Chapter 2 ee 2.1+1 Let us denote the signal in question by 9(t) and its energy by Ey. For parts (a) and (b) 2 2 aintrat ad [ae— 3 [cos rtdt= ton aj, “2 2 if” if” wan} [Cand [Uomanrse [fF esinn? a wafE fad [ae] - [x +0] = 48 Sign change and time shift do not affect the signal energy. Doubling the signal quadruples its energy. In the name way we can show that the energy of g(t) is k*Ey. 242 (a) Kee fitur=2 By = fi (raet f2(-1)Pa (a) Therefore Exsy = Ex~ Ey ooten [ora feorante ae [Caren crtas [Maras [" caternm [Cores [ora [i crrane Similarly. we can show that Ex-y = 4" Therefore Ey = E. + Ey. We are tempted to conclude thet Evay = E, ~ Ey in goneral. Let us see. ) =f tars f fo [ pare Ofer Eye [ coarse f (2a =a 0 fia fo ‘Therefore. in general Exsy # Ex + Ey 21-8 Exey (-1Pae= e,= [ore . Exes 1 faa a f® : Penk [Oct emttoat ronan az, | [+ con Quer +2] ce _ ia o co “SU asf cou dant + 20a] Flh+ol a 21-4 This problem is identical to Example 2.26. except that 21 wa. In this case. the third integral in Py (see p. 19 is not zero. This integral is given by ra hye Jim 2am f cas (wit + 61).008 (ait + Ba)dh 1m Jo a a = ttm S12 if cost; ~0)dt= f — cos(2ust +1 +62) dt oa “ra = fim, LEE Ir costes ~ tn)} + 0-= CrCacostAs — He) 1Therefore 7,4 Pym G+ F 4 CrCocosies - 82) 21-5 2 anil (ytd = 64/7 (@) Pe =if (Pur = 64/7 a a). ; Peep L fra Sign change of a signal doesnot afer its power, Multiplication of a signal by a constant « increases the power by a factor « 21-6 () Pa 2 4(64/7) = 256/7 (0) Pe 5 feta oer @ if (eat a w mek [Eye 21-7 1 f7? . a7? nella meet pre gin [ane dee jim $f de" a ra 7/2 fem tam “The integrais of the cross-product terms (when & 9 r) are finite because the integrands ave periodic signals Ihnade up of sinusoids). These terms. when divided by T — oo. vied zero. The remaining serms (k =r) yield re . ting f Sister =D Dal 1/2 fem ioe P, 2.1.8 (a) Power of a sinusoid of amplitude C is C2/2 Eq. (2.6a)| regardless of its frequency (w # 0) and phase Therefore. in this case P = (10)?/2 = 50. (b) Power of a sum of sinusoids is equal to the sum of the powers of the sinusoids Bq. (2.6b)]. Therefore. in this case P = 292 4 OF? = 178. (c) (10 + 2 sin 31) cos 10" = 100s 101 = sin 13¢ — sin BY Hence from Eq. (2.60) P= S95 + 4+ 4 = 51 (d) 10cos 54 cos 10t = 5(cos 51 + cos 18¢. Hence from Eq. (2.60) P sy 4 Yt = 05. (6) 10sin 5 coe 101 = sin 151 ~ sn Bt, Hence from Eq, (260) P= Se + EF = 28 (f) 0/9" coswo! = 9 [eter + 00-07]. Using the result in Prob. 2.1-7. we obtain P = (1/4) + (1/4) = 1/2 2.2-1 For areala For imaginary a. let a = jr, Then rina [emer tn [a P,J lero) Fig. $2.8-2 Clearly. if¢ is veal. ¢~*" is neither energy not power signal. However if ais imaginary, it is @ power signal with power 1 2.3-1 salt) = alt 1) rast 1). galt) = alt= 1 talt +2). galt) = alt ~ 0.5) + nit = 05) ‘The signal gs(1) can be obtained by (i) delaying g(t) by 1 second (replace t with t — 1). (i) then time-expanding by n factor 2 {replace f with 1.'2). (ii) then multiply with 1.5. Thus gs(t) = 1-59(3 ~ 1) 2.92 All the signals are shown in Fig. $2.3-2, 2.3-3 All the signals are shown in Fig. $2.3-3 AK gee) D fp 9G) 4 7] 9c) @ eo 6 ¢ se re 4k ge) 4p gee a jhe. °. 3 - ° Fig. $2.33 28-4 gaye [bana [Pina e, Baca = [it-opar= [7 steer = Bs taone [wrote fo etie= te Baas= [montanes [Peer lwne [ we nrare! [donee bue Baran [ptietane [doa ast of tomeee ‘24-1 Using the fact that a(7)A(r) = 4(0)A(7). we have (a) 0 (b) Fu) Ce) EMA) (4) $A 1) KD gable +3) (A) ko(w) (use LY ‘Hopital’s rule) = 0, Thus. an impulse A(t - r) is located st 2.4+2 In these problems remember that impulse (7) is located at ‘and 0 on, (a) The impulse is located at + =f and g(r) at 7 =f is alt). Therefore 324-3 25-1 2.52 25-3 2d [i sore ner = a0 (0) The impulse Nr) iat += 0 and glf = 7) at r= 0 sg). Therefore [i Moae-nar=ao Using similar arguments. we obtain (1 (40 (ee? (YS (w) 9-1) (h) -0? Letting at = 7. we obtain (for a > 0) £ ott stan at = im ot2)e(a}de = Lo(0) Similarly for a < 0, we show that this integral is -16(0). Therefore 1 0(t)6(t) dt [eomanan a= Therefore Hat) = Lan) Trivial Take the derivative of je'? with respect to « and equate it to zero [fovnta? ffsaeos = 0.5 over (0 <1 < 1). and zero outside this intervai, Also Ey (a) tn this case Ey = fi dt = 1 and (b) Thus. off) ¥ 0.5r(¢). and the error o(t) = and Ee (the energy of the error) are = [eon frees we gem ['e-osraeim lo o lo ‘The error (1 = 0.5) is orthogonal to r(1) because [ (-0.8y(1)dr = 0 Note that Ey = «Ey + Ee. To explain these results in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig. 21% ar hence vector e is orthogonal to the component x. Because of this orthogonality. the length-square of fg energy of (1) is equal to the sum of the square of the lengths of ex and ¢ [auin of the energies of -7() and (| In this case Ey = J o2(Ndt = fy at = 1/3. and Ef sone afirmers “Thus. 2(t) © LS9(t). and the error e(t) = x(t) ~ 1.59(1) = 1 ~ 1.5 over (0 < 1 < 1), and zero outside this ‘Also E, (the eneigy of the error) is Ey = fi(1 — 1.80)? dt = 1/4 (a) In this case Ey = [2 sin? 2ntat = 05, and tin Qetdt = Afr altya(t)dt = (b) Thus. olf) = —(1/a)2(0). and the error e(t) = t+ (I/x)sin 2xt over (0 ¢ tS 1). and zero outside this interval. Also E, and Ee (the energy of the error) are 425-5 ft —(1/n)sin 2et}? at =} p -f sina [Pama and & ‘The error jt + (1/x) sin 2n/] is orthogonal to (t) because [ss ates cinan aenai=o Note that Ey = (Ey + Be. To explain these results in terms of vector concepts we observe from Fig, 2.15 that aoe, estar e is orthogonal to the component 7 i> “3 2 t Fig. $2.8-1 ‘The power of a(t) is Moreover. from Parseval's theorem [Eq. (2.90)] nad S$ () 45 (SF (b) If the V-term Fourier series is denoted by (1), thenFor N = 1, Pe = 0.1111: for N = 2. Pr = 0.19923, For N = 3, Py = 0.19837. which is greater than 0.198. Thus. N = 3. 2.8-2 Here To = 2n. so that wo = 2n/2n = 1. and att) = 204 So an coe tb Fig. $2.6-2 The power of att is aokf wae e Moreover. from Parseval’s theorem (Eq. (2.90)} 2 a ed LG (b) If the N-term Fourier series is denoted by r(t). then nnencut Soden ners The power Py is required to be 0.90 x $2 = 0.2, Therefore For N= 1. Pe = 2; for N = 2. Pp = 25. for N = 5, Pr = 2.927, which is less than 0.3n7, For N= 6. Ps = 2.9625, which is greater than 0.3n?, Thus. N = 6. 28-8 Recall that 1 pen won ef ae (1a) 1p ne (1) cos nwt dt {1b} To ria” > pan ; - by = Bf. wom nwol (le)2d Recall also that cos nent is an even function and sin nupt is an odd function oft. If g(t) is an even function of Pee at tes mast Ie also an even function and a(#)sin nunt is an odd function oft. Therefore (see hint) tot none f attde (29) ret one [arcs naott (2b) ino ro) imitans if 9) is an odd function off then (toe moot isan odd function off and g(t)in not it an even function of "Therefore fomeeeD (3a) 1 pm ere [ a(t) sin nwotdt (ab) mh, Observe that, because of symmetry, the integration required to compute the coefficients need be performed over only half the period (a) To = 4. a0 = #f = §. Because of even symmetry, all sine terms are zero. a(t) = 90+ San cos (Fe) ‘20 = 0 (by inspection) Therefore, the Fourier series for a(t) is: dy nt 1 tnt 1 Set Lag Tat (us - Sen t+ Jeon - gon Ft +) alt) Here hy = 0. and we allow Cv to take negative values. Figure S2.8-4a shows the plot of Cx (b) To = 107, wo = # = $. Because of even symmetry. all the sine terms are zero aim sos Domes (51) + pain (2) 1 20 (by inspection) oe kf G)e- FQ GL.) 2 fT aa(m ; ' bas zl (B) dt =0 (integrand is an odd function of t) ete hy = 0, and we allow Cy to take negative values. Note that Cy = an for n = 0, 1.2.3, Figure S2.8-4b shows the plot of Cn (e) To = 28. wo = 1 a(t) = 40+ 3 a0 cost + by sinnt with ag = 0.5 (by inspection) 20 a an=i fo Leosnrar mak [” Lsinntat =-2 7), 2 a), and \inai +2 gnats deiner +) nosed fn(-eg)ofem(erd) be 73 8> ce) Pig. $2.84 ‘The reason for vanishing of the cosines terms is that when 0.6 (the de component) is subtracted from 9(t). the emaining function has odd symmetry. Hence, the Fourier series would contain de and sine terms only: Figure $2.8-4c shows the plot of Cy and @ (a) To = x. wo = 2 and g(t) = 4. = 0 (by inspection) n= 0 (n>0) — because of odd symmetry 1 on aity= Sysinar~ Eoinat~ shy sme sin8t + aFigure $2.8-4d shows the plot of Cy and 4p. (0) To = 3. wo = 28/3. Therefore Co = } and 3 arn? Qen den Onn oa (32 cos 252 - sin 252 Coe — 2cos - sin anc = tan’ a Tent [\= y ~Beee— Z sim TT | and Oo tan | coe aa Be sin ee I (f) To = 6. 2 = 7/3, uo = 0.5 (by inspection), Even symmetry: by = 0. ap’ ne nnd [snc %a 23 [foe Fare [enon geal Observe that even harmonics vanish. The reason is that if the de (0.8) is subtracted from o(?). the resulting function has half-wave symmetry. (See Prob. 2 8-6). Figure $2.8-4f shows the plot of Cn An even function geit) and an odd function gel) have the property that Gelt) = gel-t) and Every signal g(7) ean be expressed as a sum of even and odd components because alt) = Flats) + af—0)] + $ lal) - of From the definitions in Eq. (1). it can be seen that the first component on the right-hand side is an even funetion. while the second component is odd. This is readily seen from the fact that replacing by ~1 in the first component yields the same function. The same maneuver in the second component yields the negative of that component. To find the odd and the even components of g(t) = u(t). we have g(t) = gelt) + aoit) where {from Eq. (1)] gelt) = $fu() + u(-1)] = 2 and galt) = 9 fut) —w(-0) = Zoantey 32.850, u(t), we have ‘The even and odd components of the signal w(t) are shown in Similarly, to find the odd and the even components of g(t) alt) = art) + welt) where aelt) =} [ott ult) + o*u(—1)] and 10te) Fig. $2.8-5 golt) = 3 fertu(n) = e*4u(—)] ‘The even and odd components of the signal ¢~*n(t) are shown in Fig. $2.8-5b, For gif) = 07". we have wt = oelt) + 9alt) where galt) =} [Ph + 0H] = e081 and galt) fe = 0-H] = jain 2.8:6 (a) For half wave symmetry a= -0(1= B) and and a 2 ft 2 sr an F | ateycosmoot dt = zf atoycosnantat» f a(t) cos nwot dt To Jo Te Jo ria Let + = 1 - To/2 in the second integral. This gives nb [[ aesnoerars ("0 (2+ B) caren (r+ F) «| on ns 2b [[Paomnnee [recent -4 [ f ater neat] Ina similar way we can show that 4? " if a(t)sin naot d (b) (3) To = 8. 0 = $. 0 = 0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence uTherefore tr (FF -1) = 1,8.9,13. gfe (R41) n23.7.10,15, Similarly and a(t) = > 5.608 Et + bn sin nein (ii) To = 25. wo = 1. 00 = 0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence at) = 3 faq cos nt + bn innit onl aonb fe cosmtat 2 [ee 7 22 [ gain em evan] ( - stn] and 20 2 22 [ee tondam-neanl] 2m igen) = 2A = Grom! Deyo 2.061 (a): To = 4.0 = 2/2. Also Do = 0 {by inspection). (b) To = 10%. wp = 24/108 = 1/5 a(t) = > Doe’S'. where odd) odd) 2 Inj2ce) (a) (2) wh Fig. $2.9-1 fe) alt) = Do nei", where, by inspection Dy = 0.5 a } r>0 spertare gh. other (Daim gles and wn {h (A) To = *. wo = Zand Dn =0 ait) = So Darl. where man (Lan ott)(e) To= 3.00 a= 3 Dee, whee pail Therefore : ae aha (Em (f) To = 6. 20 = 7/3 Do = 05 2.02 a(t) = Scout + sin (5¢ ~ For a compact trigonometric form. all terms must have cosine form and amplitudes must be positive For this reason, we rewrite g(f) as air) = Seon + 0ca (s¢ - ZZ) +2008 (8-5-7) sear + coe (t= 2E) +2008 (81 Figure $2.9-2a shows amplitude and phase spectra. (By inspection of the trigonometric spectra in Fig. $2.9-2, we plot the exponential spectra s shown in Fig. $2.9-9b. By inspection of exponential spectra in Fig, 2.022, we obtain ane deraened [ose erate + [ost gests] + (fre) (te Set (Got) ome (em 142.9-3 (a) g(t) = 2+ 2cos(2t ~ x) + cos(3t — = 2 2cos2t + sin3t (b) The exponential spectra are shown in Fig, $2.9-3. (c) By inspection of exponential spectra toy [eg eat 4 Ff 4g IH] = 24208 (2t — w) + 008 (34 — 5) (a) Observe that the two expressions (trigonometric and exponential Fourier series) are equivalent Fig, $2.93 2.94 1p ptea nn Ds Te if J(t)cos nuot dt — f f(t) sin nwot dt Tera 2 If git) is even, the second term on the right-hand side is zero because its integrand is an odd function of 1 Hence, Da is real. In contrast, if g(t) is odd. the first term on the right-hand side is zero because its integrand is an odd function of ¢. Hence. Dx is imaginaryChapter 3 El oa) =f anermat f fol) is an even function of ¢.o(t)sin.st ip an odd function of t, and the second integral vanishes Moreovs", viijcoeur is an even function off. and the frst integral is twice the integral over the interval Oto oe. Thus when 9(/) is even 3.161 = g(t) cost dt ~ if g(t) sinat dt Gu)= f a(t) cost dt a) Similar argument shows that when g(t) is odd Gl) = -a f o(t)sinwtdt (2) If gl?) is also real (in addition to being even), the integral (1) is real. Moreover from (1) a =f stoeaatt = Ou) lo Hleuce Gis) is real and even function of ». Similar arguments can be used to prove the rest of the properties 31-2 ” Gye & Male)! f Gly“ do = Ef, Gla) de L [fh toteroaersinees f tant tot] since 'G\x) is an even funetion and 0,(w) is an odd function of w. the integrand in the second integral is Since 1C1-)) i an oad therefore vanishes. Moreover the integrand in the first integral is an even function of and therefore (w)] dur a= 2 [ ratericotn Therefore [G(w)| = 1/VaT Fe and @,(w) = —tan"*(). Hence 1 a L aE [ur = tan | 3.8 etey= J alt)en™ at Therefore : ote [econ and ol f a (ned 16B.1-4 (a) ) T T Ge f[ tte at = f ° lo 3.5 (a) * 7 m7) 2 9 () lcotrr + wrsinwt - 1] ‘This result could also be derived by observing thet g(t) is an even function. Therefore from the result in Prob. 311 Ge = 2f tor atdt = 2aleoswr + ursina — I) 3.1-6 (2) I? _ (uBi? ~ 2)sin sot + 2a cos! —eewe Siw) Go? =2Z o =r fe + Fig. $31.6 (b) The derivation can be simplified by observing that G(-).can be expressed as a sum of two gare functions Gilw) and Gala) 98 shown in Fig. $3.1-6. Therefore sine d [overscan ao= Ef f ease f otda) = BBE 3.1-7 (a) ane [conse de B 12 = a litconw tana la = az (7) (b) Gaye ae = se iC Gieconande +3 Glu) sinwt «| ecause Glu) is even fusetion, the second integral on the righthand side vanishes. Also the integrand of the first term is an even function. Therefore Ww31-8 (a) emi den bf” otras -—1 mere inwolt - to) 7 - ae 1 = SED = Baineloote— to) &) oo=2[f sertans [seme] 1 yutl? 1 geal _, Lo coswot sa Lome . ects ay tect (E) 4p D038) ‘ rect ( e ) 7 Fo rt ZY = sT4 = me lo so a. a C 3 oF w * 4 sine C eum i Fig. $3.21 jous functions. The function in part (a) is a gate function centered at the 3.2+1 Figure S3.2-1 shows the plots of v origin and of width 2. The function in part (b) can be expressed as 0 (qgiyn)- This isa triangle pulse centered in and of width 100/3. The function in part (c) is gate function rect(§) delayed by 10. In other 'a gate pulse centered at t = 10 and of width 8 The function in part (d) is a sinc pulse centered tr the origin and the first zero occurring at * = x, that is at w = 5. The function in part (e) is a sinc pulse at the ori words it ne(Z) delayed by 107. For the sinc pulse sinc(), the first zero occurs at § =r. that is at w = Sx. Therefore the fonction is a sine pulse centered at w = 10 and its zeros spaced at intervals of 5 as shown in the fig S32-1e. The function in port (f) is a product of a gate pulse (centered at the origin) of width 10x and @ sine pulse (also centered at the origin) with zeros spaced at intervals of $x. This results in the sinc pulse truncated Deyond the interval 5x (|"{ 2 5x) as shown in Fig. £ 8.2-2 The function rect (f ~5) is centered at f = 5. has a width of unity. and its value over this interval is unity. Hence auye femam 2 oe _ gn98%) pit ity = sine (3) 7% 183.23 B24 3.25 3.41 e+ 2 ody = oh [einen — 20-7] 28 Joe Fire = Fpaltisiontl Observe that 1+ sgn(t) = 2u(t). Adding pairs 7 and 12 in Table 3.1 and then dividing by 2 yields the desired result. Observe that c08 (wo! + 4) Fourier transform of the above equation yields the desired result. (a) u(t) exe niu) 4 ~ is cy toy Application of duality property yields mbit) + 2 exe 2nu(-w) i" ma aaa) faved] meen Application of Eq. (3.28) yields Hyena Hien] ae Lyne Lime (b) cos wot => t16(u + wo) + Mw - x0) a[d(t +00) + A(t — wo)] => 2 cos (—wow) = 2m cos (wow) Atta Mt on om Bream) Aran eee-T) mo tenre te) sin wot => jr[A(w + wo) — H(w ~ 0)} jn IA(t + wo) — A(t = wn)] Qn sin(-wow) = —2n sin(ax dsin(t + 20) — ¢ N= i) (ow) Setting 20 = T yields 19at+ 7) = Ot = T) om isin Tw 3.3-2 Fig. (b) g:(t) = 9(-t) and Gs(0) = G(-w) = Fee ioe = Fig. (c) on) = off —1) + oul! = 1). Therefore Galw) = (Glu) + Gie)le™* = [Glw) + G(-w)e"" 2 (coo + wins ~ 1) Fig. (4) an(t) = g(t ~ 1) + alt +1) Galw) = Glw}e™ + G(-w)e* Fete ~ 2eoss} = sin? § = sine? (3) Fig. (e) ga(t) = o(t - 9) + alt + 4), and Gale) = Cla )e"™? + Gi(wer"? ort Fig. (f) asit) can be obtained in three steps: (1) time-expanding g(t) by a factor 2 (i) then delaying it by? ‘seconds. (ii) and multiplying it by 1.5 [we may interchange the sequence for steps (i) and (li). The first sten (time-expansion by a factor 2) yields t a) = Be(e = jdue™ — 1 (§) — 26020) = pile ~ Boe — 1) Second step of time delay of 2 secs. yields 4 pa “The thie stop of multiplying the resulting signal by 1.8 yields 14 = jaye! = 1)e j= ott) = 154 (532) ome G01 i200) cb? s)nce-T) ele-7 cost ult 7* (e-E) ut) 2 sintuleds Fig. $9.38 ayn (SEL) — ne ( wa ($) = 74() ( 132) — rane(sE) e407” 3.33 (a) 20Bde and Gt) = Tene (SE) fort? — 77) = 2jTsine (#) sin 2 ~So(F) (b) From Fig. $3.3-3b we verify that. a(t) = sin tu(t) + sin(t ~ #)u(e - *) Note that sin(t ~ x)u(t ~ =) is sin f(t) delayed by x. Now. sintu(t) ene GIA(w~ 1) ~ Ol + 1)] + ror and sin(t = )ult = #) em Flblw = 1) = Mes N+ i ‘Therefore 1 Glu) yee) {yl 1) — Ale +1))+ Recall that g(r)#(1 ~ 20) = a(roiM(r ~ 10), Therefore A(w + 1)(1 +677") = 0. and 1 Cle) peee™) (c) From Fig. S3.3-3¢ we verify that ait) = cost [rte = (1 §)] = costae) — cost But sinit - $) = cost. Therefore au) = costa) sin (= 2) u(' Gla) = FIMe +e D+ [ole = 1) — be + + Also because g(r)A(r — 70) = olru)4(7 ~ 70). Bet ye I = ak eI? = S joe £1) Therefore (4) u(t) = u(t - T)} = eMule) = elt) in(t) = ene enAl— T(t =P) Ve ier Jove jute” jove =e Gls) From time-shifting property a(t 7) — Gluyet™ Therefore g(t ET) + a(t — T) <2 Glu)o*T + Glue "7 = 2G(w) coswT We can use this result to derive transforms of signals in Fig, P3.3-4 (a) Heve off) is a gate pulse as shown in Fig. $3.3-4a 213.3-5 3.3-6 atte res ($) ae ait) to T= 9. The signal in Fg, P24 sof +3) +909) and g(t +3) + 9(t — 3) = Asinc(w) cos 30 (b) Here 9(t) is a triangular pulse shown in Fig. $3.3-4b. From the Table 3.1 (pair 19) y=) a9 sine (2) uo T= 9, The signal in Fig P-bit +3) + 9(0~ 9). and ait) + a(t 2)» Bain (2) cose t) 1 x w> t Fig. $3.34 Frequency-shifting property states that altietet exp Glo = wo) Therefore 1 a(t)sin cot = prieitiet™ + a(t ‘Time-shifting property states that 1 ) lO - +0) + GU alt £7) a Gaye? Therefore att =T) =~ oft —T) > Glu hel"? — Glue" = 2)G(w) sino T and Spelt =1)- alt 1) a Gle)ain To The signal in Fig, P3.3-5 is a(t +3) ~ ot ~ 3) where att)= nea (2) 2 ele) Therefore a(t +3) — 9(t — 3) <=> 2j[2sine(w) sin 3u} = 43 sinc(w) sin 30 Fig. (a) The signal 9) in this case isa triangle pulse (3) (Fig. $3.3-6) multiplied by cos 10¢ att) = & (x) cos 10" [Also from Table 3.1 (pair 19) (5) e=» + sine?(3#) From the modulation property (3.35), it follows that at 8 (g)o rem § Lone [22S] + sn resin} TThe Fourier transform in this case is a real function and we need only the amplitude spectrum in this case as shown in Fig, $3.3-6a. Fig. (b) The signal o(t) here is the same as the signal in Fig. (a) delayed by 2x. From time shifting properts: ne as in part (a) multiplied by ~~"), Therefore its Fourier transform is the 223.3-7 ine? { 22 = 10) a[xe+10]\ sae Gls {ain [pO] +e [ss ; |}. ‘The Fourier transform in this case is the samme as that in part (a) multiplied by ¢~/2*~. This multiplying fnctor represents a linear phase spectrum —2rw. Thus we have an amplitude spectrum (same as in part (a)) as well as 8 linear phase spectrum £Gl2) = ~2tw as shown in Fig. $3:-6b. the amplitude spectrum in thi ease as shown in Fig. $3.3-6b Notes In the above solution. we fist multiplied the triangle pulse A(z) by cos 101 and then delayed the result be 2x. This means the signal in Fig. (b) is exprersed as A(42*) cos 10(t ~ 27). We could have interchanged the operation in this particular case. that is. the triangle pulse A( 35) is first delayed ts 2e and then the result is multiplied by cos 10t. In this alternate procedure. the signal in Fig, (b) is expressed as A Jens 101. This interchange of operation is permissible here only because the sinusoid cos 10" executes integral number of cycles in the interval 2x. Because of this both the expressions are equivalent since cos 10(¢ ~ 2) = cos 10 Fig. (c) In this case the signal is identical to that in Fig. b. except that the basic pulse is rect (3k) instead of a triangle pulse A(z). Now 2 ret (sh) o- aesnctee) Lng re same argument a fr pat (9) bea Glu) = n{sine|x(w + 10)] + sinelr(w — 10)}}0- ) orm) ome (284) Also Saige) en vee (2) Therefore att) = Zaine(t)cosat (o) Also 23pana (2) Therefore a(t) = Ssinc?(t) cost 3.9:8 From the frequency convolution property. we obtain 90) = EGl) + Ge) ‘The width property of convolution states that if ¢(z) « ca(z) = y(z), then the width of u(x) is equal to the sum of the widths of ra(z) and a(x). Hence, the width of G(s) » Glo) is twice the width of G(w), Repeated ‘application of this argument shows that the bandwidth of ”(¢) is nB Hz (n times the bandwidth of 9(t)). 3.3-9 (8) 7 amt ge [ etaee 21 - A ain? (2 5 ow f 7 af dew 21 ~con at} (4) &) and Ge) = Taine (22) [077 = 0 77] = 2Teine (2 = Bent © S aay 47) -2H0) 460-7) The Fourier transform of this equation yields JT 9g iM? = 91h ~ coe wT} = ~4sin? (SE joG(w) = oT 2+ = ~2[1 ~ c06 w] = ~4sin? (2) Therefore oe) = Han (2 3.3-10 A basic demodulator is shown in Fig. $3.3-10a, The product of the modulated signal ¢(t)coswot with 2coswof yields a(t) coswot X 208 wot = 2a(t) cos? wot = 9(t)[1 + cos 2uot] = 9(t) + 9(t) cos 2u0t ‘The product contains the desired 9(f) (whose spectrum is centered at w = 0) and the unwanted signal 9(f) cos 2o! with spectium }|Gla-+2v0]+Glu—2u0!. which is centered at +20. The two spectra are nonoverlapping because 24gltjeosat glt> GAL@>D 29200. 2germeT we Fig. S341 UW < ao (See Fig, $3.3-10b). We can suppress the unwanted signal by passing the product through a lowpass filter as shown in Fig $3.3-108. Gi(e) = sine( gop) nd Gao) = Figure $3.4-1 shows G;(~). Ga(w). Hi(~) and Ha(w). Now Gi(w)Ha(w) Ga(u)Halw) ‘The spectra Yi(w) and Y2(w) are also shown in Fig. $3.4-1. Because v(t) = 1n(t)va(t), the frequency convolution property vields ¥(a) = Yiu) + Ya(w). From the width property of convolution, it follows that the bandwidth of Ye) is the sum of bandwidths of Yi(w) and Ya(w). Because the bandwidths of Yi(w) and Ya(w) are 10 kHz. 5 kHz. respectively. the bandwidth of ¥(w) is 15 kHz. Hw) Using pair 22 (Table 3.1) and time-shifting property, we get Leto 8 nt) = Ghee ) Vank ‘This is noncausal, Hence the fier is unrealizable. Also ™ [an iH (I) ~ bw ge 23.5-2 3.5-3 3.54 Figure $3.5-1 Hence the filter is noncausal and therefore unrealizable. Since ht) ia a Gaussian fonction delayed by fait looks Fete ae ase ndjecent figure. Choosing to = 3V2K, h(0) = ¢-*® m= 0.011 of 1.1% ofits peak value, Hence toc VHF is a reesonable choice to make the fier approximately realizable 2x10 soto ore 108 From pair 3, Table 3.1 and timeshifting property, we get Hw)= h(t) = tal ‘The impulse response is noncausal. and the filter is unrealizable. Figure $3.5-2 ‘The exponential delays 10 1.8% at 4 times constants. Hence fo = 4/a = 4 x 107° = 40us is a reasonable choice to make this filter approximately realizable. From the results in Example 3.16 et aeckeit HO = oes Re 7 Also HO) = 1. Hence if w1 is the frequency where the amplitude response drops to 0.95, then 108 Hol = Wool = Toe Moreover. the time delay is given by (see Example 3.16) = 0.95 ==> ws = 328.684 0-8 talw) = = t4(0) = 2 are If 02 is the frequency where the time delay drops to 0. 98% of its value at w = 0. then 10° tuber) = aa We select the amaller of wy and w2. that is w = 142,857, where both the specifications are satisfied, This yields 1a frequency of 22.7364 Hz. 0.98 x 1078 => wy = 142,887 ‘There is a typo in this example. The time delay tolerance should be 4% instead of 1% eee ea 900 centered at w = 10° represents the frequency range from 0.99 x 10° to 1.01 x 10°, Let tus consider the gains and the time delays at the band edges. From Example 3.16 1a * ae At the edges of the band 26S| = = «1077, x = = x 107% (10.90 « 30) = eer = 104 30-%, and UHCLOL 20 = eras = 990 * 10 ‘The gain vasiaton over the band is only 1.99%, Similarly, we find the time delays atthe band ease at qrwcttesro = oor and ta(1.01 10°) = qrorci esr = contr -phe time delay variation over the band is 4%. Hence, the transmission may be considered distortonless ‘The Signal te tranemitted with a gain and time delay at the center of the band, chat is 9 = = 10°, We also find TH (10°) = 0.01 and 4(10°) = 1-7. Hence, if g(t) is the input. the corresponding output 1s u(t) = 0.01 9(t ~ 1077) t4(0.99 x 10°) git) 6 to J £aletsT> ES-4-7) Fig. 83.6-1 3.61 2) ecstrertene V (a) = G(wprect (Fe x Gta) rect (G25) I~ ssn] This follows fom the fact that rf & 14.7 when + € 1. Moreover, Gla)rect (fp) = G(w) because Gl) i» bandlimited to B Hz. Hence V2) = G(u)e 9 = jkO() sin oT OE Moteoser. we can show that (see Prob. 3.35) Hott +7) = a(t T)] ot Ole) sino Hence Wt) = ft to) + Blalt ~ to 7)~ alt 19+ 7) Figure $3.6-1 shows o(f) and w(t) 40-2 Recall that the transfer function of a ideal time delay of 7 seconds is ¢"7*7. Henee, the trausfer function of the equalizer in Fig. P3.6-2 is Hag (w! = 9 + aye Et age A + age Ideally. we require the equalizer 10 have ealeMNanvea = saa fea amines ™ TEae Toa et mae PA ge AE te BE ot “The equalize in Fig. P26-2 approximates thi expression if we sleet ao = 1. ei = a. 02 Oe (aayte a3.761 Letting £ = Jy and consequently di = Syd 1a [~ tng VE Ben ging [P= ie Also from pair 22 (Table 3.1) Letting aw = Jy and consequently do = zbyde a Viet span |e a 3.7-2 Consider a signal ait)=sine(t) and (2) = Erect (32) ~entanate 2 [OB lea) # -mf eri 3.723 Recall that f Gale)“ dv and f ault)er dt = Gal) aa Therefore £ aa(aa(t) dt = af. alt) Ue Galw)e™" «| dat ef. Galw) ie ane « tom gf o(-wiGate)te Interchanging the roles of gs(t) and g(t) in the above development, we can show that [sonnet ef. Gx(o)Ga(-w) do 3.74 In the generalized Parseval's theorem in Prob. 37.3, if we identity ox(t) = sine (21 — mz) and x(t) = sine (2"Bt ~ nm), then cute) = gree (; ap) and Ga [lL ntomera= in [lm Cea Bur rect (3p) = 1 for lel < 2xB. and is 0 otherwise. Hence Therefore 28[-ntoncnne wi [roeen (Sy En In evaluating the integral, we used the fact that ¢#/2** = 1 when k is an integer. 3.7-5 Application of duality property (Ea, (3.24)] to pair 3 (Table 3.1) yields ‘The signal energy is given by ‘The energy contained within the band (0 to W’ ) is mace Bem] If Ew = 0.99E,. then 00) ae Wm 288 aye = Oe B76 14 (21) ane A(z). then the output (2) = Ale)H (w). where H (2) is the lowpass filter transfer function (Fig $3 7-6). Becanse this filter band Af — 0. we may express it as an impulse function of area 4n/. Thus, Hilo) = [ar flale) and ¥(w) = (4nAw)AS]O(w) = [4eA(O)A SIM) Here we used the property 9(7)8(r) = 9(0)A(z) {Eq, (1.23a)]. This yields wit) = 2AQ)as Next. because q2(1) <=> A(w). we have aye fo ane" dt so that a0o)= f~ gt)dt = Ey Hence. 9(t) = 2E 4. a Aiag $12 eres Fig. 83.7.6 B.8-1 Let g(t) = m(t) + aa(t). Then [ar(t) + eatt)jion(t +7) + 92(t + 7D} dt = Ry (7) + Roalt) + Rorea(7) + Roaes (7) where 1 lim = ru(t +r) at T Hie Reylt) = 29If we let gi(t) = Cr cos(wit + 41) and ga(t) = C2cos(wat + 42). then 7 Rant)” tm ef CrCacostwrt + 01) cos(wat + war + Aa) dt 7A According to the argument used in Example 2.2, the integral on the right-hand sie ie zero. Hence Reval?) = 0. Using the same argument. we have Ryag, (7) = 0. Therefore alr) Rand +Rnin) = Seoenrs Ger ‘This result can be extended to a sum of any number of sinusoids as long as the frequency of each sinusoid is distinct. hence. if = mot a(t) = 2 Cu cosinsot +04) then Relt) =F cosnwor Moreover. for go(t) = Coy Rgp(7) = C8, and fe Regoos(7) = nim $f CoCr coslant unr +6,)dt = 0 2 Thus. we can generalize the resuit as follows. If 8+ 5 Bcomaor alt) = Cot S_ Cn cos(nwat + On) then Rel) and . Splee) = BOBO) # FY Caio ~ moo) + (9 + nwo)] Fignre $3.8-22 shows the waveforms r(t) and 7(f — t) for 7 < Te/2. Let T = NTe. On the average. there are 1/2 pulses in the waveform of duration T. The area under the product n(t)x(t — 1) is N/2 times (3 ~ 7) 9s Shown in Fig. S3.8-2b. Therefore mania in} [arene 7A For J} < {rl < To. there is no overlap between pulses, and Re(r) = 0. For Ta < |r] < 7. pulses again overlap. BoP ere coer hal pulses overlap. Hence. Rea(r) repeats every Ty seconds, but cnly with hal she paitude, as shown in Fig. S382. We can express Ro(r) es sum of two components. fs Sow ae ee Tee) = Ralt) + Ra(*). The PSD is the sum of the Fourier transforms of Ra(r) and Ral) Hence wy a where S2(w) is the Fourier transform ‘of the periodic triangle function, shown in Fig. $3.8-2d. We find the ‘exponential Fourier series for this periodic signal to be Seu) = B sine? (2) + S414) Ralt)= So Da we shsine(4z). Hence, according to Eq. (3-41) Using Eq. (2.80). we find Dn sw=F sine? (SE) ao- ran) ore 30© (a oc ae Aten T Ber (b) * Ne, % % %e Me “2% -35 -h =I a bv 3 T . 3 he 3 Eo 24 o> (e? ¢ RID) 3/8 “bis Tee to uel ated St -3T -k & oT B ly a2 — S (4) Sl) -oF vat s A Te ws % Fig. 93.8-2 Therefore sats) B sie? (22) +3 So sinc? (SE) sto-mn) oe 8.88 M2) = shy and |Htw)!? = sy. oie1 aye) " =7 and Wo-2f aeei ws Foe b Mead [Meee aj, wel 7 8.8-4 The ideal differentiator transfer function jw. Hence, the transfer function of the entire system is, 1 ie oe (Ga)w eta a aw Fij= 2 [we (3) oe we Fiat (me (2) fae 32Chapter 4 ES 4.2-1 (i) For m(t) = cos 10007 Poen set) = 1 (t) c08 10, 000t = cos 1000t cos 10, 000¢ 1 $leq9.90004 + cos 11,0001 we vsB, Gi) For mit) = 2co0s 10001 + cos 2000 “eon se(t) = (1) cos 10, 000t = {2 eos 10001 + cos 20001] cos 10.0001 29000" + cos 11.0001 + 3 feos 80001 + cos 12, 0001] = {coe90001 + # cos 80001] + [cos 11.0008 + 4 cos 12.000¢] ————_—— ns tee Lait) For m1) = cos 10001 cos 30001 Ente se(t) = m(t)c0s 10.000 = 3 {eos 2000¢ + eos 40001] cos 10, 000t 2 1 cos 8000! + cos 12.0001! + $ {cos 60001 + cos 14,0004] = sata osnn + 2 0 + cor 14.08 te use ‘This information is summarized in a table below. Figure S4.2-1 shows various spectra. Modujated signal sheehum Tapa 18 =e “6K Fig. $4.2-1 33