BEAM ANALYSIS USING THE STIFFNESS

METHOD
! Development: The Slope-Deflection
Equations
! Stiffness Matrix
! General Procedures
! Internal Hinges
! Temperature Effects
! Force & Displacement Transformation
! Skew Roller Support

1
Slope Deflection Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

settlement = j

i P j
Mij w Mji

2
 Degrees of Freedom

A B 1 DOF:
L

P

B 2 DOF: ,
A C

3
 Stiffness Definition

kAA 1 kBA

A B
L

4 EI
k AA =
L
2 EI
k BA =
L

4
kAB kBB

A 1 B
L

4 EI
k BB =
L
2 EI
k AB =
L

5
 Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Forces: Loads
P

PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L

P P
2 2

w
wL2 wL2
12 12
L
wL wL
2 2

6
 General Case j k
i P
w
Cj

settlement = j

i P j
Mij w Mji

7
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
i
L settlement = j
j

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
i + j = M Mji = i + j
L L ij
L L
j
i
+
(MFij) (MFji)

settlement = j
+
P
w
(MFij)Load (MFji)Load

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
M ij = ( ) i + ( ) j + ( M F ij ) + ( M F ij ) Load , M ji = ( ) i + ( ) j + ( M F ji ) + ( M F ji ) Load 8
L L L L
 Equilibrium Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

Mji Cj M
jk

Mji Mjk

+ M j = 0 : M ji M jk + C j = 0

9
 Stiffness Coefficients

Mij i j Mji
L
j
i

4 EI
kii = 2 EI
L k ji = i
L
1

+
2 EI
kij = 4 EI
L k jj = j
L
1

10
 Matrix Formulation

4 EI 2 EI
M ij = ( ) i + ( ) j + ( M F ij )
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M ji = ( ) i + ( ) j + ( M F ji )
L L

M ij (4 EI / L) ( 2 EI / L) iI M ij F
M = + M F
ji ( 2 EI / L ) ( 4 EI / L ) j ji

kii kij
[k ] =
k ji k jj

Stiffness Matrix

11
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
i [ M ] = [ K ][ ] + [ FEM ]
L
j j ([ M ] [ FEM ]) = [ K ][ ]

[ ] = [ K ]1[ M ] [ FEM ]
Mij Mji
j
i
Fixed-end moment
+ Stiffness matrix matrix
(MFij) (MFji)
[D] = [K]-1([Q] - [FEM])
+
P Displacement Force matrix
(MFij)Load w (MFji)Load matrix

12
 Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
Mi i Mj

Real beam
i j
L
Mi + M j Mi + M j
L L
L/3 M jL Mj
2 EI EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
2 EI

MiL L M j L 2L From (1) and (2);

+ M 'i = 0 : ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 4 EI
Mi = ( ) i
M i = 2 M j (1) L
2 EI
MiL M L Mj =( ) i
+ Fy = 0 : i ( ) + ( j ) = 0 (2) L
2 EI 2 EI 13
 Derivation of Fixed-End Moment
Point load
P Real beam Conjugate beam
A B

A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
2 EI 2
P PL2 PL PL
16 EI 4 EI 16 EI

ML ML 2 PL2 PL
+ Fy = 0 : + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 16 EI 8 14
 P

PL PL
8 L 8
P P
P/2
2 2

P/2
PL/8

-PL/8 -PL/8

-
-PL/8 -PL/16

-
-PL/16
-PL/8
PL/4 PL PL PL PL
+ + =
+ 16 16 4 8
15
 Uniform load

w Real beam Conjugate beam

A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
2 EI
wL3 wL2 wL3
w 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI

ML ML 2 wL3 wL2
+ Fy = 0 : + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 24 EI 12 16
 Settlements
M
Mi = Mj Real beam Mj Conjugate beam EI
L
A B

Mi + M j
M
L Mi + M j
M EI
L

M
EI ML
ML
2 EI M
2 EI
M EI

ML L ML 2 L
+ M B = 0 : ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0,
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
6 EI
M= 17
L2
 Typical Problem CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

wL2
PL P PL w wL2
12
8 8 12

L L

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = A + B + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = A + B + 0 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = B + C + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI P2 L2 wL2
M CB = B + C + 0 +
L2 L2 8 12
18
 CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

MBA CB M
BC

2 EI 4 EI PL
M BA = A + B + 0 1 1
L1 L1 8
2
4 EI 2 EI P L wL
M BC = B + C + 0 + 2 2 + 2
L2 L2 8 12

+ M B = 0 : C B M BA M BC = 0 Solve for B

19
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
A C M
CB
B MBC
L1 L2

Substitute B in MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = A + B + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = A + B + 0 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = B + C + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI P2 L2 wL2
M CB = B + C + 0 +
L2 L2 8 12

20
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
MCB
A MBC C
Ay B Cy
L1 L2
By = ByL + ByR

B C
P1 P2
MBA MCB
MAB A B MBC

Ay ByL ByR Cy
L1 L2

21
Stiffness Matrix

Node and Member Identification

Global and Member Coordinates

Degrees of Freedom

Known degrees of freedom D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9

Unknown degrees of freedom D1, D2 and D3

6 9
5 2 3 8
2EI EI
2 7
14 1 21 3

22
Beam-Member Stiffness Matrix
i j
1 4
3 6
E, I, A, L
2 5
k41 k14
k11 = AE/L AE/L AE/L AE/L = k44

d1 = 1 d4 = 1

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L - AE/L

2 0 0

3 0 0
[k] =
4 -AE/L AE/L
5 0 0

6 0 0
23
 i j
1 4
3 6
6EI/L2 = k32 E, I, A, L
2 5 6EI/L2 = k65
k62 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k35
d2 = 1 d5 = 1

12EI/L3 = k52 12EI/L3 = k25

k22 = 12EI/L3 12EI/L3 = k55

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L 0 - AE/L 0

2 0 12EI/L3 0 - 12EI/L3

3 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
[k] =
4 -AE/L 0 AE/L 0
5 0 -12EI/L3 0 12EI/L3

6 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
24
 i j
1 4
3 6
E, I, A, L
2 5
k33 = 4EI/L 4EI/L = k66
d3 = 1 2EI/L = k63 2EI/L = k36

d6 = 1
k23 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k53 k26 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k56
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0

2 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2

3 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L

[k] =
4 -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0
5 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2

6 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L

25
 Member Equilibrium Equations
i j
Fxi Fxj
Mi Mj
E, I, A, L
Fyi Fyj

=
AE/L AE/L x AE/L AE/L
i x j
1 1

+
+
6EI/L2
6EI/L2
6EI/L2 6EI/L2
1 1
x i x j
12EI/L3 12EI/L3
12EI/L3 12EI/L3

+
+

4EI/L 2EI/L 4EI/L

1 2EI/L
x i x j
1
6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2
+

FFyi FFyj
FFxi FFxj
MFi MFj 26
Fxi = ( AE / L) i + (0) i (0) i + (AE / L) j + (0) j + (0) j + FxiF
Fyi = (0) i + (12EI / L3 ) i (6EI / L2 ) i (0) j (12EI / L3 ) j (6EI / L2 ) j FyiF
Mxi = (0) i (6EI / L2 ) i (4EI / L) i (0) j (6EI / L2 ) j (2EI / L) j MiF
Fxj = (AE / L) i (0) i (0) i ( AE / L) j (0) j (0) j FxiF
Fyj = (0) i (12EI / L3 ) i (6EI / L2 ) i (0) j (0) j (6EI / L2 ) j FyjF
Mj = (0) i (6EI / L2 ) i (2EI / L) i (0) j (6EI / L2 ) j (4EI / L) j MjF

Fxi AE/ L i Fxi

F
AE/ L 0 0 0 0

Fyj 0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 i FyiF
Mi 0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L i MiF
= + F
Fxj AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 j Fxj
Fyj 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 j FyiF
F
M j 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L j M j

Stiffness matrix Fixed-end force matrix

[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

End-force matrix Displacement matrix 27

6x6 Stiffness Matrix
i i i j j j
Ni AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0
Vi 0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2

Mi 0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L
[k ]66 =
Nj AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0
Vj 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2

Mj 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 4EI/ L

4x4 Stiffness Matrix

i i j j
Vi 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2

Mi 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L
[k ]44 =
Vj 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2

Mj 6EI/ L
2
2EI/ L 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L

28
2x2 Stiffness Matrix

i j
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L
[k ]22 =
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

Comment:
- When use 4x4 stiffness matrix, specify settlement.
- When use 2x2 stiffness matrix, fixed-end forces must be included.

29
General Procedures: Application of the Stiffness Method for Beam Analysis

P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1
1 3
2
2
1 3 5

2 4 2 4

Local
1 2
1 3 1 3

30
 P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 4 4 6

Member
1 2
1 3 3 5
2 4 2 4

Local
1 2
1 3 1 3

31
 P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 4 2 4

Local
1 2
1 3 1 3

P
w
(qF 2)1
(qF1)2
(qF4 )2
[FEF] 1
(qF4)1
2
(qF1 )1 (qF3)1 (qF2)2 (qF3 )2
32
 2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 4

Local
1
1 3

[q] = [T]T[q]
1 2 3 4
q1 1 1 0 0 0 q1'
q 0 q
2 = 2 1 0 0 2'
q3 3 0 0 1 0 q3'

q4 1 4 0 0 0 1 q4 '

[k] = [T]T[q] [T]

33
 2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 4

Local 2
1 3

[q] = [T]T[q]
1 2 3 4
q3 3 1 0 0 0 q1'
q 0 q
4 = 4 1 0 0 2'
q5 5 0 0 1 0 q3'

q6 2 6 0 0 0 1 q4 '

[k] = [T]T[q] [T]

34
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
Stiffness Matrix:

1 2 3 4
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
[k]1 = 3
1
Member 1
2
4 3
[K] = 4
Node 2
3 4 5 6
5
3 Member 2
6
4
[k]2 = 5
6
35
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
Joint Load 1 3 Du=Dunknown 5
Qk QFA
2 3 4 1 5 6
M
Q 2 1z 2 D2 Q 2F
-P2y D F
Q 3 3 KAA KAB 3 Q 3
Q 4 M3z 4 D 4 Q 4F
= 0 + F
Q
1 1 D1 Q1
Q 5 5 D5 0 Q F
KBA KBB 0 5F
6
Q 6 D6 Q 6
Reaction
Dk = Dknown QFB
Qu
[Q k ] = [K AA ][Du ] + [Q AF ]
[Du ] = [K AA ]1 + ([Qk ] [QAF ])
Member Force : [q ] = [k ][d ] + q F [ ]
36
Global: 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 P 3 5
w
(qF2)1 (qF 4)2
(qF6 )2
[FEF] 1 (qF4)1
2
(qF1 )1 (qF3)1 (qF3)2 (qF5 )2

1 2 3 4 5 6
Q1 1 D1 0 Q1F
M Member 1 F
Q 2 1 2 D
2 Q
2

Q 3 -P2y 3 D3 Q 3 = (q 3 ) 1 + (q 3 ) 2
F F F

M = Node 2
D
+ F
Q = (q F
) + (q F
)

Q 4 2 4 4 4 4 1 4 2
Q 5 5 D5 0 Q 5F
Member 2 0 F

6
Q 6 D6 Q 6
2 3 4
Q2 = M 1 2 D2 Q 2F
Q = P D F
3 2y = 3

Q4 = M 2
3 + Q 3
4 Node 2 D4 Q 4F
37
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5

2 3 4
D2 2 Q2 = M 1 Q2F
Q F
D
3 = 3
Q
3 = P2y 3
D4 4 Node 2 Q = M Q F
4 2 4

38
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
P
qF2

1
qF4

qF1 [FEF] qF3

Member 1:
1 2 3 4
q 1 1 d1 = 0 q 1F
2 F
q 2 = k1 d 2 = D 2 + q 2
q 3 3 d 3 = D3 q 3F
F
q 4 4 d 4 = D4 q 4

39
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
w
qF6
qF4 2
qF3 qF5
[FEM]

Member 2:
1 2 3 4
q3 1 d 3 = D3 q3F
q 2 d = D F
k1
4 = 4 4 + q4
q5 3 d5 = 0 q5F
F
q6 4 6d = 0 q6

40
Example 1

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.

10 kN
1 kN/m

C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m

41
 10 kN
1 kN/m

C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m

3 2 1

Global 1 2

3 1
2 2

Members
1 2

10 kN
1 kN/m
1.5 m 1.5 m
[FEF]
9m 1 2
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75 PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
42
 3 2 1

1 2

9m 3m

Stiffness Matrix:
i j
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L
[k ]22 =
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

3 2 2 1
4/9 2/9 3 4/3 2/3 2
[k]1= EI [k]2 = EI
2/9 4/9 2 2/3 4/3 1

2 1
(4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 2
[K] = EI
2/3 4/3 1
43
 3 2 10 kN 1
1 kN/m

A C
6.75 6.75 3.75
B
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m

Equilibrium equations: MCB = 0

MBA + MBC = 0
Global Equilibrium: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

2 1
2 MBA + MBC = 0 2 (4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 B -6.75 + 3.75 = -3
= EI +
1 MCB = 0 1 2/3 4/3 C -3.75

B 0.779/EI
=
C 2.423/EI
44
 3
2

1
1 kN/m
[FEF]
9m 1
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75

Substitute B and C in the member matrix,

Member 1 : [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

3 2 0
3 MAB 4/9 2/9 A 6.75 6.92
= EI + =
2 MBA 2/9 4/9 B= 0.779/EI -6.75 -6.40

1 kN/m
6.92 kNm 6.40 kNm
9m 1
4.56 kN 4.44 kN
45
 10 kN
2 1
1.5 m 1.5 m
2 2
PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
[FEF]

Substitute B and C in the member matrix,

Member 2 : [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

2 1
2 MBC 4/3 2/3 B = 0.779/EI 3.75 6.40
= EI + =
1 MCB 2/3 4/3 C = 2.423/EI -3.75 0

10 kN

6.40 kNm
2
7.13 kN 2.87 kN
46
 10 kN
1 kN/m
6.92 6.40
6.40
4.56 kN 4.44 kN 7.13 kN 2.87 kN

1 kN/m B = +0.779/EI 10 kN
C = +2.423/EI
6.92 kNm
A C
4.56 kN B 11.57 kN 2.87 kN
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m
7.13
4.56

V (kN)
x (m)
4.56 m
-4.44 -2.87
3.48 4.32
M
(kNm) x (m)

-6.92 -6.40 47
Example 2

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.

20 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm

2EI EI
A B C
4m 4m

48
 2 4 6

1 2EI 3 EI 5

1 2
1 2 3

Use 4x4 stiffness matrix,

i i j j 3 4
Vi 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L 2
12 EI/ L3
6EI/ L 2

Mi 3 0.5625 -0.375
6EI/ L2 [K] = EI
2
6 EI / L 4 EI/ L 2EI/ L
[k ] =
Vj 4 -0.375 3
12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L 2
12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2
Mj 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L


[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
3 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
49
 20 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm

12 kNm 12 kNm
18 kN 18 kN
4m 4m
2 4 6

1 3 5
2EI EI
1 2
1 2 3
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Global:
3 4

3 Q3 = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 D3 18 3

= EI 4 -0.375 3 D4 +
4 Q4 = 40 -12 4

D3 -61.09/EI
=
D4 9.697/EI
50
 2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kNm 12 kNm
2EI
A B
1 1 2 1
18 kN [qF]1 18 kN
Member 1:

[q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2EI)/430.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d1 = 0 18 48.18
q2 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d2 = 0 12 67.51
q3L -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d3 = -61.09/EI 18 -12.18
3
q4L 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI d4 = 9.697/EI -12 53.21

9 kN/m 53.21 kNm

A B
1
67.51 kNm
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN
51
 4 6

3 5
EI
2
2 3

Member 2:

[q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

3 4 5 6
q3R 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d3 =-61.09/EI 0 -7.818
q4R 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d4 = 9.697/EI 0 -13.21
q5 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d5 = 0 0 7.818
q6 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d6 = 0 0 -18.06

13.21 kNm 18.06 kNm

B C
2
7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
52
 9 kN/m 53.21 kNm
13.21 kNm 18.06 kNm
A B B C
1 2
67.51 kNm
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN 7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
20 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm
D3 = B = -61.09/EI 18.06 kNm
67.51 kNm

48.18 kN 4m D4 = B = +9.697/EI 4 m 7.818 kN

48.18

V (kN) + 12.18
x (m)
-
-7.818 -7.818
53.21
M
(kNm) + 13.21
x (m)
-
- -18.08
-67.51
53
Example 3

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.

20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm

2EI EI
A B C
4m 2m 2m

54
 20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm
A C
2EI B EI
4m 2m 2m
2 4 6

1 3 5
Global 2
1 1 2 3

10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kNm
12 kNm 5 kNm
12 kNm
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
i i j j
Vi 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2
Mi
6 EI / L2
4 EI/ L 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L
[k ]44 =
Vj
12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2
Mj 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L

55
 2 4 6

1 3 5

1 2
1 2 3
4m 2m 2m

1 2 3 4
1 12(2EI)/43 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI
3 4 6
3
3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L
[K] = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5
3 4 5 6 6 0.375 0.5 1

3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI

4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
56
 20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm
A C
2 B4 6

1 3 5
1 2
1 2 3
10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kNm
12 kNm 5 kNm
12 kNm
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
3 4 6
VBL+VBR = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375 B 18 + 5 = 23
MBA+MBC = 40 = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5 B + -12 + 5 = -7
MCB = 0 6 0.375 0.5 1 C -5

B -116.593/EI
B = -7.667/EI
C 52.556/EI 57
 2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kNm
12 kNm
1 1
1 2 18 kN 18 kN
[FEF]

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
VA 1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 0 18 55.97
MAB 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 0 12 91.78
VBL
= -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI B =-116.593/EI
+ 18
= -19.97
3
MBA 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L B =-7.667/EI -12 60.11

9kN/m

91.78 kNm 60.11 kNm

4m 1

55.97 kN 19.97 kN
58
 4 6 10 kN
5 kNm
3 5 5 kNm
3
2 2 2
5 kN [FEM] 5 kN
Member 2: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

3 4 5 6
VBR 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI B =-116.593/EI 5 -0.0278
MBC 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI B =-7.667/EI 5 -20.11
VC
= 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI 0 + 5 = 10.03
MCB 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI C =52.556/EI -5 0

10 kN

20.11 kNm 2m 2m
2
0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
59
 9kN/m 20.11 kNm 10 kN
91.78 kNm 2m 2m
4m 1 2
60.11 kNm 0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
55.97 kN 19.97 kN
20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm C = 52.556/EI
91.78 kNm

55.97 kN 10.03 kN
B = -7.667/EI B = -116.593/EI
55.97 4m 2m 2m

19.97
V (kN) +
x (m)
-
-0.0278
60.11 -10.03 -10.03
20.11
M +
(kNm) x (m)
-

-91.78 60
Example 4

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear diagram, bending moment diagram
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 and E = 200 GPa and support B settlement 10 mm.

40 kN
6 kN/m
B
A C
2EI EI
B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m

61
 1 2 3

2EI EI
1 2

i j
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix: Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L
[k ]22 =
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

1 2 2 3

1 8 4 2 4 2
EI EI
[k]1 = 8 [k]2 = 8
2 4 8 3 2 4

2 3

2 12 2
EI
[K] = 8
3 2 4
62
 40 kN 1 2 3
6 kN/m
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m
[FEM]load

1 32 kNm 2 40 kNm
wL2/12 = 32 kNm PL/8 = 40 kNm
2 37.5 kNm
1 75 kNm
[FEM] 10 mm
10 mm
6(EI)/L2 = 37.5 kNm
6(2EI)/L2 = 75 kNm
Global: [Q] = [K][D] +2[QF] 3

Q2 = 0 2 12 2 D2 -32 + 40 + 75 -37.5 = 45.5

EI
=
8
+
Q3 = 0 3 2 4 D3 -40 - 37.5 = -77.5

D2 -61.27/EI rad
=
D3 185.64/EI rad
63
 1 2 6 kN/m
[FEM]load
2EI
1 32 kNm
1 wL2/12 = 32 kNm

1 75 kNm
[FEM] 10 mm
6(2EI)/L2 = 75 kNm

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2

q1 1 8 4 d1 = 0 32 + 75 = 107 76.37 kNm

EI
= + =
q2 8 d2 = -61.27/EI -32 + 75 = 43 -18.27 kNm
2 4 8

6 kN/m
76.37 kNm 18.27 kNm

8m 1
31.26 kN 16.74 kN
64
 2 3 40 kN

[FEM]load
2 2
PL/8 = 40 kNm 40 kNm

[FEM]
2 37.5 kNm
10 mm
6(EI)D/L2 = 37.5 kNm
Member 2: [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

2 3

q2 2 4 2 d2 = -61.27/EI 40 - 37.5 = 2.5 18.27 kNm

EI
= + =
q3 8 d3 = 185.64/EI -40 - 37.5 = -77.5 0 kNm
3 2 4

40 kN
18.27 kNm

2
22.28 kN 17.72 kN
65
 2 6
4
2EI EI
1 2
1
3 5
Alternate method: Use 4x4 stiffness matrix

[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 12(2)/82 3 12/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 0.75 -0.1875 0.75
EI 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 EI
4 0.75 4 -0.75 2
= =
8 3 8 5
-0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0.375 1.5 -0.375 1.5 0 0
2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 0 0
EI 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.5625 -0.75 -0.1875 0.75
[K] =
8 4 1.5 4 -0.75 12 -0.75 2
5 0 0 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
6 0 0 0.75 2 -0.75 4 66
 40 kN 2
6 kN/m 4 6
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
B = -10 mm 1
3 5
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m 40 kNm
32 kNm 40 kNm
32 kNm
[FEF] 1 2

24 kN 24 kN 20 kN 20 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
4 6 5
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 200 200 4 -0.75 D = -0.01 8
= +( ) 5 +
Q6= 0 8 6 2 4 D6 8 6 -0.75 -40
4 6
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 (200x200/8)(-0.75)(-0.01) = 37.5 8
Q6= 0
=
8 6 2 4 D6
+ (200x200/8)(0.75)(-0.01) = -37.5
+ -40

D4 -61.27/EI = -1.532x10-3 rad

D6
= 185.64/EI = 4.641x10-3 rad 67
 2
4
6 kN/m
32 kNm
1 B = -10 mm 32 kNm
1 [FEF]load 1
3
24 kN 24 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2)/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 d1 = 0 24
q2 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 d2 = 0 32
(200x200)
q3 = 8 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 d3 = -0.01
+ 24
q4 4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 d4 = -1.532x10-3 -32

q1 31.26 kN
6 kN/m
q2 76.37 kNm 18.27 kNm
76.37 kNm
q3 = 16.74 kN 8m 1
q4 -18.27 kNm 16.74 kN
31.26 kN
68
 6 40 kN
4 40 kNm
40 kNm
-10 mm = B [FEF]
2 2
3 5 20 kN 20 kN

Member 2:
3 4 5 6
q3 3 12/82
0.75 -0.1875 0.75 d3 = -0.01 20
q4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2 d4 = -1.532x10-3 40
(200x200)
q5
= 8 5 +
-0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75 d5 = 0 20
q6 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4 d6 = 4.641x10-3 -40

q3 40 kN
22.28 kN
18.27 kNm
q4 18.27 kNm
q5 = 17.72 kN 2
q6 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
0 kNm
69
 40 kN
6 kN/m
76.37 kNm B C
A 2EI EI
B = -10 mm
31.26 kN 16.74 + 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
8m 4m 4m

31.26
V (kN) 22.28
+ +
- - x (m)
5.21 m -16.74
-17.72
70.85

M 5.06 +
(kNm) - x (m)
- -18.27

-76.37
B = -10 mm D6 = C = 4.641x10-3 rad
Deflected
Curve
d4 = B = -1.532x10-3 rad
70
Example 5

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear diagram, bending moment diagram
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 and E = 200 GPa and support C settlement 10 mm.

4 kN
0.6 kN/m 20 kNm
B
A C
2EI EI
C = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m

71
 2 6
4
2EI EI
1 2
1 -10 mm
3 5
Member stiffness matrix [k]4x4

[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 12(2)/82 3 12/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 0.75 -0.1875 0.75
EI 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2
= EI
8 3 = 5
-0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 8 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4

Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

3 4 6 5
Q3 3 0.5625 -0.75 0.75 D3 3 -0.1875 QF3
EI 4 200 200
Q4 = -0.75 12 2 D4 +( ) 4 -0.75 D5 = -0.01 + QF4
8 8
Q6 6 0.75 2 4 D6 6 -0.75 QF6

72
 4 kN 2
0.6 kN/m 20 kNm 4 6
B 2EI EI
C 2
A 2EI EI 1
10 mm 1
3 5
8m 4m 4m
4 kN
0.6 kN/m 4 kNm
3.2 kNm 4 kNm
3.2 kNm
[FEF] 1 2

2.4 kN 2.4 kN 2 kN 2 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
3 4 6
Q3 = 0 3 0.5625 -0.75 0.75 D3 9.375 2.4+2 = 4.4
Q4 = 0 EI 4 -0.75 12 2 D4 + 37.5 + -3.2+4 = 0.8
=
Q6 = 20 8 D6 37.5 -4.0
6 0.75 2 4

D3 -377.30/EI = -9.433x10-3 m
D4 = -61.53/EI = -1.538x10-3 rad
D6 +74.50/EI = +1.863x10-3 rad
73
 2
4
0.6 kN/m
3.2 kNm
1 3.2 kNm
1 [FEF]load 1
3 8m
2.4 kN 2.4 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2)/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 d1 = 0 2.4
q2 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 d2 = 0 3.2
200 200
=
q3 8 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 d3 = -9.433x10-3
+ 2.4
q4 4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 d4 = -1.538x10-3 -3.2

q1 8.55 kN
0.6 kN/m
q2 43.19 kNm 6.03 kNm
43.19 kNm
q3 = -3.75 kN 8m 1
q4 6.03 kNm 3.75 kN
8.55 kN
74
 6 4 kN
4 4 kNm
4 kNm
[FEF]
2 8m 2
10 mm
3 5 2 kN 2 kN

Member 2:
3 4 5 6
q3 3 12/82
0.75 -0.1875 0.75 d3 = -9.433x10-3 2
q4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2 d4 = -1.538x10-3 4
200 200
=
q5 8 5 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75 d5 = -0.01
+ 2
q6 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4 d6 = 1.863x10-3 -4

q3 4 kN
3.75 kN
6.0 kNm
q4 -6.0 kNm 20 kNm
q5 = 0.25 kN 2
q6 3.75 kN 0.25 kN
20.0 kNm
75
 4 kN
0.6 kN/m 20 kNm
B
C
A 2EI EI
10 mm
8m 4m 4m
0.6 kN/m 4 kN
43.19 kNm 6.03 kNm
20 kNm
6.0 kNm 2
8m 1
8.55 kN 3.75 kN 3.75 kN 0.25 kN
8.55
3.75
V (kN) +
-0.25 x (m)
21 20
M 6
+
(kNm) - x (m)

-43.19 D3 = -9.433 mm D5 = -10 mm

Deflected
Curve
D4 = -1.538x10-3 rad D6 = +1.863x10-3 rad
76
Internal Hinges
Example 6

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.

30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge

2EI EI
A C
B
4m 2m 2m

77
 3 4
2
2EI EI
A C
1 2
1
4m B 2m 2m

i j
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix, Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L
[k ]22 =
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

3 1 2 4

3 2EI EI 2 1EI 0.5EI

[k]1 = [k]2 =
1 EI 2EI 4 0.5EI 1EI
1 2
1 2.0 0.0
[K] = EI
2 0.0 1.0
78
 30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge

3 4
2
A C
1 2
1 30 kN
B
12 kNm 9kN/m 12 kNm 15 kNm 15 kNm
B C
[FEF]
A 1 B 2

Global matrix:
1 2
0.0 1 2.0 0.0 D1 -12
= EI +
0.0 2 0.0 1.0 D2 15

D1 0.0006 rad

D2 = -0.0015 rad
79
 3
12 kNm 9kN/m 12 kNm
1
A [FEF]
1 1
A B
B

Member 1:
3 1

q3 3 2EI EI d3 = 0.0 12 18
= + =
q1 1 EI 2EI d1 = 0.0006 -12 0.0

9 kN/m
A B
18 kNm 1
22.5 kN 13.5 kN

80
 4
15 kNm 30 kN 15 kNm
B B C
C
2
2 2

Member 2:
2 4

q2 2 1EI 0.5EI d2 = -0.0015 15 0.0

= + =
q4 4 0.5EI 1EI d4 = 0.0 -15 -22.5

30 kN
B C
22.5 kNm
9.37 kN 20.63 kN

81
 30 kN
9 kN/m
B C
A 13.5 kN 22.5 kNm
B 9.37 kN
18 kNm 20.63 kN
22.5 kN 13.5 kN 22.87 kN 9.37 kN

30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge

EI
2EI
BL= 0.0006 rad BR= -0.0015 rad
A C
B
4m 2m 2m

22.5
9.37
V (kN) + x (m)
2.5 m
-13.5
-20.63
18.75
10.13
M + +
(kNm) -
- - x (m)
-18
-22.5 82
Example 7

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.

20 kN
9kN/m

2EI EI
Hinge
A B C
4m 4m

83
 5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
1 2
A 2 B C

4 5 1 2
4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI 1 2 3
2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L
1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375

[K] = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0

3 0.375 0.0 1.0
1 3 6 7
1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI

84
 9kN/m 20 kN
B
A C
5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
1 2
A 2 B C
9kN/m
12 kNm 12 kNm
A 1 B
18 kN [FEM] 18 kN
Global:
1 2 3
Q1 = -20 1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375 D1 18
Q2 = 0.0 = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0 D2 + -12
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.375 0.0 1.0 D3 0.0

D1 -0.02382 m
D2 = -0.008333 rad
D3 0.008933 rad
85
 5 9kN/m
1
4 2EI 2 12 kNm 12 kNm
1 A 1 B
A B 18 kN [FEF] 18 kN
Member 1:
4 5 1 2
q4 4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d4 = 0.0 18 44.83
q5 5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d5 = 0.0 12 107.32
= + =
q1 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d1 = -0.02382 18 -8.83
q2 2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L d2 = -0.00833 -12 0.0

107.32 kNm 9kN/m

A B
1
8.83 kN
44.83 kN

86
 7
1
EI 6
2
B 3 C

Member 2:
1 3 6 7
q1 1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d1 = -0.02382 0 -11.16
q3 3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d3 = 0.008933 0 0.0
q6
=6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d6= 0.0
+ 0
=
11.16
q7 7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d7= 0.0 0 -44.66

B C
44.66 kNm
2
11.16 kN
11.16 kN

87
 20 kN
9kN/m

A
BL= -0.008333 rad B BR= 0.008933 rad C
4m 4m

107.32 kNm 9kN/m

B C
A B 44.66 kNm
1 2
44.83 kN 8.83 kN 11.16 kN
11.16 kN
44.83

V (kN) + 8.83 x (m)

-
-11.16 -11.16
M
(kNm)
x (m)
-
- -44.66

-107.32 88
Example 8

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
40 kNm at the end of member AB. E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.
30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
A C
2EI 40 kNm EI
B
4m 2m 2m

89
 3 4
2
2EI EI
A C
1 2
1
4m B 2m 2m

i j
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix:
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L
[k ]22 =
Mj 2 EI / L 4 EI / L

3 1 2 4

3 2EI EI 2 1EI 0.5EI

[k]1 = [k]2 =
1 EI 2EI 4 0.5EI 1EI
1 2
1 2.0 0.0
[K] = EI
2 0.0 1.0
90
 30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
A C
2EI 40 kNm EI
3 B 4
2
A C
1 2
1 30 kN
B
12 kNm 9kN/m 12 kNm 15 kNm 15 kNm
B C
[FEM]
A 1 B 2

Global matrix:
1 2
Q1 = 40 1 2.0 0.0 D1 -12
= EI +
Q2 = 0.0 2 0.0 1.0 D2 15

D1 0.0026 rad

D2 = -0.0015 rad
91
 3
12 kNm 9kN/m 12 kNm
1
A [FEF]
1 1
A B
B

Member 1:

3 1

q3 3 2EI EI d3 = 0.0 12 38
= + =
q1 1 EI 2EI d1 = 0.0026 -12 40

9 kN/m
A B 40 kNm
38 kNm
37.5 kN 1.5 kN

92
 4
15 kNm 30 kN 15 kNm
B B C
C
2
2 2

Member 2:

2 4

q2 2 1EI 0.5EI d2 = -0.0015 15 0.0

= + =
q4 4 0.5EI 1EI d4 = 0.0 -15 -22.5

30 kN
B C
22.5 kNm
9.37 kN 20.63 kN

93
 1.5 kN
30 kN
9 kN/m
B C
A B 40 kNm 9.37 kN 22.5 kNm
38 kNm 20.63 kN
37.5 kN 1.5 kN 7.87 kN 9.37 kN
30 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm
Hinge
A C
BR=- 0.0015 rad
BL= 0.0026 B
rad
4m 2m 2m
37.5

1.5 9.37
V (kN) + x (m)

-20.63

M 40 18.75
(kNm) + + x (m)
- - -
-22.5 94
-38
Example 9

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
40 kNm at the end of member AB. E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4
20 kN
9kN/m

2EI EI
40 kNm Hinge
A B C
4m 4m

95
 20 kN
9kN/m

2EI EI
40 kNm Hinge
A B C
4m 4m
5 7
1 3
4 6
A 2 C
1
2 B

9 kN/m
12 kNm
12 kNm
[FEM] 1

18 kN 18 kN i i j j
Vi 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2
Mi
6EI/ L
2
4 EI/ L 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L
[k ]44 = Vj
12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2
Mj 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L


96
 5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
A 2 C
1
2 B

4 5 1 2
4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI
1 2 3
2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI
1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375

[K] = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0

3 0.375 0.0 1.0
1 3 6 7
1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
97
 9kN/m 20 kN

EI
5 40 kNm 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
A 2 C
1 2 B
9 kN/m
12 kNm
12 kNm
[FEF] 1
18 kN 18 kN
Global: 1 2 3
Q1 = -20 1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375 D1 18
Q2 = 40 = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0 D2 + -12
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.375 0.0 1.0 D3 0.0
D1 -0.01316 m
D2 = -0.002333 rad
D3 0.0049333 rad
98
 5
1 9 kN/m
4 2 12 kNm
2EI 12 kNm
1 [FEF] 1
18 kN 18 kN

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

4 5 1 2
q4 4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d4 = 0.0 18 49.85
q5 5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d5 = 0.0 12 87.37
= + =
q1 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d1 = -0.01316 18 -13.85
q2 2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI d2 = -0.002333 -12 40

87.37 kNm 2EI 40 kNm

1
49.85 kN 13.85 kN
[q]1
99
 7
1
EI 6
2 C
B 3

Member 2: [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

1 3 6 7
q1 1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d1 = -0.01316 0 -6.18
q3 3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d3 = 0.004933 0 0.0
q6
=6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d6= 0.0
+ 0
=
6.18
q7 7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d7= 0.0 0 -24.69

24.69 kNm
2 6.18 kN
6.18 kN
[q]2

100
 20 kN
9kN/m 40 kNm

2EI EI
A BL= -0.002333 rad BR = 0.004933 rad C
4m B 4m

A B B C
40 kNm 24.69 kNm
87.37 kNm 49.85 kN 13.85 kN 6.18 kN 6.18 kN

49.85

V (kN) + 13.85 x (m)

-
-6.18 -6.18

M 40
(kNm) +
- x (m)
- -24.69

-87.37 101
Temperature Effects

Fixed-End Forces (FEF)

- Axial
- Bending

Curvature

102
 Tb Tt T
tan = =( )
Thermal Fixed-End Forces (FEF) d d
T Room temp = TR TR Tt
t

FAF Tm> TR FBF ct Tt + Tb

d NA Tm =
cb 2
M AF Tb > Tt M F
Tl
A B B Tb - Tt

axial axial TR Tm

A B (T ) axial = Tm TR

T
y ( T y ) = y ( )
Tt d
y y

A B Tb

(T ) bending = Tb Tt
103
 - Axial
axial axial
Tt TR Tm
Tm> TR
FAF FBF

A Tb > Tt B (T ) axial = Tm TR

FAF = axial dA
A

= E axial dA

= E (T ) axial dA

= E (T ) axial dA

= EA (T ) axial
F
( Faxial ) A = (Tm TR ) AE

104
 - Bending
T
y (Ty ) = y ( )
Tt d
y y

M AF M BF Tb
A B
(T ) bending = Tb Tt
M = y y dA
F
A
A

= yE dA

= yE (Ty ) dA

T
= yEy ( ) dA
d
T
= E ( ) y 2 dA
d
Tl Tu
F
( Fbending )A = ( ) EI
d
105
 Elastic Curve: Bending O
d

(dx ) = ( d )

y ( d ) 1 d
=( )
dx
ds = dx y ds d
y dx dx

Before After
deformation deformation

106
 Bending Temperature Tl > Tu
Tt

Tb
O dx

d T = Tb - Tt
Tt + Tb Tt Tt
Tm = Tu d T
2 T y
y ct = y d
M M d
cb
Tl > Tu Tb Tb

T
(d ) y = y ( ) dx
d
T
(d ) = ( )dx
d
d 1 T M
( ) = = ( ) =
dx d EI

107
 Example 10

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Room temp = 32.5oC, = 12x10-6 /oC, E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.

T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m

108
 T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
2 3
1

1 2

Mean temperature = (40+25)/2 = 32.5

Room temp = 32.5oC
19.78 kNm a(T /d)EI = 19.78 kNm
+7.5 C
o
FEM
-7.5 oC

T 40 25
F
Fbending =( )(2 EI ) = (12 10 6 )( )(2 200 50) = 19.78 kN m
d 0.182

109
 2 3
1
19.78 kNm 19.78 kNm
182 mm A C
1 2EI 2 EI
B
4m 4m

Element 1: [q] = [k][d] + [qF]

2 1
M2 2 2 1 q2 -1.978
M1
= EI
1 1 2 q1
+ 1.978
(10-3) EI

Element 2:
1 3
M1 1 1 0.5 q1 0
M3
= EI
3 0.5 1 q3
+ 0
0
[M1] = 3EI1 + (1.978x10-3)EI

1 = -0.659x10-3 rad
110
 2 3
1
19.78 kNm 19.78 kNm
182 mm A C
1 2EI 2 EI
B
4m 4m
Element 1:
2 1
M2 2 2 1 q2 = 0 -19.78 -26.37 kNm
M1
= EI
1 1 2 q1 = -0.659x10-3
+ 19.78 = 6.59 kNm

Element 2:
1 3
M1 1 1 0.5 q1 = -0.659x10-3 0 -6.59 kNm
M3
= EI
3 0.5 1 q3 = 0
+ 0
= -3.30 kNm

26.37 kNm 6.59 kNm 6.59 kNm 3.3 kNm

A B B C
4.95 kN 4.95 kN 2.47 kN 2.47 kN 111
26.37 kNm +7.5 oC
A -7.5 oC B C
2.47 kN 3.3 kNm
4.95 kN 2.47 kN
4m 4m

V (kN)
x (m)
- -
-2.47
-4.95

26.37
M 6.59
+
(kNm)
- x (m)
-3.30

Deflected B = -0.659x10-3 rad

curve x (m)

112
 Example 11

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Room temp = 28 oC, a = 12x10-6 /oC, E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4,
A = 20(10-3) m2

T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI, 2AE EI, AE
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m

113
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
A
1 2 EI 7
4 2EI 1
T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
Element 1:

(2 AE ) 2(20 10 3 m 2 )(200 106 kN / m 2 )

= = 2(106 ) kN / m
L ( 4 m)

4(2 EI ) 4 2(200 106 kN / m 2 )(50 10 6 m 4 )

= = 20(103 ) kN m
L ( 4 m)

2(2 EI ) 2 2(200 106 kN / m 2 )(50 10 6 m 4 )

= = 10(103 ) kN m
L ( 4 m)

6(2 EI ) 6 2(200 106 kN / m 2 )(50 10 6 m 4 )

2
= 2
= 7. 5(10 3
) kN
L ( 4 m)

12(2 EI ) 12 2(200 106 kN / m 2 )(50 10 6 m 4 )

3
= 3
= 3.75(10 3
) kN / m
L ( 4 m)
114
 T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI, 2AE EI, AE
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m

Fixed-end forces due to temperatures

T 40 25
F
Fbending =( )(2 EI ) = (12 10 6 )( )(2 200 50) = 19.78 kN m
d 0.182

Mean temperature(Tm) = (40+25)/2 = 32.5 oC ,

TR = 28 oC
F
Faxial = (T ) AE = (12 10 6 )(32.5 28)(2 20 10 3 m 2 )(200 10 6 kN / m 2 ) = 432 kN

19.78 kNm 19.78 kNm

+12 oC
432 kN 432 kN
A -3 oC
B

115
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Element 1: FEM
19.78 kNm 19.78 kNm
+12 oC
432 kN 432 kN
A -3 oC
B
[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 2x106 0.00 0.00 - 2x106 0.00 0.00 0 432
q5 5 0.00 3750 7500 0.00 -3750 7500 0 0.00
q6 6 0.00 7500 20x103 0.00 -7500 10x103 0 -19.78
= +
q1 1 -2x106 0.00 0.00 2x106 0.00 0.00 d1 -432
q2 2 0.00 -3750 -7500 0.00 3750 -7500 d2 0.00
q3
3 0.00 7500 10x103 0.00 -7500 20x103 d3 19.78
116
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Element 2:

[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 1x106 0.00 0.00 - 1x106 0.00 0.00 d1 0
q2 2 0.00 1875 3750 0.00 -1875 3750 d2 0
q3 3 0.00 3750 10x103 0.00 -3750 5x103 d3 0
= +
q7 7 -1x106 0.00 0.00 1x106 0.00 0.00 0 0
q8 8 0.00 -1875 -3750 0.00 1875 -3750 0 0
q9
9 0.00 3750 5x103 0.00 -3750 10x103 0 0
117
 6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Global:
1 2 3
Q1 = 0.0 1 3x106 0.0 0.0 D1 -432
Q2 = 0.0 = 2 0.0 5625 -3750 D2 + 0.0
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.0 -3750 30x103 D3 19.78

D1 0.000144 m
D2 = -0.0004795 m
D3 -719.3x10-6 rad

118
Element 1:
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 2x106 0.00 0.00 - 2x106 0.00 0.00 0 432
q5 5 0.00 3750 7500 0.00 -3750 7500 0 0.00
q6 6 0.00 7500 20x103 0.00 -7500 10x103 0 -19.78
= +
q1 1 -2x106 0.00 0.00 2x106 0.00 0.00 d1 = 144x10-6 -432
q2 2 0.00 -3750 -7500 0.00 3750 -7500 d2 = -479.5x10-6 0.00
q3
3 0.00 7500 10x103 0.00 -7500 20x103 d3 = -719.3x10-6 19.78
6
q4 144.0 kN 3
5 2
q5 -3.60 kN
A 4 B 1
q6 -23.38 kNm
=
q1 -144.0 kN 23.38 kNm 9 kNm
q2 3.60 kN
q3 144 kN 144 kN
9.00 kNm A B
3.60 kN 3.60 kN
119
Element 2:
1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 1x106 0.00 0.00 - 1x106 0.00 0.00 d1 = 144x10-6 0
q2 2 0.00 1875 3750 0.00 -1875 3750 d2 = -479.5x10-6 0
q3 3 0.00 37500 10x103 0.00 -3750 5x103 d3 = -719.3x10-6 0
= +
q7 7 -1x106 0.00 0.00 1x106 0.00 0.00 0 0
q8 8 0.00 -1875 -3750 0.00 1875 -3750 0 0
q9
9 0.00 3750 5x103 0.00 -3750 10x103 0 0
3
q1 144 kN 9
2 8
q2 -3.6 kN
B 1 C 7
q3 -9 kNm
=
q7 -144 kN 9 kNm 5.39 kNm
q8 3.6 kN
q9 144 kN 144 kN
-5.39 kNm B C
3.60 kN 3.60 kN
120
Isolate axial part from the system
T2 = 40oC
RA RC
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC B C
4m 4m

RA
RA = RC
+

Compatibility equation: dC/A = 0

R A (4) RA ( 4)
+ + 12 10 6 (32.5 28)(4) = 0
2 AE AE

RA = 144 kN

RC = -144 kN

121
 T2 = 40oC

2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC B C
4m 4m

23.38 kNm 9 kNm 9 kNm 5.39 kNm

144 kN 144 kN 144 kN 144 kN

A B B C
3.60 kN 3.60 kN 3.60 kN 3.60 kN
V (kN)
x (m)
-
-3.6
23.38
M 8.98
+
(kNm) x (m)
-
-5.39
D2 = -0.0004795 mm D3 = -719.3x10-6 rad
Deflected
curve x (m)
122
Skew Roller Support

- Force Transformation
- Displacement Transformation
- Stiffness Matrix

123
 Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

x
y 5
6 4
j

2 m

3 1
i

y
6

5
4
j
3 y m
x
2
1 x
i
124
 Force Transformation
6 x y
x
q4 = q4' cos x q5' cos y
y
5 4 q5 = q4' cos y q5' cos x
y
j x
y q6 = q6'
2 x
x j xi q 4 x y 0 q4'
x =
3 1 L q = y x 0 q
i y j yi 5 5'
y = q 6 0 0 1 q6'
L

q 1 x y 0 0 0 0 q 1'
y
6
q 2 y x 0 0 0 0 q 2'
5 q 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3'
=
4 q 4 0 0 0 x y 0 q 4'
j
q 5 0 0 0 y x 0 q 5'
3 m
q 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 q 6'
2
1
i x [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
125
 Displacement Transformation
y x y
6 x
d ' 4 = d 4 cos x + d 5 cos y
5 5 s x
co d' 5 = d 4 cos y + d 5 cos x
4 d4
j 6 x4 d4 d '6 = d 6
j y
s y
y c o
x d4 d 4' x y 0 d 4
d = y x 0 d
5' 5
x d 6' 0 0 1 d 6

y s x
co d 1' x y 0 0 0 0 d 1
x d
0 d 2
5

d5 d 2' y x 0 0 0
y y d 3' 0 0 1 0 0 0 d 3
cos =
d 5 d 4' 0 0 0 x y 0 d 4
y d 5' 0 0 0 y x 0 d 5

x d 6' 0 0 0 0 0 1 d 6

x [d '] = [T ][d ]
126
 [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
[ ]
= [T ] ([k' ][d' ] + q 'F )
T

= [T ] [k' ][d' ] + [T ] [q ' ]

T T F

[q ] = [T ] [k' ][T ][d ] + [T ] [q' ] = [k ][d ] + [q ]

T T F F

Therefore, [k ] = [T ]T [k '][T ]
[q ] = [T ] [q ' ]
F T F

[q ] = [T ]T [q ']
[d '] = [T ][d ]
[k ] = [T ]T [k '][T ]

127
Stiffness matrix
6* 3 6
2* 5* 5
3* 1 2
4
1* i 4* j 1
i j i j

ix = cos i jx = cos j
iy = sin i jy = sin j

[q*] = [T]T[q]

1 2 3 4 5 6
q 1* 1* ix iy 0 0 0 0 q 1'
q 2* ix 0 0 0 0 q
2* iy 2'
q 3* 3* 0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3'
=
q 4 * 4* 0 0 0 jx jy 0 q 4'
q 5* 5* 0 0 0 jy jx 0 q 5'

q 6 * 6* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q 6'
[ T ]T
128
 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 ix iy 0 0 0 0
2 0
iy ix 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] =
4 0 0 0 jx jy 0
5 0 0 0 jy jx 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0

2 0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2
3 0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L
[k '] =
4 AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0
5 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2

6 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L
129
 [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k ][T] =

Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( ix2 + iy2 ) ( - ) ixiy - iy -( ixjx + iyjy ) -( ixjy - iyjx ) - iy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) ixiy ( iy2 + ix2 ) ix -( iyjx - ixjy ) -( iyjy + ixjx ) ix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - iy ix jy - jx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( ixjx + iy jy) -( iyjx - ixjy) jy ( jx2 + jy2 ) ( - ) jxjy jy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( ixjy- iyjx ) -( iyjy + ix jx ) - jx ( - ) jxjy ( L jy2 + jx2 ) - jx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - iy ix jy - jx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

130
Example 12

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4, A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
Include axial deformation in the stiffness matrix.

40 kN

4m 4m 22.02 o

131
 40 kN

4m 4m 22.02o

6 3 6
5 2* 2 5
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x
i 4 j 22.02 o i 1 j 4
ix = cos 0o = 1, x*
iy = cos 90o = 0 jx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271,
jy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749

40 kN
40 kNm
40 kNm [ qF ]
[FEF] 20sin22.02=7.5
20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN
132
 Transformation matrix
6 3 6
5 2* 2 5
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x
4 i 1 j 4
ix = cos 0o = 1, x * ix iy 0 0 0 0
jx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271,
iy = cos 90o = 0
iy ix 0 0 0 0
jy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749
0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ]T =
0 0 0 jx jy 0
0 0 0 jy jx 0
Member 1: [ q ] = [ T ]T[q]
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
q 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 q 1'
0
q5 5 1 0 0 0 0 q 2'
q 6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3'
=
q 1* 1* 0 0 0 0 . 9271 0 . 3749 0 q 4'
q 2* 2* 0 0 0 0 . 3749 0 . 9271 0 q 5'

q 3* 3* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q 6'
133
 3 6
Local stiffness matrix
2 5
Local 1

i 1 j 4

i i i j j j
Ni AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0
Vi 0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3

6EI/ L2

Mi 0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L
[k ]66 =
Nj AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0
Vj 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2

Mj 0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 6EI/ L2 4EI/ L

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1 = 103 4 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00 134
 6 3 6
5 2* 2 5
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x
4 i 1 j 4
Stiffness matrix [k]: x*
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1 = 103 4 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
Stiffness matrix [k*]: [ k* ] = [ T ]T[ k ][T]
4 5 6 1* 2* 3*
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00
[k*]1 = 103 1* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
2* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476
135
3* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
 6
40 kN 5 2*
1 3*
1* x
4
4m 4m 22.02 o x*
40 kN
40 kNm
40 kNm [ qF ]
20sin22.02=7.5
Global Equilibrium: 20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1* 3*
Q1 = 0.0 1* 129 1.406 D1* -7.5
Q3 = 0.0 = 103 3* 1.406 20.0 D3* + -40

D1* 36.37x10-6 m
=
D3* 0.002 rad
136
 6
40 kN 5 2*
1 3*
1* x
4
40 kN
4m 4m 22.02 o 40 kNm x*
40 kNm

7.5
Member Force : [q] = [k*][D] + [qF] 20 kN 18.54

4 5 6 1* 2* 3*
q4 4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000 0 0 -5.06
q5 5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750 0 20 27.5
q6 6 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00 0 40.0 60
q1* = 103
1* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406 36.4x10-6 + -7.54
= 0
q2* 2* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476 0 18.54 13.48
q3* 2x10-3
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
* -40.0 0
60 kNm 40 kN

5.06 kN
27.5 kN 13.48 kN 137
 40 kN
40 kN
60.05 kNm

4m 4m 5.05 kN
22.02 o 27.51 kN 13.47 kN

50.04
+
-

-60.05

Bending moment diagram

(kNm)

0.002 rad

Deflected shape
138
Example 13

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4, A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
Include axial deformation in the stiffness matrix.

40 kN
6 kN/m

2EI, 2AE EI, AE

22.02o
8m 4m 4m

139
 40 kN
6 kN/m

2EI, 2AE EI, AE

22.02 o
8m 4m 4m AE (0.006 m 2 )(200 106 kN / m 2 )
=
L (8 m)
= 150 103 kN m
6 3
5 2 4 EI 4(200 106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
8* =
9* L (8 m)
1 1 2 7* = 20 103 kN m
4
Global 2 EI
= 10 103 kN m
L
3 6
3 6 6 EI 6(200 106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
2 5 5 =
2 2
L (8 m) 2
1 1 4 1 2 4 = 3.75 103 kN
Local 12 EI 12(200 106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
=
L2 (8 m) 3
= 0.9375 103 kN / m 140
 6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
4
Global
Local : Member 1
6 3 3 6
5 2 2 5
[ q] [ q]
4 1 1 1 1 4
[q] = [q]
Thus, [k] = [k]
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1 = [k]1 = 2x103 1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00

141
 6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
3 4
2 3 6
[ q* ] 8* [ q ] 5
9* 2
7* x
1 2 1 2 4
ix = cos 0o = 1, x*
iy = cos 90o = 0 jx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271,
jy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749

Member 2: Use transformation matrix, [q*] = [T]T[q]

1 2 3 4 5 6
q1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 q1
q2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 q2
q3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3
q7*
= 7* 0 0 0 0.9271 -0.3749 0 q4
q8* 8* 0 0 0 0.3749 0.9271 0 q5
q9* 9* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6
142
 3 3 6
2 8* 5
[ q* ] 9* 2 [ q ]
7* x
1 2 1 2 4
x*
Stiffness matrix [k]:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]2 = 103 4 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
Stiffness matrix [k*]: [k*] = [T]T[k][T]
1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.477 10.00
[k*]2 = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.477 51.82 21.90 -3.476
143
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
 6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
4
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1= 2x103 1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00

1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.477 10.00
[k*]2 = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.477 51.82 21.90 -3.476
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
144
 6 3
40 kN 9*
6 kN/m 5 2 8*

1 1 2 7*
4
40 kN
6 kN/m 40 kNm
32 kNm 40 kNm
32 kNm
1
7.5
24 kN 24 kN 20 kN 18.54

Global: 1 3 7* 9*
0 1 450 0 -139 0 D1 0
0 3 0 60 1.406 10 D3 -32 + 40 = 8
0 = 103 7* +
-139 1.406 129 1.406 D7* -7.5
0 9* 0 10 1.406 20 D9* -40

D1 18.15x10-6 m
D3 -509.84x10-6 rad
D7* = 58.73x10-6 m
D9* 0.00225 rad
145
 6 3
5 2 6 kN/m
32 kNm
32 kNm
4 1 1 1

24 kN 24 kN
Member 1: [ q ] = [k ][d] + [qF]
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000 0 0
q5 5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750 0 24
q6 6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00 0 32
q1 = 2x103 0.000 d1=18.15x10-6
+ 0
1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000
q2 2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750 0 24
q3
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00 d3=-509.84 -32
x10-6
q4 -5.45 kN
q5 20.18 kN 6 kN/m
21.80 kNm 52.39 kNm
q6 21.80 kNm
= 5.45 kN 5.45 kN
q1 5.45 kN
q2 27.82 kN 20.18 kN 27.82 kN
q3 -52.39 kNm 146
 40 kN
2 3 8* 40 kNm
9* 40 kNm [ qF ]
7* x
20sin22.02=7.5
1 2 2
x* 20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN
Member 2: [ q ] = [k ][d] + [qF]
1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
q1 1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000 18.15x10-6 0
q2 2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750 0 20
q3 3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00 -509.84x10-6 40
q7* = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 58.73x10-6
+ -7.5
51.82 1.406
q8* 8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476 0 18.54
q9* 0.00225 -40
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
q1 -5.45 kN 40 kN
52.39 kNm
q2 26.55 kN
q3 52.39 kNm
q7*
= 0 kN 5.45 kN
q8* 14.51 kN 14.51 kN
26.55 kN
q9*
0 kNm 147
 40 kN
6 kN/m 52.39 kNm
21.80 kNm 52.39 kNm

5.45 kN 5.45 kN
5.45 kN 14.51 kN
20.18 kN 27.82 kN 14.51cos 22.02o
26.55 kN
=13.45 kN
40 kN
21.80 kNm 6 kN/m

5.45 kN
54.37 kN 22.02o
20.18 kN
8m 4m 4 m 14.51 kN

20.18 26.55
V (kN) +
+ x (m)
3.36 m - -
-27.82 -13.45
53.81
M 12.14 +
(kNm) - x (m)
-
-21.8
-52.39 148