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    Phsychrometry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    23 views37 pages

    DM 19@applied Psychrometrics

    Uploaded by

    Neal Johnson
    Phsychrometry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 37
    Luis CHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS “The preceding chapters contain the practical data {0 properly evaluate the heating and cooling loads, ‘They also recommend outdoor air quantities for ventilation purposes in areas where state, city or local codes do not exist, This chapter describes practical psychrometries 4s applied to apparatus selection, Tt is divided into tree parts: 1, Description of terms, processes and factors — as ‘encountered in normal air conditioning applic Dayo Tampartere ~The temperat sn ordinary thermometer WatSulaTonpeetire—The toperatne repnred by ther oneter whose bulb is coveted by weted wick and expo (orn carent of rapidly moving al Dowgeet Yenprtve ~The tmperatre at which conden ‘ion of mole begins when the i ood tative Hunly— Ratio of the att water vapor pres of he a ro the taturated water vapor prsute af th eae Oe sane temperstice Sree Hoody or Hale Contes! The weight of water vapor ‘in psins or pounds of motstare per pound ef dy tes fettolpy—A theimal property Sncating the quantity of het ‘nth ar above an arbitrary Stun, in Bt per psa op ‘The datum for dey airs OFF, forthe melsture com tent, 82°F vater, Estholp Dean Enthapy inated above or shy given ‘condition, isthe etbalpy of stvetion, Te should Be cor rected by the esthalpy deviation die 10 the lt not being in he sstrated sate. Enthlpy deviation st of sta regtered by applied where extreme accoracy wuld how fer, on. nora! als conditioning etinate ieivomleed. ye ‘Ba per pound of dry ais: Enthelpy cevlaion ts pf 2 dir conditioning apparatus ~ actors afecting common process and the effect ofthese factors on selection of air echaltioning equipment. 3. Prychrometrics of partial load control — the effect of partial load on equipment selection and on the common processes, To help recognize terms, faciors and proceses described in this chapter, a brief defnition of pay chrometries is offered at this point, along with an itlustration and definition of terms appearing on a sandatd psychrometrie chart (ig 32), Specie Vol ~The cuble fet ofthe mixtre per pound of aya. Sana Wot Fear —"The rath of esis to tot eat ‘Mgnt Cle Located a 80 Fab and £07 eh and sed tn enjencton with the sensible heat factor to pot The avons condos proces lnc exndy ef Dey Ar—The basis for a pichrometeceaesatons ‘Retsis constant during al payehromete procesce, The dey-bu, werbul, and devrpoint temperatures aad the felative humidity ate wo rleted that, two properties are Iinown, al other properties shown mmty then be determined, ‘When aris satinated dy bully wetbulb and depot tess peratures at ll equal 4h ie FN Dy a Teen Mi. 82 — Sketerow Peyonnonermc Guar ED Hconstaning sanpny PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING L116 _nwyitg onwaOMDASA aIVANVIS V NO GIOVE SION DNINOLLIGNOD HY TOTAAL. — 86°91 ee wet Cd sohulutsanl@ PF flofaaaaaas eas seunjpseduoy [DULON ASVHD DRUEWOUHDASd Dp ES CHAPTER &, APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS DEFINITION Paychrometries is the science involving thermo- dynamic properties of moist air and the effect of atmospheric moisture on materials and human eom- fort. Asi applies to this chapter, the definition must bbe broadened! to include the method of controlling the thermal properties of moist ai AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES Fig, 33 shows a typical air conditioning process traced on a psyehrometrie chart. Outdoor air (2)* ‘mixed with return air from the oom (1) and entets the apparatus (3), Air flows through the condition. ing apparatus (3-4) and is supplied to the space (4), ‘The air supplied to the space moves along line (1-1) as it picks up the room loads, and the cyele ts 16 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS, SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR ‘The thermal properties of air can be separated into latent and sensible heat, ‘The term sensible ‘heat factors the ratio of sensible ta total heat, where total heat is the sum of sensible and latent heat, ‘This ratio may be expressed as: SH SH SHH ~ TH sensible heat factor sensible heat latent heat TH = total heat ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (RSHE) ‘The room sensible heat factor isthe ratio of room sensible heat to the summation of room sensible and oom Iatent heat. This ratio is expressed in the fol lowing formula RSH RSH RSH+RLN RTH ‘The supply alr to a conditioned space must have the capacity to offset simultaneously both the room sensible and room latent heat loads, ‘The room and the supply air conditions to the space may be plotted on the standard psychrometric chart and these points connected with a straight line (12), RSHF = “One iaie number in parentheses represents» point and to leatie-numbers in parentheses represent ale, potted on the ccompanying paychrometri chart example ED se restrain comrny Lut peated. Normally most of the air supplied to the space by the air conditioning system is retumed to the conditioning apparatus. ‘There, it is mixed with outdoor air required for ventilation, The mix. ‘ure then pastes thru the apparatus where heat andl ‘moisture are added or removed, as required, to maintain the desired conditions. ‘The selection of proper equipment to accomplish this conditioning and to control the thermodynamic properties of the air depends upon a variety of lements, However, only those which affect the psy- chrometrie properties of air will be discussed in this chapter. These elements are: room sensible heat factor (RSHE}f, grand sensible heat factor (GSHF), effective surface temperature (f.), bypass factor (BE), and effective sensible heat factor (ESHE), PROCESSES AND FACTORS Fig. 34. This line represents the paychtometric proc. 5 of the supply ait within the conditioned space ‘and is called the room sensible heat factor line, ‘The slope of the RSHF line illustrates the ratio ‘of sensible to latent loads within the space and is ‘Mtustrated in Fig. 34 by ah, (censible heat) and dh, (datent heat). Thus, if adequate air is supplied to offset these room loads, the room requirements will Fro. 34 — RSH Line Prorren Berween Roow anp Suppty Atm Conoirions ‘Refer to pepe 149 fora deserption ofall abbreviations and ‘ymbol wed in this chapter 118 be sitisfed, provided both the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the supply air fall on this line. ‘The room sensible heat factor line can also be drawn on the psychrometric chart without knowing, the condition of supply air. The following proced- ‘ue illustrates hov to plot this line, using the calcu lated RSHE, the room design conditions, the sen- sible hat factor scale in the upper right hand corner of the psyclitometric chart, and the alignment circle ‘a: 80 F drybulb and 50% relative humidity: 1. Draw base line thru the alignment circle and the calculated RSHF shown on the sensible hheat factor scale in the upper right corner of paychrometric chart (f-2), Fig, 35. 2, Draw the actual room sensible heat factor tine thru the room design conditions parallel to the baseline in Step I (3-4), Fig. 5. As shown, this line may be dratn to the saturation line on the psychrometzic chart, Fig, 95 — RSH Line PLorrep on SkrLz¥oN PsyornonrerniG CHART GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (GSHF) “The grand sensible heat factor is the ratio of the total sensible heat to the grand total heat Toad that the conditioning apparatus must handle, in- cluding the outdoor ‘air heat Toads. This ratio is determined from the following equation: ee Se TLH+ TSH GTH ‘Air passing dhru the conditioning apparatus increases ordecreases in temperatureand for moisture content, The amount of rise or fall is determined by the total sensible and latent heat loads that the conditioning apparatus must handle. The condition GSH = PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING of the air entering the apparatus (mixture condition fof outdoor and return room air) and the condition fof the air leaving the apparatus may be plotted on. the psychromettic chart and connected by a straight line (1-2), Fig. 36. This line represents the psychro- metric process of the air as it passes through the conditioning apparatus, and is referred to as the ‘grand sensible heat factor ‘The slope of the GSHEF line represents the ratio of sensible and latent heat that the apparatus must handle, This i itustrated in Fig. 36 by al, (set hheat) and ali (latent heat). \ ests Fig, 96 — GSHF Luvs Puorre Berween Mixture, ‘ConprtioNs-To ArPaRATUS AND LEAVING ‘ConpivioN Frost APPARATUS “The grand sensible heat factor Hine can be plotted fon the psychometric chart without knowing the condition of sapply air, in much the same manner as the RSHF line, Fig. 37, Slep 1 (1-2) and Step 2 (3-4) show the procedure, using the calculated GSHF, the mixture condition of air to the appar ‘us, the sensible heat factor scale, and the alignment circle on the psychrometric chart. ‘The resulting GSHEF line is plotted thra the mixture conditions of the air to the apparatus. REQUIRED AIR QUANTITY “The air quantity required to offset simultaneously the room sensible and latent loads and the air quan: tity required thru the apparatus to handle the total sensible and latent loads may be calculated, using the conditions on their respective RSHF and GSHF ines. For a particular application, when both the RSH and GSHF ratio lines are plotted on the psy- hvometric chat, the intersection of the two Fines (1) Fig. 38, represents the condition of the supply air to CHAPTER 8, APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS Rio, 37 — GSHF Live Puorren ow SxeusTon Povounomemac Cuarr oo Fic. 88 ~ RSHF ann GSHF Lines PLovreo on Sixveton Povcuronersic CHART the space. It is also the condition of the air leaving the apparatus, ‘This neglects fan and duct heat gain, duct teakage losses, etc. In actual practice, these heat gains and losses are taken into account in estimating the cook ing load. Chapter 7 gives the necessary data for eval uating these supplementary loads, Therefore, the temperature of the air leaving the apparatus is not necessarily equal to the temperature of the air sup. plied to the space as indicated in Fig. 38, Fig, 39 illustrates what actually happens when ED ce continingcupuey 19 these supplementary loads are considered in plotting the RSHF and CSHF lines Point (1) is the condition of air leaving the ap- paratus and point (2) is the condition of supply air to the space, Line (1-2) represents the temperature se of the ait stream resulting from fan horsepower and heat gain to the duct. [JC inommenv Fic, 89 — RSHF ano GSHF Lines Prorren wir Suppteaserary Loap Lins. ‘The air quantity required to satisfy the room load ‘may be calculated from the following equation: ___RSH Pe TO le Ta ‘The air quantity required thru the conditioning ‘apparatus to satisly the total air conditioning load (including the supplementary loads) is calculated from the following equation: Tsu = B lie — ta) ‘The required air quantity supplied to the space {sequal to the air quantity required thru the ap- paratus, neglecting leakage losses. The above equa- tion contains the term ty which is the mixture condition of air entering the apparatus. With the exception of an all outdoor ait application, the term t, can only be determined by trial and ervor, One possible procedure to determine the mixture temperature and the air quantities is outhined below. This procedure itlustrates one method of apparatus selection and is presented to show how cumbersome and time consuming it may be, 1-120 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING 1. Assume ase (tog — te) in the supply ai to the Space, and calcolate the supply ait quantity (fim) tothe space. 2. Use this air quantity to caleulate the mixture condition ofthe ait (q) tothe space, (Equation 1 page 130). 4 Substitute this supply aiz quantity and mixt condition of the ait in the formula for air quantity thru the apparatus (cfm) and deter- thine the leaving condition ofthe air from the conditioning apparatus (ty). “The rte between the leaving condition from the apparatus and supply air condition to the space [lig — fan) must be able 0 handle the supplementary Toads (duct heat gain and fan heat) ‘These temperatures (tay ta) ay be plotted on their respective GSH and RSHF Tines (Pig. 39) to determine if these conditions cen handle the supplementary loads. 1 they Cannot, a new rive in supply air fs assumed and the traandhetror procedure repeated. 4 In a normal, well designed, tight system this di fecence in supply air temperature and the condition of the air leaving the apparatus (ty — bes) is Ctoally not more than a few degrees. ‘To simplify the discussion on the interelaionship of RSHF and GSHIF, the supplementary loads have been neglected Sn the various discuesons, formulas and problems jh the remainder of this chapter Ie ean not be over- fmphasized, however, that these supplementary bade mant be recognized when entimating the cool Ing and heating loads, There loads are taken into fceount on the air conditioning toad extimate in Chapter Land are evaluated in Chapter 7. “The RSHF ratio will be constant (at full load) under a speciied set of conditions; however, the GSHIE ratio may increate or decrease as the outdoor Sir quantity and mixture conditions are vatied for design purposes. At the GSHF ratio changes, the Supply air condition to the space varies along the RSHEF line Fig. 38). “The difference in temperature between the 00m and the air supply to the room determines the air quantity required to satisty the room sensible and ‘Eom latent Toads. As this temperature diference inereases (supplying colder air, since the Zoom con Gions are fed), the required air quantity to the Space decreases, ‘This temperature difference can ica up eo limit where the RSBE line croses the saturation Tine on the payehrometric chart, Fig of couse thatthe available condition- foment is able to take the air to 100% saturation, Since this is impossible, the condition of the air normally falls on the RSHF line close to the saturation line. How elose to the saturation line depends on the physical operating characteristics ‘nd the efficiency of the conditioning equipment, In determining the required air quantity, when neglecting the supplementary loads, the supply air temperature is assumed to equal the condition of the ‘air leaving the apparatus (ta ~ typ). This is illus trated in Fig. 38, The calculation for the required air quantity still remains a trialand-error prov cedure, since the mixture temperature of the air (lq) entering the apparatus is dependent on the required ait quantity. The same procedure prev ously described for determining the air quantity is used, Astume @ supply air rise and calculate the supply air quantity and the mixture temperature to the conditioning apparatus. Substitute the supply air quantity and mixture temperature in the equa: ion for determining the air quantity thru the apparatus, and calculate the leaving condition of the air from the apparatus. This temperature must equal the supply air temperature; if it does not, a new supply air rise ig assumed and the procedure repeated. Determining the required air quantity by either method previously described is « tedious process, since it involves a ialand.error procedure, plotting the RSHF and GSHF ratios on a peychrometric chart, and in actual practice’ accounting for the supplementary loads in determining the supply ai, isture and leaving air temperatures. This procedure has been simplified, however, by relating all the conditioning loads to the physical performance of the conditioning equipment, and then including this equipment performance in the actual calculation of the fond. ‘This relationship is generally recognized as a psychrometrie correlation of loads to equipment per formance, The correlation is accomplished by cal. culating the “effective surface temperature,” “bypass factor” and “effective sensible heat factor.” These ‘alone will permit the simplified calculation of sup ly air quantity. EFFECTIVE SURFACE TEMPERATURE (t..) ‘The surface temperature of the conditioning equipment varies throughout the surface of the ap- paratus as the air comes in contact with it. However, the effective surface temperature can be considered. to be the uniform surface temperature which would produce the same Jeaving air conditions as the nom: uniform sutface temperature that actually occurs CHAPTER 8. APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS Lia when the apparatus is in operation, This is more clearly understood by illustrating the heat transier effect between the air and the cooling (or heating) medium, Fig. 40 illustrates this process and is appli cable to 2 chilled water cooling medium with the supply air counterflow in relation to the chilled water. Fic, 40 — Recanionstu oF Evrxcrive Sunrace Teste To SuPPLy Am aNp Cutts Warex ‘The relationship shown in Fig. 40 may also be itlustrated for heating, direet expansion cooling and for air flowing parallel to the cooling or heating medium. The direction, slope and position of the lines change, but the theory is identical Since conditioning the air thr the apparatus re- ‘duces to che basic principle of heat transfer between the heating or cooling media of the conditioning apparatus and the air thru that apparatus, there rust be a common reference point. This point is the effective surface temperature of the apparatus, ‘The two heat transfers are relatively independent of ach other, but are quantitatively equal when re- ferred to the effective surface temperature. ‘Therefore, to obtain the most economical appara tus selection, the effective surface temperature is Used in ealeulating the required air quantity and in selecting the apparatus For applications involving cooling and dehumidi- fication, the effective surface temperature is at the point where the GSHF line crosses the saturation Jine on the psychrometsic chart (Fig, 36) As such, this effective surface temperature is considered to be the dewpoint of the apparatus, and hence the term Apparatus dewpoint (adp) has come into common usage for cooling and dehumidifying processes. Since cooling and dehumidification is one of the most commen applications for central station ap. pparatus, the “AirConditioning Load Estimate" form, ig, 44, is designed around the term apparatus LED secotnes company ewpoint (adp). The term is used exclusively in this chapter when referring to cooling and dehumidify. ing applications. The psychromettics of air can be applied equally well to other types of heat transfer applications such as sensible heating, evaporative «cooling, sensible cooling, etc, but for these appl cations the effective surface temperature will not necessarily fall on the saturation line. BYPASS FACTOR (BF) Bypass factor is a function of the physical and ‘operating characteristics of the conditioning appara: tus and, as auch, represents that postion of the ait ‘hich is considered to passthrough the conditioning apparatus completely unaltered. ‘The physical and operating characteristics affect. ing the bypass factor are s follows: 1, A decreasing amount of available apparatus heat transfer surface results in an inerease in bypass factor, ie les rows of coil, less coil surface area, wider spacing of coll tubes, 2. A decrease in the velocity of air through the conditioning apparatus results in a decrease {in bypass facto, ie, more time for the air to contact the heat transfer surface, Decreasing or increasing the amount of heat tran. fer surface has a greater effect on bypass factor than varying the velocity of air through the apparatus, ‘There is a psychrometric relationship of bypass factor to GSHF and RSHF, Under specified room, outdoor design conditions and quantity of outdoor ait, RSHF and GSHF are fed. The position of RSHF is also fixed, but the relative position of CSHP may vary as the supply air quantity and supply ar condition change. ‘To properly maintain, room design coniltions, the air must be supplied to the space at some point slong the RSHF line, Therefore, asthe bypass factor varies, the relative position of GSHF to RSHF changes, as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 7. As the position of GSHF changes, the entering and leaving air conditions atthe apparatus, the required jwantiy, bypass factor and the apparatus dev- point also change. The effect of varying the bypass factor on the conditioning equipment i as follows: 1, Smaller bypass factor — 4 Higher adp — DX equipment selected for higher refrigerant temperature and chilled ‘ater equipment would be selected for less or higher temperature chilled water. Por. sibly smaller refrigeration machine, Lame PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING >. Lessair — smaller fan and fan motor. c More heat transfer surface — more rows of coll or more eoil surface available. 4, Smaller piping if less chilled water is used. 2 Langer bypass factor ~ a, Lower adp ~ Lower refrigerant temperature to select DX equipment, and more water or ower temperature for chilled water equip ‘ment. Possibly lmger refrigeration machine, >. Mote air—Iarger fan and fan motor. . Less heat transfer surface — less rows of coil of less coil surface available. 4. Langer piping if more chilled water is used. Sense ‘Fie. 41 — RSHE ano GSHEF Lives Potrep ov ‘SkELz-v0N PsvcuRONERIC CHART It is, therefore, an economic balance of first cost and operating cost in selecting the proper bypass factor for a particular application, Table 62, page 127, lists suggested bypass factors for various applica: tions and isa guide for the engineer to proper bypass factor selection for use in Toad calculations, ‘Tables have also been prepared to illustrate the various configurations of heat transfer surfaces and the xesulting bypass factor for different air velocities Table 61, page 127, lists bypass factors for various coil surfaces, Spray washer equipment is normally rated in terms of saturation efficiency which is the complement of bypass factor (1 — BF). Table 63, ‘page 136, isa guide to representative saturation eff ‘encies for vavious spray arrangements. ‘As previously indicated, the entering and leaving air conditions at the conditioning apparatus and the apparatus dewpoint are related paychromet- ically to the bypass factor. Although itis recognized that bypass factor is nota true straight line function, ican be accurately evaluated mathematically from the following equations: Reet diag — aay _ Win — Wose Weg — Woty NOTE: The quantity (1~BE) is frequently called contact factor Tied cosidced to be that portion ofthe alr Hav, the apparatar nthe adpe EFFECTIVE SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ESHF) ‘To relate bypass factor and apparatus dewpoint to the load calculation, the effective sensible heat Jactoy term wee developed. ISH is interwoven with [BF and adp, and thus greatly simplifies the calcula tion of air quantity and apparatus selection. “The effective sensible heat factor is the ratio of efiective room sensible heat to the effective room sensible and latent heats. Effective room sensible heat is composed of room sensible heat (see RSHF) plus that portion of the outdoor air sensible load ‘which is considered as being bypassed, unaltered, thru the conditioning apparatus. The effective room Tatent heat is composed of the room latent heat ee RSHF) plus that portion of the outdoor air latent heat load which is considered as being by- passed, unaltered, thru the conditioning apparatus, This ratio is expressed in the following formula: ERSH ERSH_ ERSH +ERLH ~ ERTH “The hypassed outdoor air Toads that are included in the ealeulation of ESHF are, in effect, loads im- psec! on the conditioned space in exactly the same manner as the infiltation load, The infiltration load comes thru the doors and windows; the by- passed outdoor air load is supplied to the space thru the air distribution system. Plotting RSHF and CSHF on the psychrometric chart defines the adp and BF as explained previ- ously, Drawing a straight line between the adp and room design conditions (1-2), Fig, 42 represents the ESHF ratio, The interrelationship of RSHF and GSHF to BF, adp and ESHF is graphically illus trated in Fig. 72. "The effective sensible heat factor line may also bbe drawn on the psychrometric chart without ini tially knowing the adp. The procedure is identical to the one described for RSHF on page 118. The ca! ESHF = CHAPTER 8 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 1133 culated ESHF, however, is plotted thru the room design conditions to the saturation line (1 -2), Fig #3 tis indicating the adp, ‘Tables have been prepared to simplify the method of determining adp from ESHY. Adp can be ob. tained by entering Table 65 at room design condi. tions and at the calculated ESHF. It is not necessary to plot ESHF on a psychrometric chart. AIR QUANTITY USING ESHF, ADP AND BE A simplified approach for determining the re. quired air quantity is to-use the psychrometric corse. Fio.42.~ RSHF, GSHF ano ESHF Lints Proms on SksteToN PsycnomEmnuc CHART Fic. 45 — ESHE Live PLorrzo on Sketrron Psvciteomraic CHART ED cont lation of effective sensible heat factor, apparatus dewpoint and bypass factor, Previously in this chap- ter, the interrelationship of ESHF, BF and adp was shown with GSHF and RSH, These two factors need not he calculated to determine the required air quantity, since the use of ESHF, BF and adp results in the same air quanti ‘The formula for calculating air quantity, using BY and fog ist iE ERSH © 108 (tim — tog) (= BE) (BSH is used to determine tay) ‘This air quantity simultaneously offsets the room sensible and room latent loads, and also handles the total sensible and Iatent loads for which the condi. tioning apparatus is designed, including the outdoor air loads and the supplementary loads, fq ‘AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE FORM ‘The “Air Conditioning Load Estimate” form is designed for cooling and dehumidifying appli cations, and may be used for psychrometric calcula. tions, Normally, only ESHK, BE and adp are required to determine air quantity and to select the apparatus. But for those instances when it it desirable to know RSHF and GSHF, this form is ‘designed so that these factors may also be calculated. Fig. #4, in conjunction with the following items, explains how cack factor is caleulated. (The circled ‘numbers correspond to numbers in RSH RSH = —__RSH 1 RSH + RLH TSH @+@ OSE = ~ 940 fon GTH ® 3. ESHF=—_ERSH_____ERSH ERSH + ERLE = © __© = 6070 4. Adp located where ESHF croses the aturation ine, or from Table 65. ESHF @ and room conditions ® give adp ©. 5. BF @ used in the outdoor air calculations is obtained from the equipment performance table or charts. Typical bypass factors for dif ferent surfaces and for various applications are given on page 127. These are to guide the engi et and may be wed in the outdoor ait caleulation when the actual equipment per- formance tables are not readily aailabe, Last PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING = of mote ee a ST TAR ATO ae A = WALLS & “APPARATUS OEWFOINT sana ee me. 2 7 ee a Oa ‘area aUaNTY | 8 ny Bey, =e OY fader cern ott pe Bh og [tuners Die De = eBay wre FSH HARE Tne Fae jtrevime acon exuziaue Heatal| ctmesouven essen | notes rae | Sieg te i i Pas eta | Pas oe UT000R A HAT ae Beane FOrAL MEAD. form B20 NOTE: The ctced numbers are explained on the previous page under "Air Conditioning Load Estimate” form, Fic. 44 — Ain Conprionine Loan Esrintate CHAPTER 8 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS ERS 1.08 (rm — tas) (1 = BR) @-____ ®@ 10 (@ — 6) 1 — ®) Once the dehusmidifed air quantity is ealeu- Jated, the conditioning epparatus may be se- lected. The usual procedure is to use the grand total heat @, dehumidifed air quantity ® and the apparatus dewpoint @ , 10 selec! the apparatus Since guides are available, the bypass factor of the apparatus selected is usually in close agreement with the originally assumed bypass factor. If, because of some peculiarity in load: ing in a perticular application, there is a wide divergence in bypass factor, that portion of the José estimate form involving bypass factor should be adjusted accordingly. 7. Outlet temperature difference ~ Fig. # shows 2 calculation for determining the temperature difference between room design diy-balb and the supply air dry-bulb tothe room. Frequently a maximum temperature diference is estabe lished for the application involve, If the outlet temperature difference calculation is larger than desired, the total sir quantity in the system is increased by bypassing ait around the conditioning apparatis. ‘This temperature difference calculation 6 of RSH 108 X eftae =__® ~ 108 x & 8. Total air quantity when outlet temperature difference is greater than desired —'The calcu lation for the total supply air quantity for a desired temperature difference (between room and outlet) is: RSH @ 0B Xa 108 Xat ‘The amount of air that must be bypassed around the conditioning apparatus to maintain, this desired temperature difference (at) is the Aifference between efmyg and often. 9. Entering and leaving conditions at the appara- tus — Often it is desired to specify the ielected conditioning apparatus in terms of entering and leaving air conditions at the apparatus, Once the apparatus has been selected from ESHE, adp, BF and GTH, the entering and ED i cottais tray Outlet tenip diff = fthag = leaving aie conditions are easily determined, ‘The calculations forthe entering and leaving deybulb temperatures at the apparatus are illtrated in Fig. 44. “The entering dry-bulb catelation contains the term “clmf". This air quantity “chm” de. pends on whether mixture of outdoor and return ar or return ar only is bypassed around the conditioning apparatus. “The total supply ais quantity efmy, is used for "ef" when bypassing mixture of out door and return an. Fig. 43 ts a schematicsketch of a system bypassing a mixture of outdoor fand return ain Pio, 45 ~ Byrassino Mncrure oF Ourpoon ann Return AIR ‘When bypassing a mixture of return ait only ‘or when there is no need for a bypass around the apparatus, use the cfrmg, @ for the value cof “clmn}", Fig, 46 is a schematic sketch of a sys tem bypassing room return air only. ea Rio, 46 — Byrassine Rerurn Air ONLY o& No Freep Bypass "mj" sa symbol appearing i the equation next o (ia Hgts 1-126 “The entering and leaving wet-bulb tempers tures at the apparatus are determined on the standard paychrometric chart, once the enter ing and lesving dry-bulb temperatures areca: culated. The procedure for determining the ‘wetbulb temperatures at the apparatus is illus trated in Fig. 47 and described in the following items: a, Draw a straight tine connecting room design comsitions and outdoor design conditions. », The point at which entering dry-bulb crosses the line plotted in Step a defines the enter ing conditions to the apparatus. The enter- ing weebulb is read on the psychromettic chart. . Draw a straight line from the adp @ to the entering mixture conditions at the ap- paratus (Step b.) (This line definesthe GSHF Tine of the apparatus) 4. The point at which the leaving dry-balb crosses the line drawn in Step c defines the leaving conditions of the apparatus. Read the leaving wet-bulb from the apparatus at PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING this point, (This point defines the intersec- tion of the RSHF and GSHF as described previously.) Fro, 47 — Enrenine aNp Leavine Conprni08s ‘ar Apparatus AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS ‘The following seetion describes the characteristic psychrometric performance of air conditioning equipment. Coils, sprays and sorbent dehumidifiers are the three basic types of heat transfer equipment re- ‘quired for ait conditioning applications. These components may be used singly or in combination to control the psychrometric properties of the a passing thru them. ‘The selection of this equipment is normally de- termined by the requirements of the specific appli- cation, The components must be selected and integrated to result in a practical system; chat is, ‘one having the most economical owning and oper- ing cost. ‘An economical system requires the optimum com bination of ait conditioning components. It also requires an air distribution system that provides good air distribution within the conditioned space, Using a practical rie between supply air and room air temperatures. ‘Since the only known items are the load in the space and the conditions to be maintained within the space, the selection of the various components is based on these items. Normally, performance re- ‘quirements are established and then equipment is selected to meet the requirements. COIL CHARACTERISTICS Im the operation of coils, air is drawn or forced ‘over a series of tubes thru which chilled water, brine, volatile refrigerant, hot water or steam is low. 1g: As the air pastes over the aurface of the coil, it is cooled, cooled and dehumidified, or heated, de- pending upon the temperature of the media flowing thru the tubes, The media in urn is heated or cooled in the process. ‘The amount of coil surface not only affects the heat transfer but also the bypass factor of the coil. The bypass factor, as previously explained, is ‘the measure of air side performance, Consequently, it is a funetion of the type and amount of coil surface and the time available for contact as the air passes thru the coil. Table 61 gives approximate bypass factors for various finned coil surfaces and air velocities. CHAPTER 8 APPLIED PSYCHROMETRICS 1st TABLE 61—TYPICAL BYPASS FACTORS Afr Head cots preTHT Wirour sexave [Winn semave cons | Stofin, [isi [ Wtf. [ 1h Yel a) oe eo rE 7 | ae) ea 2 | aw | foes le 4 | as-28 [asa | eae | one iE 5 | tom | oscae | deca | moe F ~o 06-15 | 01-05 05-11 1-03 | eos | nae | tesco | coe These bypass factors apply 0 coils with 5% in, O.D. tubes and spaced on approximately 14 in. centers, The values are approximate, Bypass factors for coils with plate fins or for combinations other than those shown, should be obtained from the coil manufseturer, Table 61 contains bypass factors for a wide range of coils, This range is offered to provide suficient latitude in selecting coils for the most economical system. Table 62 lists some of the more common applications with representative coil bypass factors, ‘This table is intended only as a guide for the design engineer. TABLE 62—TYPICAL BYPASS FACTORS (For Variows Appcatons Homi (errata eee eee BYPASS | "TYPE OF APPLICATION | EXAMPLE FACTOR ‘sll Coal Tend or & Toad that 1 somewhat larger with Tow sensibio heat factor | Residence (igh intent oa ‘Typkal confor sppliation with a relatively sett total 2010090 | load or a low sensible heat factor witha vomewiat lager load. 130 050 010 0020] Typical comfort application, | DEP Store Bank, Factory “Application with Nigh ter ‘al eblelods or requiring | DEPLStore, 4 lege amount of outdoor att | Restaurant for ventilation Ruler SPREE a Operating oom, 008 to a9 910010 | AM outdoor air applications, ED 1s ents cnr Fu, 48 ~Cout Processes COIL PROCESSES Coils are capable of heating or cooling air at a constant moisture content, or simultaneously coo! ‘ng and dehumiditying the air. They are used to control dry-bulb temperature and maximum rela. tive humidity at peak load conditions. Since coils alone cannot raise the moisture content of the ait, 4 water spray on the coil surface must be added if humidification is requived. If this spray water is ecireulated, it will not materially affect the psy. chromettic process when the air is being cooled and dehumidifed, Fig. 49 illustrates the various processes that can be accomplished by using cols, Sensible Cooling ‘The fist process, ilustrated by line (2-2), repre sents a sensible cooling application in which the hheat is removed from the air at a constant moisture content, Cooling ond Dehumidiication Line (1-3) represents a cooling and dehumidifi cation process in which there is a simultaneous Temoval of heat and moisture from the air For practical considerations, line (3) has been plotted as a straight line. Ttis, in effect, @ line that starts at point (1) and curves toward the saturation line below point (3), This is indicated by line (2-5). Sensible Heating Sensible heating is illustrated by line (1-4); heat is added to the air at constant moisture content 1128 COIL PROCESS EXAMPLES To better understand these procestes and their variations, a description of each with illustrated examples is presented in the following: (Refer to page 149 for definition of symbols and abbrevia- tions.) eating and Dehumidiication ‘Cooling and dchumidification is the simultaneous removal of the heat and moisture from the air, line (1-3), Fig. #8, Cooling and dehumidification occurs ‘when the ESHF and GSHF are les than 1.0, The ESHF for these applications can vary from 0:95, svhere the load is predominantly sensible, to 045 ‘where the load is predominantly latent. ‘The air conditioning load estimate form illus. tated in Fig, 4 presents the procedure that is used to determine the ESHF, dehumidified air quantity, and entering and leaving air conditions at the ap paratus. Example 1 illustrates the psychrome involved in establishing these values. Example 1 ~ Cooling end Dehumidifeation ven: Application ~5¢ # 1 Store {Eatin ~ BloomteWN. Je Sumner design —98 Fab, 15 wb nid design 75 ¥ a 80% th RSH — 200000 niuyhr TRL — g0ca Stuhr Ventilation 2000 gg srry PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Find 1, Outdoor airlosd (OATH) 2 Grand total heat (6TH) 1 Bete senile est fctor (ESHF) 4 Apparatus denpoint temperate (gg) 6, Dehumiied sf quan (cfm,) 6 Entering and leaving conaliions at the apparatis (a oo fas fea) Sot 98 2000 x (05 = 75) oy) ‘58> 2000 (00 — 65) 0) 9400 Beajhr w 2 20.00 + 45200 = 248200 Baur 0 B04G0-+ 45200 = 86,200 Bau/r ® 348,200 -+ 96,200 = 388400 Bur ® 1. Asoume a bypats factor of 15 trom Table 62 ESHP= 200900 (18) 18. BROT Cab (5200) + 50,000 + (18) RID) = eo 4, Determine the apparats dewpoiat fom the room design conditions and the ESHE, by ether plotting on the psy ‘cnometre chart or wsog Table 6. Fig. 49 water the [ESHE plotted on the psyebsometcle chart, =0F soon + (48) 43.200, B= 30) T= I 5. Mee= 00 etm “6 SNORE: Navabes in parentheses stright edge oF eon ver begin ge 130 Fic, 49 — Cootine ano DeHuntiprricATiON CHAPTER. $, APPLIED PSYCHROMETRIGS {. Assume for this example that the apparatus sceced for 2000 efm, 50 F adp, and GTH = $99400, hes a bypate {ctor tha sequal, or neatly equal, to the assured BF = 5 Also asime that i not mecesny to physeally Lypass air areund the appara gy = 26098) 000 4 75) ‘ty Wee Read fygy where the ty cose the straight lve pleted between the outdoor sed room design colons on the piychrometic chat, Figs. ‘oy = 855 F wb yy 80 4.15 045~ 50) = 544 Fay @ Determine the ty by draving a srsight line between the agp and the"enteing condions at the apparatee (This is the GSHF line) Where iy intersects tN Tine read by: 40 Fa BH) gp =52 Ev Cooling end Dehumidificetion — High Latent Lood Application On some applications special situation exists if the ESHP and GSHF lines do not intersect the saturation line when plotted on the psychrometric chart o if they do the adp is absurdly low. ‘This ‘may oecur where the Iatent load is high with respect to the total loads (dance halls, etc). In such appl cations, an appropriate apparatus dewpoint is elec: ted and the air is reheated t0 the RSHF line, Occasionally, altering the room design conditions

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