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Introduction to
Quantifying Magnetic Properties Magnetic Particle
(Magnetic Field Strength, Flux Density, Total Flux and Magnetization) Inspection

Until now, only the qualitative features of the magnetic field have been Introduction
discussed. However, it is necessary to be able to measure and express Introduction
quantitatively the various characteristics of magnetism. Unfortunately, a Basic Principles
number of unit conventions are used (as shown in the table below). SI History of MPI
units will be used in this material. The advantage of using SI units is that
they are traceable back to an agreed set of four base units - meter, Physics
kilogram, second, and Ampere. Magnetism
Magnetic Mat'ls
SI Units SI Units CGS Units Magnetic Domains
Quantity
(Sommerfeld) (Kennelly) (Gaussian) Magnetic Fields
Field H A/m A/m oersteds Electromag. Fields
Field From a Coil
Flux Density
Mag Properties
(Magnetic B tesla tesla gauss
Hysteresis Loop
Induction)
Permeability
Flux f weber weber maxwell Field Orientation
Magnetization M A/m - erg/Oe-cm 3 Magnetization of
Mat'ls
The units for magnetic field strength H are Magnetizing Current
ampere/meter. A magnetic field strength of 1 Longitudinal Mag
ampere/meter is produced at the center of a Fields
single circular conductor with a one meter Circular Mag Fields
diameter carrying a steady current of 1 ampere. Demagnetization
Measuring Mag
The number of magnetic lines of force cutting Fields
through a plane of a given area at a right angle
is known as the magnetic flux density, B. The Equipment &
flux density or magnetic induction has the tesla as its unit. One tesla is Materials
equal to 1 Newton/(A/m). From these units, it can be seen that the flux Portable Equipment
density is a measure of the force applied to a particle by the magnetic field.Stationary
The Gauss is the CGS unit for flux density and is commonly used by US Equipment
industry. One gauss represents one line of flux passing through one Multidirectional
square centimeter of air oriented 90 degrees to the flux flow. Equipment
Lights
The total number of lines of magnetic force in a material is called magnetic Field Strength
flux, f. The strength of the flux is determined by the number of magnetic Indicators
domains that are aligned within a material. The total flux is simply the flux Magnetic Particles
density applied over an area. Flux carries the unit of a weber, which is Suspension Liquids
simply a tesla- meter2.
Testing Practices
The magnetization is a measure of the extent to which an object is Dry Particles
magnetized. It is a measure of the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume Wet Suspension
of the object. Magnetization carries the same units as a magnetic field: Magnetic Rubber
Continuous &

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Quantifying Magnetic Properties https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagPa...

amperes/meter. Residual Mag

Field Direction &
Conversion between CGS and SI magnetic units. Intensity

Process Control
Particle
Concentration
Suspension
Contamination
Electrical System
Lighting
Eye Considerations

Example
Indications
Visible Dry Powder
Fluorescent Wet

Quizzes

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Terms & Conditions About the Site
Partial support for this work was provided by the NSF-ATE (Advanced Technological
Education) program through grant #DUE 0101709. Opinions expressed are those of the
authors and not necessarily those of the National Science Foundation.

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