1 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

The English Alphabet

The Alphabet Letters -

) (Capital
) (Small :

-1 ) ( Vowelsa, e, i, o, u :
-2 ) ( Consonants:
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z

:
Capital Small Pronunciation Example Meaning
letter letter

A a name
B b ball
C c city
D d door
E e egg
F f father
G g giant
H h hand
I i smile
J j jump
K k key
L l lamp
M m man
N n
nose
O o open
P p power
Q q queen
R r room
S s
snake
2 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

T t teeth
U u university
V v valley
W w woman
X x mix
Y y year
Z z zero

Digraphs -

) ( Sounds
:

Digraphs Pronunciation Example Meaning

dg judge
du graduate
ph telephone
gh laugh
gh Ghana
sh shirt
ch machine
ci special
ch character
ck clock
qu queen
ch child
tu nature
tion national
sion vision
th think
th there
wh what
kh Khalid
3 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

Pronunciation, Dictation and Spelling

Pronunciation -

-1 )(A, a

Example Rule
) ( a -1
large man hand ) (
land dam bad
.
race pace case ) ( a -2
came name cake ) (
).(e
maid tail rain ) ( a -3
nail air ) (
) .( i
ball caution law ) ( a -4
tall dawn taut )(
:
).(u, w, ll
above around ) ( a -5
America ago across .
acquire accuse
accomplish accept
absurd abrupt

-2 )(B, b

Example Rule
climb thumb ) ( b -1
lamb dumb ) .( m, u
womb bomb
4 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-3 )(C, c

Example Rule
cell cylinder ) ( c )( -1
race bicycle ) .( i, e, y
clap clock ) ( c ) ( -2
car cry cat ).( i , e, y

-4 )(D, d

Example Rule
) ( d : edge bridge badge -1
wedge handsome
judge knowledge
-2
) ( d ) ( ed
:
stop: stopped/ laugh : laughed /d/, /d/, /t/ :
ask :asked/ bath : bathed
- ) (d /t/
pass : passed/ wash : washed

watch : watched/ mix: mixed
:
advance: advanced.
) ch, p,k, f, s sh ( th
decide: decided/ want : wanted - ) (d /d/

( d, t ) :
rob: robbed/ save : saved
fill : filled/ bathe: bathed - ) (d /d/
aim : aimed/ pain : pained
beg : begged/ seize : seized :
massage: massaged ) , b, g, m, l , r, n, v, ,z ( th
:
agree: agreed / play: played
- ) (d /d/
follow: followed

) (vowel:
5 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-5 ) (E, e

Example Rule
net bed men ) (e -1
pen seven ten .
reason read meat ) (e -2
teeth beef )(
need meet ) (a ).(ee
come lone like ) (e -3
fame safe name .

-6 ) (G, g

Example Rule
God go guess ) (g -1
green goal good ) ( r, o, u, a
gain gun gulf :
grass garden
ground grow
huge gym ) ( g )( -2
general giant (e, i, y) : :
genetics
germ generous
wage manage
. foreign resign ) ( g : -3
sign assign
design rein

-7 ) (H, h

Example Rule
whip why what ) (h -1
white wheel ) (w:
honest hour ) ( h : -2
exhilaration
exhibition
6 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-8 ) (I, i

Example Rule
) ( i -1
this lift milk .
if ship thin
pin fill sin

slice size ) ( i ) ( -2
smile pipe ) .( e
price nice
high night ) ( i ) ( -3
fight light ) .( gh
tightright
birth girl bird ) ( i // -4
. thirsty third
) ( r .

-9 )(K, k

Example Rule
) ( k -1
knife know ) ( n:
knot knit
knight knock
knee kneel

-10 )(L, l

Example Rule
) ( l : -1
calm talk walk
calf chalk palm
should yolk
half almond could
7 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-11 )(N, n

Example Rule
) ( n -1
condemn damn hymn ) .( m
column autumn

-12 )(Q, q

Example Rule
) (q -1
quite queen quick ).(u
quality quantity queue
quilt quit quiet
questionnaire question
quarter quarrel

-13 )(R, r

Example Rule
) (r -1
travel bring read ).(u, o, i, e, a, y
from story true
) ( r -2
modern word ).(Consonants
first girl heart
) ( r -3
teacher doctor .
mother near
writer composer
printer miner
center manager
reader listener
seller buyer
letter messenger
hunter sender
8 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

(S, s) -14

Example Rule
( es s) -1
/s/, /z/,
: /z/
stop : stops/ want : wants/
kick : kicks/ hate: hates /s/ ( s) -
proof : proofs/ month : months
sleep: sleeps/ book: books :
laugh: laughs/ hat: hats : ( th ,p, t, k, f )

describe: describes/ road: roads /z/ ( s ) -

dog: dogs/, breathe: breathes
bathe: bathed / car : cars :
remain: remains, cave: caves ( th b d g n ing m l r )
arm : arms/, sing : sings :

try: tries/ stay: stays /z/ ( s) -

know: knows /agree: agrees
radios: radio / cow: cows :

bridge: bridges/ dish: dishes ( z) ( s) -

garage: garages/ bus: buses
catch: catches/ box : boxes :
massage: massages.
: ( z, g, s, ch, sh )
arrange: arranges
relax: relaxes/ rose: roses
prize: prizes/, finish : finishes

insurance sure / / (( )s) -2

sugar , assure
:
mansion
reserve resent ( ) ( s) -3
disease desert .
9 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-15 )(T, t

Example Rule
hasten castle listen ) ( t -1
batch fasten whistle :
watch soften often
. fetch butcher ditch

-16 )(W, w

Example Rule
week woman with ) ( . -1
wrap wrestle write ) (w -2
wrong writer wrist ) .( r
who whole sword ) (w -3
whose whom answer :

-17 )(X, x

Example Rule
fix, mix, fixture, mixture )( ) (ks : -1
example exam ) ( gz -2
exact exit ) (vowels:
: xylophone ) ( : -3
Xerox

-18 )(Y, y

Example Rule
yes yellow young )( . -1
carry ready very -2
gym bicycle .
why, my, by, apply, deny, cry ) ( y ) ( -3
satisfy, beatify, buy, psychology :
 10 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

Spelling and Dictation -

.

.1 ) (ing:
read: reading stand: standing speak: speaking drink: drinking

.2 ) (-e ) (ing:
write: writing leave: leaving come: coming take: taking

.3
) (ing:
sit: sitting stop: stopping run: running rub: rubbing

) ( w, x, y : -

sew: sewing fix: fixing enjoy: enjoying

.4 ) (-ie ) (ie ) (y ) (ing:

die: dying tie: tying lie: lying

9 ) (he, she, it

.1 ) (s:
work: works buy: buys ride: rides return: returns

. .2 ) (-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, -o )(es

:
pass : passes/, wash : washes/, box : boxes/, buzz : buzzes/, go : goes .

.3 ) (-y ) (y ) (i
) (es:
study: studies hurry: hurries dry: dries try: tries

- ) ( y ) ( s
) ( y:
play: plays enjoy: enjoys say: says pray: prays
 11 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

9 .

.1 ) (ed :
help: helped return: returned box: boxed clean: cleaned

.2 ) (-e ) (d:
live: lived die: died create: created dance: danced

.3
) (ed:
rub: rubbed stop: stopped sun: sunned sum: summed

- ) ( w, x, y :
bow: bowed mix: mixed play: played

.4 ) (-y ) (y ) (i
) (ed :
study: studied hurry: hurried dry: dried try: tried

.5 ) (-y ) (ed
) (y :
play: played enjoy: enjoyed annoy: annoyed pray: prayed

:
pay: paid lay: laid say: said
9 ) (er )(est

.1 ) (er
) (est :
cheap cheaper cheapest
bright brighter brightest

.2 ) (-e ) (r ) (st :
nice nicer nicest
wide wider widest
12 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

.3
) (er ) (est:
big bigger biggest

- ) ( w,y :

slow slower slowest

coy coyer coyest

9 )(ly

.1 ) (-y ) (y ) (i )(ly
:
easy: easily heavy: heavily temporary: temporarily

.2 ) (-e ) ( e ) ( ly:
nice : nicely extreme: extremely polite: politely

.3 ) (-le ) (e ) (y:
possible: possibly simple: simply terrible: terribly

.4 ) (-ic ) (ally :
basic: basically fantastic: fantastically

9 ) (ie ):(ei

.1 ) (c ) (ei :
deceive ceiling receipt deceit receive

- ) ( ei ) ( c :

neighbor weight vein height leisure

deign rein reign heir neither either
beige being reindeer reinforce

.2 ) (c ) (ie:
chief niece piece believe friend
13 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

Definite and Indefinite Articles

The Definite Article :

Pronunciation of the definite article -

/a/( ) -
:
The door, the car, the moon, the film.
/i:/( ) -
:
The end, the apple, the idea, the air.

The use of the definite article -

-1
:
1- The Jordanian player won the first prize.
.
2- The letter you wrote to me was full of expressive words.
.
3- The water of this well isnt good for drinking.
4- Do you know the people who live next door?

: -2
1- The inhabitants of this town are generous.
.
2- The teachers in this school are experienced.

: -3
1- The book which I bought is written by our neighbor.
2- I like the vegetables that grow in Jordan.
14 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

: ( S + V ) -4

1- The man I met yesterday speaks English and German well.

2- The castle Jamal visited in Jordan was built two years ago.

: ( Ving or V3 ) -5
1- The man sitting there is my friend.
2- I like the plays written by Shakespeare.

: -6
1- I like the classical music.
2- The good teacher knows what to teach.
3- The polite student should respect his teachers.

: -7
The earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the universe
the weather, the rain, the wind, the sea, the north, the west, the east
the south, the environment, the capital, the air, the ground, etc.

: -8
I have two cars: a Ford and an Audi..
The Ford is white and the Audi is black.

. . :

( Ford, Audi) ( a)
. ( the)

-9
:

the poor -the strong - the weak

The rich - the homeless - the youth
The sick - the old - the handicapped
The disabled -the injured -The dead
15 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-10
:
The Red Sea - The Dead Sea
The Pacific Ocean - The Atlantic Ocean
The Nile -The Times
The Suez Canal -The Panama Canal
The Canaries -The Bahamas
The Andes -The Alps
The Sahara
: -11
- It was the worst day of my life! .
- The more you practice English, the better you will do it.

: -12
The piano - the flute - the guitar- the violin

: -13
The post office - the theatre - the cinema - the stadium- the central bank
the cinema/movies- the circus-the ballet and the opera

: -14
State -union -kingdom - republic

The Syrian Arab Republic

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

The United States of America

( hotel names and currencies ) -15

:
The Holiday Inn, Amman Regency, the U.S. dollar, the yen, the euro.

: ( ) -16

1- The sixteenth of March, nineteen eighty two.

.1982
2- The 13th of April 1990. 1990
16 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-17 :
The Jordan Times - the Star - the Iliad - the Newsweek
the Independent- the Times

-18 :
-the engineers office The students book
- the window of the room The name of the book

-19 ) (Abstract Nouns

:
1- The honesty of the man is good.
.
2- The generosity of this family is endless.
.

-20 :

1- The furniture in this house is beautiful.

.
2- The paper of the book is old.
.

-21 :

1- The supper of the last night was delicious.

.
2- The lunch of yesterday was good.
.

-22 :

1- The winter of the last year was cold.

.
2- The spring of this year is beautiful.
.
17 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-23 ) ( :

1- The flag is a notional symbol. .

2- The cat is a tame animal. .
?3- Who invented the telephone
4- The violin is more difficult than the piano.
.

)The Indefinite Articles (a, an :

Pronunciation of the indefinite articles - )(a, an

- ) (a //
:
a car a letter a man a book

- ) (an )( /n/
:
an apple an umbrella an eagle an orange

The use of the indefinite articles -

-1 ) (an
) ( a, u, e, i, o ) ( h
:

an article an umbrella an egg an index an oven an hour

an heiress an honest man an honor an honorable person

-2 ) (a
) ( b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z
) (you:
a plane a camel a hand a man a child a university
a European a uniform a useful book a eulogy
 18 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

-3
:
1- A book is a good companion
) ( a )( ) (
) (.

2- A lion is a ferocious animal

) ( a )( ) (
.
-4 :
a million dollars, a dozen eggs, half a dozen, a hundred persons,
a thousand students.
-5 :

1- Khalid is an accountant.
2- Mohammed is a judge

-6 :
1- Banana is 5 dinars a kilo.
2- We drove at 120 miles an hour.

-7 :
!1- What a beautiful car !
!2- What a pretty girl !

. ) (the
) ( a, an ) :(Zero Article

-1 ) : .( by
to travel by car, to go by train, to travel by plane, to arrive by boat to travel by
ship, to go by bus, to come by bicycle, to travel by sea
-2 :
to have breakfast, to get lunch, to eat supper/dinner.
:

- I had a delicious lunch.

 19 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

.(at, after, before, around, towards ) : -3

at night, at down, around noon, before midnight, at sunrise

after sunset, towards evening.
: ( the) #
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

: ( ) -4
1- Parents are responsible for their children. ()
2- We cant live without water and air. ()

: (the) #
1- The water of this well is cold. ()
2- The books I read last week were useful. ()

.( in, to, at ) : ) : -5

Home to home, arrive home, come home, at home, from home,

get home.
Work to work, at work, from work, finish work, start work
Bed to bed, in bed, into bed.
School to school, at school, in school, from school, leave school
start school, enter school.

University at university, to university, from university

leave university, start university, enter university

Prison in prison, to prison, into prison.

Church to church, at church, into church, from church.
Hospital in hospital, to hospital, at hospital, into hospital
College at college, to college, from college, in college,
leave college, start college, enter college.

Class to class, in class, from class.

 20 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

: ( the) : #

)
(
: "the"

1- Every day Ali goes to school. ()

- Alis father went to the school to see his sons teacher.
( "the" )

2- I go to bed at 10 o'clock.
- Ahmed is sitting on the bed.

3- Rami is in class now. .

- The class is on your right. .

4- Ahmed is sick in hospital .

- Mona is a doctor in the hospital in Amman.

5- I met her at college.

- I'll meet you at the college. .() .

-6
:
1- Amer usually visits his friends on Fridays.
2- The Arabs regard honor and dignity important.
3- I live in Jordan.
4- Africa is the largest continuant in the world.
5- He speaks English and French fluently.
6- This man was ill with Cancer.
7- April and January are my favorite months.
8- It snows in winter.
9- I like playing tennis.
10- Oxford Street is full of people.
11- Microsoft is a well-known company.
 21 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

Exercises

- Choose the correct answer in brackets.

:
1- Do you know the largest city in ---- Asia? (a, an, x).
2- I have lived in ---- United States of America for two years. (an, the, x).
3- I bought ---- new house yesterday. (a, an, x).
4- ---- rich are people having a lot of money. (A, The, X).
5- Yesterday we ate ---- meat for dinner. (a, the, x).
6- ---- rain that fell last night caused some problems. (A, The, X).
7- ---- Red Sea is in the Middle East. ( A, An, The).
8- ---- cats are clever animals. ( A, The, X).
9- I like ---- people who live in Jordan. (a, the, x).
10- He usually goes to Amman by ---- bus. (a, an, x).

- Find the mistakes in using the articles in these

sentences, then correct them.
:
1- Time is a money.
2- A Jordan is a lovely country.
3- He is ill with the influenza.
4- My neighbor is in a prison for robbery.
5- I like stars at the night.
6- I will travel to the Syria by a plane.
7- I pity poor who have no enough money.
8- My father is an doctor in Amman.
9- I always have a lunch at 4 oclock.
10- My sister fears the snakes.
11- I dont like the coffee.
12- I play guitar in my free time.
13- Do the Jordanian people work hard?
14- I didn't go to cinema last week.
15- My father is a honest man.