1° stion and the First Law of ay ~ hac ° dynamics oe VA Acertain f 1 behind a piston, the initial volume being 095: i when # expands reversibly: fi) atcor —: pressure to a final vou: (ii) accor sz lincarlawtoafina! (iii) accor t9.a Jaw pl = constant to. final volume of 0.1 m*: | is) aces toa lan pe? = constant to fsa volume of G.08 m fe)-ace toa law. pes(4 b2)-48 Vhtw a fina volume of 0.1 m? and a final pre of bar. where Aang Bare cosstants, Sketch: opesses ont por diagram, ‘Solution 1 work input = 10419%x(0.05 - 0.2) i = = 150 000 Km + Kork culput = + 150 000 N m si) Work input = 10%*((2x0.15) + Q.15(2 - 10)) oi = > 90 000. Nm @ Work output = + 99 000 Nm “A4i) Work input = 10%x10x0.05x1n(0.05/0.2) Oe eee ae :Hence! = 0.04, an, Therefore, 05 0.1 $0. 3x1n(0.05/0.1} = 10.04.08 + 0.0208x106 #19 206 Nm Work output > | 19 2001 m Pressueefcten 1.2 Uke of a aid 1s compressed reversibly accor. + to a law pr = 025, where p is in bar and ¢ isin m? ky. The final volunie is 4 of. iritiat xefume. Calculate the work done on the fuid and sketch the prosess on a p Solution Work input = 1x0. 25x10%xInttntroduction and the first law of thormodynomics 0.05 m? of a gas at 6 bar expands reversibly in a cylinder behind a piston according Xo the favs pet * = constant, unt the volume is 0X m3, Calculate the work done by the gas and sketch the process on i p=" diagram. Solution Final pressure = 6.9x(0.05/0.08)!-? = 3.926 bar Work input = 105x((3.926x0.08) - (6.9x0.05)) (1.251) - 15 480 Hom. Work output = + 15 480.N m Thy of a fuid expands reversibly ng 10 a tin the imtial and fina! selumer are OOG4-0 and enn reversibly at soustant pressure, aad 4 3 pes constant back 16 the ital condition « and 24m’, ‘sok done in each provess Jind the act wore of the epcle. Sket diagram flaw from 4.2 bar to 14 bar Cateulate the ch the eyele ona p=r F ABO. 064/14 = 0.012 mi/kg for process 1 to Work input = -109(2.4(0.97 - g.004)V2 = 0.06x(55/1.4)1/1-8 = 0,693 B?/ko Work input = 105x((1.4x0.693)_ = (55x0.06)) 1s 1 ~ 466 006 N m/ko ~ 466 kJ/kg Therefore, = 970 KISkg $70 - (-466) = - 108 ka/ao! Heat rejected = 104 k3I/kg steam turbine receives a steam flow of 1.35 kg/s and the pewer output is SOOkW. The heat loss from the casing is negligible. Calculate: change of specific enthalpy across the turbine when tke velocities at entrance sind exit and the difference in elevation are negligible ‘he change of specific enthalpy across the turbine when the velocity at entrance is 50m /s. the velocity at exit is 360:m/s, and the inlet pipe i. 37 above the exhaust Solution 1-35(h2 - hi) = - S00 kW > hz = 500/1.35 = 370 k3/ko 1.35((hz - hi) + ¢ + G2 ~ 219) Therefore, a * (30% ~ 607) + (-3x9.807) 1.35 Bx10> 103 = 370 + 63 - 0.029 = 433 k3/kg (ote that the energy decrease due to the change in height is negligible.) eee 1.42 A steady flow of stcam enters a condenser with a specific enthalpy of 2300 Li/kg and a velocity of 350:m/s. The condensate leaves the condenser wit a specific enthalpy of 160 kJ/kg and a velocity of 70 m/s. Caleulate the heai transfer to the cooling fuid per kilogram of steam condensed.(hz = my) 4 (C2? = Ca?) #2 = 9 2 (100 - 2500) + (79? —3507) + oO 2103 - 2199 k3/kg Heat rejected = 2199 hJ/ko 4.13 A turbine operating under steady-flow canditions receives steam at the following State: presure, 138bar: specific volume 0143 in’ ke. specific internal energy 9KJ hg. velocity 30m y The state of the steam leaving the turbine is as follows presure U35 bar, specific volume 4.37mi? hy. specific interaal energy 2360 kJ. hy. elocity 90m s Hei is rejected to the surtoundiags at the rate of 0.25 kW and the rats of steam flow through the turbine is O38 ke s Calculate the power developed by the turbine. 4 Solution Therefore, Power input = (-270.79x0.38) - (-0.25) = 102.7 kW Power output = 102.7 kW 1.14 A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily tlowing Muid. At the inlet to a certain nozzle the specific enthalpy of the fluid is 3025 kJ/kg and the it 1 velocity is GO m/s. At the exit from the moze the specific enthalpy is 2790) kg. The nozale is horizontal and there is u negligible heat loss from it. Calculate: (i) the velovity of the Muid at e (id) the rate of flow of fuid when the inlet arca is 0.1 m? i Donate en the inlet arca is 0.1 m? and the specific volume at (Gi) the exit tea ofthe nozzle when the specific voluine atthe nozae exit is 0.5 m?/kg.