Pe DEesIGN OF LiquiD-CONTAINING Pw CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES by Javeed A. Munshi [so ae el San Carseat a8) (oh aaah MS hot eM Viet Coca Cor a a Oo nen)Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures for Earthquake Forces by Javeed A. Munshi Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc. TH rorttann cement association ‘An organization of cement manufacturers to improve land extend the uses of portland cement and concrete through market development, engineering, research, ‘education and public affairs work, 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077 ~ 1083 USAPortland Cement Association 2002 Allrightreserved. Nopart of thisbook may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the pub- lisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages ina review written forinclusionina magazine or newspaper. ISBN 0-89312-219-X Printed in the United States of America This publication is intended SOLELY for use by PROFES- SIONAL PERSONNEL who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of the information pro- vided herein, and who will accept total responsibility for the application of this information. The Portland Cement Association DISCLAIMS any and all RESPONSIBILITY and LIABILITY for the accuracy of and the application of the information contained in this publication to the full extent permitted by law ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank the members of ACI Subcommittee 350.3 for providing the information, encouragement and support during the development of this publication. In particular, the author would like to thank William C. Sherman, Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc,, Denver, CO, member of ACICommittee350 for his extensive review and contribution to this publication. Review of selected portions provided by Nicholas A. Legatos, Preload Inc., Chair of ACT Subcommittee 350.3, is also highly appreciated. Thanks arealso due to David A. Fanella, Manager, Buildingsand, Special Structures, Portland Cement Association for the entire publication. Finally, Wes Tkezoe worked on the layout and production of this publication, which is much appreciated,Contents Introduction 1 2. General 3 Earthquake Design Loads 4, Modeling and Analysis u 5. Design of Components 2 6. Detailing 29 Example I: Design of Rectangular Concrete Tank ..35 8. Example 2; Design of Circular Concrete Tank iu.d5 Notation 53CHAPTER1 Introduction 1.4 GENERAL This publication provides requirements and guidelines for the design and detailing of liquid-containing struc tures for earthquake forces using the IBC 2000, UBC 1997, UBC 1994, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 model codes. Note that although these codes themselves do not contain spe- cific provisions for detailed seismicanalysis and design of liquid-containing structures, they do allow use of consen- susindustry standards. The reportof Committee 350-01 on the Coe Requirements for Ene | Engineering Con crete Structures of the American Concrete Institute meets this requirement of being a nationally recognized consen- sus standard applicable to liquid-containing and other environmental structures. The committee recently pub- lished Seismic tures (ACI 390.3-01 and Commentary ACI3503R-01), which gives detailed procedures for seismic analysis and design onmental eign of Liguid-Containing Concrete Str Of liquid-containing structures. Furthermore, Chapter 21 ‘0 ACI350-01 gives provisions for seismic design of liquid containing structures much in the same manner as Chap- ter 21 of ACI 318 does for building structures, Note that ACI 350-01 refers to ACI 318-95 while ACL 3503-01 is compatible with UBC 1994 service-level earth- quake design methodology. The provisions of ACI 350.3- 01 are not presently compatible with IBC 2000, UBC 1997, BOCA 19%6 and SBC 1997 for two reasons: (a) All of these ‘model codes use strength-level earthquake forces, and (b) ‘Some of the model codes are based on more recent (pos 1 smic hazard analysis and seismic zoning, which have not been incorporated in ACI 350.3. Therefore, ACL 350.3-01 in its current form can not be directly used with these building codes. This publication bridges the gap between ACL350.3- O1and the model codesindicated above which usestrength- level earthquake forces, The concepts of ACI 350-01 and, ACI 350.3-01 have been extended for use with the IBC 2000, UBC 1997, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 for the design ofliquid-containingstructures, Anefforthasbeen made to interpret and extrapolate the concepts and provisions of ACL 3503-01 to make them compatible with these codes. Several challenges were encountered during this pro- «cess because of incompatibilities and insufficient informa: tion pertaining to load combinations involvingearthquake and fluid pressure, response modification factors corre sponding to impulsive and convective motion of liquid, effects of dynamic earth and ground water pressure and, the manner in which they should be combined with other loads, and last but not least, complexity of structural response and boundary conditions. Since many of these issues are complex and currently being researched and, debated, the interpretations given in this publication are bynomeans final. ACI Committee 350 has identified some of these issues to be taken up as future business. This publication willbe updated when either more information or better interpretations of these issues become available through the consensus committee efforts. 1.2 SCOPE This publication is meant as a guide for the design and detailingof concrete liquid-containing structures for earth: quake forces according to the model building, codes. It covers rectangular and circular tanks with non-flexible and flexible wall-to-base slab connections, Chapter 2 provides basic information on the different types of tanks and their wall-to-base slab connections, Chapter 3 summarizes the required earthquake design loads as prescribed in the model codesnoted above. Italso contains the applicable code-prescribed load combina- tions for design of conerete structures. A discussion on nbinations involving earthquake and fluid pressure loads applicable to liquid-containing concrete structures is also presented variousload eo Chapter 4 describes modeling and analysis methods using different model codes, The concepts of ACI 3503-01, are integrated with the loading provisions of the IBC 2000, UBC 1997, UBC 1994, BOCA 1996, and SBC 1997. This chapter also gives equations for determining the pe- riod of the structure based on the boundary conditions Of its walls. Charts and design aids for determining theimpulsive and convective weights along with the height are also given. Chapter 5 contains the design recommendations for vari ‘ous components ofthe liquid-containing structure, includ~ ing foundations, immersed elements and other ‘compo- ‘0 dynamic loads. Procedures for design of ular and circular tank walls are in nents subjected both rectan Chapter6summarizesthedetailing requirementsforwalls based on ACI 318-99, The overriding provisions of ACI 350-01 are also noted wherever applicable. (Chapter 7 illustrates the design and detailing of a rectan- gular concrete tank located in a region of high seismicity per the IBC 2000. The base shear is also computed for the UBC 1997, UBC 1994, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 codes. Chapter 8 illustrates the design and detailing of a nonprestressed circular concrete tank located in a region of high seismicity, per the IBC 2000.CHAPTER 2 General 2.1 TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING STRUCTURES |. Rectangular 1. Fixed Base (Fig. 2-1(a)) 2. Hinged Base (Fig. 2-1(D)) | i, Clreular without Prestressing 1. Fixed Base (Fig. 2-1(2)) 2. Hinged Base (Fig. 2-1(0)) lil Cireular with Prestressing 1. Fixed Base (Fig. 2-1(8)) 2. Hinged Base (Fig. 2-1(0)) 3, Flexible Base ‘a. Anchored (Fig, 2-2(a)) b. Unanchored, Contained (Fig. 2-2(0)) «. Unanchored, Uncontained (Fig, 2-2(¢)) Liquid-containing structures essentially fall into two cat- egories of behaviorbased on their wall-to-footing connec- tion: the non-sliding or the rigid base (Fig, 2-1) and the flexible base (Fig. 2-2). The non-sliding base typically w: a fixed or hinged wall-to-footing connection. The flexible base typically uses a base pad between the wall and the footing and allows varying degrees and types of move- ment depending upon whether the wall is anchored, tunanchored contained or unanchored uncontained in the footing (Fig. 2-2). This type of connection is only used for circular prestressed tanks. The type of base connection is, likely toinfluence theseismic response ofa liquid-contain- ing structure and its effect should be properly included in modeling, design and detailing, Closure Strip Hold downs fe— Tank Wall (Typ) aon required £ Floor (Typ) ae 1 ] 1 Er (a) FIXED Figure 2-1. Nonflexible Base Connections Seismic Cables or Anchors (Typ) Flexible Base Pad (0) HINGED OF PINNED Flexible Contain- ment Pads. (a) ANCHORED Figure 2-2. Flexible Base Connections (b) UNANCHORED, CONTAINED FLEXIBLE BASE (6) UNANCHORED, UNCONTAINED FLEXIBLE BASENon-stiding Base. Tanks that have a fixed or hinged con: nection between the walls and the foundation are essen: ally non sliding type. Steel einforcement or keyingaction Anchored Flexible Base. Tanks with flexible base that use some kind : ¢ between the wall and the footing allow radial nt butresirict the tangential movement atthe base ofthe structure. Typically, anchorage is achieved with strand cab Fig. 22(a)). Compressible slee 's embedded in the wall and the footing are used over anchor ables at the base joint to allow radial wall mi vement. Unanchored Contained Flexible Base. These tanks use annunanchored wall contained by aconcretecurbas shown in Fig. 2-2(b). This type of connection allows limited radial and tangential movement. Unanchored Uncontained Flexible Base. These allow ‘an unlimited radial and tangential movement of the Joint since no anchorage or containment of the walls is 2.2(c)). This type of tankis not permitted in ons of high seismicity (UBC zones 3. andl 4) for obvious reasons of potentially uncontrolled movement during aCHAPTER 3 Earthquake Design Loads 3.1 IBC 2000 METHOD 3.1.1 General Design of liquid-containing structures falls under Section (IBC 2000) for non- building structures. This section contains more elabo- rate provisions both for elevated and on/above ground tanks as compared to the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC'97), the 1997 Standard Building Code™ (SBC’97) and the 1996 BOCA National Building Code™ (BOCA ’96), Section 1622.2 of IBC 2000 indicates that when calcu: lating the seismic forces, the normal operating contents, should be included for tanks. The seismic weight W should also include snow and ice of the International Building Code’ oads when these constitute more than 25% of W The fundamental period canbedetermined by Section 1617.42 of IBC orby using any other rational method such as given in Chapter 4 of this publication. The displace ‘ment, drift and the P-Aeffectsare generally not significant, for at/or below grade tanks. The seismic coefficients R, C, and @, are given in IBC Table 1622.2.5 (1), based on the structure type. The impor- tance factors. the hazard /function crite e given based on the seismic use group and a in IBC Table 1622.25 (2) E to be used in load combinations shall be determined using Section 1617.1 reproduced be- low (Section 3.1.4). The redundancy /reliability factor (p) shall be taken as 1. The base shear is computed using, Section 1617.4.1 3.1.2 Base Shear The seismic ef Section 1622.25 stipulates that the minimum seismic base shear shall not be less than that computed in accordance with the requirements of 1617.4.1. The procedure for com. ng the base shear is as follows: Ww fel out : eu RR C2045, Eq. 16-75 (Section 1 0.887 . 7 2p Eq. 16-76 (Section 1622.25) where, | = Importance factor (Table 1622.25 (2)) R_ = Seismic Coefficient (Table 1622.25 (1)) W = effectiveseismicweightofthestructureper 1617.4 5,, = thedesignspectral response accelerationatshort period obtained from Section 1615.1. the design spectral response acceleratic at 1 second period obtained from Section 1615.13. Sy,= maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerationatshort period (1615.1.2). = maximum considered earthquake spectral responseaccelerationat I second period (1615.1.2) FF, = site coefficients defined in Table 1615.1.2. Tables 1622.2.5 (1) and 1622.2.5 (2) give the Values for F. and F_ corresponding to the site class. The site class can be determined by using Table 1615.11. 5.5, = the mapped spectral accelerations for short period and I second periods, respectively, as determined in Section 1615.1 T = fundamental period (See Sections 1617.4.2.1 and Chapter 4) 3.1.3 Rigid Structures The liquid-containing structures that have a fundamental period, 7, less than0.06s, including their anchorages, shall bbe designed for the lateral force obtained from the follow- ing (1622.2.6) v 035,,WI where S,,, Wand I are as defined previously3.1.4 Seismic Load Effect hheearthquake induced force from thecombined horizontal and vertical acceleration effects is determined in accordance 4.1 and 1617.41 as follow , = effect of horizontal seismic forces in the element due to base shear V D =elfect of dead load 0.04g, the steuc- n Catagory A Exception: where $, <0.15g and S, ture shall be designed for Seismic Des) 3.1.5 Above-Grade Storage Tanks The liquid-containin, structures, the attachments, supportsand the tank shall be structures mounted above grade in designed tomeet the force requirementsofSection 1621.14, with R, equal to R specified in Section 1622. The weight of the storage tank (W,) shall include the weight of the tank structure and appurtenances and the operating weight of the contents at maximum rs Further, when the sloshing period of the stored liquid is within 70% to 150° supporting structure, the effects of sloshing shall be in. of the fundamental period of the juded in the design of tank and its supporting structure 3.1.6 At-Grade Storage Tanks 438 janks mounted at he design requirements According to Section 16: stora base shall be designed to mee nf Section 162: than 0.60, lat bottom tanks designed with f, greater than 1.0 and tanks greater than 20 ft in diameter and tanks that In addition, for sites where S,. is greater have a height-to-diameter ratio greater than 1.0 are re- quired to meet certain conditions in 1622.43. 3.2 UBC '97 METHOD 3.2.1 Rigid Structures in the Uniform Building Code, the design of tanks under Section 16344 for onbuilding structures. This section assumes that tanks with supported bottoms orflat-botiom tanks founded ator below grade areinherently rigid. Accordingly, such struc~ tures are to be designed to resist seismic forces evaluated with supported bottom fall using the procedure given in Section 1634.3 for rigid 4 weightof the tank inclucing its contents should be used in structures. Section 1634.4 also specifies that the entire the analysis, The procedure is outlined as follows: Design seismic lateral force where C, = seismic coefficient (Table 16-Q of UBC “97) 7, = importance factor (Table 16-K of UBC '97) W,, = weight of tank and contained liquid 3.2.2 Alternate Methods Section 1634.4 allows the following two methods as an alternative to ction 3.2 1. A response spectrum analysis that includes consid eration of actual ground motion anticipated at thesiteand, the inertial effects of the contained liquid. 2. A design basis for the particular type of tank by an app: that the seismic 2 wed national standard, provided nes and occupancy categories are in conformance with provisions of Sections 1629-4 and 1628.2, respectively 3.3 BOCA National Building Code and the Standard Building Code (SBC) Method The BOCA and the SBC Codes do not give specific provisions for design of liquid-containing structures. Section 1610.1 of the BOCA National Building Code and Section 1607.1.1 of the Standard Building Code indicate that provisions of ASCE 7°* may be used to design such structures. This method is similar to the one given in UBC 1997, These codes further specify that special structures shall be designed for earthquake loads utilizing an approved substanti ated analysis, 3.4 ACI 350.3 METHOD Note that both the IBC 2000 (1622.2.5) and the UBC 1997 (1634.4) provisions allow the use of an alternate design procedure from a nationally approved standard. The provisions of ACI 350.3" can be used as an alternate design procedure satisfying the criteria of a nationally approved standard. Various concepts of ACI 350.3 have been included in Chapter 4. Note that the provisions of ACI 3503 are compatible with the UBC 1994 that involves service-level earthquake forces. The IBC 2000, UBC 1997, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 use strength-level earthquake forces 3.5 CONCRETE-PEDESTAL WATER TOWERS: ACI Committee Report 371-98" presents detailed recommendations for materials, analysis, design and construction of concrete-pedestal elevated water storage towers. These structures generally consist of ste! storage tanks supported by a cylindrical reinforced concrete pedestal, The report contains detailed recommen dations for seismic design of such pedestals. It is necom mended that the user refer to this document for design of eoncrete-pedest3.6 BURIED STRUCTURES Section 1622.4.8 of the IBC indicates that structures buried lundlerground shall be designed for seismic forces deter- mined by a substantiated analysis usi proved by the building official. However, no guidelines exist for design of such structures in either the IBC or UBC. The analysis and design of buried structures should in- clude the effect of dynamicearth pressure. Research"* has, however, shown that seismic pressures do not control ig standards ap- design unless the peak ground acceleration exceeds about, (0.3g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Thus, the design of buried tanks located in low to moderate seismic risk areas is likely to be governed by static loading, Also, theeffect of soil nonlinearities due tolocal oil failureseems to have little effect on the predictions of the seismic re- sponse of buried structures" Design of Liui-Contuning Conerete Stricture for Earthquake Forces 3.7 LOAD COMBINATIONS 3.7.1 General ‘The load combinations of IBC 2000 that are applicable to the design of general building structures are given in Table 3-1. The load combinations which include seismic effects are based on ASCE 7-98," while the non-seismic load combinations are based on ACI 318-99, Table 3-2 gives a comparison of load combinations in the 1994 and 1997 UBC. The load combinations of 19% BOCA and 1997 SBC are given in Table 3-3. The building codes clo not give specific load combina tions that can be directly used for design of liquid-contain- ing structures for earthquake loading. Section 1605.2.2 of 1BC 2000 indicates that fluid pressure (F) should be added, in the prescribed load combinations in accordance with Table 3-1 Load Combinations for Building Structures Per I8C 2000 Code Code Section Loads! Required Strength Eq. No. ACI921 | Dead (D)& Live (L) = 14D + 1.7L @ay | ACI922 — | Dead, Live & Wind (IY) () U=14D +171 a (1) (i) U=075 (14D +171 + 1.70) 2) (i) U=090 +130 (: ACI923 | Dead, Live & Farthquake(F) | () U=14D + U7L ea) IBC 1605.2 | Gy U=1.20+ 106 + FL+f5) (16-5) 1BC 16052 | Giiy v =09D+ 1.08 (16-6) t ACI924 Dead, Live & Earth and | @u=14aD+17 (a) Groundwater Pressure (H)** ()U=14D417L+4178 os) ACI925 Dead, Live & Fluid Pressure eo / | C1927 | Dead, Live and Effects from | Differential Settlement, Creep, Shrinka Shrinkage-Compensating | Concrete, or Temperature (T) Expansion of | where U or L reduces F (i) U =09D +17 where D or L reduces H ()U=14D+171 1) Gi) U= 14D +1704 14F (i) U=09D + 148 | @)U=14D+171 1) Gi) U=0.75 (14D +147 41.71) (05) Gi) U=14(047) (0-6) f DLW, Fant Tr ‘regi onthe fone se Weight and pressun fo and sae Weigh and pressure of fide thal. tos and contra nwater presse ob ons resent the designated eric ads or their corresponding ft such as moments, sears, aval foes, lorson t. Note: E a st prt of earth pressure with 01.7 tad factor.) rama igtsPortland Coen As ‘Table 3-2 Comparison of Load Combinations in the 1994 and 1997 UBC for Building Structures vtion 6219 - 1994 UBC 1997 UBC Fq.No. | Load Combination (19092, 1921.27) Eq. No.__ | Load Combination (16122, 19092) L [14+ 171 1) 14D +171 2 073 (AD + L7L +17) | 075 (LAD + L7L +170) | La(D +L +E) 090+ 1.30 |__ 075 (4+ 1.7t-+ 1976) Ta [12D + 10E+ G+ om | 090+ 130 LI (09D + 1.08) | | | 090+ 1484 09D + 1438 - - - Special Load Combination (162872) Special Load Combination (16124) ons modifi factor (Table 16, 1994 UBC) haa: aD) Le , Fy 302), URC 1987 Elaauate oa dito th te he {= exacrce apt ft Table 16.) fof actors defined X22 Table 3-3 Load Combinations Specified in BOCA and SBC for Building Structures* Equation BOCA 1996 ] Equation SBC 1997" No./Code No./Code iD oy ACISIS 1AD + 1.7L ACI3I8 14D +17 | 2 eo ACI3I8 075 (14D + 1.7L41.7) ACISI8 075 (14D + 1.7L 1.7) em | 7 an) ACI3I8 09D£13W ACI3I8 09D +130 6 a ASCE? | (1.2+05A,)D+05L+ 1.00, SBC (114054) D+L4Q, © @ | ASCE? (09-054,) D£ 100, SBC (09-054,) D+ Q, | or @ (1.2+054,)D+05LEQR/9)Q, sec_| (11 +054) D+L+QR/9)Q, or (09-054) D£@R/3)Q, | s8c__ | 9-054) D#@R/5)0, yneanting efctive peak weet elt acceleration (1610.13 of BOCA, T6071. of SBC) Response moifaton fortor (1610.330f BOCA, 1607.3. of SBC) 61nd 101037, Sec, 9.2 of ACIS, and Sect, 23.2 of ASCE 7-95 ns Set 1609.2 and Sect 92 of ACL31898 + Tod fori compesson in columns upp Usd for horizontal prestressed menbers in bulbs assigned fo SPC Do here sg escotinuns lateral force resisting elements, there (2RV5) 21.0. 5) 210,Section 2.3.2 of ASCE 7-98. However, Section 2.32 of ASCE 7-98 does not specify any load combination involv- ing the effects of fluid pressure (F) and the earthquake force (E). Therefore, the manner in which F and E should be combined and the load factors associated with them, remain unclear. tion 9.25 of ACI 318 indicates that fluid pressure (P) should be added to all load combinations that involve ive load (1). Section 9.2.50 ACI350 overrides the ACI318 requirement by clarifying that F should be added to all governing load combinations, so that the effect of L, W or E does not reduce the effect of F. Based on this, load combinations consistent with ACI 318 and ACI 350, excluding theeffectofenvironmental durability discussed, in Section 3.7.2 below, can be formulated for use with different codes as follows: For IBC 2000: U=12D410E+12F+(fL+fS) Fg. (165), 1BC 2000 U=09D510E + 12F Eg, (16-6), IBC 2000 U=075(14D + L7L+ LAF + L87E/14) Eg. (92), ACIS For UBC 1997: U=LAL2D + LOE + 13F+ GL-4fS)] Eq. (125), UBC 1997" U=11J09D+1.0E +137] q, (12-6), UBC 1997* U=075(L4D + 17L + 14F + 1878/14) Eq. (92), ACI3IB *SeeSecthon 161222 For UBC 19% U=14(D4L+F+E) U=09D+ LAE + LAF Bg, 02), UBC 199% ig, (93), UBC 1994 U=O75(L4D + L7L+1AF+187E) Eq. (92), ACL3I8* "Zones and For SBC 1997: U=(.1+05A)D+L + 12F+Q, gq. (1), SBC 1997 U=(9-05A)D+Q, +12F Eq. (2) SBC 2000 U=07HLAD +1.7L + 14P + 1876/14) Eq, (@-2), ACI3I8 For BOCA 1996: 12+05A)D+05L+12F£0, Eg, (6), ASCE7 09-054,)D+9, +12F Fg. (6) ASCE 7 75(LAD +1.7L+14F + 187E/14) Eq. (9-2), ACL31B The IBC 2000, the UBC 1997, the BOCA 1996 and SBC 10997 use thestrength-leveleearthquake force while the UBC 1954 and ACI 318 use the service-level earthquake force. Note that in the absence of clearly defined! load com- binations, the load combinations given above are the best interpretationsof whatiscurrently in thebuilding codesas it applies to liquid-containing structures. The designer should carefully investigate the load combinations that apply to his/her situation, Design of Ligui-€ 3.7.2 Consideration for Environmental Durability nding Concrete truce for Earthquake Forces ACL 350" requires the following two modifications to the load combinations. The second modification is not appli- cable to those load combinations that include seismic effects. Modification 1—The load factor to be used for lateral liquid pressure, F, is 1.7 rather than 1.4. This value of 1.7 may be overconservative for some tanks, since they are filled to the top only during leak testing or because of acciclental overflow. Since leak testing usually occurs only once and since most tanks are equipped with over- flow pipes, some designers have considered using the load factor of 1.4 in an attempt to reduce the amount of required steel, which would result in less shrinkage restraint, However, this publication suggests that tank designs meet ACI 350 and, therefore, recommends the use of a load factor of 1.7 with F Modification 2—The members must be designed to meet the required strength, U, increased by a multiplier called the environmental durability factor (EDF). The EDF will inerease the design loads to provide a more conservative design with lesscracking, The increased required strength ven by Required strength = EDF x U where the EDF equals: 1.3 for flexural reinforcement 1.65 for direct tension reinforcement 1.3 for shear beyond that of the capacity provided by the concrete For example, the strength equations based on ACI 318 are given as follows: 1. Flexural Reinforcement Req'd strength > 1.3 U (OM, 2 1.3 (14M, + L.7M, +1.7M,) 2. Direct Tension Reinforcement Regi Strength > 1.65 U 2165 (LAT, + 177, +177) 3. Stirrup Reinforcement 9V,213(V,-0¥) 4. Concrete Shear and Compression Req'd Strength > L.0U No increase is required in load factors for concrete shear, bond, or compression strength, so that proportion- ing member depths or thickness will be unchanged. For flexure, the proposed increase in load factors results in a ‘maximum load factor of 1.3 times 1.7 =2.21 fornormal liveand water and earth load and a minimum load factor of 1.3 times 1-4 = 1.82 for all dead! load. In conjunction with @factors prescribed in ACI 318, these new load factors result in flexural service load stresses in the reinforcement between 24 and 29 ksi, consistent with allowable es for working stress design ACI Committec n the current report b 3.8 REFERENCES 31 national Building Code, International Code Council, Falls Church, VA, March 2000, 3.2. Uniform Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), Whittier, CA, 1997, 3-3. Standard Building Code, Souther Building Code Congress International, Birmingham, AL, 1997. 3-4. TheBOCA National Build Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Country Club Hills, IL, 1996, Minimum Design Loads for Build tures, ASCE 7-98 and ASCE 7 for Civil Engineers, New York .gsand Oter Struc 15 American Society tures ic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Str ACI 350. (01), ACI Committee 350, American Concrete Inst tute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001 ACI 350:3-01) anid Commentary Concrete-Pedestal Water Towers, Reported by ACI Committee 371, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1998, we Analysis, De Miller, C Earth Pressures in Bul ‘of Mechanical En; 1994, pp. 3-11. A. and Costantino, C.J., "Seismic Ind i Vaults’, American Society neers (ASME), PVP-Vol. 271 Code Requirements for E) Concrete Structures (ACI 350-01) artd Commentary ACI 350R-01), Co 50, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Ml, 2001 mental EngineeringCHAPTER 4 Modeling and Analysis This chapter gives detailed procedures for computation of seismic base shear and overtuming moment of liquid- containing structures for different model codes. Thespec- trum approach of seismic design and the effects of vertical accelerations and earth pressure are also included. 4.1 MODELING Theliquid-containingstructures method*!*. This method essentially assumes that hydrody- namic effects due to seismic loading can be evaluated approximately as the sum of the following two parts: -modeled using Housner’s 1. Impulsive part, which represents the portion of the liquid which movesin unison with the structureand, Convective part, which represents the effect of the sloshing action of the liquid Figure 4-1 shows the typical schematic of a rectangular tank with length L, width B and height of liquid H,. A similarschematicis shown fora circular tankof diameter. The impulsive weight of liquid (W) is assumed to be Figidly attached to the structure at height hi, while the convective weight of liquid (WV, isattached tothe structure by springs of finite stiffness and damping at height / L . WI | | RRB | concttat ran RECTANGULAR TANK Fig. 4-1 Schematic of Rectangular and Circular Tank Untied water sutace Dork (@) FLUID NOTION I TANK. (DYNAMIC MODEL FOR RIGIO WALL TANK Fig. 4-2 Tank Dynamics as shown in Fig. 4-2. For concrete tanks with rigid walls and roof, this results in a two degree-of-freedom system (Fig. 42). Both the impulsive and the convective compo- nents havea period associated with them that are generally farapart. The total approximate response of thesystem can be estimated by the square root of the sum of squares (SRSS) combination of the responses associated with the two periods. Figure 4-3 shows the various mode shapes of rectangular and circular iquid-containing structures. Quiescent igus Free Suna 2 ™=3 Fret Siosing Mode Second Stoshing Mode. (@) VERTICAL Moves (© sLosiine MODES INIGID TANKS CIRCUMFERENTIAL MODES INCIRCULAR TANKS ration Modes Fig. 4-34.2 IBC 2000 METHOD The base shear equation given in Chapter 3is modified to nd the convective components for liquid-containing structures as shown below. 4.2.1 Base Shear include the impulsive: V W.+W,) Impulsive v Convective Total base shear V, = Vj +¥; Sil Sl Gyn Sat s R RY, 20.48, 08,1 oer The quantities W,,, W,, Wand W, represent the wall weight, roof weight, impulsive weight ofthe fluid and the convective weight of the fluid, respectively. The impul sive weight WW, and convective weight W, can be deter: mined asa fraction ofthe total liquid weight from Fig. 44a, and 4-4b for rectangular and circular tanks, respectively The height at which the impulsiveand convective weights, are assumed to act can be determined from Figs. 45a and 45b for rectangular and circular tanks, respectively The quantities 5,,and S,, aredetermined asdescribed in Section 3.1.2, where I = importance factor (IBC Table 1622.25 (2)), R = response modification factor (IBC Table 1622.2.5(1)) and, T, and T_are the periods associated with the assumed impulsive and convective motions of the structure and the fluid, respectively 4.2.2 Overturning Moment The overturning moment at the base of the tank is deter mined for the impulsive and the convective components, as follows: M,= 1 (Why + Wally + Wy) Impulsive Me = Cc(Welte) Convective fn, = height at which inertia of wall is assumed to act Total overturning moment M, = MM; Theoverturning momentsduetoimpulsive(W):) and convective (WV, components should include the effect of sary. A method for including the base pressure is given in ACI 350.3°* re where ne base press 4.2.3 Response Spectrum Method The design response spectrum shown in Fig. 4-6 can be determined as follows: = Sp 8 0.4 |for 7 <7, % | = 5 fort, T, where T, =0.25,,/S,, and T,=8,./S.. The above equations can be used to determine the re- sponse ordinate S,, for impulsive motion using T, and for convective motion using T... The damping correspond- ing to the convective motion is of the order of 0.5 to 2% as compared to'5% assumed for impulsive motion. The spec- trum shown in Fig. 4-6 is for 5% damping, Note that ACT 350:3 recommends 0.5% damping when calculating the convective forces. This requires multiplying the design spectral acceleration coefficent ,,, by a factor of 1.5. Note that for lange periods (T.>24 sec) ACI 350.3 recommends modifying the design equations to better estimate the long-period excitation effect. Based on these recommen- dations, the following equations should be considered with IBC 2000: When site specific response spectrum are used, the valuesof ,,and 5, shall notbe less than 80% ofthe values, obtained from the general procedure of Section 1615.1 (see Section 3.1.2 of this publication), In certain situations, a site-specific response required. Section 1615.2 gives provisions for the site-specific response spectrum. This spectrum, is to be based on the maximum considered earthquake ground motion having a 2% probability ofbeing exceeded, in 50 years. ‘The base shear is computed using values S, and S, from the spectrum as follows: Sul R spectrum (y+, +W;) Impulsive Su ven Sen onvective j= Swe) Conve Total base shear V, = ,/V2+Vz 208V, calculated using Section 4.2.1ii Contain Concrete Struct or Earhquale Fores 10 a9 oe o7 We We & 05 04 wi 03 02 oa 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 36 40 45 90 55 60 G5 70 75 80 7 (@) Rectangular Tanks 10 09 08 or 08 os Bos 08 o2 01 1 00 05 1.0 15 20 25 Sn Se)40 5.6056 eo 65 7.0 7.5 80 We awe We Ww i (©) Circular Tanks Fig. 4-4 Impulsive and Convective Weights for (a) Rectangular and (b) Circular Tanks (Adapted from Ret. 3-6) |‘ he 0 HL ol ele % 06 élz 05 -|—thy Hy 65 7.0 75 80 (@) Rectangular Tanks 08 ol. siz 06 hy 05 1015 20 25 30 35 40 45 5055 60 65 70 75 (b) Circular Tanks Fig. 4-5 Effective Height of Impulsive and Convective Weights for (a) Rectangular and (b) Circular Tanks (Adapted from Ref. 3-6)Spectral Acceleration 04855 Te % Ai Petes T Fig. 4-6 Design Response Spectrum, 18C-2000 4.3 UBC "97 METHOD 4.31 Base Shear Section 3.2 of this publication gives a procedure that assumes iquid-containing structurestobeessentially rigid Itdoes not allow separate computations of impulsive and convective components of the base shear. To better esti- mate the design forces, the general procedure for base shear given forbuilding structures (UBC 1630.2) is used in ‘combination with the provisionsof ACI350.3 -asfollows: ow, +19, +W,) Impulsive RT, Inthe short period range, the impulsive base shear ned not be greater han 25c1 SCL e+ lll +e +) In the long period range, the shail not be less than impulsive base shear V,=0.11C,1 (W +) Also,forstructures located close tothe potentialsources ‘of earthquakes in SeismicZone 4, the impulsivebase shear shall not be less than 08ZN,1 (Wy + We +) Gi. z Convective (We) Total base shear + The quantites C, and C, depend upon the Zone Factor Zand thesoilprofiletype, Thevalues for these parameters are given in Tables 16-Qand 16-R ofthe 1997 UBC, respec. ” of LiguidContaining Comrie Structures for Earthquake tively and Z = seismic zone factor, which represents the maximum effective peak acceleration (EPA) correspond. ingtoasite-specitic ground motion having a90% probabil. ity of not being exceeded in a 50-year period, = importance factor (Table 16-K, UBC '97) R= response modification factor, UBC”97 gives some R values for liquid-containing structures in Table 16-P. Wir Wye W, and W. represent the wall weight, roof weight, the impulsive weight and the convective weight respectively. The impulsive weight W, and convective weight W. can be determined as a fraction of the total liquid weight ofrectangularor circular tank from Fig. 4a and 4-40, respectively. The height at which the impulsive and convective weights are assumed to act can be deter, mined from Figs.4-5a and 4-5b orreclangularand circular tanks, respectively 4.3.2 Overturning Moment M, = SW, +Wche Wh) empulsive Mi = Bae (Wy + Whe +1, Np 25C1 (Wy + Wyte + Wi, raat whe + Wilt) Convective Gu M.= SL Wn ltt) Total overturning moment M, = 2+ Me = height at which inertia of wall is assumed to act. Theoverturning momentsduetoimpulsive(W/);)and ive(W2i,) components should include theeffect of ‘A method for incliding the base pressure is given in ACI 350.3 base pressure where necessary. 4.3.3 Response Spectrum Method The design response spectrum shown in Fig. 4 determined as follows: 7can be = [4] foe <7 forT,, The above spectrum can be used to determine the response ordinate S, for impulsive motion using T,and for convective motion using T... The spectrum is derived for5% damping. Forconvective responsea method similartn 8219 Asset Spectral Acelration Te 7. Periods Fig. 4-7 Design Response Spectrum, UBC-1997 to that described in Section 4.2.3 may be considered for 0.5% damping and long-period excitation effect. The site-specific response spectrum is constructed for ground motions that have a 10% maximum probability of exceedence in 50 years for 5% damping Theimpulsiveand convective components of thebase shear are determined using the spectral values S, and S, as follows: (Wy +W,+W,) Impulsive I eR Convective (We) Total base shear V, = Vi +V2 208, obtained by using $ jon 4.3.1 4.4 UBC '94 METHOD 4.4.1 Base Shear a “(Wy +W,+W,) Impulsive = Cay.) Convective V Total base shear V, = /VE4+VE 2 0075.1, The impulsive weight W, and convective weight W, can be determined as a fraction of the total liquid weight of rectangular or circular tank from Fig, 4-4a and 44b, respectively. The height at which the impulsive and convective weights are assumed to act can be deter- 5b forrectangularand circular ‘mined from Figs. 4-Saand. tanks, respectively ‘The parameters C, and C_are determined as follows: 1.258 Impulsive Convective 0.075 Ry $C 4.4.2 Overturning moment IC M, = FE (Whig + Walle + Wi Impulsive M, = (Wah ) pul Convective Total overturning moment M, = /Mi+ ME hy =height at which inertia of walls assumed to act. The uplift pressure atthe base can increase the over- turning moments and effect the stability ofthe tank. The overturning moments due toimpulsive(W/,)and convective (W,Ji,) components should inchide theeffect of base pressure where necessary. A method for including, the base pressure is given in ACI 350.3" 4.4.3 Response Spectrum Method The design force on the tank can also be determined from a design spectrum such as the one given in UBC™, or by using thesite-specificresponse spectrum. Thesite-specific response spectrum is constructed for ground motions that have a 10% maximum probability of exceedence in 50 years for 5% damping. The design base shear is deter- mined using the spectrum as follows: Impulsive Convective The quantities $,, and S,are the impulsive and con- vectivespectralacceleration coefficients which correspond, tothe impulsiveand convective periods T, and T. from the simplified spectrum (Fig. 4-8). The design spectrum is given in UBC Fig. 16-3. The base shear computed using the site-specific spectrum is not permitted to be less than 90% of the value determined using the static force procedure given under Section 4.4.1 For convective response a method described in ACI 350,3may beconsidered tobetter estimate the effect 0.5% damping and long-period excitation effect.4.5 BOCA AND SBC METHOD 4.5.1 Base Shear Impulsive Conve, Impulsive Convective Total base shear V, = /V?+V where A, and A, are the effective peak acceleration coetfi- cient and the effective peak velocity-related acceleration coefficient, respectively (see Section 1610.1.3 of BOCA and Section 1607.1.5 of SBC) The values of site coefficient (5) and response modifi- cation factor (R) should be taken from appropriate edition of the BOCA or SBC codes, 4.5.2 Overturning moment 1M, =Coi(Woeiy + Wally +W,l) M.=Cy(Wli) Impulsive Convective Total overtuming moment M, = f}-+ME 4.6 ACI 350.3-01 METHOD The provisions of ACI350.3"*are tobe used in conjunction with Chapter 21 (Special Provisions for Seismic Design) of ACI 350-01. These provisions are compatible with UBC 1994. Note that ACI 350-01 is based on ACI 318-95" for most of its design provisions and load combinations. Section 21.2.,7 of ACI 350-01 indicates thatthe environ- mental durability factor ($) defined in Section 92.8 need not be applied to load combinations that include earth- quake effects. The load combinations applicable under Various Codes are given in Chapter 3 of this publication. Where ACI350-01 isacopted for use, the provisions of Chapter 21 along with ACI 350.3 and ACI 318-95 are applicable, Note that ACI 350.3 also gives recommenda tions forseismiczonefactors(Z),and soil factors(S), which are mostly consistent with UBC 1994. The importance factorsof ACI350.3-01 are given in Table-1. ACI330.3-01 also gives separate response modification factors Ry, and Rc for impulsive and convective motions of the Hiquid- containing structure (Table 4-2.) 4.7 PERIOD Theequationsfordetermining the impulsive period T, and convective period T, of rectangular and circular liquiid- Design of Ligui-Comtining Concrete Structures fr Earthquake Forces Spectral Acceleration W Period, T Fig. 4-8 Simplified Response Spectrum, UBC-1994 containing structures having different base conditions are given below. However, itis permitted to use any other rational method that includes a reasonable distribution of ‘mass andstiffness characteristics fordetermining thenatu- ral period of the structure. As most concrete tanks are relatively rigid, T, may be taken as 0.3 seconds or less for the preliminary and ap- proximate design calculations. Itis recommended that for flexible base tanks, T, should not exceed 1 second for anchored and unanchored contained tanks. This limit should not exceed 2 seconds for unanchored uncontained tanks, The limits on the periods suggested herein are to prevent excessive deformation of tanks. 4.7.1 Rectangular Tanks The following equation can be used to determine the impulsive period of a rectangular tank: W=W,.+W,+W, (kips) where f= mean height (ft) at which the inertia force of the tank and its contents is assumed to act, t, = wall thickness (in), E, = modulus elasticity of concrete (ksi) g = acceleration due to gravity (ft/sec!) and K-= stifiness coefficient (kips/. The period associated with the convective component (7) can be determined as follows:Perland Cement Associaton € Table 4-1 Importance Factor, / (Table 4(c), Ref. 3-6) [_ Tank Use Factor | [Tanks containing hazardous materials 18 Tarik ta ar intended to remain usable fr emergency purposes ve MoS Tearnqueto: or tanks tha are par of ifeine systems i Aone ks io | Table 4-2 Response Modi sation Factor, R, (Table 4(d), Ref. 3-6) j A ner] Type of Structure Above __ Grade (a) Anchored, fexble-baso tanks 45 a" 10 {b) Fixed or ringec-base tanks 275 40 | 10 (@) Unanchored, containod or uncentained tanks 20 275 10 | (Elevated Tanks [30 10 (Gy Bir a define aa tk chose aioe oer sre aoe (2) Rew the maxim ue permitied tobe ws for any a (3) Ubiehoed,amcontanad takssall mt be ulm Zane 28 or high where 2% can be obtained from Fig, 4-9(a) for a given L/H, of the tank. (L = length of tank in direction of analysis (f) 4.7.2 Circular Tanks (@) Non-sliding Base. The followingequationscanbe used to determine the impulsive period of fixed or hinged base circular tanks with or without prestressing: 1, where 2 [E @,=¢,— | HL\ Be ©, =1Gy \i2r and p, = mass density of concrete (4.66 Ib-sec'/ft), t= thickness of wall (in), r= radius of tank (ft), E_=modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ib/in2),C,is given in Fig. 4-10 in terms of D/H, (() Flexible Base. The following equations can be used to dletermine the impulsive period T, of flexible base circular prestressed tanks: = (Se i= gpk, second for anchored tanks and 2 seconds for unanchored tanks Note that ACI 350.3 specifies a limit of 1.25 seconds ‘on both anchored and unanchored maximum periods. For anchored. flexible tanks For unanchored flexible tanks where A, = cross-sectional area of cable/strand (in), E, = modulus of elasticity of cable/strand (ksi), B = angle of cable/strand with horizontal, L, = effective length of cable/strand taken as sleeve length plus 35 times the diameter (in), §,= spacing between cable sets (in), 5, = spacing of elastomeric pads (in), G, = shear modulus ‘of elastomeric pads (ksi), t, = thicknéss of elastomeric bearing pad (in), L, = length of individual elastomeric pad (in.) and ww, ='width of elastomeric pad in radial direction (in.), and k, = spring constant (k/ft) The convective period 1 for both non-sliding and flexible base tanks can be determined using the following equation: on a Dcrete Structures for Earthquake Fonces re Ss. & os a7 oe os 1015 20.25 90 a5 40 45 50 55 60 65 7075 80 L HL (0) Rectangular Tonks oso 08s os o7s | < $ on oss 0.60 ass 0.80 ' 10 15 20 25 30.95 40 45 5055 60 65 70 75 80 a | HL (b) Circular Tanks Fig. 49 Charts for Obtaining Factor ~* tor Computation of Convective Period (T, for (a) Rectangular and (b) Circular Tanks (Adapted from Ret. 3-6) gp0.18 047 0.16 048 14 Cw 0.13 0.12 on 0.10 0.67 250 3.50 4.50 650 7.50 850 9.50 a HL Fig, 4-10 Chart for Obtaining Factor C, for Computation of Impulsive Period (T) of a Non-Sliding Circular 1.50 5.50 Tank (Adapted from Ref. 3-6) The value of 5, may be obtained from Fig. 4-9(b) for D/H, of a tank for both rigid and flexible base tanks (D = diameter of tank (ft), H, = height of liquid (ft) 4.8 VERTICAL ACCELERATION ‘The effect of vertical accelerations should be included in the design of tank components. In the absence of more detailed analysis, the magnitude of vertical acceleration is jgenerally taken as two-thirds of the horizontal accelera- tion. The effects of vertical acceleration as recommended. in ACI 3503 are computed as follows: ‘The hydrodynamic pressure per foot height of the tank is Poy = tiv where g, = (Hy) Ibs/ft, unit hydrostatic pressure atlevel y above tank base {i= magnitudeof vertical acceleration associated with the vertical period (T,) of the structure and ‘weight of contained fluid. “The period associated with the vertical motion (T,) of specific roof, wall and the joint between roof and the wall. Note that tanks with inadequate freeboard will experience up- liftpressures on the roof due to liquid sloshing. Tanks in seismic zones 3 and 4and tanks designed forimportance | factor greater than 1,0 should either have adequiate free- board d,. (Fig. 42a) or should be designed for the forces ue to restrained sloshingand vertical acceleration effects. Thesloshing height may be computed by using thefollow- ing equations which arebased on conceptssimilar tothose given in ACI3503. IBC 2000 Method For Rectangular Tanks For Circular Tanks the circular tank is computed a follows earn d= For Circular Tanks yD : \ 2ety 4.9 FREEBOARD The anticipated unrestrained sloshing he computed to determine any sloshing pressure on the tank For Rectangular Tanks 4, D) Ze) ForCircular TanksBOCA and SBC Method 12A,S(L a ra } For Rectangular Tanks _124,$ (D’ tan = 125 (2) rorcicuar Tens 4.10 EARTH PRESSURE Effect of earth pressure should be included both in the base shear computation and for design of walls ofa partially or fully buried liquid-containing structure. Theeffectof ground any, should also be taken into consideration. Active earth pressure is caused as a result of the structure moving away from the surrounding soil while passive pressure resuilts due to the structure moving into the sur- rounding soil (Fig. 4-11). Table 4-3 gives the approximate ‘magnitude of movement required to reach the minimum, active and maximum passive pressure condition" ACI350.3 stipulates that in computing the earth pres- sure, the coefficient of dynamic lateral earth pressure k, at rest should be used unless itis determined that the struc ture deflects sufficiently to warrant use of active and passive pressure k, and k, respectively. The coefficient k, varies from 0.4 - 0.6 for cohesionless soils and 0.40.8 for cohesivesoils'*, Theresultant of theseismiccomponentof the earth pressure can be assumed to act at a height 0.6 times the earth height above base. Note that the above simplification of the earth pres- sure effects is based on the assumption that the liquid= containing structure will not deflect enough to result in active or passive pressure due to the seismic excitation When this is not the case, dynamic active and passive pressures need to be calculated. References 4-4 and 4-5 give the guidelines for computing the dynamicactiveand passive pressures. In situations where detailed active and, passive pressure computations are deemed necessary, the user should also refer to Okabe (Ref. 4-7) and Mononobe and Matsuo (Ref. 4-8) water, Fig. 4-11 Active and Passive Earth Pressure due to Seismic Movement of Tank Design of Liquid Containing Conrete Structures for Earthquake Forces ‘Table 4-3. Approximate Magnitude of Movement Required to Reach Minimum Active and Maximum Passive Earth Pressure (Ref. 4-4) [Type of Backfill - Passive Dense Sar 0.001 | 0.01 | Medium-dense Sand | 0.002 | 0.02 [e086 Sand 0.004 | 0.04 A= movement at top of walland H = height of wal 4.11 REFERENCES 44. Housner, G. W., “The Dynamic Behavior of Water Tanks,” Bulletinofthe Seismological Society of Ameria, Vol 53, No.2, 1963, pp. 381-387, 42. Haroun,M.A.and Housner,G.W., "Seismic Design of Liquid Storage Tanks,” Journal of the Technical Councils ofthe ASCE, Procedings of the American Soci- ety of Civil Engineers, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. TCI, 1994, pp. 191-207. £3, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-95) and Commentary (ACI318R-95), Ameri- can Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MT, 1998, 44, Clough, G. W.,and Duncan, J. M, (1991), Chapter 6: Earth Pressures, in Foundation Engineering Hand- book, Second Edition, NY, pp. 223-236. Ebeling, R. M. and Morrison, E. E,, “The Seismic Design of Waterfront Structures,” NCEL Techical Report, TR-939, Naval Civil Engineering Labora- tory, Port Hueneme, CA, 1993, 4-6, Bowles, J-E., Foundation Analysis and Design, 4% Ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY, 1988, Okabe, S. (1926), “General Theory of Earth Pres- sues,” Journal japan Society of Civil Engineering, Vol. 12,No.1 48. Mononobe, N., and Matsuo, H., (1929), “On the Determination of Earth Pressures During Earth- quakes,” Proceedings World Engineering Congress, 9CHAPTER 5 Design of Components 5.1 GENERAL All components of liquid-containing structures such as walls, roof slab, base slab, joints, baffle walls and piping, fixtures must be designed for the maximum effects of -ed by different applicable loads. This will nded overall performance of the liquid-containing structure. The design of some of the components is not straightforward due to the complexity of the stress distribution, particularly in the case of circular tanks. In the absence of a more refined analysis, approximate methods given in this chapter may be used. to design these components, Figure 5-1 shows the hydrodynamic forces on walls and base slab of a tank due to earthquake ground motion The hydrodynamic forces include the effect of impulsive and convective motions of the contained liquid. Besides hydrodynamic forces, the tank elements are to be designed, for their own inertia forces and the forces transferred from other elements, stresses prod! ensure the in C 7 Pena eet on SAT] Fig, 5-1. Hydrodynamic Pressures Due to Ground Motion. 2 5.2 DESIGN OF TANK WALLS 5.2.1 Wall Forces The walls should be designed for the combined effects of smic loads per theapplicable load combina- tions given in Chapter3. Thestaticloads include the dead load, live load, hydrostatic pressure and earth pressure. ‘The dynamic loads include the inertia of the elements, the hydrodynamic forces (impulsive and convective compo- nents of fluid motion) and dynamic earth pressure. The inertia, impulsive and convective forces on the walls of rectangular and circular tanks can be determined, for different codes as follows: IBC 2000 Method staticand d B, Wall Inertia Roof Inertia Impulsive Convective Wall Inertia Roof Inertia Impulsive ConvectiveIMPULSIVE PRESSURES Containing Structure (Adapted trom Ret. 3-5) where ocs< St O8ZNyI C1 Ma 3S Zone4 UBC 1994 Method p, =zic, aic,a Wall Inertia p,=zic, Roof inertia yo R=zic,o Impulsive . Ww P Convective CONVECTIVE PRESSURES 5.2. Distribution of Hydrostatic, Inertia, Impulsive, and Convective Pressure on Wall of a Rectangular Liquid— where 6-228 2 a7 Impulsive 1.258 c Convective T By = Cal Wall Inertia Pp=CyW Roof Inertia P.=CqW Impulsive P= CW Convective where & Impulsive Convective R