nu default item khng c m t trong pht biu case v
tt c cc so snh u khng ng th khng c bt k pht biu no c
thc thi.
Khc c php, pht biu case khc vi cu trc if-else-if hai im
quan trng sau:
Biu thc c iu kin trong if-else-if ph bin hn vic so
snh biu thc vi nhiu biu thc khc trong pht biu case.
Pht biu case cung cp mt kt qu r rng khi biu thc c
gi tr l x hoc z.
213
Trong vic so snh biu thc ca pht biu case, vic so snh ch
thnh cng khi mi bit ging nhau chnh xc mt cch tng ng theo cc
gi tr 0, 1, x, v z. Kt qu l, s cn trng khi m t thit k s dng pht
biu case l cn thit. di bit ca tt c cc biu thc s phi bng nhau
vic so snh bit-wise gia cc bit c th c thc hin. di ca tt
c biu thc trong case item cng nh biu thc trong () ca case phi bng
vi di ln nht ca biu thc ca case v case item.
Ch : di mc nh ca x v z bng vi di mc nh ca mt
s nguyn (integer).
L do ca vic cung cp kh nng so snh biu thc ca case l
gip x l nhng gi tr x v z, iu ny cung cp mt c ch pht hin
ra nhng gi tr ny v c th kim sot c thit k khi s xut hin ca
chng.
V d sau minh ha vic s dng pht biu case x l nhng gi tr
x v z mt cch thch hp.
V d 7.23
case (select[1:2])
2b00: result = 0;
2b01: result = flaga;
2b0x,
2b0z: result = flaga ? bx : 0;
2b10: result = flagb;
2bx0,
2bz0: result = flagb ? bx : 0;
default result = bx;
endcase
214
Trong V d 7.23, trong case item th 3, nu select[1] l 0 v flaga l
0 th select[2] c l x hoc z th result s l 0.
Trong V d 7.24 s minh ha mt cch khc s dng pht biu
case pht hin x v z
V d 7.24
case (sig)
1bz: $display("signal is floating");
1bx: $display("signal is unknown");
default: $display("signal is %b", sig);
endcase
7.5.1 Pht biu Case vi dont care
Hai loi khc ca pht biu case c cung cp cho php x l nhng
iu kin dont care trong vic so snh case. Mt l x l gi tr tng
tr cao (z) nh l dont care, hai l x l nhng gi tr tng tr cao (z)
v gi tr khng xc nh (x) nh l dont care.
Nhng gi tr dont care (gi tr z cho casez, z v x cho casex)
trong bt k bit no ca biu thc trong case hay trong case item s u
c xem nh nhng iu kin dont care trong sut qu trnh so snh,
v v tr ca bit s khng c xem xt. Nhng iu kin dont care
trong biu thc case c th c iu khin mt cch linh ng, bit no nn
c so snh ti thi im no.
C php ca s hc cho php s dng du chm hi (?) thay th
cho z trong nhng pht biu case. iu ny cung cp mt nh dng thun
tin cho vic m t nhng bit dont care trong pht biu case.
V d 7.25 dng pht biu casez. N minh ha mt mch gii m
lnh, nhng gi tr c trng s ln nht chn tc v (task) no cn
215
c gi. Nu bit c trng s ln nht ca ir l 1 th tc v instruction1
c gi m khng cn quan tm n gi tr ca cc bit khc trong ir.
V d 7.25
reg [7:0] ir;
casez (ir)
8b1???????: instruction1(ir);
8b01??????: instruction2(ir);
8b00010???: instruction3(ir);
8b000001??: instruction4(ir);
endcase
V d 7.26 dng pht biu casex. N minh ha mt case m

nhng iu kin dont care c iu khin mt cch linh hot trong qu
trnh m phng. Trong case ny, nu r = 8b01100110, th tc v stat2 s
c gi.
V d 7.26
reg [7:0] r, mask;
mask = 8bx0x0x0x0;
casex (r ^ mask)
8b001100xx: stat1;
8b1100xx00: stat2;
8b00xx0011: stat3;
8bxx010100: stat4;
endcase
216
7.5.2 Pht biu case vi biu thc hng s
Biu thc hng s c th c dng trong biu thc ca case. Gi tr

ca biu thc hng s s c so snh vi biu thc ca case item.
V d 7.27 Minh ha vic s dng mch m ha u tin 3bit

reg [2:0] encode ;
case (1)
encode[2] : $display(Select Line 2) ;
default $display(Error: One of the bits expected ON);
endcase
Ch rng, biu thc trong case l mt biu thc hng s (1). Cc

case item l biu thc (bit-selects) v s c so snh vi biu thc hng
s. Nh vy, ch khi mt trong cc bit ca encode bng 1 th biu thc i
km vi n mi c thc thi.
V d 7.28
reg [2:0] encode ;
case (0)
default $display(Error: One of the bits expected ON);
endcase
Vi v d trn, ch khi mt trong cc bit ca encode bng 0 th biu

thc i km vi n mi c thc thi.
217
7.6 Pht biu vng lp
Trong Verilog h tr bn loi pht biu lp vng. Nhng pht biu

ny cung cp phng tin kim sot mt pht biu phi cn thc thi bao
nhiu ln, c th l mt ln, nhiu ln hoc c th l khng ln.
forever: Thc thi mt pht biu lin tc
repeat: Thc thi mt pht biu vi mt s ln c nh. Nu biu thc
c gi tr l khng xc nh (x) hoc tng tr cao, n s c xem nh c
gi tr zero v khng c pht biu no c thc thi.
while: Thc thi mt pht biu cho n khi mt biu thc tr thnh
sai (false). Nu biu thc c gi tr bt u l sai (false) th pht biu s
khng c thc thi ln no.
for: iu khin vic thc thi nhng pht biu kt hp vi n bi ba
bc sau:
Thc thi mt php gn mt cch bnh thng dng khi to
gi tr mt thanh ghi iu khin s ln cn thc thi lp li.
Xc nh gi tr biu thc nu kt qu l zero th vng lp for
tho ra, nu kt qu khc khng th vng lp for s thc thi
nhng pht biu kt hp vi n, sau thc hin tip bc c.
Nu gi tr biu thc l khng xc nh (x) hay tng tr cao
(z), n s c xem nh zero.
Thc thi mt php gn thng thng dng cp nht gi tr
cho thanh ghi iu khin lp vng, sau lp li bc b.
C php cho nhng pht biu lp vng:
C php
looping_statements ::=
forever statement
218
| repeat ( expression ) statement
| while ( expression ) statement
| for ( reg_assignment ; expression ; reg_assignment )
statement
V d 7.29 Pht biu repeat mch nhn s dng ton t add v shift.
parameter size = 8, longsize = 16;
reg [size:1] opa, opb;
reg [longsize:1] result;
begin : mult
reg [longsize:1] shift_opa, shift_opb;
shift_opa = opa;
shift_opb = opb;
result = 0;
repeat (size) begin
if (shift_opb[1])
result = result + shift_opa;
shift_opa = shift_opa << 1;
shift_opb = shift_opb >> 1;
end
end
V d 7.30 Pht biu while m s logic 1 ca mt gi tr trong thanh ghi a.

begin : count1s
reg [7:0] tempreg;
count = 0;
tempreg = rega;
while (tempreg) begin
219
if (tempreg[0])
count = count + 1;
tempreg = tempreg >> 1;
end
end
V d 7.31 M t thit k mch to bit chn l, s dng vng lp while.

`timescale 1ns/100ps
module parity_gen (a, p);
parameter SIZE = 8;
input [SIZE-1:0] a;
output reg p;
reg im_p;
integer indx;
always @( a ) begin
im_p = 0;
indx = 0;
while (indx < SIZE) begin
im_p = im_p ^ a[indx];
indx = indx + 1;
end
p = im_p;
end
endmodule
V d 7.32 Vng lp for: Pht biu for s cho kt qu nh pseudo-code sau m da

trn vng lp while.
begin
initial_assignment;
220
while (condition) begin
statement
step_assignment;
end
end
Vng lp for thc thi cng chc nng trn nhng ch cn hai dng
nh pseudo code sau:
for (initial_assignment; condition; step_assignment)
statement
V d 7.33 M t thit k mch t hp priority-encoder dng vng lp for

module priority_encoder (i0, i1, i2, i3, y0, y1, f);
input i0, i1, i2, i3;
output reg y1, y0, f;
wire [3:0] im = { i3, i2, i1, i0 };
reg [2:0] indx;
always @(im) begin
{ y1, y0 } = 2b00;
f = 1b0;
for (indx=0; indx<4; indx=indx+1) begin
if ( im[indx] ) begin
{ y1, y0 } = indx;
f = 1b1;
end
end
end
endmodule
221
7.7 iu khin nh thi (procedural timing controls)
Verilog HDL h tr ba phng php iu khin nh thi tng

minh khi nhng pht biu qui trnh xut hin. Loi u tin l iu khin
tr hon delay control, loi th hai l iu khin s kin event
control. Loi th ba l pht biu wait.
Mt iu khin tr hon, c nhn din bt u vi k hiu #
Mt iu khin s kin, c nhn din bt du vi k hiu @
Pht biu wait, hot ng ca n l s kt hp gia iu khin
s kin v vng lp while nhng i lp v chc nng.
V d 7.34
#150 regm = regn;
@(posedge clock) regm = regn;
@(a, b, c) y = (a & b) | (b & c) | (a & c);
Vic m t thi gian tr hon cho cng v net s dng trong m

phng c cp trong cc phn trn, trong phn ny ch tho lun v
ba phng php iu khin nh thi trong cc php gn qui trnh.
7.7.1 iu khin tr hon (delay control)
Mt pht biu qui trnh theo sau mt iu khin tr hon s b tr

hon vic thc thi mt khong thi gian c m t trong iu khin tr
hon. Nu biu thc tr hon c gi tr l khng xc nh hoc tng tr cao,
n s c xem nh c tr hon bng 0. Nu biu thc tr hon c gi tr
m, n s xem nh l khong thi gian c gi tr s nguyn khng du
b 2.
222
V d 7.35
V d 1: Thc thi php gn sau 10 n v thi gian
# 10 rega = regb;
V d 2: Biu thc tr hon
#d rega = regb; // d c nh ngha nh l mt tham s
#((d+e)/2) rega = regb;// tr hon l gi tr trung bnh ca d v e
#regr regr = regr + 1; // tr hon l gi tr trong regr
7.7.2 iu khin s kin (event control)
Vic thc thi mt pht biu qui trnh c th c ng b vi s thay

i gi tr trn mt net hay mt thanh ghi hoc s xut hin ca mt khai
bo s kin. Nhng s thay i gi tr trn net hay trn thanh ghi c th
c xem nh mt s kin dng kch hot s thc thi ca mt pht biu.
iu ny ging nh vic d tm mt s kin khng tng minh. S kin c
th c da trn hng ca s thay i l hng ln 1 (posedge) hay
hng xung 0 (negedge). Verilog HDL h tr ba loi iu khin s kin:
S kin c th c d tm khi c bt k s chuyn trng thi
no xy ra trn net hoc thanh ghi. c m t bi @ (net)
hay @ (reg).
S kin negedge c th c d tm khi c s chuyn trng
thi t 1 xung x, z, hoc 0, v t x hoc z xung 0. c m
t bi @ (negedge net) hay @ (negedge reg)
S kin posedge c th c d tm khi c s chuyn trng
thi t 0 ln x, z, hoc 1, v t x hoc z ln 1. c m t bi
@ (posedge net) hay @ (posedge reg)
223
To 0 1 x z
From
0 No edge posedge posedge posedge
1 negedge No edge negedge negedge
x negedge posedge No edge No edge
z negedge posedge No edge No edge
Nu gi tr ca biu thc nhiu hn 1 bit, s chuyn trng thi cnh

s c d tm trn bit c trng s thp nht ca gi tr . S thay i gi
tr trong bt k ton hng no m khng c s thay i gi tr trn bit c
trng s thp nht ca biu thc th s chuyn trng thi cnh khng th
c d thy.
V d 7.36 Minh ha nhng pht biu iu khin s kin

@r rega = regb; // c iu khin bi bt k s thay i gi tr trn
thanh ghi r.
@(a, b, c) rega = regb; // tng ng vi @(a or b or c) rega =
regb
// c iu khin bi bt k s thay i no ca cc tn hiu a, b
hoc c.
@(posedge clock) rega = regb; // c iu khin bi cnh ln xung
clock.
@(posedge clk_a or posedge clk_b or trig) rega = regb;
// c iu khin bi cnh ln tn hiu clk_a hoc cnh xung tn
hiu clk_b hoc c bt k s thay i no xy ra trn tn hiu trig.
forever @(negedge clock) rega = regb; // c iu khin bi cnh xung
xung clock
224
V d 7.37
module maj3 (input a, b, c, output reg y);
always
@(a, b, c) // tng ng vi @(a or b or c)
begin
y = (a & b) | (b &c) | (a & c);
end
endmodule
V d trn c th c m t gn hn nh sau:
always @(a, b, c) begin // tng ng vi @(a or b or c)
y = (a & b) | (b &c) | (a & c);
end
endmodule
Do m t thit k trn ch c mt php gn qui trnh, nn y ta

khng cn dng khi begin-end. V d trn c th c rt gn hn nh
sau:
V d 7.38
always
@(a, b, c)
y = (a & b) | (b & c) | (a & c);
// c th vit nh sau: @(a, b, c) y = (a & b) | (b & c) | (a & c);
endmodule
225
Trong V d 7.38, iu khin s kin c t trc pht biu
hnh thnh mt pht biu qui trnh bng cch b i du chm phy. iu
ny c ngha du chm phy sau @(a, b, c) c th c hoc khng. Khi hai
pht biu trn c ghp li th ch mt pht biu c thc thi.
7.7.3 Pht biu wait
Vic thc thi mt pht biu qui trnh c th c tr hon cho n khi
mt iu kin tr thnh ng (true). iu ny t c bng s dng pht
biu wait, y l mt dng c bit ca iu khin s kin. Mc nh ca
pht biu wait l tch cc mc, iu ny tri ngc vi pht biu iu
khin s kin l tch cc cnh.
Pht biu wait s tnh gi tr ca iu kin, nu gi tr sai (false),
nhng pht biu qui trnh theo sau n s b ng li khng thc thi cho n
khi gi tr tr thnh ng (true) th mi thc thi nhng pht biu qui
trnh v thot ra khi pht biu wait tip tc cc pht biu k tip,
iu ny i lp vi hot ng ca pht biu vng lp while, trong pht
biu vng lp while, gi tr ca iu kin nu ng (true) th nhng pht
biu qui trnh theo sau n s thc thi lp li lin tc trong vng lp cho n
khi gi tr ca iu kin tr thnh sai (false) th thot ra khi vng lp while
tip tc cc pht biu k tip. C php ca nhng pht biu wait c
m t nh sau:
C php
wait_statement::=
wait (expression) statement_or_null
V d 7.39
begin
226
wait (!enable) #10 a = b;
#10 c = d;
end
Nu gi tr enable l 1, pht biu wait s tr hon vic thc thi ca

pht biu k tip n (#10 a = b;) cho n khi gi tr ca enable l 0. Nu
enable c gi tr sn l 0 khi khi begin-end bt u th php gn
a = b; s c gn sau khong tr hon 10 n v thi gian v khng c
thm tr hon no xut hin.
V d 7.40
always
begin
wait (var1 ==1);
a = b;
end
V d 7.40 m t mt thit k thc hin chc nng khi var bng 1 th

a s lin tc cp nht gi tr t b.
V d 7.41
always
begin
@var
wait (var1 ==1);
a = b;
end
V d trn m t mt thit k thc hin chc nng khi var chuyn
trng thi ln 1 th a s cp nht gi tr t b. Tng t nh m t sau:
227
always @var1
if (var1 ==1)
a = b;
7.8 Pht biu khi
Trong khai bo qui trnh, Verilog HDL c h tr vic pht biu khi.
Pht biu khi l vic nhm hai hay nhiu pht biu cng vi nhau
chng c th hot ng theo cng c php nh l mt pht biu n. C hai
loi khi trong Verilog HDL.
Khi tun t, hay cn c gi l khi begin-end
Khi song song, hay cn c gi l khi fork-join
Khi tun t c gii hn bi hai t kha begin v end. Nhng pht
biu qui trnh trong khi tun t s c thc thi mt cch tun t theo th
t c cho.
Khi song song c gii hn bi hai t kha fork v join. Nhng
pht biu qui trnh trong khi song song s c thc thi mt cch ng
thi
7.8.1 Khi tun t
Mt khi tun t s c nhng c im sau:

Nhng pht biu c thc thi theo th t, ci ny xong n
ci kia.
Gi tr tr hon ca mt pht biu l thi gian m phng vic
thc thi ca pht biu ngay trc pht biu hin ti.
iu khin s thot ra khi khi sau khi pht biu cui cng
c thc thi.
228
V d 7.42
begin
areg = breg;
creg = areg; // creg lu tr gi tr ca breg
end
V d 7.43 iu khin tr hon c th c dng trong khi tun t phn bit

hai php gn theo thi gian
begin
areg = breg;
@(posedge clock) creg = areg; // php gn b tr hon cho n
end // khi c cnh ln xung clock.
V d 7.44 Kt hp khi tun t v iu khin tr hon c th c s dng m

t dng sng.
parameter d = 50;
reg [7:0] r;
begin // mt dng sng c iu khin bi thi gian tr hon tun
t
#d r = h35;
#d r = hE2;
#d r = h00;
#d r = hF7;
#d -> end_wave;//kch hot mt s kin c tn l end_wave
end
7.8.2 Khi song song (fork-join)
Mt khi song song c nhng c im sau:

Nhng pht biu s c thc thi ng thi
229
Gi tr tr hon ca mi pht biu l thi gian m phng c
tnh t khi lung iu khin bc vo khi fork-join cho n
pht biu .
iu khin tr hon c s dng cung cp thi gian tun
t cho cc php gn.
iu khin s thot ra khi khi khi pht biu c th t cui
cng theo thi gian (gi tr tr hon ln nht) c thc thi.
Nhng iu khin nh thi trong khi fork-join khng phi theo th
t tun t theo thi gian.
V d 7.45 s m t dng sng ging nh trong v d trn nhng
dng khi song song thay v dng khi tun t. Dng sng c to ra trn
mt thanh ghi s ging nhau trong c hai trng hp.
V d 7.45
fork
#50 r = h35;
#200 r = hF7; // khng cn theo th t
#100 r = hE2;
#250 -> end_wave; // iu khin thot ra
#150 r = h00;
join
7.8.3 Tn khi
C hai khi tun t v song song u c th c t tn bng cch

thm : name_of_block ngay sau t kha begin hay fork.
Tn ca khi phc v cho cc mc ch sau:
N cho php nhng thanh ghi ni c khai bo cho khi
230
N cho php khi c tham chiu trong nhng pht biu
chng hn nh pht biu disable.
Tt c cc thanh ghi l tnh, ngha l mt v tr duy nht tn ti trong
tt c cc thanh ghi v ri khi hoc tin vo khi s khng nh hng n
gi tr cha trong n.
Tn khi s l tn nh dng duy nht cho tt c cc thanh ghi ti bt
k thi im m phng no.
7.9 Cu trc qui trnh
Tt c qui trnh trong Verilog HDL phi u c m t bn trong

mt trong bn cu trc sau:
Cu trc initial
Cu trc always
Task
Function
Cu trc initial v always c cho php hot ng ti thi im bt
u m phng. Cu trc initial ch thc thi mt ln v hot ng ca n s
ngng khi pht biu hon thnh. Tri li, cu trc always s thc thi lp li,
hot ng ca n s ch ngng khi qu trnh m phng b thot ra. iu ny
khng ng n th t ca vic thc thi gia hai cu trc intial v always.
Cu trc initial khng cn ln k hoch trc v cn thc thi trc cu trc
always. y cng khng c s gii hn no v s lng cu trc initial
v always c th c m t trong mt module.
Tc v (task) v hm (function) s c cho php hot ng t mt
hoc nhiu v tr trong nhng qui trnh khc nhau. Task v function s c
tho lun chi tit trong chng sau.
231
7.9.1 Cu trc initial
C php ca cu trc initial

initial_construct::=
initial statement
V d 7.46 Dng cu trc initial cho vic khi to bin ti thi im bt u m

phng.
initial begin
areg = 0; // khi to mt thanh ghi
for (index = 0; index < size; index = index + 1)
memory[index] = 0; //khi to gi tr cho phn t nh
end
Mt cng dng thng gp ca cu trc initial l m t dng sng

chy m phng cho thit k
V d 7.47
initial begin
inputs = b000000; //khi to ti thi im zero
#10 inputs = b011001; // 10 n v thi gian u
#10 inputs = b011011; // 10 n v thi gian th hai
#10 inputs = b011000; // 10 n v thi gian th ba
#10 inputs = b001000; // 10 n v thi gian cui
end
7.9.2 Cu trc always
Cu trc always cho php lp li lin tc trong sut qu trnh m

phng.
232
C php ca cu trc always

always_construct ::=
always statement
Cu trc always do c tnh vng lp t nhin ca n nn ch hu

dng khi c dng kt hp vi mt s dng iu khin nh thi khc.
Nu mt cu trc always khng c iu khin nh thi, n s to ra mt
vng lp v hn. V d sau s to ra mt vng lp v hn khng tr hon
always areg = ~areg;
Cung cp mt iu khin nh thi vo on m t trn s to ra mt
m t hu dng nh v d sau:
always #half_period areg = ~areg;
7.10 My trng thi (state machine)
My trng thi l my trong tt c cc output c ng b vi

xung clock ca h thng.
S dng nhng cu trc m t Verilog HDL m ta tho lun cho
n lc ny c th m t cho bt k loi my trng thi no. Trong phn
ny, ta s tho lun c th dng nhng cu trc Verilog hc m t
mt cch tng minh, khoa hc mt my trng thi hu hn. Ta bt u vi
m hnh my trng thi Moore, sau l m hnh my trng thi Mealy.
7.10.1 My trng thi Moore
My trng thi hu hn Moore l my trong ng ra ca h thng

ch ph thuc vo trng thi hin ti ca h thng ch khng ph thuc vo
233
ng vo h thng. H thng my trng thi hu hn Moore c m t nh
hnh
next current di
inputs
comb. state memory state comb. outputs :
circuit elements circuit
Hnh 7.2 H thng my trng thi hu hn Moore

Vi s khi trn, ta c th m t ngn gn nguyn l my trng
thi Moore nh sau:
Next state = F (current state, inputs)
Outputs = G (current state)
Da vo s khi trn, m t mt cch tng minh mt my
trng thi hu hn Moore dng Verilog HDL, ta s m t nh sau:
Khi mch t hp dng cu trc always kim sot s
chuyn i gia cc trng thi to ra trng thi k tip.
Khi mch tun t dng to ra trng thi hin ti.
Khi mch t hp khc dng php gn assign to ra gi tr
ng ra ca h thng.
Hnh 7.3 m t lu my trng thi hu hn Moore c chc nng
d tm chui 101 lin tc dng Verilog HDL. H thng my trng thi d
tm chui 101 lin tc t ng vo ca n, khi chui 101 c pht hin th
ng ra s ln 1 v duy tr gi tr ny cho n ht mt chu k xung clock.
Nh c m t trong lu my trng thi, khi my t n trng thi
got101 th ng ra s bt ln 1.
234
V d 7.48 m t code Verilog cho h thng ny. Chng ta s dng
mt khai bo parameter gn gi tr n cc my trng thi. My trng
thi ca ta c bn trng thi do cn s dng 2 bit khai bo trng thi.
0
reset
0 1
1
got1
1
got101 0
0 1 0 0
0 got10
0
Hnh 7.3 Lu my trng thi hu hn Moore c chc nng d tm chui 101

lin tc.
V d 7.48 M t thit k my trng thi Moore

module Moore101Detector (dataIn, found, clock, reset);
//Khai bo cng ng vo, ng ra
input dataIn;
input clock;
input reset;
output found;
//Khai bo bin ni
reg [1:0] state;
reg [1:0] next_state;
//Khai bo trng thi
parameter reset = 2'b00;
parameter got1 = 2'b01;
235
//Mch t hp ca trng thi k tip
always @(state or dataIn)
case (state)
reset:
if (dataIn)
next_state = got1;
else
next_state = reset;
got1:
if (dataIn)
next_state = got1;
else
next_state = got10;
got10:
if (dataIn)
next_state = got101;
else
next_state = reset;
got101:
if (dataIn)
next_state = got1;
else
next_state = got10;
default:
next_state = reset;
236
endcase // case(state)
//Mch chuyn trng thi
always @(posedge clock)
if (reset == 1)
state <= reset;
else
state <= next_state;
//Mch t hp ng ra
assign found = (state == got101) ? 1: 0;
endmodule
Mch sau khi c tng hp s c nh trn Hnh 7.4. Mch s gm

ba phn ng nh h thng my trng thi Moore: mch t hp trng thi
k tip, mch chuyn trng thi v mch t hp ng ra, trong gi tr ng
ra ch ph thuc vo trng thi hin ti.
Mch t hp trng Mch chuyn Mch t hp

thi k tip trng thi ng ra
reset
dataIn
D-FF
found
D-FF
clock
Hnh 7.4 Mch pht hin chui 101 sau tng hp s dng FSM Moore
237
7.10.2 My trng thi Mealy
My trng thi hu hn Mealy l my trong ng ra ca h thng

ph thuc vo c trng thi hin ti ca h thng v ng vo ca h thng.
H thng my trng thi hu hn Mealy c m t nh hnh di:
next current
inputs
inputs
comb. state memory state comb. outputs
circuit elements circuit
Hnh 7.5 H thng my trng thi hu hn Mealy

Vi s khi trn, ta c th m t ngn gn nguyn l my trng
thi Mealy nh sau:
Next state = F (current state, inputs)
Outputs = G (current state, inputs)
Da vo s khi trn, m t mt cch tng minh mt my
trng thi hu hn Mealy dng Verilog HDL, ta s m t nh sau:
Khi mch t hp dng cu trc always kim sot s
chuyn i gia cc trng thi to ra trng thi k tip.
Khi mch tun t dng to ra trng thi hin ti.
Khi mch t hp khc dng php gn assign to ra gi tr
ng ra ca h thng.
Hnh 7.6 m t lu my trng thi hu hn Mealy c chc nng
d tm chui 101 lin tc dng Verilog HDL (ging nh minh ha trong
my trng thi Moore). H thng my trng thi d tm chui 101 lin tc
t ng vo ca n, khi chui 101 c pht hin th ng ra s ln 1 v duy
tr gi tr ny cho n ht mt chu k xung clock. Nh c m t trong lu
my trng thi, khi my t n trng thi got101 th ng ra s bt ln 1.
238
V d 7.49 m t code Verilog cho h thng trn. Chng ta s dng
mt khai bo parameter gn gi tr n cc my trng thi. My trng
thi ca ta c ba trng thi nn cn s dng 2 bit khai bo trng thi.
0/0
reset
1/0
1/0
got1
0/0
0/0
got10 1/1
Hnh 7.6 Lu my trng thi hu hn Mealy c chc nng d tm chui 101 lin
tc.
V d 7.49
module Mealy101Detector (dataIn, found, clock, reset);
//Khai bo cng ng vo, ng ra
input dataIn;
input clock;
input reset;
output found;
//Khai bo bin d liu ni
reg [1:0] state;
reg [1:0] next_state;
//Khai bo trng thi
parameter reset = 2'b00;
239
//Khai bo mch t hp trng thi k tip
always @(state or dataIn)
case (state)
reset:
if (dataIn)
next_state = got1;
else
next_state = reset;
got1:
if (dataIn)
next_state = got1;
else
next_state = got10;
got10:
if (dataIn)
next_state = got1;
else
next_state = reset;
default:
next_state = reset;
endcase // case(state)
//Mch chuyn trng thi
if (reset == 1)
state <= reset;
else
state <= next_state;
240
//Mch t hp ng ra
assign found = (state == got10 && dataIn == 1) ? 1: 0;
endmodule // Mealy101
Mch t hp trng Mch chuyn Mch t hp

thi k tip trng thi ng ra
reset
dataIn
D-FF
found
D-FF
clock
Hnh 7.7 Mch pht hin chui 101 sau tng hp s dng FSM Mealy
Hnh 7.7. Mch gm ba phn ng nh h thng my trng thi Mealy:

mch t hp trng thi k tip, mch chuyn trng thi v mch t hp ng
ra, trong ng ra ph thuc vo gi tr ng vo v trng thi hin ti.
7.11 Bi tp
1. Nu s khc bit gia m hnh cu trc v m hnh hnh vi trong m

t phn cng Verilog HDL. Nu u im v khuyt im ca tng
m hnh.
2. Nu s khc bit gia php gn qui trnh kn v php gn qui trnh
h.
3. Trong m hnh hnh vi, nu s khc bit gia php gn lin tc (cn
gi l continuous assignment hay php gn RTL) vi php gn qui
trnh.
241
4. Ti sao ta phi s dng hm v tc v trong m t phn cng Verilog
HDL?
5. Nu s khc bit gia hm, tc v v module trong m t phn cng
Verilog HDL.
6. Nu nhng rng buc khi s dng php gn qui trnh kn trong m t
mch t hp.
7. Nu s khc bit gia pht biu case v casex.
8. Nu s khc nhau gia my trng thi Moore v my trng thi
Mealy trong m t phn cng Verilog HDL. Nu u im v khuyt
im ca mi loi. Trnh by s tng ng gia cc phn trong mch
phn cng v cc phn trong m t Verilog khi s dng phng php
my trng thi Moore hoc Mealy.
9. Nu nhng phng php iu khin nh thi trong m t phn cng
Verilog HDL ?
10.C my loi cu trc qui trnh trong m t phn cng Verilog HDL ?
Nu s khc bit gia cu trc initial v cu trc always ? Ti sao
cu trc initial khng th tng hp ra mch phn cng ?
11.C my loi pht biu khi (block assignment) trong m t phn
cng Verilog HDL ? Nu s khc bit gia chng.
12.Vit li on m t thit k s dng php gn h cho on m t
thit k sau chc nng khng i
initial
begin
a = #delay1 b;
c = #delay2 d;
end
13.Thay th ba khi initial nh di bi mt khi duy nht
initial
242
a = #delay1 b;
initial
c = #delay2 d;
initial
begin
e <= #delay3 f;
k <= #delay4 g;
end
14.on code sau thc hin chc nng g? Vit li on m t li s
dng php gn kn
always @(posedge clock) begin
a <= b;
b <= a;
end
15.on code sau thc hin chc nng g? Vit li on m t li s
dng php gn kn
#0 a <= b + c;
b <= a;
16.V dng sng ca tn hiu d trn ton b thi gian m phng
module test;
reg b,c,d;
initial begin
b=1b1;
c=1b0;
#10 b=1b0;
end
243
initial d = #25(b|c);
endmodule
17.V dng sng ca a, b v c trong 100ns u tin ca qu trnh m
phng.
module test;
wire a, b;
reg c;
assign #60 a = 1 ;
initial begin
#20 c = b;
#20 c = a;
#20;
end
endmodule
18.Kim tra xem on m t sau c thc hin chc nng tm gi tr ln
nht c khng?
reg [3:0] mx;
reg [3:0] lst [0:3];
always @ (lst[0] or lst[1] or lst[2] or lst[3]) begin
mx <= 4b0000;
if ( lst[0] >= mx ) mx <= lst[0];
if ( lst[0] >= mx ) mx <= lst[1];
if ( lst[0] >= mx ) mx <= lst[2];
if ( lst[0] >= mx ) mx <= lst[3];
end
19.Kim tra xem hai on m t thit k sau c cng chc nng hay
khng?
M t 1:
244
module addr_dcd (addr_in, decoded_addr);
parameter ADDRESS = 8;
parameter RAMSIZE = 256;
input [ADDRESS 1 : 0] addr_in;
output [RAMSIZE - 1 : 0] decoded_addr;
integer i;
reg [RAMSIZE 1 : 0] decoded_addr;
always @ (addr_in) begin
for( i=0; i < RAMSIZE ; i=i+1)
decoded_addr[ i ] = (addr_in == i);
end
endmodule
M t 2:
module addr_dcd (addr_in, decoded_addr);
parameter ADDRESS = 8;
parameter RAMSIZE = 256;
input [ADDRESS 1 : 0] addr_in;
output [RAMSIZE - 1 : 0] decoded_addr;
integer i;
reg [RAMSIZE 1 : 0] decoded_addr;
always @ (addr_in) begin
for( i=0; i < RAMSIZE ; i=i+1)
decoded_addr[ i ] <= (addr_in == i);
end
endmodule
245
Chng 8. Tc v (task) v hm (function)
Task v function cung cp kh nng thc thi cc th tc chung t

nhiu ni khc nhau trong mt m t thit k. Chng cung cp mt phng
tin chia nh nhng m t thit k ln, phc tp thnh nhng phn nh
hn d dng trong vic c v g ri cc m t thit k ngun.
Nh ta bit, trong m hnh cu trc ta c th gi (instantiate) mt
sub-module thc hin mt chc nng no ra s dng bt k u m
khng cn phi m t li thit k ca module . Tuy nhin, trong m hnh
hnh vi (behavioural model), ta khng th gi module ra ging nh vy
c. Do , gii quyt yu cu l c th s dng mt m t chc thit
k c chc nng no nhiu ln trong m hnh hnh vi m khng cn phi
m t li th ta s s dng hm (function) hoc tc v (task).
Phn ny s tho lun s khc nhau gia task v function, m t cch
nh ngha v gi task v function, cc v d m t cho mi phn.
8.1 Phn bit gia tc v (task) v hm (function)
Cc quy tc sau y phn bit task v function:

Mt function s thc hin trong mt n v thi gian m
phng, task c th bao gm cu lnh iu khin thi gian.
Mt function khng th kch hot mt task, mt task c th
kch hot cc task v function khc nhau.
Mt function phi c t nht mt i s u vo v khng c
i s u ra hoc u vo ra, mt task c th khng c hoc
c nhiu i s bt k.
Mt function s tr v mt gi tr duy nht, cn task s khng
c gi tr tr v.
246
Mc ch ca mt function l p ng gi tr u vo bng cch tr
v mt gi tr n. Mt task c th h tr nhiu mc ch v c th tnh
ton nhiu gi tr kt qu. Tuy nhin, ch c i s u ra hoc u vo ra
thng qua gi tr kt qu t vic gi mt task. Mt function c s dng
nh l mt ton hng ca mt biu thc. Gi tr ca ton hng l gi tr tr
v ca hm.
V d:
Hoc l task hoc l function nh ngha chuyn i byte trong
mt t 16 bit. Task c th tr v mt gi tr t chuyn i trong i s
u ra; v vy chng trnh c th gi task switch_bytes nh sau:
switch_bytes (old_word, new_word);
Task switch_bytes s ly cc byte trong old_word, o ngc cc
byte v t cc byte o ngc trong new_word.
Function o ngc t s tr v t o ngc nh l mt gi tr
tr v ca function. V vy c th gi function switch_bytes nh sau:
new_word = switch_bytes (old_word);
8.2 Tc v v kch hot tc v
Mt task s c kch hot bng mt cu lnh nh ngha cc gi tr

i s thng qua task v cc bin nhn kt qu tr v. Trnh iu
khin s truyn li kch hot tin trnh sau khi task hon thnh. V vy,
nu mt task c iu khin thi gian bn trong n, thi gian kch hot mt
task c th khc vi thi gian iu khin qu trnh tr v. Mt task c th
kch hot mt task khc, v trong qu trnh hot ng vn c th kch hot
cc task khc na, n khng gii hn s lng task c kch hot. Bt k
c bao nhiu task c kch hot, trnh iu khin s khng tr v cho n
khi tt c cc task kch hot hon thnh.
247
8.2.1 Khai bo tc v
C php nh ngha mt task c m t trong C php 8-1.
C php 8-1
task_declaration ::=
task [ automatic ] task_identifier ;
{ task_item_declaration }
statement_or_null
endtask
| task [ automatic ] task_identifier ( [ task_port_list ] ) ;
{ block_item_declaration }
statement_or_null
endtask
task_item_declaration ::=
block_item_declaration
| { attribute_instance } tf_ input_declaration ;
| { attribute_instance } tf_output_declaration ;
| { attribute_instance } tf_inout_declaration ;
task_port_list ::=
task_port_item { , task_port_item }
task_port_item ::=
{ attribute_instance } tf_input_declaration
| { attribute_instance } tf_output_declaration
| { attribute_instance } tf_inout_declaration
tf_input_declaration ::=
input [ reg ] [ signed ] [ range ] list_of_port_identifiers
| input task_port_type list_of_port_identifiers
tf_output_declaration ::=
248
output [ reg ] [ signed ] [ range ] list_of_port_identifiers
| output task_port_type list_of_port_identifiers
tf_inout_declaration ::=
inout [ reg ] [ signed ] [ range ] list_of_port_identifiers
| inout task_port_type list_of_port_identifiers
task_port_type ::=
integer | real | realtime | time
block_item_declaration ::=
{ attribute_instance } reg [ signed ] [ range ]
list_of_block_variable_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } integer list_of_block_variable_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } time list_of_block_variable_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } real list_of_block_real_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } realtime list_of_block_real_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } event_declaration
list_of_block_variable_identifiers ::=
block_variable_type { , block_variable_type }
list_of_block_real_identifiers ::=
block_real_type { , block_real_type }
block_variable_type ::=
variable_identifier { dimension }
block_real_type ::=
real_identifier { dimension }
C hai c php khai bo task:
249
C php th nht s bt u vi t kha task, theo sau l t kha ty
chn automatic, theo sau l tn task v tip theo l du chm phy (;), v
kt thc vi t kha endtask. T kha automatic khai bo mt task t ng
lm vo, vi tt c cc task c khai bo phn b ng cho mi mc task
hin ti. Khai bo cc yu ca task bao gm:
i s u vo
i s u ra.
i s u vo ra.
Tt c cc kiu d liu c th khai bo trong mt khi th tc.
C php th hai bt u vi t kha task, theo sau l tn ca task v
danh sch cc cng ca task nm trong du ngoc n. Danh sch cc cng
ca task c th khng c hoc c nhiu cc cng ngn cch nhau bi u
phy. V c mt du chm phy sau du ngoc n. Tip theo l phn thn
ca task v kt thc bng t kha endtask.
Trong c hai c php, khai bo cc cng ging vi c php c
nh ngha bi tf_input_declaration, tf_output_declaration,
tf_inout_declaration c m t trong C php 8-1bn trn.
Task m khng cha t kha ty chn automatic l mt task tnh, vi
tt c cc mc khai bo s c phn b c nh. Nhng mc ny s chia
s c chia s thng qua tt c cc s dng ca task thc thi hin ti. Task
bao gm t kha automatic s l mt task ng. Tt c cc mc khai bo
trong task ng s c phn b ng trong mi ln task c gi. Cc
mc ca task ng khng th truy cp theo cu trc phn cp. Task ng c
th c gi s dng thng qua tn phn cp.
250
8.2.2 Kch hot tc v v truyn i s
Cu lnh kch hot task s thng qua cc i s nh mt danh sch

cc biu thc nm trong du ngoc n ngn cch vi nhau bi du phy.
C php kch hot task c m t trong C php 8-2.
C php 8-2
task_enable ::=
hierarchical_task_identifier [ ( expression { , expression } ) ] ;
Nu nh ngha mt task khng c i s, danh sch i s s khng

c cung cp trong cu lnh kch hot task. Ngc li, nu nh ngha
task c i s, th s c mt danh sch cc biu thc theo th t tng ng
vi kch thc v thc t ca danh sch cc i s trong nh ngha task.
Mt biu thc rng khng c xem l mt i s trong cu lnh kch hot
task.
Nu mt i s trong task c khai bo l input, th biu thc tng
ng vi i s l mt biu thc bt k. Trnh t nh gi mt biu thc
trong danh sch cc i s l khng c nh ngha trc. Nu mt i s
trong task c khai bo l output hoc inout, th biu thc tng ng s
gii hn l mt biu thc ph hp vi biu thc bn tri trong th tc gn
(phn 9.2). Cc mc sau y p ng yu cu ny:
Cc bin reg, integer, real, realtime, v time.
B nh tham chiu.
Cc bin kt ni ca reg, integer, v time.
Kt ni ca b nh tham chiu
Cc bin bit-selects v part-selects ca reg, integer, v time.
Vic thc thi cu lnh kch hot task s thng qua gi tr input t
danh sch cc biu thc trong cu lnh kch hot ph hp vi i s ca
251
task. Vic thc thi s tr v gi tr t task thng qua cc gi tr t cc i s
loi output hoc inout ca task tng ng vi bin trong cu lnh kch hot
task. Tt c cc i s trong task s thng qua cc gi tr hn l tham chiu
(l mt con tr n gi tr).
V d 8.1 m t cu trc c bn ca nh ngha mt task vi nm i
s:
V d 8.1
task my_task;
input a, b;
inout c;
output d, e;
begin
. . . // cc cu lnh thc thi nhim v ca task.
...
c = foo1; // gn trng thi ban u cho thanh ghi kt qu.
d = foo2;
e = foo3;
end
endtask
Hoc s dng hnh thc th 2 ca khai bo task, task c th nh
ngha nh sau:
task my_task (input a, b, inout c, output d, e);
begin
. . . // cc cu lnh thc thi nhim v ca task.
...
c = foo1; // gn trng thi ban u cho thanh ghi kt qu.
d = foo2;
252
e = foo3;
end
endtask
Cu lnh sau cho php kch hot task:
my_task (v, w, x, y, z);
Cc i s trong cu lnh kch hot task (v, w, x, y, v z) tng ng
vi cc i s (a, b, c, d, v e) trong nh ngha task. Trong thi gian kch
hot task, cc i s input v inout (a, b, v c) nhn cc gi tr thng qua
cc i s v, w, v x. Nh vy vic thc thi li gi kch hot task s tng
ng thc hin lnh gn sau:
a = v;
b = w;
c = x;
Tip theo trong tin trnh ca task, theo nh ngha ca my_task s
t gi tr kt qu tnh ton vo c, d, v e. Khi task hon thnh, lnh gn sau
s tr v gi tr tnh ton ti li gi thc thi task:
x = c;
y = d;
z = e;
V d 8.2 s m t vic s dng task trong chng trnh n giao

thng tun t:
V d 8.2
module traffic_lights;
reg clock, red, amber, green;
parameter on = 1, off = 0, red_tics = 350,
amber_tics = 30, green_tics = 200;
253
// trng thi ban u.
initial red = off;
initial amber = off;
initial green = off;
always begin // iu khin n tun t.
red = on; // bt n
light(red, red_tics); // i
green = on; // bt n xanh
light(green, green_tics); // i.
amber = on; // bt n vng
light(amber, amber_tics); // i
end
// task s i 'tics' trong cnh ln ca clock trc khi tc tn hiu
n
task light;
output color;
input [31:0] tics;
begin
repeat (tics) @ (posedge clock);
color = off; // tt n.
end
endtask
always begin // to dng sng cho ng h.
#100 clock = 0;
#100 clock = 1;
end
endmodule
254
8.2.3 S dng b nh tc v v s kch hot ng thi
Mt task c th kch hot ng thi nhiu ln. Tt c cc bin ca

mt task ng c sao chp trn mi task c gi ng thi lu tr
trng thi c th ca vic gi . Tt c cc bin ca task tnh s c nh
trong mi bin n s tng ng vi mt bin ni b trong module gi
th hin, bt k s lng cc task c kch hot ng thi. Tuy nhin, task
tnh trong cc th hin khc nhau trong mt module s lu tr tch bit vi
nhng th hin khc.
Khai bo bin trong task tnh bao gm cc loi i s input, output
v inout, s gi li gi tr ca chng gia cc ln gi. Chng c khi to
bi gi tr khi to mc nh.
Khai bo bin trong task ng, bao gm i s loi output s khi
to bi gi tr khi to mc nh bt c khi no vic thc thi i vo vng
ca n, i s loi input hoc inout s khi to thng qua gi tr t biu
thc tng ng vi danh sch i s trong cu lnh khi to task.
8.3 Hm v vic gi hm
Mc ch ca mt function l tr v mt gi tr c s dng
trong mt biu thc. Phn tip theo ca chng ny s m t cc nh
ngha v s dng function.
8.3.1 Khai bo hm
C php nh ngha mt function c a ra trong C php 8-3.
C php 8-3
function_declaration ::=
function [ automatic ] [ function_range_or_type ]
255
function_identifier ;
function_item_declaration { function_item_declaration }
function_statement
endfunction
| function [ automatic ] [ function_range_or_type ]
function_identifier ( function_port_list ) ;
{ block_item_declaration }
function_statement
endfunction
function_item_declaration ::=
block_item_declaration
| { attribute_instance } tf_input_declaration ;
function_port_list ::=
{ attribute_instance } tf_input_declaration
{ , { attribute_instance }tf_input_declaration }
tf_input_declaration ::=
input [ reg ] [ signed ] [ range ] list_of_port_identifiers
| input task_port_type list_of_port_identifiers
function_range_or_type ::=
[ signed ] [ range ]
| integer
| real
| realtime
| time
block_item_declaration ::= (From A.2.8)
{ attribute_instance } reg [ signed ] [ range ]
list_of_block_variable_identifiers ;
256
| { attribute_instance } integer list_of_block_variable_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } time list_of_block_variable_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } real list_of_block_real_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } realtime list_of_block_real_identifiers ;
| { attribute_instance } event_declaration
list_of_block_variable_identifiers ::=
block_variable_type { , block_variable_type }
list_of_block_real_identifiers ::=
block_real_type { , block_real_type }
block_variable_type ::=
variable_identifier { dimension }
block_real_type ::=
real_identifier { dimension }
Mt function c nh ngha bt u vi t kha function, theo sau

bng t kha ty chn automatic, theo sau l ty chn
function_range_or_type ca gi tr tr v t function, tip theo l tn ca
function, tip theo sau hoc l du chm phy hoc l danh sch cc cng
ca function nm trong du ngoc n, v sau kt thc vi t kha
endfunction.
Vic s dng function_range_or_type trong function l ty chn.
Mt function khng c c t function_range_or_type s mc nh tr v
mt gi tr v hng. Nu s dng, function_range_or_type s c t gi
tr tr v ca function l real, integer, time, realtime hoc mt vector (du
ty chn) vi dy phm vi [n:m] bit.
Mt function s c t nht mt khai bo u vo.
257
T kha automatic khai bo mt function cha n l mt function
ng, vi tt c cc khai bo phn b t ng cho mi hm c gi. Cc
mc ca function ng khng th truy cp bng cu trc phn cp.
Function ng c th gi s dng tn phn cp.
u vo ca function c khai bo theo mt trong hai cch. Cch
th nht, theo sau tn hm l mt du chm phy. Sau du chm phy l
mt hoc nhiu u vo c khai bo ln ln vi khai bo cc khi mc
km theo. Sau l khai bo cc mc ca function, l cc cu lnh hnh
vi v kt thc bi t kha endfunction.
Cch th hai l theo sau tn hm l mt du m ngoc n, tip theo
l mt hoc nhiu khai bo u vo, ngn cch nhau bi du phy, tip theo
l du ng ngoc n v du chm phy. Sau du chm phy l c hoc
khng c khc mc khi khai bo, tip n l cc cu lnh hnh vi v cui
cng kt thc bng t kha endfunction.
V d 8.3 m t mt nh ngha function getbyte, s dng dy ch
nh:
V d 8.3
function [7:0] getbyte;
input [15:0] address;
begin
// chng trnh ly byte t word
...
getbyte = result_expression;
end
endfunction
Hoc s dng cch th hai nh ngha function, function getbyte
c th c nh ngha nh sau:
258
function [7:0] getbyte (input [15:0] address);
begin
// chng trnh ly byte t word
...
end
endfunction
8.3.2 Tr v mt gi tr t hm
Trong nh ngha function s khai bo mt bin tng minh, bn

trong ca hm, vi tn cng vi tn hm. Bin ny hoc mc nh l mt
thanh ghi 1 bit hoc c loi cng vi loi c c t trong nh ngha
function. nh ngha function khi to gi tr tr v t function bng cch
gn kt qu ca function ti mt bin ni c tn ging vi tn ca function.
L khng hp l nu khai bo mt i tng khc c tn ging vi
tn function trong phm vi m function c khai bo. Bn trong function
c mt bin ngm nh l tn ca function, bin ny s dng cho cc
biu thc bn trong function. V vy l khng hp l khi khai bo mt i
tng khc c tn ging vi tn ca function trong phm vi bn trong
function.
Dng lnh sau minh ha cho vic gi hm trong v d phn 8.3.1.
8.3.3 Vic gi hm
Mt li gi function l mt ton hng trong mt biu thc. C php ca li gi

function c m t trong
259
C php 8-4.
C php 8-4
function_call ::=
hierarchical_function_identifier{ attribute_instance } (
expression { , expression } )
Trnh t nh gi cc i s gi hm khng c nh ngha.

V d sau to mt t bng cch kt ni kt qu ca hai li gi hm
getbyte (nh ngha trong phn 8.3.1).
word = control ? {getbyte(msbyte), getbyte(lsbyte)}:0;
8.3.4 Nhng qui tc v hm
Function c nhiu hn ch hn so vi task. Cc quy tc sau y chi

phi vic s dng chng:
Mt nh ngha function khng bao gm cc cu lnh iu
khin thi gian, l cc cu lnh c cha #, @ hoc wait.
Function khng th kch hot task.
nh ngha function phi c t nht mt i s u vo.
nh ngha function s khng c bt k khai bo i s u ra
hoc u vo ra.
Function s khng c bt k cu lnh gn nonblocking hoc
th tc gn lin tc.
Function s khng c s kin triggers.
V d 8.4 nh ngha mt hm gi l factorial n tr v mt gi tr
integer. Hm factorial s c gi i gi li v kt qu c in ra.
260
V d 8.4
module tryfact;
// nh ngha hm
function automatic integer factorial;
input [31:0] operand;
integer i;
if (operand >= 2)
factorial = factorial (operand - 1) * operand;
else
factorial = 1;
endfunction
// kim tra hm
integer result;
integer n;
initial begin
for (n = 0; n <= 7; n = n+1) begin
result = factorial(n);
$display("%0d factorial=%0d", n, result);
end
end
endmodule
Kt qu ca vic m phng:
0 factorial=1
1 factorial=1
2 factorial=2
3 factorial=6
4 factorial=24
5 factorial=120
261
6 factorial=720
7 factorial=5040
8.3.5 S dng nhng hm hng s
Li gi hm hng s c s dng h tr vic xy dng cc tnh

ton phc tp cu cc gi tr thi gian xy dng. Mt li gi hm hng s
l mt li gi hm ca mt hm hng s nm trong module gi n ni m
cc i s ca hm l cc biu thc hng s. Hm hng s l mt tp hp
con ca cc hm Verilog thng thng, chng phi p ng c cc rng
buc sau:
Chng khng cha cu trc phn cp.
Bt k li gi hm no bn trong hm hng s s lm mt hm
hng s trong nm trong module hin ti.
L hp l gi bt k mt hm h thng no c cho php
trong biu thc hng s, gi cc hm h thng khc l khng
hp l.
Tt c cc task h thng trong hm h thng s c b qua.
Tt c cc tham s c s dng bn trong hm phi c
nh ngha trc khi s dng li gi hm hng s.
Tt c cc nh danh khng phi l tham s hoc hm s c
khai bo ti hm hin ti.
Nu chng s dng bt k gi tr tham s no nh hng trc
tip hoc gin tip n cu lnh defparam, kt qu khng c
nh ngha. iu ny c th to ra mt li hoc cc hm hng
s tr v mt gi tr khng xc nh.
Chng khng c khai bo bn trong mt khi to.
Chng khng t s dng hm hng s trong bt k hon cnh
no yu cu mt biu thc hng s.
262
Mt li gi hm hng s s c nh gi trong thi gian xy
dng. Vic thc thi ca chng khng nh hng n gi tr
khi to ca cc bin s dng hoc trong thi gian m phng
hoc gia nhiu li gi mt hm trong thi gian xy dng.
Trong mi trng hp, bin s c khi to nhng qu trnh
m phng thng thng.
V d 8.5 s nh ngha mt hm gi l clogb2 tr v mt s nguyn
vi gi tr cao nht ca log 2.
V d 8.5
module ram_model (address, write, chip_select, data);
parameter data_width = 8;
parameter ram_depth = 256;
localparam addr_width = clogb2(ram_depth);
input [addr_width - 1:0] address;
input write, chip_select;
inout [data_width - 1:0] data;
//nh ngha hm clogb2
function integer clogb2;
input [31:0] value;
begin
value = value - 1;
for (clogb2 = 0; value > 0; clogb2 = clogb2 + 1)
value = value >> 1;
end
endfunction
reg [data_width - 1:0] data_store[0:ram_depth - 1];
//phn cn li ca ram_model
263
Th hin ca ram_model ny vi tham s c gn nh bn di:
ram_model #(32,421) ram_a0(a_addr,a_wr,a_cs,a_data);
8.4 Bi tp
1. Ti sao phi dng task v function trong khi Verilog HDL h tr

module?
2. Phn bit task v function?
3. Cch khai bo v s dng task?
4. Cch khai bo v s dng function?
5. S dng function cn tun theo nhng quy tt no?
264
Chng 9. Kim tra thit k
Mt h thng c thit k dng Verilog phi c m phng v

kim tra xem thit k ng chc nng cha trc khi to ra phn cng.
Trong qu trnh chy m phng ny, nhng li thit k v s khng tng
thch gia nhng linh kin dng trong thit k c th c pht hin. Chy
m phng mt thit k i hi vic to ra mt d liu ng vo kim tra v
qu trnh quan st kt qu sau khi chy m phng, d liu ng vo dng
kim tra ny c th c to bng hai cch, mt l to dng sng
(waveform) bng tay s dng trnh waveform editor, tuy nhin cch ny ch
kh thi cho nhng thit k nh vi s lng tn hiu ng vo t, cn i vi
mt thit k h thng ln, phc tp vi nhiu tn hiu ng cn hng ngn
chu k kim tra th ta phi s dng testbench m t d liu ng vo
kim tra. Testbench s dng cu trc mc cao ca Verilog to ra d liu
kim tra, quan st p ng ng ra, v c vic bt tay gia nhng tn hiu
trong thit k. Bn trong testbench, h thng thit k cn chy m phng s
c gi ra (instantiate) trong testbench. D liu testbench cng vi h
thng thit k s to ra mt m hnh m phng m s c s dng bi mt
cng c m phng Verilog.
Chng ny s tho lun v vic s dng ngn ng Verilog kim
tra vic thit kt module. Chng ta s thy rng thi gian v th tc hin th
s tr nn quan trng hn khi tip xc vi module testbench. Chng ny
cho thy cch cu trc ca ngn ng Verilog c s dng p dng d
liu cho module trong qu trnh kim tra (module under test (MUT)), v
cch module p ng s c hin th v nh du. Trong phn u ca
chng ny s tho lun v d liu ng dng v theo di p ng. Trong
265
phn cui s tho lun v k thut chn kim tra thit k nhm to gii
php tt nht cho vic thit k module.
9.1 Testbench
Mi trng m phng Verilog cung cp mt cng c ha hoc

vn bn hin th hin th cc kt qu m phng. Mt s mi trng m
phng i xa hn, n cung cp mt cng c ha cho vic chnh sa u
vo d liu kim tra ti thit k module trong qu trnh kim tra. Nh cc
cng c bin tp dng sng, chng thng ph hp cho nhng thit k nh.
i vi cc thit k ln vi nhiu bus v d liu iu khin th bin tp
dng sng tr nn phc tp. Mt vn trong bin tp dng sng l mi
mi trng m phng s dng mt tp cc th tc khc nhau chnh sa
dng sng, v vy khi chuyn sang mt mi trng m phng mi i hi
phi hc li mt tp cc th tc chnh sa dng sng mi.
Vn ny c th c gii quyt bng cch s dng testbenches
ca Verilog. Mt testbenches Verilog l mt module c cha th hin ca
MUT, p dng cc d liu kim tra vo n v quan st u ra. Bi v
testbenches l mt chng trnh Verilog nn n c th chy trn nhiu mi
trng m phng khc nhau. Mt module v testbenches tng ng ca n
t mt m hnh m phng trong MUT c kim tra vi cc d liu u
vo ging nhau th s ging nhau bt chp mi trng m phng.
9.1.1 Kim tra mch t hp
Pht trin mt testbenches cho mt mch t hp l mt bc tin

ng k, tuy nhin vic chn d liu kim tra v cch kim tra ph thuc
vo tng MUT v cc chc nng ca n.
266
Chng ta s xem xt mt v d minh ha kim tra mch t hp qua

module alu_4bit. Phn u ca module v cc khai bo cc cng c th
hin nh sau:
V d 9.1
module alu_4bit (a, b, f, oe, y, p, ov, a_gt_b, a_eq_b, a_lt_b);
input [3:0] a, b;
input [1:0] f;
input oe;
output [3:0] y;
output p, ov, a_gt_b, a_eq_b, a_lt_b;
// . . .
endmodule
Module c cc u vo a, b v u vo chc nng f, u ra y v cc
u ra km theo p, ov, a_gt_b, a_eq_b, a_lt_b.
Mt testbenches cho alu_4bit c nh ngha nh sau:
V d 9.2
module test_alu_4bit;
reg [3:0] a=4b1011, b=4b0110;
reg [1:0] f=2b00;
reg oe=1;
wire [3:0] y;
wire p, ov, a_gt_b, a_eq_b, a_lt_b;
alu_4bit cut( a, b, f, oe, y, p, ov, a_gt_b, a_eq_b,
a_lt_b );
initial begin
#20 b=4b1011;
#20 b=4b1110;
267
#20 b=4b1110;
#80 oe=1b0;
#20 $finish;
end
always #23 f = f + 1;
endmodule
Cc bin tng ng vi cc u vo v u ra ca MUT c khai

bo trong testbench. Cc bin kt ni ti u vo c khai bo l reg, cc
bin kt ni vi u ra c khai bo l wire. Th hin ca alu_4bit s lin
kt vi cc reg v wire cc b ti cc cng ca MUT.
Bin lin kt vi u vo ca module alu_4bit phi c khai bo
gi tr ban u. p dng ca d liu ti u vo d liu b v u ra cho
php oe c khai bo trong cu lnh initial. Trong 60ns u, sau mi 20ns
mt gi tr mi c gn cho b. Khi initial sau i 80ns, v hiu ha
alu bng cch t oe = 0. V sau i 20ns hon thnh m phng, i
20ns l s thay i u vo cui cng nh hng ti u ra.
p dng d liu ti u vo chc nng f ca aly_4bit trong khi lnh
always. Bt u vi gi tr ban u bng 0, f tng ln 1 sau mi 23ns. Cu
lnh $finish trong khi initial kt thc ti v tr 160ns, ti thi im ny tt
c cc khi th tc ang hot ng dng li v qu trnh m phng chm
dt. Hnh 9.1 hin th kt qu qu trnh m phng module alu_4bit
268
Hnh 9.1 Kt qu qu trnh m phng module alu_4bit
9.1.2 Kim tra mch tun t
kim tra mt mch tun t cn gi ng b gia mch ng h v

cc d liu u vo khc. Chng ta s dng mch sau v d trong phn
ny, mch c mt u vo clock, mt u vo reset, u vo d liu v u
ra:
V d 9.3
module #(parameter [3:0] poly=0) misr (input clk, rst,
input [3:0] d_in, outputreg [3:0] d_out );
always @( posedge clk )
if( rst )
d_out =4b0000;
else
d_out = d_in ^ ({4{d_out[0]}} & poly) ^
{1b0,d_out[3:1]};
endmodule
Trong mch ny c tham s poly ch nh k hiu v d liu nn .

Vi mi chu k ng h mt k hiu mi c tnh ton vi d liu mi v
nm trong thanh ghi d liu ca misr.
269
on chng trnh sau y m t mt testbench cho module misr.

Cc bin tng ng vi cc cng ca MUT c khai bo trong testbench.
Khi misr c gi th hin, cc bin ny s kt ni vi cc cng tht s ca
n. Th hin ca misr cng bao gm chi tit v cc tham s poly ca n.
V d 9.4
module test_misr;
reg clk=0, rst=0;
reg [3:0] d_in;
wire [3:0] d_out;
misr #(4b1100) MUT ( clk, rst, d_in, d_out );
initial begin
#13 rst=1b1;
#19 d_in=4b1000;
#31 rst=0b0;
#330 $finish;
end
always #37 d_in = d_in + 3;
always #11 clk = ~clk;
endmodule
Trong khi initial ca testbench to ra mt pulse ln vo lc rst m

bt u ti 13ns v kt thc ti 63ns. Thi gian nh vy l s la chn
bao gm t nh mt cnh ln ca ng h, v vy s ng b ca u vo
rst c th khi to trong thanh ghi misr. u vo d liu d_in bt u l x,
v trong khi l 4b1000 khi rst l 1.
Ngoi cc khi khi to, module test_misr cn bao gm 2 khi
always to d liu cho d_in v clk. Clock cho ra mt tn hiu tun hon
vi chu k 11ns. u vo misrd_in gn mt gi tr mi sau mi chu k
270
37ns. gim trng hp cc u vo thay i cng mt lc, chng ta s

dng s nguyn t cho thi gian ca u vo mch tun t.
Hnh 9.2 m t mt kt qu ca testbench:
Hnh 9.2 Mt kt qu ca testbench
9.2 K thut to testbench
Cc k thut vit chng trnh Verilog khc nhau to d liu kim

tra v xem xt p ng ca mch c tho lun trong phn ny. Chng ta
s dng module my trng thi Moore pht hin chui 101 lm v d
cho phn ny. Module ny c nh ngha nh sau:
V d 9.5
module moore_detector (input x, rst, clk, output z );
parameter [1:0] a=0, b=1, c=2, d=3;
reg [1:0] current;
if ( rst ) current = a;
else case ( current )
a : current = x ? b : a ;
b : current = x ? b : c ;
c : current = x ? d : a ;
d : current = x ? b : c ;
default : current = a ;
endcase
assign z = (current==d) ? 1b1 : 1b0;
271
endmodule
9.2.1 D liu kim tra
Mt testbench cho module moore_detector c m t nh sau:
V d 9.6
module test_moore_detector;
reg x, reset, clock;
wire z;
moore_detector MUT ( x, reset, clock, z );
initial begin
clock=1b0; x=1b0; reset=1b1;
end
initial #24 reset=1b0;
always #5 clock=~clock;
always #7 x=~x;
endmodule
Module testbench l mt module khng c cc cng kt ni ra ngoi.

Bn trong module, c 4 khi th tc cung cp d liu cho vic kim tra
my trng thi. Cc bin kt ni vi MUT v s dng vo v bn tri ca
cc khi th tc phi c khai bo l reg.
Thay v khi to cc bin reg khi chng khai bo, chng ra c th s
dng khi initial khi to cc bin reg. iu quan trng khi khai khi
to bin, ging nh clock l gi tr c ca chng c s dng xc nh
gi tr mi ca chng. Nu khng nh vy, clock s bt u vi gi tr X v
cho n khi hon thnh, gi tr ca n cng khng thay i. Khi always
to chu k tn hin vi chu k 10ns trn mt clock.
272
Theo sau khi th tc always to clock, mt khi always khc s to

chu k tn hiu cho x vi chu k 14ns. Dng sng to ra cho X c th c
hoc khng th kim tra my trng thi ca chng ra ng tun t 101. Tuy
nhin, chu k ca clock v X c th thay i iu ny. Vi thi gian s
dng y, u ra ca moore_detector ln 1 sau 55ns v sau mi 70ns tip
theo.
9.2.2 iu khin m phng
Mt testbench khc cho mch moore_detector bn trn c m t

nh sau:
V d 9.7
reg x=0, reset=1, clock=0;
wire z;
always #7 x=~x;
initial #189 $stop;
endmodule
Mc d, cu trc Verilog c s dng khc nhau, d liu v clocj

p dng cho MUT trong testbench cng ging vi testbench bn trn. Tuy
nhin, nu trnh m phng cho testbench trc khng c ngt, hoc im
dng, n s chy mi mi. Trong testbench ny gii quyt vn ny bng
cch thm vo mt khi khc khi initial s dng qu trnh m phng sau
189ns. Cc task iu khin trnh m phng l $stop v $finish. Thi gian
u tin theo chu trnh ca mt khi th tc c tip cn nh mt task,
273
trnh m phng s dng li hoc hon thnh. Mt task $stop th c th ni

li, nhng mt task $finish th khng th ni li.
Mt testbench khc c m t nh sau:
V d 9.8
wire z;
initial begin
#24 reset=1b0;
#165 $finish;
end
always #7 x=~x;
endmodule
Trong testbench ny tch hp trong khi initial c tn hiu reset tch

cc thp v tn hin iu khin thi gian trong mt khi initial. Thi gian
iu chnh chm dt qu trnh m phng ti thi gian 189ns ging nh
testbench bn trn.
9.2.3 Thit lp gii hn d liu
Thay v ci t gii hn thi gian m phng, mt testbench c th t

mt gii hn trn s d liu t vo u vo ca MUT. iu s cng c th
ngn chn vic m phng khng dng li.
Chng trnh sau m t mt testbench cho module moore_detector
MUT.
274
V d 9.9
wire z;
initial repeat(13) #5 clock=~clock;
initial repeat(10) #7 x=$random;
endmodule
Testbench ny s dng $radom to d liu ngu nhin cho u

vo x ca mch, cu lnh repeat trong khi initial to ra tn hin clock 13
ln sau mi 5ns, v x nhn d liu ngu nhin 13 ln sau mi 7ns. Thay v
dng mt b tnh quyt nh d liu m bo tnh quyt nh cc trng
thi, th d liu ngu nhin c s dng y. Chin lt ny lm cho n
d dng hn to d liu, nhng phn tch u ra ca mch s kh khn
hn, do u vo khng on trc. Trong cc mch ln, d liu ngu nhin
c s dng nhiu cho u vo d liu hn tn hiu iu khin. Testbench
trong phn ny s dng sau 70ns.
9.2.4 Cung cp d liu ng b
Trong cc v d trc testbench cho MUT s dng thi gian c lp

cho clock v d liu. Trong trng hp nhiu b d liu c p dng,
vic ng b ha d liu vi ng h h thng tr nn kh khn. Hn na,
vic thay i tn s clock s yu cu thay i thi gian ca tt c cc d
liu u vo ca module ang kim tra.
275
Testbench sau c vit cho module moore_detector, s dng mt

cu lnh iu khin s ng b gia d liu p dng vo X vi clock to
ra trong testbench. Tn hiu clock ny to ra trong cu lnh initial s dng
cu trc repeat. Mt cu lnh initial khc c s dng to d liu ngu
nhin cho X. Nh ta thy trong cu lnh initial ny, vng lp mi mi s lp
i lp li cu lnh ny s dng y. Vng lp ny i cho ti cnh ln
ca clock, v sau khi cnh ln ca clock 3ns, mt d liu ngu nhin c
to ra cho X. Trng thi d liu sau cnh ln ca clock s s dng bi
moore_detector trn u cnh tip theo ca clock. K thut ny ca d liu
m bo rng s thay i d liu v clock khng trng nhau.
V d 9.10
wire z;
initial #24 reset=0;
initial repeat(13) #5 clock=~clock;
initial forever @(posedge clock) #3 x=$random;
endmodule
C tr hon 3ns c s dng y lm n c th s dng testbench

ging nhau trong m phng sau khi tng hp thit k tt nh m t hnh vi
trong cc phn trn.Trong qu trnh m phng sau khi tng hp, m hnh
cc thnh phn s thc s tr hon nh cc gi tr c s dng, tr hon
trong testbench cho php truyn tn hiu kim tra hon thnh trc khi p
dng tn hiu khim tra mi.
276
9.2.5 Tng tc testbench
Trong qu trnh to testbench tip theo chng ta s dng mt my

trng thi khc. l my trng thi moore pht hin chui 1101 vi trng
thi bt u (start) v reset (rst) iu khin u vo. Nt start l 0 trong khi
tm kim chui 1101, my trng thi s reset v trng thi khi u. Nh ta
thy trong mch sau c 5 trng thi, v u ra ca n ln 1 khi n bt u
trng thi e.
V d 9.11
module moore_detector (input x, start, rst, clk, output z );
parameter a=0, b=1, c=2, d=3, e=4;
reg [2:0] current;
if ( rst ) current <= a;
else if ( ~start ) current <= a;
else case ( current )
a : current <= x ? b : a ;
b : current <= x ? c : a ;
c : current <= x ? c : d ;
d : current <= x ? e : a ;
e : current <= x ? c : a ;
default: current <= a;
endcase
assign z = (current==e);
endmodule
Testbench cho my trng thi l mt testbench tng tc mt.
reg x=0, start, reset=1, clock=0;
277
wire z;
moore_detector MUT ( x, start, reset, clock, z );
initial begin
#24 reset=1b0; start=1b1;
wait(z==1b1);
#11 start=1b0;
#13 start=1b1;
repeat(3) begin
#11 start=1b0;
#13 start=1b1;
wait(z==1b1);
end
#50 $stop;
end
always #7 x=$random;
endmodule
Trong khi initial, testbench giao tip vi MUT. u vo X v clock

c to bi 2 khi always. Mt tn hiu c chu k lin tc c to ra cho
clock v mt d liu c chu k ngu nhin c gn cho x.
u tin, gi tr 0 v 1 c t cho reset v start a my trng
thi vo trng thi bt u. Theo sau , mt cu lnh wait i z ln 1
nh l kt qu p ng ca MUT ti gi tr x v clock. Sau s kin ny,
bin start c gn bng 0 v sau l 1 sau 13ns khi ng li my.
Theo sau vng kch hot u tin ny, mt cu lnh repeat lp li tin trnh
bt u my trng thi v x ln 1 ba ln na. Sau 50ns testbench dng
qu trnh m phng bng mt task $stop.
278
9.2.6 To nhng khong thi gian ngu nhin
Chng ta thy cch hm #random c th s dng to mt d liu

ngu nhin. Phn ny chng ta s tho lun cch dng ngu nhin thi gian
i gn gi tr cho x.
Testbench sau dng kim tra module pht hin chui 1101 s
dng $random iu khin tr hon. Nh ta thy, cu lnh initial tn
running p dng d gi tr ph hp ln bin reset v start h thng bt
u tm kim chui 1101. Trong khi th tc ny s dng lnh gn khng
chn (nonblocking) to ra cc gi tr tr hon trong cu lnh gn c
coi nh l mt gi tr thi gian tuyt i.
V d 9.12
reg x, start, reset, clock;
wire z;
reg [3:0] t;
moore_detector MUT ( x, start, reset, clock, z );
initial begin:running
clock <= 1b0; x <= 1b0;
reset <= 1b1; reset <= #7 1b0;
start <= 1b0; start <= #17 1b1;
repeat (13) begin
@( posedge clock );
@( negedge clock );
end
start=1b0;
#5;
$finish;
279
end
always begin
t = $random;
#(t) x=$random;
end
endmodule
Sau khi t my trng thi vo trng thi running, testbench i

13ln hon thnh xung clock trc khi n t li u vo start v hon
thnh m phng. Nh ta thy, khi always ng thi vi khi running lin
tc to xung clock 5ns. Cng ng thi vi cc khi ny l mt khi
always khc to d liu ngu nhin cho t, v s dng t tr hon lnh gn
ngu nhin cho x. C khi ny to d liu cho u vo x cho n khi cu
lnh $finish trong khi running c thc hin.
9.3 Kim tra thit k
Trong phn trc tho lun cc k thut kim tra kim tra mt
thit k Verilog. Trong phn ny s bn ti mt vi phng thc to d
liu kim tra v p dng kim tra, v h tr mt vi cch xem xt v
kim tra kt qu kim tra. To cc kch thch v phn tch p ng ca mt
thit k i hi mt phn n lc ng k ca ngi thit kt phn cng.
Tm hiu cc k thut kim tra ng l tt, nhng thit k t ng lm cc
th tc ny s rt hu dng cho cc k s.
Hnh thc kim tra thit k l mt cch t ng thit k kim tra
bng cch loi b testbenches v cc vn lin quan n vic to d liu
v quan st cc p ng ca mch. Trong hnh thc kim tra thit k, ngi
280
thit k s thit k mt thuc tnh kim tra thit k ca anh ta. Cng c
kim tra thit k hnh thc khng thc hin m phng, nhng a ra cu tr
li c/khng c cho mi thuc tnh ca thit k ang c kim tra. Mc
d phng php kim tra thit k gip tm ra nhiu li thit k nhng hu
nh nhiu thit k vn cn pht trin testbench v m phng xc nhn
chng trnh Verilog ca h thc hin ng chc nng mong i. Ni cch
khc, tt c cc cu tr li l c cho tt c cc thuc tnh kim tra bi
cng c kim tra thit k hnh thc l cha . Thay v b qua vic to d
liu v quan st p ng, mt bc theo hng t ng ha thit k xc
nhn l gim hoc b qua cc n lc cn thit cho phn tch kt qu p
ng. K thut chn kim tra thit k c s dng theo hng ny, n
s thm gim st thit k ci thin kh nng quan st p ng. Trong khi
thit k ang c m phng vi d liu testbench, trnh quan st c
chn vo i din cho mt s thuc tnh ca thit k lin tc kim tra c
ng vi thit k hnh vi bng cc xc minh nhng thuc tnh . Nu d
liu m phng dn n iu kin ch ra mt trnh gim st chn vo l
khng ph hp vi hnh vi thit k, trnh gim st s cnh bo ti ngi
thit k vn .
Nh cp, chng ta vn phi pht trin mt testbench v thit
k cn thn cc u vo kim tra cho thit k cn kim tra l cn thit cho
k thut chn kim tra thit k. Nhng trong nhiu trng hp, k thut
chn t ng kim tra chc chn s kin xy ra trong thit k l ng
nh mong i. iu ny c ngha lm gim s cn thit cho vic x l
mt danh sch di cc u ra v dng sng.
281
9.4 K thut chn (assertion) dng kim tra thit k
Khng ging nh m phng vi mt testbench hoc con ngi

gii thch kt qu, trong k thut chn kim tra kt qu chng trnh
gim st chu trch nhim pht hnh mt thng bo nu c mt iu g
xy ra khng nh mong i. Trong Verilog, cc trnh gim st l cc
module, v chng c khi to trong mt thit k kim tra cc thuc
tnh ca thit k. Th hin ca mt module chn (assertion module) khng
c xem nh l mt module phn cng. Thay vo , loi th hin ny
ging nh mt th tc lun lun hot ng v lin tc kim tra cc s kin
trong module thit k.
Thit lp hin ti ca mt trnh gim st chn (assertion monitor) c
sn trong mt th vin c bit n nh l mt th vin kim tra m
(OVL). Ngi thit k c th pht trin cc ci t ring ca h vo trong
module chn. Nhng g tn ti trong trnh gim st kim tra gi tr ca tn
hiu, quan h ca mt vi tn hiu vi cc ci khc, s tun t ca cc s
kin, v cc m hnh d kin trn vector hoc nhm tn hiu. s dng
k thut chn, ngi thit k bin dch OVL v th vin c sn trong thit
k cn kim tra. Khi mt thit k c pht trin, k thut chn s thay th
cc im cn thit trong thit k kim tra cc chc nng cn thit. Khi
thit k c m phng nh mt thnh phn n chun, hoc trong mt
cu trc phn cp ca mt thit k ln, trnh gim st kim tra tn hi cho
cc gi tr ngoi l. Nu tn hiu khng c gi tr ngoi l bng s gim st,
trnh gim st chn vo s hin th mt thng ip v thi gian s khc bit
(vi phm ca cc thuc tnh) xy ra. Thng thng, thng ip xut hin
trong vng bo co ca m phng, bn dch hoc khung hin th iu khin
(console).
282
9.4.1 Li ch ca k thut chn kim tra.
Cch tm ni chn mt trnh gim st sao cho c li nht s

c tho lun trong phn ny.
K lut thit k: Khi mt ngi thit k t mt ni chn trong
thit k, ngi thit k cn phi t yu cu bn thn mnh xem xt cn thn
thit k v trch xut cc thuc tnh cn thit.
Kh nng quan st: Chn thm cc trnh gim st vo cc im cn
gim st ca thit k lm sao cho d quan st nht.
Qu trnh kim tra chnh thc sn sng: Cc chng trnh chn tng
ng vi cc thuc tnh c s dng trong cng c kim tra chnh thc. C
chn vo mt trnh gim vo mt thit k, sn sng cho n kim tra bng
cng c kim tra thit k chnh thc.
Thc thi ch thch: Trnh gim st chn vo c th xem nh l ch
thch ch thch mt vi tnh nng hoc hnh vi ca thit k. Cc ch
thch ny to ra mt thng ip khi hnh vi ca chng c gii thch l vi
phm.
T thit k kn: Mt thit k vi k thut chn gim st m t
thit k v cc th tc kim tra n trong mt module Verilog.
9.4.2 Th vin thit k m (OVL)
OVL c sn t t chc Accellera

(http://www.accellera.org/activities/ovl/) v cc t chc EDA khc. Hng
dn tham kho ngn ng, hng dn s dng, v th vin chng trnh ca
Verilog v VHDL cng c sn trong cc t chc EDA ny. Danh sch cc
chng trnh chn c sn c lit k trong danh sch sau:
assert_change
assert_decrement
283
assert_even_parity
assert_frame
assert_implication
assert_never
assert_next
assert_no_transition
assert_odd_parity
assert_one_hot
assert_quiescent_state
Mt assertion c t trong chng trnh ging nh mt th hin ca
module. Cu trc sau m t mt khai bo th hin module assertion.
C php 9-1
assert_name
#(static_parameters)
instance_name
(dynamic_arguments);
N bt u vi tn ca module assertion, theo sau l cc tham s tnh
(satatic_parameters) nh l kch thc ca vector hoc cc ty chn. Sau
l tn duy nht bt k ca th hin, v phn cui cng l mt trnh gim
st chn vo bao gm cc tham chiu, gim st tn hiu v cc i s ng
khc. Cc i s ng ny l cc cng ca module v cng c xem nh
l cc cng ca assertion module.
9.4.3 S dng k thut chn gim st.
assert_always : C php s dng k thut chn gim st c m

t nh sau:
C php 9-2
284
assert_always
#( severity_level, property_type,
msg, coverage_level )
instance_name ( clk, reset_n, test_expr )
Lnh ny s lin tc chn kim tra test_expr chc chn n lun
lun ng trn mi cnh ca clock. Nu biu thc kim tra sai, mt thng
ip tng ng s c hin th.
V d 9.13
module BCD_Counter (input rst, clk, outputreg [3:0] cnt);
begin
if (rst || cnt >= 10) cnt = 0;
else cnt = cnt + 1;
end
assert_always #(1, 0, Err: Non BCD Count, 0)
AA1 (clk, 1b1, (cnt >= 0) && (cnt <= 9));
endmodule
Testbench kim tra module:
module BCD_Counter_Tester;
reg r, c;
wire [3:0] count;
BCD_Counter UUT (r, c, count);
initial begin
r = 0; c = 0;
end
285
initial repeat (200) #17 c= ~c;

initial repeat (03) #807 r= ~r;
endmodule
assert_change : lnh chn ny gim st kim tra trong mt s chu k

ng h sau s kin bt u, biu thc kim tra s thay i, c php
c s dng nh sau:
C php 9-3
assert_change
#( severity_level, width, num_cks,
action_on_new_start, property_type,
instance_name ( clk, reset_n, start_event,
test_expr )
assert_one_hot: k thut chn gim st ny dng kim tra ch

mt bit trong n bit ca biu thc kim tra l 1 trong khi trnh gim
st vn ang hot ng, c php nh sau:
C php 9-4
assert_one_hot
#( severity_level, width, property_type,
instance_name ( clk, reset_n, test_expr )
286
assert_cycle_sequence: k thut chn ny dng kim tra my

trng thi, c php nh sau:
C php 9-5
assert_cycle_sequence
#( severity_level, num_cks, necessary_condition,
property_type,
instance_name ( clk, reset_n, event_sequence )
assert_next: k thut chn ny s dng c php bn di v kim

tra cc s kin xy ra ti cc chu k ng h gia s kin bt u
v kt thc:
C php 9-6
assert_next
#( severity_level, num_cks, check_overlapping,
check_missing_start, property_type,
instance_name ( clk, reset_n, start_event,
test_expr )
9.5 Bi tp
1. Ti sao phi kim tra thit k? C my cch kim tra thit k, nu

c th?
2. Phn bit hai hnh thc kim tra thit k s dng testbench v
verification?
3. Cc k thut to mt testbench hiu qu ?
287
4. Vit testbench cho mch t hp v mch tun t c g khc nhau?

5. Th no l chn kim tra thit k (assertion verification)? Li ch
ca k thut ny?
6. Th vin mi OVL bao gm nhng cu lnh chn c bn no v cc
s dng chng?
288
289
Ngn ng m t phn cng Verilog
PH LC
Chng 1. Dn nhp thit k h thng s vi Verilog ..... 1
1.1 Qui trnh thit k s ............................................................. 2
1.1.1 Dn nhp thit k ....................................................... 4
1.1.2 Testbench trong Verilog ............................................ 5
1.1.3 nh gi thit k ........................................................ 6
1.1.4 Bin dch v tng hp thit k ................................. 10
1.1.5 M phng sau khi tng hp thit k ........................ 13
1.1.6 Phn tch thi gian ................................................... 14
1.1.7 To linh kin phn cng........................................... 15
1.2 Ngn ng phn cng Verilog (Verilog HDL) .................. 15
1.2.1 Qu trnh pht trin Verilog ..................................... 15
1.2.2 Nhng c tnh ca Verilog ..................................... 16
1.2.3 Ngn ng Verilog .................................................... 19
1.3 Tng kt............................................................................. 20
1.4 Bi tp................................................................................ 20
Chng 2. Qui c v t kha ........................................ 22
2.1 Khong trng ..................................................................... 22
2.2 Ch thch ........................................................................... 22
2.3 Ton t .............................................................................. 22
2.4 S hc ................................................................................ 23
2.4.1 Hng s nguyn ........................................................ 23
290
2.4.2 Hng s thc ............................................................ 27

2.4.3 S o ....................................................................... 28
2.5 Chui ................................................................................. 29
2.5.1 Khai bo bin chui ................................................. 29
2.5.2 X l chui................................................................ 30
2.5.3 Nhng k t c bit trong chui ............................. 30
2.6 nh danh, t kha v tn h thng .................................. 30
2.6.1 nh danh vi k t .............................................. 31
2.6.2 Tc v h thng v hm h thng ............................ 32
2.7 Bi tp................................................................................ 33
Chng 3. Loi d liu trong Verilog ............................. 34
3.1 Khi qut ........................................................................... 34
3.2 Nhng h thng gi tr ...................................................... 34
3.3 Khai bo loi d liu ......................................................... 35
3.3.1 Gii thiu.................................................................. 35
3.4 Khai bo loi d liu net ................................................... 37
3.4.1 Gii thiu.................................................................. 37
3.4.2 Wire v Tri ............................................................... 39
3.4.3 Wired net .................................................................. 41
3.4.4 Trireg net .................................................................. 43
3.4.5 Tri0 v tri1 nets ........................................................ 44
3.4.6 Supply0/supply1 nets ............................................... 45
3.4.7 Thi gian tr hon trn net........................................ 45
3.5 Khai bo loi d liu bin - reg......................................... 47
291
3.6 Khai bo port ..................................................................... 47

3.6.1 Gii thiu.................................................................. 47
3.7 Khai bo mng v phn t nh mt v hai chiu. ............ 49
3.7.1 Gii thiu.................................................................. 49
3.7.2 Mng net................................................................... 50
3.7.3 Mng thanh ghi ........................................................ 50
3.7.4 Mng phn t nh .................................................... 51
3.8 Khai bo loi d liu bin - s nguyn, thi gian, s thc,
v thi gian thc ................................................................ 53
3.8.1 Gii thiu.................................................................. 53
3.8.2 Integer....................................................................... 53
3.8.3 Time ..................................................................... 54
3.8.4 S thc (real) v thi gian thc (realtime)............... 54
3.9 Khai bo tham s ............................................................... 56
3.9.1 Gii thiu.................................................................. 56
3.9.2 Tham s module (module parameter) ...................... 56
3.9.3 Tham s c t (specify parameter) ......................... 67
3.10 Bi tp................................................................................ 69
Chng 4. Biu thc ....................................................... 71
4.1 Biu thc gi tr hng s ................................................... 71
4.2 Ton t .............................................................................. 72
4.2.1 Ton t vi ton hng s thc ................................. 73
4.2.2 Ton t u tin ......................................................... 74
4.2.3 S dng s nguyn trong biu thc ......................... 75
292
4.2.4 Th t tnh ton trong biu thc .............................. 76

4.2.5 Ton t s hc .......................................................... 77
4.2.6 Biu thc s hc vi tp thanh ghi (regs) v s
nguyn (integer) ....................................................... 79
4.2.7 Ton t quan h ........................................................ 81
4.2.8 Ton t so snh bng ............................................... 82
4.2.9 Ton t logic ............................................................ 83
4.2.10Ton t thao tc trn bit .......................................... 84
4.2.11Ton t gim ........................................................... 85
4.2.12Ton t dch ............................................................ 87
4.2.13Ton t iu kin .................................................... 88
4.2.14Ton t ghp ni ..................................................... 90
4.3 Ton hng .......................................................................... 92
4.3.1 Vector bit-select v part-select addressing .............. 92
4.3.2 a ch mng v phn t nh ................................... 94
4.3.3 Chui. ....................................................................... 96
4.4 Biu thc tr hon thi gian ti thiu, trung bnh, v ti a98
4.5 Biu thc di bit ......................................................... 101
4.5.1 Qui lut cho biu thc di bit ............................ 101
4.5.2 V d minh ha vn v biu thc di bit ...... 103
4.5.3 V d minh ha v biu thc t xc nh ............... 104
4.6 Biu thc c du .............................................................. 105
4.6.1 Qui nh cho nhng loi biu thc ........................ 106
4.6.2 Nhng bc nh gi mt biu thc ...................... 107
293
4.6.3 Nhng bc nh gi mt php gn....................... 108

4.6.4 Tnh ton nhng biu thc ca hai s c du X v Z108
4.7 Nhng php gn v php rt gn .................................... 109
4.8 Bi tp.............................................................................. 110
Chng 5. Cu trc phn cp v module ...................... 112
5.1 Cu trc phn cp ............................................................ 112
5.2 Module ............................................................................ 112
5.2.1 Khai bo module .................................................... 112
5.2.2 Module mc cao nht ............................................. 115
5.2.3 Gi v gn c tnh mt module (instantiate)........ 115
5.2.4 Khai bo port .......................................................... 119
5.3 Bi tp.............................................................................. 130
Chng 6. M hnh thit k cu trc (Structural model)132
6.1 Gii thiu ......................................................................... 132
6.2 Nhng linh kin c bn ................................................... 132
6.2.1 Cng and, nand, or, nor, xor, v xnor .................... 132
6.2.2 Cng buf v not ...................................................... 134
6.2.3 Cng bufif1, bufif0, notif1, v notif0 .................... 135
6.2.4 Cng tc MOS ........................................................ 137
6.2.5 Cng tc truyn hai chiu ...................................... 139
6.2.6 Cng tc CMOS ..................................................... 140
6.2.7 Ngun pullup v pulldown..................................... 142
6.2.8 M hnh mnh logic .......................................... 142
6.2.9 mnh v gi tr ca nhng tn hiu kt hp ..... 145
294
6.2.10 S suy gim mnh bng nhng linh kin khng

tr ................................................................... 159
6.2.11 S suy gim mnh bng nhng linh kin tr .. 159
6.2.12 mnh ca loi net ............................................ 160
6.2.13 tr hon cng (gate) v net .............................. 161
6.2.14 tr hon min:typ:max ...................................... 163
6.2.15 phn r in tch ca net trireg ....................... 164
6.3 Nhng phn t c bn ngi dng t nh ngha (UDP) 167
6.3.1 nh ngha phn t c bn UDP ............................ 168
6.3.2 UDP t hp............................................................. 174
6.3.3 UDP tun t tch cc mc...................................... 176
6.3.4 UDP tun t tch cc cnh ..................................... 177
6.3.5 Mch hn hp gia UDP mch tch cc mc v UDP
tch cc cnh .......................................................... 178
6.3.6 Gi s dng UDP ................................................... 180
6.4 M t mch t hp v mch tun t s dng m hnh cu
trc ............................................................................... 181
6.4.1 M t mch t hp ................................................. 181
6.4.2 M t mch tun t ................................................ 184
6.5 Bi tp.............................................................................. 186
Chng 7. M hnh thit k hnh vi (Behavioral model)188
7.1 Khi qut ......................................................................... 188
7.2 Php gn ni tip hay php gn lin tc - m hnh thit k
RTL (continuous assignment) ......................................... 188
7.2.1 Gii thiu................................................................ 188
295
7.2.2 Php gn ni tip khi khai bo net ......................... 189

7.2.3 Pht biu php gn ni tip tng minh ................ 189
7.2.4 To tr hon (delay) cho php gn .................... 192
7.2.5 mnh php gn ................................................. 193
7.3 Php gn qui trnh - m hnh thit k mc thut ton
(procedural assignment) .................................................. 194
7.3.1 Php gn khai bo bin .......................................... 198
7.3.2 Php gn qui trnh kn (blocking assignment) ....... 199
7.3.3 Php gn qui trnh h (non-blocking assignment). 202
7.4 Pht biu c iu kin ..................................................... 208
7.4.1 Cu trc If-else-if ................................................... 210
7.5 Pht biu Case ................................................................. 212
7.5.1 Pht biu Case vi dont care ............................. 215
7.5.2 Pht biu case vi biu thc hng s ..................... 217
7.6 Pht biu vng lp ........................................................... 218
7.7 iu khin nh thi (procedural timing controls) ......... 222
7.7.1 iu khin tr hon (delay control) ........................ 222
7.7.2 iu khin s kin (event control) ........................ 223
7.7.3 Pht biu wait ..................................................... 226
7.8 Pht biu khi .................................................................. 228
7.8.1 Khi tun t............................................................ 228
7.8.2 Khi song song (fork-join)..................................... 229
7.8.3 Tn khi ................................................................. 230
7.9 Cu trc qui trnh ............................................................ 231
296
7.9.1 Cu trc initial ........................................................ 232

7.9.2 Cu trc always ...................................................... 232
7.10 My trng thi (state machine) ....................................... 233
7.10.1 My trng thi Moore ........................................... 233
7.10.2 My trng thi Mealy ........................................... 238
7.11 Bi tp.............................................................................. 241
Chng 8. Tc v (task) v hm (function) .................. 246
8.1 Phn bit gia tc v (task) v hm (function) ............... 246
8.2 Tc v v kch hot tc v .............................................. 247
8.2.1 Khai bo tc v....................................................... 248
8.2.2 Kch hot tc v v truyn i s .......................... 251
8.2.3 S dng b nh tc v v s kch hot ng thi . 255
8.3 Hm v vic gi hm ...................................................... 255
8.3.1 Khai bo hm ......................................................... 255
8.3.2 Tr v mt gi tr t hm ....................................... 259
8.3.3 Vic gi hm .......................................................... 259
8.3.4 Nhng qui tc v hm ............................................ 260
8.3.5 S dng nhng hm hng s .................................. 262
8.4 Bi tp.............................................................................. 264
Chng 9. Kim tra thit k .......................................... 265
9.1 Testbench ........................................................................ 266
9.1.1 Kim tra mch t hp............................................. 266
9.1.2 Kim tra mch tun t ............................................ 269
9.2 K thut to testbench ...................................................... 271
297
9.2.1 D liu kim tra ..................................................... 272

9.2.2 iu khin m phng ............................................. 273
9.2.3 Thit lp gii hn d liu ....................................... 274
9.2.4 Cung cp d liu ng b ...................................... 275
9.2.5 Tng tc testbench ............................................... 277
9.2.6 To nhng khong thi gian ngu nhin ............... 279
9.3 Kim tra thit k .............................................................. 280
9.4 K thut chn (assertion) dng kim tra thit k ........ 282
9.4.1 Li ch ca k thut chn kim tra......................... 283
9.4.2 Th vin thit k m (OVL) .................................. 283
9.4.3 S dng k thut chn gim st. ............................ 284
9.5 Bi tp.............................................................................. 287
298
DANH SCH T VIT TT

CAD : Computer Aided Design.
HDL : Hardware Description Language
EDA : Electronic Design Automation
ASIC : Application Specific Integrated Circuit.
PLD : Programmable Logic Device
RTL : Register Transfer Level
SDF : Standard Delay Format
PLI : Programming Language Interface
UDP : User Defined Primitives
CMOS : Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
OVL : Open Verification Library
IC : Integrated Circuit
FPLD : Field Programmable Logic Device
FPGA : Field Programmable Gate Array
RTL : Register Transfer Level
OVI : Open Verilog International
IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange
SDF : Standard Delay Format
PCB : Printed Circuit Board
MUT : Module Under Test
299

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I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN

NGN NG M T PHN CNG

Bin son: TS. V c Lung

Khi kch thc v phc tp ca h thng thit k ngy cng tng,

1.1 Qui trnh thit k s

Trong thit k mt h thng s s dng mi trng thit k t ng,

M t thit k dng Verilog

M phng tin tng hp:

Phn tch Tng hp t cell v i kt

M phng hu tng hp:

Np thit k ln To ra ASIC netlist ti mc To ra layout ch

Hnh 1.1 Lung thit k ASIC

1.1.1 Dn nhp thit k

Bc u tin trong thit k h thng s l bc dn nhp thit k.

1.1.2 Testbench trong Verilog

Mt h thng c thit k dng Verilog phi c m phng v

Mt nhim v quan trng trong bt k thit k s no cng cn l

Chy m phng dng trong vic nh gi thit k c thc hin

M t thit k Dng sng ng ra

chy m phng vi Verilog testbench, trong testbench s gi h

Hnh1.3 M t mt on code ca mt mch flip-flop

Thay v phi d theo kt qu m phng bng mt hay to nhng d

1.1.3.3 Kim tra thng thng

Kim tra thng thng l qu trnh kim tra nhng c tnh bt k

Tng hp l qu trnh to ra phn cng t ng t mt m t thit k

Np thit k ln To ra ASIC netlist ti mc To ra layout

Hnh 1.4 M t qu trnh bin dch v m t hnh nh kt qu ng ra

1.1.4.1 Phn tch

Mt thit k hon chnh c m t dng Verilog c th bao gm m

1.1.4.2 To phn cng

Sau khi to c mt d liu thit k c nh dng ng nht cho tt

Bc k tip ca qu trnh tng hp, sau khi mt thit k c

Sau bc ti u logic, qu trnh tng hp s dng thng tin t thit

Linh kin c bn:

Hnh 1.5 Minh ha v qu trnh tng hp

1.1.5 M phng sau khi tng hp thit k

Sau khi qu trnh tng hp hon thnh, cng c tng hp s to ra

1.1.6 Phn tch thi gian

Bc cui cng trong qui trnh thit k t ng da trn Verilog

1.2 Ngn ng phn cng Verilog (Verilog HDL)

Trong phn trc, ta trnh by tng bc thit k mc RTL

1.2.1 Qu trnh pht trin Verilog

Verilog c ra i vo u nm 1984 bi Gateway Design

1.2.2 Nhng c tnh ca Verilog

Verilog l mt ngn ng m t phn cng dng c t phn cng

1.2.2.1 Mc chuyn mch

Nhng c im ca ngn ng ny khin n tr nn l tng trong

Nhng cng c bn vi nhng thng s c nh ngha trc s

1.2.2.3 tr hon gia pin n pin

Mt tin ch trong vic m t nh thi cho cc linh kin ti ng vo

Nhng tin ch v m hnh bus v thanh ghi cng c cung cp bi

Nhng khi qui trnh (procedural blocks) ca Verilog cho php m

1.2.2.6 Nhng tin ch h thng

Nhng tc v h thng trong Verilog cung cp cho ngi thit k

Cng c tng tc ngn ng lp trnh (PLI) ca Verilog cung cp

1.2.3 Ngn ng Verilog

Ngn ng Verilog HDL p ng tt c nhng yu cu cho vic thit

Phn ny cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan v nhng c ch,

1. Verilog l g ? Ti sao ta phi s dng ngn ng m t phn cng

2.1 Khong trng

Khong trng c th cha nhng k t c bit nh k t space, k t

Ngn ng Verilog HDL c hai cch to ch thch. Ch thch mt