CCNA STUDY GUIDE

Pages to look at (netacad online)

7.4.1.2
6.5.5.1 and 6.5.6.1 subnetting
9.6.4.1 switch address forwarding table

NF CH.2
Three elements of communication- sender-medium-reciever
Segmentation-smaller pieces *** Multiplexing-allowes interleaving of packets
Intermediary devices- Router,Switch, Firewall, Hub, Access point
Intranet- inside the company ***Internetworks- global mesh of interconnected networks
Protcols-Rules to fallow (IP most common protocol) Client-Gets the information *** Server- provides the
information
Lan- network serving a home,building,campus *** Wan- Connects Lans
TCP/IP
Application- data to the user,encoding dialog control
Transport-Packet segmenting and mapping by port #s
Internet- Determins the best paht through the network
Network Access- hardware and media(cable)
OSI
Application- End to end connectivity DATA
Presentation- Common representation of the Data transferred between application layer DATA
Session- Services to presitation layer of organized dialogs DATA
Transport- Segment,transfer,reorganize information at end devices SEGMENTS
Network- Services to exchange individual pieces of Data over the network PACKETS
Data link- Exchanging data frames FRAMES
Physical- Electric bits, cables BITS
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NF CH.3
TCP/IP Protocols for L7-L
Port 53 DNS Domain Name Service/ It resolves names to IP Addresses/ A-End device, NS- Name Server
Port 80 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol/ It transfers www pages
Port 25 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol/ Transfer mail messages + atatchments
Port 110 PoP Post Office Protocol/ Delivers the mail from the MDA
Port 23 Telnet Provide remote access to servers and networking devices
Port 20/21- FTP File Transfer Protocol/File transfer between systems
Port 67/68 (udp)- DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol/ Assigns IP, Subnets, Gateways
L7 provides the human interface ***Services fallow protocols prepare data for the network
Client/Server - considered to be in L7 *** Download- From server to client *** Upload- client to server
Peer to Peer Networks- Two or more computers connected together sharing resources (files,printers) can be client
and server
Peer to Peer Applications - P2P Both a client/server
Email is the most populat network service
MUA- Mail User Agent Allowes messages to be sent it also places received messages into the clients mailbox.
Clients send emails to a server using SMTP receive email using POP3
MTA- Mail Transfer Agent *** MDA- Mail Delivery Agent
FTP- Port 21 is for controlling traffic/ Port 20 is for the actual file transfer
DHCP Pulls from a large IP address (wireless in airports, schools, ect)
SMB Server Message Block is a client server, Sers make their resources avaible to clients on the network
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NF Ch 4

L4
divides L7 data into segments or datagrams
adds header to identify/reassemble
pass to correct L7 application

Prepares L7 data to be transported over the network and processes network data for use by applications
Establishing a session- Makes sure application is ready (TCP) *** Reliable delivery- Lost segment are resent
(TCP)
Same order delivery- reassemble in proper order (TCP) *** Flow control- manages data if there is congestion
(TCP)
UDP- User Data Protocol connectionless , Datagrams, best effort, 8 bytes overhead
Applications that use UDP DNS, Video, VOIP
TCP Transmission control Protocol connection, same order delivery, reliable delivery flow control, 20 bytes
overhead
Applications that us TCP Web browser, Email, File Transfer
Well known ports = 0 1023 ***
Registered ports 1024 49,151 ***
Private/Dynamic Ports 49,152 65,535
TCP Ports FTP = 21 *** Telnet = 23 *** SMTP = 25 *** HTTP = 80 *** POP3 = 110 *** HTTPS = 443
UDP Ports- TFTP = 69 *** RIP = 520 *** DHCP = 67,68*** Online games
Both UDP/ TCP- DNS = 53 *** SNMP = 161
3 way handshake Used to establish a connection = Syn, Syn Ack, Ack
FIN Used to finish the established connection = Fin, Ack Fin, Ack
Window size - # of bytes sent before ack is expected *** ack # - number of the next expected byte
No 3 way handshake on UDP *** UDP- Not re-ordered
Expectational acknowledgment- Next byte the receiver expects to receive
Selective ack only if both host support . Retransmit missing data
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Ch5 L3
Logical addressing***Packet
4 basic processes for end to end communication
Addressing***Encapsulation***Routing***Decapsulation
Protocols- Ipv4*** Ipv6***IPx=novel*** Apple talk
Ipv4 vs Ipv6= size,hex vs dec
Ipv4
Connectionless***Best effort (unreliable)*** Media independent

Fragmenting- spliting up a packet when forwarding the packet from one media to another media with a smaller
MTU.
MTU(Maximum Transmission unit)- Max size a PDU can support

Networks grouped based on

Geographical location *** Purpose*** Ownership
Broadcast-message sent from one host to all other host on the network
Hierachiacal addressing- Layered approach to addressing
Default gateway- way out of the network. This is on the router interface

***No packet can be forwarded without a route***

Routing Table 3 main Features

***Destination***Next hop***Metric
***If there is no matching address in the rotuing table and no avalible default address, the ip packet is dropped it is
not forwarded and not returned

Static routes- manually entered routes in to the routing table.

Split horizon-cant send out interface port it came in***

Dynamic Routing
Routing protcols are the set of rules by which routers dynamicly share routing information
Ex: Rip***EIGRP***OSPF
Two types of network int the routing table
Directly connected***Remote networks
3 things a router can do with a packet
Drop it***Forward it to the next hop router***Forward it to the destination host

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Ch6 Subnetting

Directed broadcast- broadcast sent to another network

host addresses 0.0.0.0- 223.255.255.255

multicast addresses- 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Experimenatl addresses- 240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255

Link Local- 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255

loop Back- 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class Addresses
A-0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
B-128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
C-192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

Private Class Addresses

Class A- 10.0.0.0 -10.255.255.255
Class B- 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255
Class C- 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Binary
Places: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Powers of 2

2^0 = 1
2^1 = 2
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8
2^4 = 16
2^5 = 32
2^6 = 64
2^7 = 128
2^8 = 256
2^9 = 512
2^10 = 1,024
2^11 = 2,048
2^12 = 4,096
2^13 = 8,192
2^14 = 16,384
2^15 =32,768
2^16 =65,535

*** Remeber 2^n -2 = The number of host you can use***

/12 or /20 or /28

0
15
-----
16
31
-----
32
47
-----
48
63
-----
64
79
-----
80
95
-----
96
111
-----
112
127
-----
128
143
-----
144
159
-----
160
175
-----
176
191
-----
192
207
-----
208
223
-----
224
239
-----
240
255

172.16.0.0/25

NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.SSSSSSSS.SHHHHHHH

N=network
S= Stolen Host
H=host
How many subnets? 512
How many host per subnet? 126

CH 7 Data link layer

-Frame = L2 PDU
-Physical network
-govern how to format a frame for use on dif media

2 sublayers
Upper sublayer- LLC to allow diffrent L3 Protocols to use same media
Lower sublayer-Mac addressing, Begining and Ending of the Frame
- LLC- Logical Link Control
-Mac- Media access control
IEEE
802.2=LLC *** 802.3 = Ethernet*** 802.5 = Token Ring*** 802.11 = Wireless

ITU
Q.922 = Frame Relay*** Q.921 = ISDN *** HDLC = High level Data Link Control

ANSI
3T9.5 = ADCCP

Method of MAC used :

-Media sharing- If and how the nodes share the media
-Topology-Connection between the nodes appear

2 rules how delivery share media

Controlled- 1 at a time, no collisions = FDDI, Token Ring
Contention based- compete for use, CSMA/CD = Ethernet, CSMA/CA = 802.11 wireless networks
CSMA = Listing before trying to send. If it hears transmission then it wait until the transmission in
proccess is finished. (Cow Troft)

Data Collision= transmit at the same time

CSMA/CD = Monitors the media for the pressure of a data signal. If nothing send. If something then wait.
(Traditional Ethernet)
CSMA/CA = Collision Avoidance- Examins media if nothing it sends it's data. (Once Data is received the
access point sends a conformation back to the host.

Full Duplex- can send an receive at the same time (ex: phone)
Half Duplex- can send a receive just not at the same time (ex: walkie talkie)
Physical Topology-nodes and the physical connection between them
Logical Topology- way the network transfers Frames frome one node to the next
FCS- Frame check sequence Determing if errors occurred in the tranmission and reception of the Frame (Checks
for damaged frames)
CRC- Cycle Redundancy Check- Verifys no changes have happened to the Frame. # in the FCS it is then
recalculated to make sure the source and destination match

Ch 8 L1

-Bits
-electrical= copper, optical=fiber, microwavable=wireless

3 Fundamentals- Physical (media type), Data Encoding, Signaling

-Anything will end up a 1 or 0

Signaling methods- amplitude, Frequency, Phase

Data transfer measured in 3 ways

Bandwidth- The amount of information that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time
Throughput- Measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time
Goodput- Measure of the usable data transferred over a given period of time

Units of bandwidth Abbr. Equivilance

BITE PER SECOND bps 1 bps
KILOBITSPER SECOND kbps 1 kbps= 1,000 bps
MEGABITS PER SECOND Mbps 1Mbps = 1,000,000bps
GIGABITS PER SECOND Gbps 1 Gbps = 1,000,000,000 bps
TERABITS PER SECOND Tbps 1 Tbps = 1,000,000,000,000

10 base T 100 base TX 100 base FX 1000 base T

Media-Cat 3,4,5 UTP 4pair Cat 5 UTP 2 pair Multimode fiber Cat 5 4 pair
100 M 100 M 2 Km 100 M
***UTP- Unshielded Twisted Pairs***

Ethernet straight through- Both ends the same

Ethernet crossover-One end T568A the other T568B (1-3 is crossed over ) (2-6 is crossed over)
Rollover- Cisco Proprietary- serial to a router console

STP- Shielded Twisted Pair

Fiber media Glass or Plastic Fibers/ Light = LED

TX-----------------------------RX
RX-----------------------------TX
one side always has the Led on
Ch 9 Ethernet L1+L2
802.3 = L1 +mac
802.2 (LLC) = L2

LLC- Connects with upper layer protocols, Frames the packet, Identifies the L3 protcol independent of the Physical
equipment

Mac- Data Encapsulation- Frame Delivering, Addressing, Error detection,

-48 bit/ 12 hexadecimal digets

2 mac address rules

-Use The Vendors assigned OUI first 3 bytes
Unique Value in the last 3 bytes

Multicast mac- 01-00-5E

CSMA/CD Bus topology (Cow troft)

Multi access
collision detection
jam signal with a back off algorithm

Latency- Media, intermediate devices,ect.... in the middle of end points that makes the data slow down From the
sending device to the receiving device.

Ethernet 10 mbps and slower= asynchronous

Ethernet 100 mbps and higher = synchronous
*** Synchronous- cares about the timing of the bits
*** Asychronous- Does not care about the timing of the bits

Collison domains
Hubs- everything is in one collison domain
Switches-Each end device has its own collision domain
Arp- Resolves Ip addresses to Mac address
Proxy arp- goes outside of the network to enable the router to forward the packet to abother network.

Ch 10

100 meters
90 meters horizonal

Bits per second: 9600 bps

Data bits: 8
Parity: none
Stop bits: 1
Flow control: none

Ch 11

Startup config- NVRAM

Runing config- Ram

Major modes
user exec = >
privledged exec = #
global config = (config#)
Other specifics = (router,interface, line, ect..)