Professional Documents
Culture Documents
اعداد فني اجهزه طبيه
اعداد فني اجهزه طبيه
EF
W
K
K
??? EF ?
K
K
K
J
W
K
K
KW
K
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
EF
KW
W
W
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
KW
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
KW
W
K
--
EF
EECG machine)
K
K
ECG
Electrodes
K
K
W{
Dual E{F
KKPump
--
EF
K
KW
K
K
K
Myocardium K
K
KSA
Pacemaker SA node
KTrigger Signal
K
Atrioventricular nodeSA
KKAV node
K
K
K
KElectrocardiogram (ECG)
KEECG machine)
--
EF
KElectrocardiogram (ECG){
W
KK
EjellF
K
W
KRight Arm (RA) .
Left Arm (LA) .
Right Leg (RL) .
Left Leg (LL) .
Chest (C) .
KLead Selector
ECG
KELead F
Lead Right Leg (RA)
KSelector
--
EF
{
W{
I , Lead II , Lead Biopolar Limb Lead .
Lead III
Einthoven Triangle
EF LA : (Lead I)
KEFRA
LL : (Lead II)
KRALA EFRA
LL : (Lead III)
--
EF
KRARL EFLA
--
EF
Repolarization W T .
KE F
TKQRS
I, II, V3, V4, V5, V6
KaVR
KaVR, aVF,V1, V2, III
K
K
T U
K
Myocardial infarction?
K
K?
W
QRS PW P-R .
{E)
K{
--
EF
TSQRSWS-T .
KKT-P
KIschaemia
TQRS WQ-T .
KEHeart RateF
KHRER-R intervalFR-R .
W
K
K
K
ERRF
W
PR
F Heart block
KE
0.06 QRS
K
KTU
KT
--
EF
ECG{Ka
ECG{.b
--
EF
Block Diagram {K
KECG
WCalibration .
KmV1
WSensitivity .
EmV1F
K
WPosition control .
W Mark .
K
WStylus .
ECG
K
WStylus Speed .
LEJ F
- -
EF
KLEF
K
WFuseEF .
K
WAmplifiers .
K
K
WFilters .
K
WGround .
K
WLeads .
K
WC.R.O .
K
- -
EF
K{
W
- -
EF
WTiming Regulating .
E{F
K
WPower Supply .
EVFEVF
K
WVoltage Regulating .
EKHzF
EVF
K
W Signal Amplification .
K
K
K
Isolation Amplifier
K
E60 Hz/ 120 V ac F
K
K
1012
K
E{F
W
- -
EF
Optically coupled
Current loading
Current Carrier
Isolation amplifier{
WPreamplifier
W ECG
KE0.01 to 200 HzF mV
K
Kbioelectric amplifier
E{ F differential bioelectric amplifier EF
W
- -
EF
.
Differential amplifier{ .
- -
EF
Instrumentation amplifier{
Vout = Acl * (V2 V1 )
R3 R2
A cl = (1 + 2 )( )
R4 R1
Acl=1000
WFiltersK
ECG
KENoiseF
WECG
- -
EF
ECG W
K
W
Hz
K
W
K
W
.(60 Hz)
ECG
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
WECG
- -
EF
{
R3
A cl = (1 + )
R2
1
fc =
2 * * R1 * C
- -
EF
{
fc E{ F
KAcl fc Acl
W(fn=60 Hz)E{F Notch filter
- -
EF
{
1
fn =
2* *R *C
WK
K
K
E14-20 HzFBand pass filter
K
KK
W
W
KEFR ZHR
KEFR ZHR
KEFR ZHR
KRZHR
KRZHR
- -
EF
W{
.
KEjellF
K1 mv
.
K
.
K
ELead selectorF .
K .
K .
W .
K -
ECRTF -
K
,coil
K
K
K
KE{FK
- -
EF
E{F
- -
EF
ECG F
{KEmulti channel ECGFEone channel
K
ECG {Ka
ECG {Kb
- -
EF
ECG {Kc
ECG {Kd
- -
EF
K .
K .
K .
K .
- -
EF
KW
W
W
.
.
.
.
KW
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
W
K
- -
EF
W
SA node
K
K
K
Y [ Y Pacemaker
K[
K
W{
K
E{F
- -
EF
{
J
K
KEF
W
K
- -
EF
K
W Pacemaker{
EF
K
K W
K
K{K
- -
EF
Pacemaker{
W
W .
K
W .
K
W{
K{
W{
- -
EF
K{
W{
K
K
K
- -
EF
K
K
W{
K
K
EEFF
K
W .
KEEFF
EFW .
EEFF EEFF
K
K
- -
EF
W .
K
F
WE
K
K
KPH
W{
K
W
WK
.
K
- -
EF
.
K
K
MRI .
K
.
K
- -
EF
W{
K
K
K
W
W
K
W
J
K
EF
K
- -
EF
W
KE{F
KSA
E{F
- -
EF
K .
K .
- -
EF
Defibrillator
KW
W
W
.
.
.
.
.
KW
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
W
K
- -
EF
Defibrillator{
E{FDefibrillatorE F
K
KCardiac Arrhythmias
K
60 AC Power1960
K1000 ms250 ms 6 5
K 1960 DC
dc shock
W
.
K
- -
EF
.
ESynchronize)
KRPQRST
W{
K E F Paddles
K
Capacitor
K
KE{F
E{F
- -
EF
700 50
W
2
C.V
U = ( 1 )
2
W
( Watt - Second )( Joul ) WU
K( F ) Capacitance WC
K( V ) WV
W
V
K400 Watt - Second
W
WEF
1
2.U 2
V=
C
1 1
2400 800 2 2
= =
6 6
1610 1610
1
7 2
=(510 ) =7072 Volt
- -
EF
( Lown ) W
( Tapered DC Delay ( Monopulse )
WKTrapezoidal )
WLown Waveform E
K 1962 Lown
20 A 3000 V
5 ms Kms
10 ms 5 ms E{F
K
KE{FK
- -
EF
{
WMonopulse Waveform E
KK
Lown
K{
- -
EF
Monopulse Waveform{
WTapered DC Delay Waveform E
K{ ms 15
LownK
K
- -
EF
- -
EF
Trapezoidal Waveform {
WPaddles {
WE{FK
KAnterior Paddles
KPosterior Paddles
Anterior / Anterior
Posterior / Anterior
K
KPediatric Paddles
- -
EF
KInterior Paddles
K
K
{
W{
W
K .
K .
K .
K .
- -
EF
W
K .
.
K
.
KPacemaker
W
W
K .
K .
K .
K .
K .
- -
EF
.
.
.
E 5 K VF .
KE300 Watt SecondF
.
K .
W .
K -
K -
- -
EF
KW
W
W
.
.
.
K0W
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
W
K
- -
EF
Centrifuge
W
K
K
W{
K
K
r m
W
2 r
v=
T
- -
EF
W
KWV
K Wr 2
KWT
f (f= 1 /T)
K
WT = 1 / f
v=2 rT
360 K
Z
2.
=
T
1
= f
= 2f T
W 2f
v = r
x Z
K
WEF
- -
EF
v2
ac =
r rad / sec2Lac
KEF
WEFK
F = m . a
2
v
F = m = mr 2
r
K
K
W{
Manual Centrifuge W{{
K
EF
K
W
EF
WK
(on/off switch) .
EMotorF .
(Timer) .
- -
EF
{
(Cover) .
K(Speed Control Switch) .
(Breaker) .
KEFEFW
W
W(Ordinary Centrifuge)
(Ordinary Centrifuge)
KEF
- -
EF
{
W
WLaboratory Centrifuge W -
K
K
- -
EF
{
W(Ultra Centrifuge ) -
K
K
K
- -
EF
{
W(Ultra Refrigerated Centrifuge ) J
K
K
- -
EF
- -
EF
K .
W .
- -
- -
EF
KW
W
W
.
.
.
K0W
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
W
K
- -
EF
Cardiac Cycle
K
Blood Pressure{
K
W
K
KW
K
W
E F .
W .
K
W .
K
K .
KW .
- -
EF
W{
Venous
KCapillary Pressure KPressure
Blood Pressure ??
W
W Systolic Pressure .
K??
Emm HgF
W Diastolic Pressure .
KEmm HgFK
KK
K50ZZ
WEF
W
DEHFZ
KZDEHFZ
HDEFZ
ZHDEJ FZ
W{
K
- -
EF
{
WJ
20 - 30 mm Hg
WJ
0 - 20 mm Hg
W{
W
ENoninvasiveFIndirect Blood Pressure WJ
(InvasiveFDirect Blood Pressure WJ
- -
EF
WJ
KKSphygmomanometer
K
K
W
K
WWW
.
.
ECuff F .
.
.
Hand PumpEF .
.
.
.
.
.
{Sphygmomanometer
K
- -
EF
- -
EF
W
KK
Korotkoff K Systolic Pressure
Systolic Sound
KSystolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood
120 / 80 Diastolic Pressure
E5.25F K Diastolic Pressure 80 Systolic Pressure 120
Korotkoff Sounds
KSphygmemanometer
W
K .
.
W
KEF .
.
.
WEF
ICU ,
KCCU
WK
- -
EF
W .
K
K EF EF .
K
K
K strain gage
K
Lastic Diaphragm
W
Kstrain gage
K
K
W
K
K
{ K {
K
W
K
- -
EF
K{
K{
- -
EF
W
K .
KEF
.
EOscillation F
( Mean Arterial Pressure MAP )
K
.
K
{
WJ
KK
- -
EF
K
K
W
K .
K .
.
K
W
K .
K .
.
K
K .
W
KCatheterization .
K
Catheter K
K- Tip Blood Pressure Transducer
K .
K .
- -
EF
KK .
KK .
K .
- -
- -
EF
Microscope
KW
W
W
.
.
.
.
K0W
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
4W
W
K
- -
EF
W
K m m
K {
K MicroscopeEF
W
Light Microscopes
Electron Microscopes
W
?? K
KK
K {EF
K
E J FKKKK
E{F
K
K
W{
K
- -
EF
K{K
K
K?K
E animalculeJ F
K
K{
W{{
??
K
E Refractive Index)E F
- -
EF
KE F
KLenses
Lens
W K
K
W{
WLenses K
W
KW
W
K
K
KE F
- -
EF
K
EF
K
W{{
WE{a F
W K
K
WK
K
K
K
E F
K
W K
K
K WEDiaphragmF K
K
KEFW K
KEF
KE F EobjectivesF K
Kx100KX4
KEFEOcularFK
J EfocusF WE F K
- -
EF
K
K .
K
KCZ
W
KCZ
CZ
ZDZ
- -
EF
{a .
- -
EF
{
W{{
Inverted Microscope WJ
K
K
KK
- -
EF
K
Interference Microscope WJ
K K
K
K
K
- -
EF
W{
ObjectsLight Image
(EM) Electron Microscope
Fine details
Resolution
K
W
F K
E
K
1 A
K
E J FKKKK
KE{F
EF
KE{F
- -
EF
E{F
Fixative Sample
Buffer
K
W
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) .
E{F
K
WE{F
E{F
- -
EF
{
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
E{ F
KE{F
- -
EF
E{F
{
W
- -
EF
E{F
M.M.80Cryo-fixation EJ FJ
Metal mirrorLiquid Nitrogen
J
Cryo-substitution J
C.S. Auto
Cryo-ultramicrotomy J
X
EX-Ray MicroanalysisF
EDAX (X-ray Microanalysi) J
Localization Studies of tissue F
Eelements
Image AnalysiEFJ
- -
EF
K
W
K .
K .
K .
K .
.
K
W{
E{ F
KK
W
K
K
K
- -
EF
- -
EF
K .
.
K .
K .
.
K
.
- -
- -
EF
Thermometer
K W
W
W
.
K .
K .
K .
K5W
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
.W
W
K
- -
EF
W
K
K
KK
Temperature measurement{
K
K
W
K
K
W
WECelsius degreeF J
K K
KCo J o EF
KET=100 oCFET=0 oCF
- -
EF
K
K
K
ETransducerF
W
WERTDF .
K
Positive temperature coefficient (PTC)
.Resistance temperature Detector (RTD)
(RTD)
RTDK
K
WF RTD
KE
RTD
E{F
- -
EF
RTDE{F
WThermistorEF .
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
K 42 35
K
K
E{F
- -
EF
E{F
WThermocouple .
K
KEF
K
K
K
K
E{F
- -
EF
E{F
E{F
KE{F
E{F
- -
EF
E{F
- -
EF
.
.
K .
K .
K .
K .
- -
- -
EF
Electromyography
KW
W
W
EMG .
.
.
EMG .
K0W
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
.W
W
K
- -
EF
W
Electromyography(EMG)
K
(EMG) Kaction currents
(Surface Electrodes)
K
K
K
K
Muscle physiology{
K
K
W
Smooth muscle
KinvoluntaryvisceralEFunstriated
K
- -
EF
KHeart musclesE
KK
Skeletal MusclesE
KVoluntarystriated
Somatic nerve
KMost highly specializedKfibers
K
W
K
K
KCentral Nervous System(CNS)
K
KMyoneural junctionJ
Myoneural junctionJ
K
K
- -
EF
KAction Potential EF
K
Mechanism of muscle contraction{
Mechanical Aspect of Muscular Contraction W
K
K
K
KE{FEF
KJ
(Ag_AgCl)
K(Cu2++)
KEF
Mechanical Changes
KKymograph
K
Mechanical K
Silicon Strain Gauge Transducer
K
- -
EF
Kmonitor
{
W{
Simple Muscle Twitch EFW
KEF
W
Latent Period .
K{
_
K
- -
EF
Contraction Phase .
K
Relaxation Phase .
E{FK
KE{F
K{
Muscle contractionW
KIsometricIsotonicW
WIsometric contraction .
K
WIsotonic contraction .
K
K
Stair caseW
- -
EF
KK
KMotor unit
OutputK
K
K
K
J
K
KClouns
KTetanus
W{
5 mV
K
W.Hz
Movement of electrode (motion artifact) .
Hz J
KHzJ
Electrical noise .
Hz J
KHzJ
- -
EF
K
K
W
Leads .
KEF
KE{F
K
KE{F
Kshin bone knee cap
EMGE{F
- -
EF
EMGE{F
EMGK
EAcl=500FK10mv5mV
Filters .
K
K500Hz10Hz
K
Notch filter(fn=60 Hz)
K(fn=60 Hz)
E{F
K
W
- -
EF
44 47 47
Acl = 1 + 2 1 + 500
10 10 4 . 7
M{nF48
KnF {Hz
WKHz
1
fc =
2RC
EMGE{F
Calibration .
KEmvF
- -
EF
WSensitivity .
KEmvF
Position .
K
Stylus .
EMG
K
FuseEF .
K
C.R.O .
KK
Sampling frequency(fs)
A\D Analog to digital fs=1000Hz
Kconverter
Kspectral analysis
E{F
- -
EF
E{F
- -
EF
.
.
EMG .
KElectromyogram .
W .
EMGK
3 mVEMGK
K
- -
- -
EF
Infusion Pump
W
W
W
.
.
.
K0W
W
J
K J
J
KPower point J
.W
W
K
- -
EF
W
K
KIntravenous ( IV )
W{
K
W
K .
KL .
.
K
K .
- -
EF
W{
W
Controller .
Pump .
K
K
K
{
W
.Syringe PumpJ
KPeristaltic PumpJ
K( Volumetric Pump ) Cassette PumpJ
WSyringe Pump J {{
E{F K
K
K
Stepper Motor
K
KE50 mlF
- -
EF
K
KEF
E{F
- -
EF
WPeristaltic Pump {{
K
W
WRotary Peristaltic Pump J
K
K
WLinear Peristaltic Pump J
K
K
- -
EF
E{F
- -
EF
KE{F
- -
EF
E{F
K
W
K
K
- -
EF
.
K .
.
K .
K .
.
K
W .
K
KW
K
K
- -
- -
EF
W
W
.
.
.
SpectrophotometerEF .
W
K
- -
EF
SpectroK
K
Visible light
KUltraviolet
W{
K
W
WE{F
- -
EF
E{F
I
T = = 10 kL
Io
W
J T
KJ Io
KJ I
J L
J k
W
W
I
T = = 10 kC
Io
W
J C
Io, I ,LT
EFJ
K
- -
EF
KJ
A=aCL
W
W
absorbitivity -a
E F
(Standard solution concentration)
W
A
C = Cs
As
W
J C
EFJ Cs
J A
EFJ As
{
W
Light Source .
EF .
.
Detector .
Light Source J
K
K
- -
EF
EFJ
K max
W max
K
W max
K:Optical Filter -
WPrism and Diffraction Grating -
ESpectrophotometerF
E380__800nmF
Photodetector
WSample CuvetteJ
K
- -
EF
WPhotodetectorJ
K
KPhotomultiplier Tube
W{
W
KDouble BeamSingle Beam
Single Beam Photometer .
K
KE{F
K EF
K
E{F
- -
EF
Double Beam Photometer .
K
KE{F
EFK
K
Io IEI/IoF
WK
ETF
I
T= * %100
Io
EAF
I 1
A = log o = log
I T
- -
EF
E{F
K
WK{
.
.
K
K .
1
.
K2
.
K
- -
EF
EF .
K
E{F
W
W
FV1=+1 mVV1
E
EFV1=+25 mVV1
W
W
R2 2K
Av = 1 + = 1+ =3
R3 1K
V1=+1mV -
- -
EF
V1=+25mV -
Vo = AvV1 = 3( +25 mV ) = 75 mV
Spectrophotometer{
K max
E{FKEF
ESpectrophotometerF
KE{F
E{F
- -
EF
max
maxmax
K
rotator
max
KPhotodetector
K
EFE{F
- -
EF
J .
K .
K .
K .
KEF .
- -
EF
K K
K K
K K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKK K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKK {
KKKKKK KKKKKKKKK {
KKK {{
{{
KKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKK {{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKK K
KKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
EF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK{
KKKKKKK KKKKKK{{
KKKKK{{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK KKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
EF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KK {{
KKKKK {{
KKKKKK{{
KKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKK {{
KKKKKK {{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKK K
KKKKKKKKKKKKK{
{
KKKKK J
KKKKKKJ
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
81 KKKKKKKKKK K
KKKKKKKKK {
EF
KKKKKKKKKK {
KKKKK {
KKKKKKK{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K {
KKKKKKKKKK {
KKK J {{
K {{
KK J {{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK {
K {
KKKKKK {
EF{
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK