) ) » ) > > > > > » > > > > > > > > > » ) me aoe ) runOAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, ara Donan naan ns i pra eam manent Danaea Dm i tp ) scot ane an 208 > sane ny et, Sam Pa earings SESE A mas > > > Contents cael at reduction to Internal Combustion Engines as Noten Depts 7 (Csfeton of Recipocaing Engines by Applicat 6 {Clsitons of Engines by Cylinder Arangerest 6 Engoe Conponens 8 Base Teomioigy 14 Frocaroke Spies Engoe 15 ho eng forse Spe 17 Lat, Fowesuske Comps Ipston (CD) Engines 19 EE Conpariton of St nd Ct Engines 20) Lia. Twowwote Bae 21 TMC Gomarton of Fours a Two-stoke Bngoes 23 Reiew Quon 26 [Air Standard Cycle and Their Analysis 25-61 22 Airaid Cee 25 25 Ota yee er Constant Wane Cycle 26 25 Dual Combuson cle 24 26 Comprzon of Oc, Dis nd Dsl Canburion cet 37 27-_tinon Cee Tevew Questions 39ev Sts 2-105 53 tof Engine Varales on Fle Speed 148 22 Moers of Air 62 532° tne Pere 1 33 Conbutton with Ai 69 $33 Ene Spd) 1 24 Equvalerce Reto 65 S34 EneeSie 00 33 Eaapy of Fomiton 7 535 Rendle 150 3G int Law Anyi fr Stayt Resing Systems 75 4 Etec of Spusvane on he Atal Cpl f SI Bagees 150 37 aly of Ci, ral ey of on 55 oes and Eceney oe Aca Gye 33 38 Mlaacc Combustion Temperature 552 Blet of Pasa Ratio 754 39. Dalai 9 56 Fico unser se 30 Chemie Eira 95 532 Te Atal Cyl of Competn ion Engines 155 Review Question 102 SS Aaland Fol Cyelet of Engines se Proton 10 eee Qesins 137 4. PuelAirCyles and Thelr Analysis 106-18 6 Combustion in Spark-fgnition Engines 18-197 441 eaducion 105 61 Invoicion 158 2 Fecha ele 108 82 Neel Conbuion 138 43 Facto afleing he Fela Cycle 107 G21 Sage of Comin I Bape 152 S31” “Comptes of yar Get 107 622 Plane Spot Pate J? 132 Won of Syste Besa 18 623 Fetn of Bemed Mas 162 133 Ete of Diotoon 170 624 este and Temperse Vion a 14 Ete of Namie of Motes 172 Picton f Cenk Angle 7a ‘ato Engine Wate on te Reoraece of Ftc Cyn 113 625 fat of Sk Tig om Ine Ding En Cee a6 ve 6246 et of ucla Rano nse Dm et $52 Bamed Mine ome 108 Con” Nea tol it ato 4133 Relaon teresa Untued nd Bmed Mazes 136 632 Intl Tempers od este 168 Review Questions 4h 633. Comprsion Rat 108 Proton et 638 Spur Tig 166 635 Tatler tnd Ege Spot 166 5. The Actua Cyte 13157 3a Btoe Gpot Spek Poy 100 1 tmicion 148 (64 Fates ateing Conbuton i Sparisiton Engines 167 52. Dutrence beret he Act Cyl snd he Picante 10 G41” “Conpostion of he Mle Sat tea vee 642 Loa Ter 522 Imperc Miig of Fl ad Ale 14 643 Compson Rate 167 523 Progen Daring 105 Gas Spel 45 Title sd Stope of Combuitin Chaber 8 Enea a 2 mearg eeomete 2 Ske a ners i See ORES Fe anette 3ttt Tempe, Perel Deny Fass 17 103 Compan Face 77 612 Rimen Soi pin 182 S123, Ranawy Sut Ignton 182 18 Contusion Chante fr Spon Engines 19 Sint Bae equemon of Goud Conon eamer 1 644 Gintaton Chanter Dongs Pops nes Sn mer {15 ComtosonChiter Opmzston Pace 186 Sit Soa Coney se {83 _Comdconon or roe Tate 19 reece Chante Tor 162. Lend peo Sete Cousin Canker 187 16) Rest Teles Hend SeWhe Cousin Chee a8 64 Ove ae we bad Te Contos Chase 09 {6163 | Phen hye Conbaics aster or {168 Hemiptera! Contos Chanter 791 {67 itn Cnty Combes Chine 9 ‘18 Conestn Cunbr wih e-cunter vice Selamat 417 cme Reena 194 een Quo a8 Combustion in Compresion-Igition Engines 198-227 TL tacton 08 12 setae ts 199 Ta See of Contuaion 205 1S He Relowe Raw. 205 16 ‘Airhit Rasa Ct gies 205, 17 Infioce of Vrs Fass bo ely Pesod 207 ) 28 Sobek Bp 2 79 Conpansn of Kock a Std Cages 216 ) 140. Mate of Cooling Kae in Ch Engines 25 > > ee * Combusinn Chamber fo CI gies 216 ‘Conasion Camber Canctriies 216 ‘Gureicatan of CL Engine Carson Chane. 216 ‘est jection (DD Eases or Open Combusion Chamber Eine 217 \fmiqlewen or Low Swit Open Chamber 217 3122 Medi Swi Open Craer 278 LIB}. Mph Sa Open Camber CMC pe) 218 Tncretijecten DD Engines er Died Combusin Cheer gies 219. ‘Seite Tales Cher 219 Preconbuton Chenier 221 fica 221 Brey Cote 222 1114. Conga of Chrsersic of Combustion Chto of Cl Engine 223 TS. Sang Mets an hae 23 Iroiow Queions 226 Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines 228-257 Inrotacion 228 itn of Fale 228, Sil Pile 229 6 ict Desespin of Sad Fuels 229 ico Sod Face IC Engines 200 Ug Fas 250 sat $03 33 elem Pos (ea = rok + lew =a) 230 Refning Pres of Fel 233 Felon ted Lag Pace 235 Noe pric Heed Liga Fs 236 Gansu Rice 7 855 etal Gan 237 Uwe Pale Gas (290) 238 Per Gn 2 Nydtopen 230 Fs foc Shaper “259 ser “iy of gud Pees 200 tes of hah on he Pevlomance of SI apaee 205 Saigo Comsat” 5 om Depots 245 Cabarete Deen ies 245 ‘Astin Qualty 26 Fel fo Cl Bape 248 ipso ay atsit conens 873. Vicly 207 9142 Vpour Lok in Fel Syms 292 B74 Specie Gry 209 8143 _Buckfingw Popping the Catoe 282 155 Conosan wo Wea 249 1s. Cabatenr Drvtecls 299 856 Banding Exe 250 56 shinecon Syne ia SI Engines 203 B27 Suey 250 519 ‘Typer of Fatanecion Stn St Enpnes 204 B78 Genin 250 2171 Comins Inte System aa 15 Koch Rating Fale 251 5112 Ties ijecton Spans 95 SEL) Kock Rag of St Bapne Fale 251 918 leave Pilinecioe Str (Fl) 297 882 Kank Rag of Cl Ene Parle 234 ie Slept Tote Roly ection 297 Rosen Questo 256 5182 Malpit Far Injection 397 949 Adtonags of te St Bain Felson System 30 9. Carburetors and Fuel Injection n I Engines 258-205 5.20 Disltntagr of be SI Engine Felton Sate 901 91 teadueion 258 Review Question 30 22 UnirRenmiy 238 ww Protons 304 S31 "Mine Regen Macoum Power 239 10, Cl Engines: Puel-Injetion Sytem 306-348 932 Mare Reqeness fr Minium Spot {01 nwotueion 206 Fl Common 200 102 Regurement of nection Systems 305 933. Mure Reqemens fr Var Outs 260 123. njeston Sytem 307 934 Mate Reqemens fr ling, Cssng a High Per 26) 1031” Arneson Sytem 307 94 Tamsin roqieame 268 1032 Aes or Sesto Sytem 308 BT Sting and Warmup Regutenens 243 103.3 hail Pump System o te Did ath end Device 309 342 Attention Regisement 23 1034 Unt yee Sytem or he Undivided Faecd Device 302 95 Mixture Rogues ins Main Engne 268 103 The Date Sytem 26 Carrer Requrenents 260 1036. Cammncal Sem 372 87 'SimpleCaturtar 264 104 Poetjectica Ramee) 5 Caleaca af he Au! Rao fra Simple Catton 246 10a. dex Type Dock Ptigcton Ramp 32 99 ki Rao Neptng be Compress of A 268 1042 Unt myer 8 5:10. Cammens on Ais Rao Sophy» Single Catentor 209 1043 _Datboor Type Pchijtion Pump 319 9.11 Defiemes of he emenary Cbartar 270 105. Facinjetar 330 512 Rca Pans of Mota Crbetar 270 1051 Fainjecon Holder 220 S121 Cte "270 1052 Ratineion Nowe 220 3122 Main Mecang Sytem 271 106 Types of Nolen) 3123 ding Sym 270 Tot Pte Nowe 22 3124 Acclmting Sytem 276 1062 Sipe (Once) Nowe 29 125 Ezonnisr Sym and Power Sytem 276 1063. Molitale Nowe Soe 5126 _Antpensitr Vane” 277 {0s Pinu Nene 324 913. Type of Camareter 277 107, leon: Casa Uni Pinan Spey 328 131” Dowagt, Utah od Hono ght 103 Cl Engine Govemors 26 Cabuietn 277 109 Spay Chancersicr a7 9132 Concent md cnc Cuttin 278 1091 Spay Famaton 227 9133 Maeve Cte 279 1092 Abevsaon 327 9.4 Prblens Assen’ nh Cat 292 1093 Peewee 27 S141 ee Fermaion 292 109 Digeone 229> ) > > » > My, > > > > > > > > > > d » » ) ) > om > > > > > > » > > 2 101 Faces Review Qusions 34 ‘Two Stroke Engines Ieodution 35 Cacao of Two-takeBapine ea Mase fr Seswenging Pots 584 Ratios at Seavenging Rat and Scavenging Einey ‘0 Sevenging Press Scenig Paani 350 6 20 o eet Discement Mode Cone Mising Made! Nenuremes of Stvreng Eiceney Gramlng Meat uaa ow: tgh Pos Kaienry Blo 362 eves Quins 78 ition Systems Teofition 5 Tgoton Syn Reqacements ‘Bonet Sytem 133 Baa 30 sot ‘Acuna and vanaf Twosoke Eines Conpasne af Twostake Sal Cl Ene: ‘bay 278 Tanion Swit 7 Tee Renae 79 Iiston Cal 372 (Cat Brea Pos Conener 38! Dawur 38) "7 a 1B Ta Fring Over 382 125: Declare 38) te Saar 3 el Requiem of « Cod Spat Pag 385 {22 Tasos Atecing be Esamen of Spark 385 Trea Spcrog Hew Range 388 127 Mapstoignon Sem 86 128 Compute of Batene and MogcoigtonSyems 387 123. tons avociaed won Come enter Syms 388 TEiot amutrtonIgiton (TCD Sytem 309 12102 Capuaveducrge poe (CON yee 391 11 Fates afecing Skeet 37 {21 Spoon Mesh 3972 That Comhgatoivnce Mechanism 392 12122 Mtoumatane Msbon 39) ei Qusins 4 Engine Prieton and Lxbreation 96-427 152. Compote of Engine Faction 396 S21 Rating Loses 96 1342 Famping Lawes 396 1323 _Aemiiy Conpooeat Loses 397 153. Teal Psion Work 97 [Ba Some Mare Components of Engine Fiction 298 153. rtn Mean Bective Pesure 38 136 Mechanal Ficion 399 Te Hydrypami or Fld im Ft 599 62 Pata Pcion 399 53 Kalin Pion <0 84 Dry Pats 400 157, Mechanical Ft In Major Bayne Canponets 400 23. Mave Tran Fin 403 lomby Loses a Etec of Engine ats on Pc 403 Se Tat om te Poa 405 beaten Pscier 08 STR Hydodymnic Labocato Fal Film oe Tick im) 40ny is 13132 Beanéay Letra Thin Fim) 12133. Mned fn Labo Pra Fm) Bearings Latecation [Bil Rong Ton Bexings 420 [B42 Oscaing Dural Benge “4 15143 Recipoewing Beige 3 bias Gate are 2 Vicon Inder (VI) 14 DIsA Pah ml Fe Poms 413 Biss Sanity a5 Tiss Otmee 415 adie or aca 416 SAE Vicoaty Nemier 418 atwening Sere 419 TBikt Pewl Lacaion Speen 48 13183. Doysanp Latecaton Siem 27 Engine Peberoteané Laban 23 Reson Quetins 8 eat ‘Transfer in Engines and Cooting Systems Inoticion 28 Neceaiy of Engine Calng 28 Daag of Ovrconing 429 Engine epee Dain 429 Enoae Wimp 30 (Gs Tengen Vassion 431 eat Parte Codentons “432 Heat Toner ne Sytem 435, ‘eat Teer in Conbortnn Chante 435 eat Tafrin Esa Su 27 MaveConing 28 fa of Opting Vaal on Hex Tne AIR Mist Stone 2 sass eve Quon 4 15. Air Capacity and Supercharging 16182 Compson Rate 40 14133. SpukTimiog 47 TIS4 Engines 44 16105 Eng Spee “4 14139 Engie Mirae 4 eiaio Kom set Cola Sena ave [ist Coole ine 4s Liguccosts Same 46 1G Dito Rowen Sytem 46 16162 Themesypbon or isl Cheon System 6 14163 Faced or Ponp Gilson Sytem 4? 14164 Prose Colne Seem 40 14165 Evaporative Cong Sytem 50 Compare of Aad Lig coking Ser 451 HAITI Advmtges of he Ascnling Sten 457 14172 Dindnmages of te Areectng Spc 451 T4173 Advnage of te Ligsconing Stim 452 14174 Distvamage ofthe igadeatog Sytem 452 Mode Goning Conepe 452 456-489 Ect of Ac Cpcty on ncaa Poner 456 Wea air Capciy 57 Wome iemney 58 tof Vries VlomeicEicleny 459, ssi Rel a9 1532. Heat Tarn the Ike Sytem) 460 1553 WaheOveap 460 1354 Vcr Da sn Reticsoes 490 1533 Teg of ae Wve Ching 1536 tne Teale 46? 1557 Eatuue Renal 46) 1358 atau Got Resielton (EGR) 402) 162 Mesos of Bike Power 90 1621 Poy Bake 90 1622 Raye Bute 47 1623 Hye Dymamaneter 492 1624 Ely Coven Dyomaneer 49 1623 Swinging Fld DC Dyeamemeter 163 Indexed Power oat Mechanic! Inno 5 1633 Willis Line Mea "500 ead The Me Ten) 1635 Moemp Tes 302 164 Pel Caosmpion 302 Test) Grevimeie Fel-ow Measurement 502 a te ) ise eeomee_ae is Sei aoe ig someone ) 15.62 Factors which Increase the Power Output by Supercharging 462 165 Messuremest of Air Flow Rate S05 eee OES De 2 seg ence DSS aa ies acest igs ater atti Mas 1 i eS att 5 ere a eee a ies Soot eee eee eel ee a i Sees ete rts Coma i caceeemes ee ciiecoete nee eee hale os ) 1123 Mechanical Efficiency 477 Problems 337 > ian Sane a 1 hme Ene rare d 1B.L Supescharging Limits of SI Engines 472 171 Introdvetion 540 > Bs Exetel Sees la eee vane RE See ee i atta asece nscertent eee a eee fa ncoen nae a ) Seer ; 1 a aA oe eee me a) eres ata > es : eae 3 se eng sing sd Prormnce nso | palace 2 76 Plant Fomston 508 Fret Hysrcatone 8C)508 172 Caton Menon (CO) 59 Tr63 Onder af Neropen (NO) 350 Wed Parle 0 117. Ent of Opening Vries on SL Engine Etat Enisions 33) 7k Deng and Operiig Vr tat Deoese HC Concentaon from be Ect of SI Eogte 39 179. Dang ad Opring bles ha Reduce NO, Cocetation from he Eshus of St Engi 5% 17140 les of Opening Vara oo CL Engine Eta Bion S54 1H Canal of Ete Emin 5S THIN Cale Comenes 555 112 Them Reto 60. 1113 Pascale Tope 361 Ree Queso 58118 Alternative Potential Engines 56-519 ML Suutescnes gee 50 Sing Enne 69 arable Comprsion Rao (VCR) Engine 57 186 Duabfel gies 573 187 Mulifeelenpres 377 1 Sutbty of Other Engine at Mail Unis 578 Review Queions 578 Bibliography ‘Anewers to Probie 597-590 Index 91-597 Preface ‘soni tended 1 ovr he vas a fas roving fe of er conte egies Ticecdece wth he cucu fr bach’ Spe in mec eget ed Seen evening. The cnet fe ak wl be eal pl he pre ‘ita wel nd Yo Bose pearing fo varus compete examin: neh ae Co ‘Sse noes Sere. UTE tS pare AMIE (en Bin mesancal nes wil slo dese fal ee om ths ook thence tn ehusely ual cnr, Tebook ci alo eed ma tere by esearch sat sod pr ‘Zeit spl paged ne fla aia and dedopmet of ene. “he bok wit in single ao hed langnge with god agate Suse, “evr opis expel ight fom the eames WR a desta cep so enposte the elteshp beeen concept unesnding and ple {etvingapposcher However, the sudets ne speed to have bi kapwlege of ‘Seams id cane aha entre ein re ext mar ‘su fom he te "Te took hasten dain phew capes 0 cove th inp 1p on ea oohioe eines competently donate anaes of ete gta (0) {nd compro pit (0) ens oprating on fousohe and tweak eee I 30 ‘ae he bans deg and operon’ feral contusion exis of Se ‘ene fon ap ato, et wane aed cong tema peo, eg Perfomance exh emo. dey devsapoes, an ete fil ene. “The etre eon cote se ong the tx With ew develo the men’ peclemsciing sil, my eal ware exams ne ben ed The oper end review guessed pooner sen pace epernies atwill ‘ine ew ke fn te gc. na nul, my zal haben o ep he dns acquire aad ere ack roand mera comton egies Sv ual exanpe sewed exten hgh te ‘ate etn ow ay mid ms ci wi by hin wile aching coe and pesiag research Inte fll era combuton {igs it orcs i mp il be aber nelclam th i wh hei ee erat ea Mice ito o Soe nd Tih (OMEN, Us wher aay et tenn petly oy cae dad colep Pot 3 Sono fe Depo Meche ec, in iy Tie "Ah exe om my testes oe 8 pid ea my oes fer ee ees le eng a ly tar =“ iy te “el fom scl pe of tr dain! pope te cana Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 1 11 AN OVERVIEW reno ies vce bis ame chenille anes pace anew Engrs nace ree ea ts eye ttc, We el un he recan f wno- Sawer i cnn enous cx eed Te icf conbsion sas Fa ere Aira ena sven lee econo ital rxk wi aba ween a anger oy asi io (a) Ewer Combes gies ECE) {3 Ie Camsesten Engines 1 Eine) ventral conto nies, th conkuo fe fn presence os nes ple oe ae heen ecy so om eel wl ie eh a i fom ws Se eng i wich ets Be endo Fe tr mecha wrt Hee, ec of combi of el 8 [Ante ope sine andbnc ry do ot ome whi i Sn na pet plan tse ee of exten combustion ee ay cd nope ena coon gia he ea Teal contin pA sd cep tie as ‘ain frat cams ene He, nor a wing mbstoce Wc cane al nes a tom of of conus fn ae. Stine nen ton me te ote puma cons cgtes te he cnc ef aks pls side hcg Oi et Sion carne yer ara wen a. Increeing Can ransom te cneburon fe furl ks ps nie he se) Fane tide omition gies nop cee uh FTEs ot cmbusion a cue sr be pus tt ad wich a a {Sr he onan2 Fat of a Cantante Te nt ep neon pis He ol eof Hi a he ‘Sicestinmecnianceinn ope wns het fom mi ahead scl anon en en "he eam ete ple he a pp anaes ext comtusinn gleed fe lage ci er tn. sal cope le eo ay (9) Gre mec saplty (he et rt ih bee (o Lmeritiaes (5 he ke Sa iy ny al tb of at neh el De srg fer in ni om he fa a ey Wa “The indus ite combating vr etal combating (0) het ene enn fa which ae cps Onli poms | respon cote el Te eae realy mow epee (© Reign as 2 cbse ps (©) Tsim Cees erect prs dene eye supe oben a ei selene ny sete nl contin eg. gee nh we Bono engi, Tha tsk Sess i eine fra eben cage es of teocting pe nl cosh ine Ren Ces aed ti, mas mt, oe no al senha ayo sre poe ese CPC ngs a yr oe et ne goed cen moment Th pee hem co, awe ages oa ine canbsion gine vera enema conbutionege ent min oni ete, 1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT i. 1 pis ome we as ey recan. 118 i 82- {800 in eye 65. Col ua cae enn engine tng ‘inal fe pin ste. As pote he epee by pa Tet sean the ured phe sled pe fem, delved power ison rt econ fe Sek, On he onset ue wee chad fn he ‘der Th tase was pose yng ge yl whch aed oy ag | ower oes spl nerd the tu seksi te sae mr he Sassi nny 16 a 0 ns ue baka ep ‘cols A Ono (1852-991 nd Bopen Langen (183-1895 developed fie pan cane in in Goma Ae mre ws then ne ned ae ig uy pr of cataract spt sn ava wa ee ‘Seine, Tepes war tou iad by amspecpsare acing oe pt oe ‘msdn yea anak an pon deste yee mead ne ‘pu af Tenn he hye mene he pn wud ee sh ee ‘Stogh ie ale orp he le The tema tency of cg a fda i, ane Bad Rahs ISD, Fh deed ies epi Ive an ie of ping el higher pres ea eel of eonpesie Inte! of tripe fo a aire esr Teed ane ane wih ema sts pas hon oe “seu ees ldo, boeve uence inant In 176 ‘ie pe nein xp ops net yon ‘Sfershemal etc Ths waste eakgh ected een aa 1 yl snc 00 of eens has on wisi Eee md USA Bye a egal Clam mer Reto fhe UK sd Ra Bo of Gemay See cre! wostie mer combust eine hs ein comp fe aes {Cwm st ne pes soar ng eno Be pn eed ‘ac bepanig fhe compen sok In 18, lanes Aon of Eg velop sn ‘pin wi expunsi ke ger re open ake The pe exanso ke ‘ston! ime elcenya t epine Bfceneycl a te em neen! by ‘ncug capes eb re cv ltr pole Smee a ‘hime whe gai fel valle beep lo oe i 2 Rol Det C18E-113) develo ers ype oF eg which igh cae ieee Fmt) atom ‘Sper cern md epson rr, Then bl wes rere Te et ‘Ses egne eden Ge sine wo ipl Both ours tl wosiek ded ‘er have endo. 113. MODERN DEVELOPMENTS 11957, Wank cy HC eae wat ee cel te rng ter neh and at) ? > ) > > > > > > > > > > d ) d ) , > > > > > > > ) > > > d > tno Cnn ‘sis tne piston nevi hn Ober me Serpe oe lst i pasion poten ave ih orig on ene deepest ao- ing itt nn nie Due ol Was Sti Oi of nan deve eal eakng pes whee herb we hee sa nie ey es ving Sn pan at td in rca pee chge spice oe ic ton mona ‘sete ie alrogen deat emus fhe pra mt eed. Dice ene ae su ou of al ose arte el osc sie of itogen Much woh beng one on eo See ee ot ge Seat aong tee mun! pr, peoleum ps ea esa nd tye ‘eben heel ft hs en teint eg eal mam mene ed oi cht vege tough snl as ret Oo te ppl comes ‘ease forte! isaac psf tw espa a isting an becom ne New ul no bacon valet yo, tes feed engine wih em cn ree et te and nce ene) 14 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS ee ens i cmb cgi at cn bli on owing Thermabyamicyce * Cnt ne a nid on ke 1 Gana pre pd Dia le {Pah iin aed peta sw et por a ye wenineree + Fes eeu epi gear nd itched 1 Most leet al ec + edocs ing ee or 5 trae Selo moe 1 Ginn ee noe Te gud my best ied eum gs (5) trope + Becta Ine esd wean ed atnedotteteupey Rely gh ce: neni fie rintecat + Mating etn (MP ed a moe su ito aie. 1 Shp pubs bly meton ci moda ped at pion eae Pet iectn shih eae no he ene inert sen eel egies oe + Spark gion (ed income poral egy, owe Senge 1 Capen son sed i emetonadeelcpiy known egos Matdadocotng 1 Waterconet engineerin walls me coved by ciclaing wate the jcket Sing eee + ESS ios oe Bett rte te, speed * Law seed ee 1 hpi Migs Flot ppiatin + Story ens fr ye enerton 1 Mo gis pepo pr 1 Atomote ees rhs tap 1 Adena oa Labreaton sytem ‘peur on Quan cool engine sift emis cnet. The ei af he Shp tees the bined Ananth cgi hl eset, + Quay conta ger“ dice th guy il esd, at raga qa of te ne: Ancram ist tng gece + Cambie nel eines te nies Boh eG and nly fe eee ‘eae epg oe as ino6 ho Conan ge ‘Basieangne son + Seinen a or portdesian + Yaies—ovte tes ed fed wes Let ary ves 1 Rt oneanens bgpetenkr anh or ano savege + Opn cane or exp, ahh wed, bowtie pnion Denier 5 OR Geer al ge yas pe lt 15 CLASSIFICATION OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES BY ‘APPLICATION ‘1.1 sho te cafcdn ot cpcaing egies by appa Friern spc one rosin mere ves emi rm conan ent 18. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGINES BY CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT Mat cyte pewing egies we cmon cael by liner argent. Soe of (eta pe tae epee shorn nae Insts ngines ‘Alleyne ae raged ie nonin and nie por gl crt Fosreyinie tne tapi se common for psec Mura eats he ees {nee Siveyimaer neg ao commana aed ey og ‘aly ve pn le wn cr salon Upte pcs ae ‘eee rd bret, engines “TeV pe ene la’ enhance acon ck ‘Venn! feat incr mae cele ce nh ey fe ib {isl rer a V2 angen corn wed proce me power om ‘compat engine They mn socoiy wt mh wee ‘ ene Tan enero ae f = —= f aie ( ee E ‘ en: ‘ ieee fay ( ee a pom aot a eee my fe ee ee a a oo oon ca coo: JG ee PTH ake ee ee a ee ee a aoe oo Tn Model scplanes, son ct. __ I-A aw 2 A ¢ Pa eee eae eit ( Opposed cylinder engines: c “The oppred cylinder engines const of two or more cylinders on oppeie ides of common Romie reeicantmcmeceeneenee te | Se ecenctnca ogeegralamte acme ( (‘opposeiston engines When mca ic ee icine erect ea pt, TP inci ne pay hp a Rete eco asec tieaaare ms ‘me — Sears comape ; : Sr meee mina ey tne ee EH CA =) Eencaege mace oe (oman apenas ‘The type eit seal compe oppose ens. spa atin onesie esa The Hype Sot psy fa wie oe + | 17 ENGINE COMPONENTS |g Hom ata ve of hye a der stoke sion ‘Sti Te arnyeenrf cet ge sian ay | he cog tn acne cya sche dr ack nde per ‘hetuned tani cng ne sp. Te ck smal mine gy a ot ‘Seat got weer enced low otters sto ha oar pet ‘soa ble sla af fink. ‘enter! ay nel eveteed coma noo aloy aos Te po eer he cag ed mani foot omc ing ein cu nn are ce ee ors op iS Ths pms dem nnd Sn ly Te comps ape ‘heel anol ing pee pve ov eps, The ps ing eve ape ofthe sxgandog gnc fo he enmiaon shar oe cake Al onl eg ‘mallet fe eomin sod rps ind pean ow tea ton A mein os normal ep Fa fel Wits len bash ad tac a a‘Spon tv cnet ply net yah14 des of wl Contin Ee sditarancs nd ersten in by mac oss sean Te i ‘Sven ta the ena spe yah asd slew per om ke pan he htt nC egies ahi refed pmp and jects we ne Oe car er ‘liner mound he cdr had The pomp vey ee cama. 4.8 BASIC TERMINOLOGY “Tebactamlogy wd al td metre in yn einen st owe i Bowe Le yt — Femi ta 1.tore ih isthe init dame fhe eit inde she bes se ‘roe sxe ros 2. sive (Ding evel fest, a per wl a a oer ing tn ach the reco fo te po ere The et dnc gs ‘cic soem tegen wernt oft po rele A TopDead Cente(TDC):_ Wiehe po tt tp psn the yin i Sar se or a Ge A te a lt ‘awe amen tow een “ome 4 tetom Dead Cate (BDC): | When on ite econ poron et heel Sina potion ate in eC, in hen ee) Ie toe nee hema 5 Charanceylume (Whe epson athe TDC pon he olne connate ‘linear ep fe pt cede eae aus The ten can OY uf is volone and aay ep i ee eae | , ee ‘Pen dpaement or wep volume (Vs she ame eg ough ye an i {tinder ome (Te einer vole aes Dot ecco he Compensating deol when dee a BDC elie Mean pion speed:_ At hep mines nee ag eae pd changer cc: RMS tn TOC sed BDC wd asin ste tein of TOC sad BBC. Toe ‘Sang Olav TDG iis 0 whe he tee ma 0" BOC Tas ‘thatthe ct ps seers ance eae ng fhe ate, In Fath may ponte teen edieein nl (ym Lis ees ion sed wb 2 19 FOUR-STROKE SPARKAGNITION ENGINE leant ys engine ec of option is compet noses fhe pan fest: ofthe crt Ths 72°C (oon mpl) eld omplee ce igus suws he anette se sd he pao fe aes ng oh Few tows the p-¥cgamindcaing eps ion ug four skeet enn wih ago vole ef he de, Inston or auton stoke (0-1) “net ae pe at it bee he TOC Ase pase mores fn TDC BDC = ‘ine of alee) ide ita cbc oan ve De ‘ovement fe oe he rests in tne eed san blow epee sat ste cae ows hugh he nto syne bec of hr ee iene [ay ein vate sl crete tn fo sn pps ol hepato hs ove pathway ange en ke Gat Compecsonstota(!-2) Who hates cee charge wih steno cnr ing te sao le ‘Peumresby eu ae fps. Arte Dyan cre eis16 fitment Conan fans ‘ant? Torani ole see rte io, hich ed ec vale. at ee ne he ‘Sesion ie hepa estar Tr ey fe Sd thecal caenene af curt Th cio press oc a a a Sant vn nd ees ag mons hp dpe fee es recs a amis pega Expansion or power stoke 2-4) ‘Te ihe ae ges ore thn ov RDC ahha a exanst esti apes tit expen proces compton st pt at ce (Garin rang te passes peda beast ve ge sone po ws ‘toe te SDC Pver i aban dng ht she, Boh poses ene Geese Exhaat aoe (¢-0) ‘ae Teint ave eae ce The ese ding ste aly he Sa oe Seat rean et aeciwmt wt eo te e ‘in oat gam eps. tee ae rs he “intr eopresed cna tt he fe chage ad sie os Exh ourstole expe sngles ale persons nes oie eso ‘fr om comple sc, the ny oe owe stole wl tec aso rah 1.40. VALVE-TINING OF FOUR-STROKE S! ENGINE ‘tie msl ssn of eng, he reining ote psn si csi ‘she ae andthe ea pit ot wih gon cep me ery ingen Tl {tes oul oe ancl dhe toad ora ea cote oot ph ‘ok Act, se te ae pars ses fm he dsl cee poston: Te ‘tors aes ining f ves he ih lc of chug a ey to ‘crt gh ely feb ues et mega1 Fone nal Conton 11031 Inet vate Dost he ie ft an ne agin. pessomewt er anh Ws ep "ily of IC eget igh sets, A te ptan move owe eng he son sl chp eh Pdr aagh ete nth ese nomen 0 ‘meredith abe ceed oxy BD, yr wont lo ‘See ion ity ig uo ny fe mcr he ‘Coney dg en nef an lh BOC ee age ol et sree is ic nt eps Me npr sre th ifthe fet lei ed BDC ent or ech ewe ‘ee cg sta ests pe ie ener eae ome (See sme ‘Coney natal pert, dein eel pel he ender gas the tome rete. Ache po eeu nd coos he compen she ‘Sat sae oe sg mate soak athens pp Soins be np ‘Reenter open ster However il apd and otk ht {lee potions wi th rk il ing fresh ede ange whee pio ess ‘Sted statancy, Theft pil ig wah he son ds te ey ‘ponte skeet pose oey te eta open ser BDC: Toe mean ‘Ne icon hi ce Bey meee 4302 Exhaust Vaive Ini xn mack he os of combat pone he xa we pe ‘ft vt Se BDC pin Th, same fhe eat a es ie es cuurestore smaptsmd ee heath iad ving ety Oe se [teow he pte semen exuat oe Dai ees sae eb ast Se wr uh eect po by cong nechutreae eng fe ox pcan be wise wi sn ng fbr et ae sn Be Tipe 19 show de ae nigga fr afore eee engine. Te dpa mus. cul sas eo sl, ne tgrnpred ver he ene rsa ‘Sptsin is eo tec oop arcar seme cop oe is are es Su i re ie se SD Tina ped hfe TDC a he xs ae 1, Sleinmy ce 15a tT Te scaled ee overlap pro. Ti Pid es ye eer but us il bese i te cod oi a ‘Se chy ene tage le {81 FOURSTROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION (cl) ENGINES ‘he ur aroke Cege sii he fe rok ean at gh congesan BSSSTE cS emir Dug te sane toe ent ave pet an nh Be nite ye slot ses 2 TDC ft in aly Sed REET stg arith combo sce pmo cca eso 2, ‘Bec mpl ads rer ae ot nuns spar he, tee nd ert te al enti gine ingen er Ts Fm aerngsapidehasnsie ee tate my be ed when hh er ope a same in Tis ge Tne eh aes no pte ops ak Bath te i ese see a et ate on be po abe son sep the mimin ne Fee cc BDC tenant ae ops nthe pods of eonbunn Ts oa ve ings fons Leng allows: Ine ae ope st 37 fir TDC TDOY Int ae soc shu 0 afer BDC (BDC) ‘Etna oom tet 45 bee BDC BDO) that ae cla shu 9” ater TDC QTD) Inst far sow" bebe TD. me20_ funded yn [he sno for psig aching ae before oe cents fr Lange ae ‘sy test rer Steps Pr sts oh ahd Cl eee ae thee 1.42 COMPARISON OF s1 AND cl ENGINES ‘The tress beeen the land CX epes eie ie TBE Tite 12 compl sandtagat * Ate hernge titon ements pe The ene NST date scooter cag? een tt ce SS cep a ae Secs trot op heey Sehgal ane Ee cinoma [ne enn ELSE eee Someta deere EUS Sveanso | Segoe ain oem ar = Socom ‘erates smiont re Sefer n SBS lem onstee teeta ap aed vibaion are ies ia cn eae cot i Snoaortestis + Tamia pm eat aa Cavin mt ae it sre (80) an acne Cpl a nie oe 142 TWO-STROKE ENGINES. Te tts fe ce opi ace ing tion of hk {pots i te ender td coven bch the ee ot ede pr Dee ‘Soyein he charge rot ne: Ache oe ai shee pegs ine pss eed tlw tenner peste Se te are ents fo he ‘Sint though he sponse tbr ae (pies esas bef e TOC The [per er py apse pve dure peepee fom ¥ ‘ate piston descends tongh et 0 prc woking ce hea po ‘sumone yh son ade bea Teneo rane ei ‘esi tos poston ean be ec prt) The are crs ch ‘Moen compres byte descending pon even he yd dugh he ane oC).‘The sen ped ee he he apart in one nd proven expe thot shat or. Athe pan es, entree shy he es Porat rte est or ca compen of he hg a then eit. Te Fhe mpued “peste dayam nd be ining pram fr» wostoe SI egies ow i FO 1 sana rp) ms 7 hacen tore Riese Rites Reto ai) Tbgerntadnne “The despon ofte wo inks le men a son ao ples he lenges wth sein tt or cmp nthe pn ig epee lear XEecconmeion soles mente eof eng {14 COMPARISON OF FOUR-STROKE AND TWO-STROKE ENaInes pte 13. arc Sea ome anno ee ‘lors + Re pel rt ee ‘Si ce perf mee me ‘etm Pomp re ee te ii age ant an in Sac hh pe ure ‘Sing eapo noeee rte esa pd on, sinatra eps eon ‘ew jn coe aad eg ‘edie ts pp ies sped cence 1 nee tary gd oman i mh beta cots + Ue tt grat ee toe hcp a Sc Wit ea ‘uma bent a be okey a ne may owe sobs per ck eo Iie we orstoke sce anerer a toshe e epee pone pe Pratheme engi se This ec ae duos te een sxpnion sae na (0) sone fe chep sapien ng mveniePwes REVIEW QUESTIONS ‘3, Wt oy mented yan ira oman engi? Gin ome eames of is 5, ik eset nl nin epi Geena {6 Gran aout of itr developnet Cg. >: He ecg pe cl ag op? Men 10. How wetherecpeing cgi cing cinder amagenet Bey {eth eat ge wah ip of as daa 1 Desc he non a ngrn engine congener ina ose eng, Ale Defect ame, dare vle compen a and mn pion sped ‘esr mh nip of arenes patil he urs Scie Dest eva ning of fesse Spine Dre po apa save 15, Dacre mening pages ows lenge Meno te yp ves of ‘ae ings oe fone Cen 16, Doing par pan and songen pion aie. 19, Dob wos St cope wis ptt ap, Wt boca a (onde twos Chena? ‘oa dene _ 19, Bw ep dap and esp avs saga fo nto tke I eine 20, Wan ae the apd tt exh Sen ene? Air-Standard Cycles and Their Analysis 24 INTRODUCTION nigel conbusion nies be envenson fet ney io shan work i aconl- ‘nd ncn Are ming pata eg el cote feel es as Soups chemia hr and psa anger cer son etter eh ‘Spies nine anal eng, mete ni me comploue Toei ‘esecnager ute) an ssn fl Ge rey cnr ey compar bln, ‘eon ed of ria tee ta el pn ho {Gye arundel tnd) he here ey Seam ngs ont ele nr smdd ce etl ros cin sate stoned b Cons nal agers Ta eee ese pe ino ‘perenne uy eel an Oasys cone ‘sig he scl engi camer cee Ths oe ins elt ‘ino pie et wenger te nin oe hep ses hate apn pers: The liso eee pened i apr 22 AIR-STANDARD CYCLE 1 he ing 4 ecg any at aay wit oma 2, Affe ms fa ien ae wing hi thao eee yee The elie eee i sn aig ne ape ee 3, Tascam psc ped y+ tar procs fo nea suse. 4) Thecye icone by hw ect oe srg wl wes ed it crn al cnt Tht nee ke24 anf Content 4 eg an ere yy Sone cg hon te Becateof he hve pied sung he a engrish wok xp tol tse ye tii a san oe Ne Ue en pes ening isnt eth de wr ir (4) Ow (8) Ditoye (6) Descomtsion ye (@ Attmonee “Theft cee patsy levi thereat combution nine sdihe earhone treet emis fee nd ttn Some bree hee Isp ae bustles ee gies ate tin ol ls pss 23 OTTO CYCLE OR CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE Geman sei A. Nol Onin 1876 opt ae ssn yc wi conan ‘Stones iso wc red tv repel spon ep ld ‘scapen, Te eee trun oe pl aed Fe Sagan nae 2) Fre 10) rpc, ory I Orage owt ott ‘2c te pin bt den cn (BDC) oon ad pe ise be cag line Arte fs overuprrs nhac en conpesie exopely. ‘reseed by cess 1-2 Arp’ enn mae etapa ene TDC) psn AeSded Cy dT dpe 2 eas ppt te afm a8 ese eng cnt oie oes 2-3. a ‘eateageslesurden berg fo esau by anes Arpt ‘Susans ere anfengennte iow sl uh epson om TDC w BOC te pct rh cop Tis proce of cpus tan ete psn ened [pots St Arh ed ths expen pve he opt ona oe omy pc ere ts os owes 12 vera or ens compeesson. Therein heat sas Pome} tat he i efit eae otek en hem ce ono rw tein, st opp — ace nal en mage o woh dig ee fishes 15 Oa cp tev et ener dig te press 1-2 ad 3-4 hey ae scent pes Ha spiel ny ing ose lane poss 2-3 teed on anagem tone pees 1 Ov=emcth-19 > * mem meal) as) an ee tar28 hots own ante or err es Sebsting eas of Ty ad to 24 snd 25) na 2, he ea tony ore sami iy of sn ge Be ih a5 29 "user fo Bp.) tha te hana ice fhe Oe cpl depen ely on he ones in rnd near ith an ethene he ye sth cue a Rr cont pss e oast. i _ i Pmt Tamteteeeyn credo detention, ‘The anion of compe kn fm 4 [2 The ae he ose wae in spe is Fe 2 i a ye rr ee ‘Sucre ge atest aio an ate er he eel ey ‘costa nl sn enn pre auth apd et sped pop ‘ldo bal iyo be Oye ep ra Sunt Cy Pe hs 29 Fon eis of hermes or de stem he wrk one ig ee W ate gpd tet jee W=Q\~)=mckN~T)~mekeT) pels 19) rT) en econ volun press 2-3, Silva fm B. ean a) tnt 054 ng a en opt 084,29 Seig the eof 1nd Tes Bt. (24 29) and (20) expec in 2.7) meaty 199) (a 7) ea 1(@- 0 ereria—o'=) aw Mea ete ps, pe = Om =H am Septem, ata) «HH -1) am po RUN AEE ng 28, nave au oeEqutin (21) sows at be wok np fe yl iets wih he nese ‘nie sooo fhe ceived. Equnion 213) sows atthe me ve esp isan perineal pet Aa neces on Found nevcepmsen tle tte se “fective pres of te eye sows tht he si of pe preston rar the ot ‘eine Way of impinge rors of esa Howe he maxi oo be Sper ni hm mul ce oat wane oe el 24 DIESEL CYCLE ut Dit in 192 neice he. i ha ye i sowed comps ‘eon Dil engi yes sl ct ns ded cea ‘ume Te ones psn ashe Teal Fda ‘Bows ia Fine ft and Hse 40) pce ent Gynt Ye es 30 . pet - " eth endo occ eo competi. Tere oh sans POSE IS terbecoman pee on Heat supe ing is proces Pees itis tnrop exsn Thee he tae POE TE abcotm vtec pcs Heat eee ig i ros esl =m = a6 Horse, Oem an _meh=1) mT) a “To moe ed aoe eit 1 compeion ria. sie rg esate vlne othe enece ole ot as 2: cae pin Se eee ef yin te ‘Stone fom se hho oped eps Be cue cat pot om22 dee oft Contin Fare pes 1-3 ee pendent ea Ee (8) =a (8) =r ex Stet the values of TT and Tam Bas, (21), (22) an 2.23 cps in "By 2) thera eficensy oe nts efiny os De ese cane apenas ign] a Rr) oD alte] a2 ‘toe (2.20 shows eho cen Dele depends on he igen ‘ore ita egoen yt ial a By comparing E23) nl GH ‘heed a he fcony a= Del ye fer om i ens fo Ow eye he {erm B= 17-1) sch alms pene an sy. Tf tan ery ‘ibe Dl ce ses ta he Oo ce fer the steers Ft Ge {ae oft cof ao ft etic athe Det ees white mene 1030, whe: for prison eps 6 0 Bean he highs compe ao ‘din desea, eens of elena i pe egos p25 shows tt teal ec) of Dee ces ih te ese i oon aio wat pct However nce eee a fcc, ‘isc. ninesen tale ea nme at be he oo ft Sa ‘ese inetd wich emepnds tan tee nnd on een Tere, $$$ > senate dT As 39 cesta Faves ends) ott oasteetangtancsbiaeret laa ies, th tema efficacy op. The mascot of ermal fey wil be Seca Seca cme oe sn cio ‘psn Hoover bianco bee ried ne pt of een osc hm se mensned ot hs sae a masecng hs PAT) —meTs~T) aay Sub eves f TT; aT, om Bt 21), 2.21 and (229, repay st Baas, Wem BoP T 0) me ETT) 20} ox Swept ume,etre em =P voit, Bt ane lta = pgre-» ex) ‘Bunton 2.25) hows ht the mean ele psn of «Die nee wih he nee nl remap, oduct empresas ad te Tectia ince, tena hn eels eh ‘25 UAL comBusTON cycLE ‘rine jel Tae compro so expan pee hen nde ea ot ‘Snant eune ThepY and 7+ dagen stom nPger 26) en26 0) pec eel onto rete omit Sonne 1-2 issesop comps. Therein et fr Wa don sym, Fes 3.3 om ve ce Pt of eu pd Sara Pres 34 verb contin pre pres. The emaing ptf he a sp ed dng tit paces eset Cy Te ds 35 ‘row 43 seni xs Thr leat ase Wak oe ye system, Pow teers com me oc Het epoca hs poses Hx pe ding te process 23 = eT) Hx pied dine acs 34 =e, 73) ual hen rg Gam) + ms T-T 200 ew etd ie pce SQ, =e Ts—T) ean ‘Teena ei. ni-& a a1 eB RET me TD Maem ea © Compesinmnin, rete en 2) Prore , ak a (0) Coats ont as) orice Fo 12 alae retort a0) an