1402 Full PDF

EconomicGeology
Vol. 85, 1990, pp. 1402-1437
Genesisof the Mississippi

Valley-TypeZn-PbDepositof SanVicente,
Central Peru' Geologicand Isotopic(Sr, O, C, S, Pb) Evidence
LLUIS FONTBOTh*
Mineralogisch-Petrographisches
Institute,Im Neuenheimer
Feld236, D-6900Heidelberg,Germany
AND HENDRIK GORZAWSKI
Max PlanckInstitutfdr Chemie,Postfach

3060, 6500 Mainz,Germany
Abstract
The SanVicenteZn-Pbore depositis situated300 km eastof Lima in centralPeru, within

the UpperTriassic-Lower Jurassic
carbonateplatform(PucarftGroup)at the westernmargin
of the BrazilianShield.Productionduringthe last20 yearsandpresentreservesexceed12
milliontonsof oreassaying about12 percentZn and1 percentPb.Sphalerite andgalena,the
onlyore minerals,occuraslens-shaped bodiesgenerallyparallelto the bedding.Within the
1,400-m-thickPucarfisequencethree ore-bearingdolomiteunitsoccur.The ore lensesare
boundto dolomitizedtidal fiat andlagoonfacieswith cryptalgallaminationandevaporite
moldsandto adjacentoolithicgrainstones
of barrier facies.
Strontium,carbon,oxygen,andsulfurisotopegeochemistry wascarriedoutonconsecutive
crystallization
generations. Theresultsobtaineddisplaysystematic trends.The87Sr/S6Srratios
rangebetween0.7077 and0.7084. The firstgenerations displayvaluesverysimilarto those
of UpperTriassic-Lower Jurassic
oceanwater.Latergenerations are slightlyenrichedin ra-
diogenicstrontium.The degreeof enrichmentin radiogenicstrontiumis low comparedto
otherMississippi Valley-typedeposits.The b180valuesrangebetween-6 and-10 per mil
PDB,andtheb3Cvalues between+2 and-1 permilPDB.Thelatecrystallization generations
are enrichedin the light isotopesof oxygenand carboncomparedto the first generations.
The sulfurisotoperatiosof sphaleriteare relativelyhomogeneous, rangingbetween9.9 and
13.0 per mil. A trendto lightersulfurisotoperatioswith advancing diageneticstagecanalso
be recognized.
The SanVicentelead-zincdepositformedduringburialdiagenesis. The temperatures in-
dicatedby sulfurisotopegeothermometry (75-92C)wouldbeconsistent
withtemperatures
reachedat a burialdepthof about2 to 3 kin.Thismighthavebeenreachedby the endof the
Jurassic.A model basedon abiogenicreductionof sulfatesat or near the ore site, and the
introductionof a zinc-andlead-bearing
basinalbrinecharacterizedby strontium
isotoperatios
slightlyhigherthancontemporaneous seawaterandhighlyradiogeniclead,is favored.The
associationof the orebodieswith peritidalfacieswith abundantsulfatemoldsis important
evidencefavoringthe existence of two separatereservoirs
for sulfurandmetals.Leachingof
detritalmaterialderivedfromPrecambrian uppercrustfromtheBrazilianShieldwouldexplain
both strontiumandlead isotoperatios.
Introduction Lead and zinc occurrences in Pucart rocks and as

sulfide-bearingpebblesin riversin the Chanchamayo
THE strata-boundZn-Pb deposit of San Vicente
areahavebeen reportedfrequentlysince1950. The
(11014' lat S, 75021' longW, provinceof Chancha-
Pichita Calugalead-zinc deposit,6 km northwestof
mayo,departmentof Junin)islocated328 kmby road
SanRam6n, was the first one to be mined (between
eastof Lima, in the Chanchamayo area, 10 km south
1951 and 1965 by the CompafilaMinera Chancha-
of SanRam6n,in the tropicalrain forestof the Ceja
mina, S.A). Amstutz (1956) reported on the carbon-
de Selva,which is the sub-Andeanhighlandbetween
ate-hostedMaria Esperanzalead mine, 11 km west
the Andeancordilleraandthe Amazonforest(Fig. 1).
of SanRam6n, and comparedit to the Missourilead
SanVicente is the best knownexampleof a belt of
belt deposits.The SanVicentemine wasstakedby J.
Zn-Pb-(Ba-F)depositsof the Mississippi Valleytype
CarpenaMonroy in 1955 which wasthe beginning
in the easternpart of the Upper Triassic-LowerJu-
of a small-scale
lead operation.The CompafilaMinera
rassicPucartbasin.At present,it is the onlymine in
production. San Vicente was created in 1960 as a subsidiaryof
Mauricio Hochschild, S.A., and Compaia Minera
* Present address:Department de Mineralogie, 13, rue des Chanchamina.Subsequentexplorationwith partici-
Maraichers, CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland. pation of the Cerro de PascoCorporationled to re-
0361-0128/90/1132/1402-3653.00 1402
Zn-PbDEPOSIT, SAN VICENTE, CENTRALPERU 1403
Oxapmpa
San Roque'(
'<' x..-i
de
Shalipayco
Tamb
M
Pichita La Caluga
Merced" 75'
11
SanRam6n
nVicente
belt
Mal
ba)
Carahuac
San Crist6bal-I
Huaripampa
de Yauli
[]Tr-J PUCARA
la Zn-Pb-(Cu-Ag)volcanic-
.associated
ore deposits.
(in part massive sulfides}
lb MVT Zn- Pb depositsat
the baseof the Pucarsequence
O Ic MVTZn- Pbdeposits o. lO 20 30km
within the Pucara sequence
Town 75'
i
FIC. 1. Locationof the SanVicenteminein an outcropmapof the PucarGroup.Geologyaccording

to SzekelyandGrose(1972) and to the JapanInternationalCooperationAgency(1979) for the central
and easternparts of the basin,respectively.The locationof the main Pucar-hostedstrata-boundore
depositsis indicated(modifiedfrom Fontboth, 1990).
servesof 850,000 metrictonswith 18 percentZn. In Fontbot et al. (1981), Gonzalez and Fontbot
1969 the CompafilaMinera SanIgnaciode Moroco- (1986), andFontbotandGorzawski(1988). Thispa-
cha,S.A. (SIMSA)acquiredpartialcontrolof the San per summarizesthe geology,palcogeography, facies
Vicente depositand by 1973 had total control.The analyses,andtraceelementandisotopic(C, O, S and
presentproductionis 3,000 metric tons/day,which Sr) geochemistryof the SanVicentedeposit.The for-
makesSanVicentethe largestzinc-producing mine mation of the ore depositis studiedin the frame of
in Peru. Accumulatedproduction is about 6 million the diageneticevolutionof the host rock and of the
metric tons. Reserves exceed 5.1 million metric evolution of the Pucarf basin.
tonsore with a gradeof 0.8 percentPb and 12.6 per-
cent Zn. The Pucar Basin: An Extensive Carbonate
Aspectsof the San Vicente mine have been dis- Platform at the Beginningof the Andean Cycle
cussedby Schulz(1971), Levin andAmstutz(1973), The Zn-Pbdepositof SanVicenteis hostedby car-
Levin (1975), Lavado (1980), Fontbot (1981), bonaterocksbelongingto the Upper Triassic-Lower
1404 L. FONTBOTIAND H. GORZAWSKI
JurassicPucarfiGroup. The Pucarfibasindeveloped ritic characteristics,depositedin sabkhalikefacies.

as a wide carbonateplatform at the westernmargin Thesemostlikely interfingerwith clasticand evap-
of the Brazilian Shield in northern and central Peru. oritic sedimentssourcedby the emergedBrazilian
The largeextentandthickness of carbonatesediments Shield(the Lower SarayaquilloFormationasdefined
depositedin peritidalenvironments makesthe Pucarft by Mgard, 1978). This easternbelt hoststhe Zn-Pb
basinunique amongthe Andeanbasins.The mainly depositsof SanVicenteandShalipayco,aswell asnu-
carbonatesedimentsof the PucartGroup represent merous other carbonate-hostedZn-Pb-(Ba) occur-
a transgression over Paleozoicterranesand red-bed rences(Figs. 1 and 2). The secondpaleogeographic
molasseseriesand alkalineand peralkalinelavasof area is representedby the central Pucarftbasin. It
the Mitu Group (Permian-LowerTriassic). alsois characterizedby neritic sediments,but in gen-
Regionalaspectsof the PucarftGroupare described eral terms, depositionoccurredin relatively deeper
by Mgard (1968, 1978), SzekelyandGrose(1972), environmentsthan the time equivalentsin the eastern
Loughmanand Hallam (1982), Prinz (1985a), and Pucarft basin. In Pliensbachian to Toarcian times shal-
Fontbot (1990). Figure 2 showsa schematiccorre- low-water facieswith increasingclasticcomponents
lation of selectedstratigraphicsequencesin the Pu- advancedfrom eastto westandfinallydominatedthe
carft basin. Pucarft sedimentation in the entire basin.
Importantdifferencesexistbetweenthe faciesde- Despitethe differentlithologicdevelopment
in the
velopmentin the eastern(sub-Andeanzone andEast- eastern and in the central Pucarftbasin, similar facies
ern Cordillera) and in the centralpart of the Pucarft trendscanbe tracedin both parts(Fig. 2). The periti-
basin (Altiplano region). As discussedby Fontbot dal carbonatesequenceof the Tambo Maria Forma-
(1990), the followingtwo paleogeographic areascan tion (Upper Triassic-Hettangian,600 m thick) cor-
be distinguished up to the Hettangian(Figs.2 and3). relates with the Chambarft neritic carbonate rocks in
The first area is an eastern belt with extensive devel- the central Pucarft basin. The bituminous shales and
opmentofperitidal dolomites,in part with preevapo- limestonesof the UlcumanoFormation (Sinemurian,
Western Pucara Eastern

equivalents I Eastern
Toarcian
sfrafabound
Zn-Pbore
deposmf,
share relief
ofevaporific
mineral
ore occurr'ence;> V oc[urr.
: limesf
one [-- elastic
sediments - voltanits
dolomife ,I-'- evaporifes lufforpyrodastic
rock
I nodeposition
FIG.2. Schematic
correlationof selectedstratigraphic
sequences
in the Pucarfibasin(fromFontboth,
Zn-Pb DEPOSIT, SAN VICENTE, CENTRAL PERU 1405
/
ECUADOR /
/
'\ / sabkha
facies
dostic sedimentation advances to the

west '1 Pliensb.
(Oxapampa
Fm.,
Chdrobamba
Fm andCondorsinga
BRAZ IL
LO Leche R. \ BRAZIL

..-
i - i
i
PAC
IFIC L../.
\
'\.\ \
OCEAN
PACIFIC
J
OCEAN
QUPPER
TRIASSIC O LIASSIC
area
.!
--- probehiebasinlimit
Socosaoi
Fm 'Areu!P'.
' '-
outcroplimit sediments' Chocole(r J -. 'W (
V synsimentory
A evapadres
clast
siments
''
lcanism
75'W
i
mer?
0 500
FIG. 3. Paleogeographicschemesof the Pucarftbasin during (a) the Upper Triassic,and (b) the
km
(Tarclan
/.
'.-
'I
(Sinera?). .v ...5
Hettangian-Toarcianperiod (from Fontboth, 1990).
350 m thick) can be comparedto the euxinicfacies basins,whichare ofteninfluencedby arc-relatedvol-

of the AramachayFormation.The OxapampaFor- canism.The mainsimilaritiesincluderapidsubsidence
mation(shallow-waterdolomiteand limestone,some rates(probablyfavoredby extensionalblocktecton-
gypsumand sandstonelayers, 800 m thick) can be ics), the predominantcarbonatesedimentationwith
correlatedwith the regressiveepisodewhich char- extensiveperitidaldepositionanddolomiteformation,
acterizesthe CondorsingaFormation. and the locationat the marginof an emergedconti-
The morphologyof the westerncontinuationof the nent.
Pucart basin remains uncertain because in the western
Altiplanoregionpossible Pucar/tsediments havebeen Strata-BoundOre Depositsin the PucarfiGroup
eroded in pre-Cretaceoustimes. A communication Different typesof strata-boundore depositsoccur
with the paleo-Pacificis documentedin the Ro de in sedimentaryrocksof the PucarfiGroup (Dunin,
La LecheValley (near6 o S) wherean Upper Triassic- 1975; Kobe, 1977, 1982; Dalheimer, 1990; Fontbot(,
Lower Jurassiccarbonatesequencesimilarto the Pu- 1990). In the westernpart of the basinvolcanogenic
car/tsequenceis described(Figs.2 and 3; Pardoand and exhalativefactorsappear to predominate.This
Sanz, 1979; Pardo, 1983; Prinz, 1985a). It hasbeen appliesto the Zn-Pb(-Ag-Cu)deposits,in part with
suggestedthat the Pucarftbasinwas limited to the massivesulfideparageneses, locatednear the baseof
westby a subduction-related volcanicarc (Audebaud the PucarfiGroup in sequenceswith significantvol-
et al., 1973).Availableevidenceindicatesthatactivity canicand/or volcaniclasticintercalations(e.g., Cara-
of a calc-alkaline volcanic arc started not earlier than huacra,Huaripampa,and Manto Katy).
Sinemurian-Toarciantimes (Fontboth, 1990). This In the easternpart of the PucarftbasinMississippi
meansthat onlythe upperpart of the westernPucart Valley-typeore depositsprevail.The SanVicenteand
basin could have been influenced by a vol- ShalipaycoZn-Pb depositsare the more important
canic arc. ones, but additional Zn-Pb-(F-Ba) occurrencesand
The evolutionarystyleof the easternPucar/tbasin prospects are knownalonga north-south belt at least
is moresimilarto that of carbonateplatformsin peri- 200 km long (Fig. 1). They include undeveloped
cratonic areas than to that of other Mesozoic Andean ore occurrencesnear Chaglla (lat 9o50' S, long
1406 L. FONTBOTI AND H. GORZAWSKI
75o48' W, about 90 km north of Oxapampa),Oxa- Capdevilaet al. (1977), Mgard (1978), JapanInter-
pampa,TamboMaria, andthe UlcumayoandPichita nationalCooperationAgency (1979), internal mine
Calugamines,and severalore showingssouthof San reports,and our own observations. The oldeststrati-
Vicente (Fig. 1). Huayanay,5 km south of Mono- graphicunit is comprisedof micaschistsandgneisses
bamba, is the southernmost known zinc-lead occur- and is assignedto the Precambrian.It is overlainby
renee (Fig. 1; Tayler, 1962). Most of the occurrences Paleozoicsediments,includingcarbonaterocksof the
are in dolomiticrocks,mainly in the Tambo Maria PermianCopacabanaGroup, and by sandstones and
Formation. conglomeratesof the Permian-LowerTriassicMitu
The EasternCordilleraandthe sub-Andeanregion Group,whichin thisareaconsists mainlyof terrestrial
are fairly inaccessible
andpoorlyknown.The known elasticsediments,in part volcaniclastic,
but without
ore depositsand occurrencesand the persistenceof the lavasobservedin other partsof the Mitu Group.
facies and diageneticcharacteristicsindicate that a The transitionbetweenthe Mitu and Pucar5Groups
large MississippiValley-type provinceis located in in the SanVicente miningarea will be discussed be-
the easternPucarfbasin. Therefore, this shallow-wa- low. Carbonaterocks of the PucarfGroup (up to
ter carbonateplatformat the westernmarginof the 1,900 m thick) trace a north-south-trendingbelt.
BrazilianShieldconstitutesan interestingexploration Dogger and Maim elasticrocks (the Upper Saraya-
target. quillo Formation, about 1,000 m), as well as conti-
nental Cretaceoussediments(the Oriente Group,
RegionalGeologyof the SanVicenteDeposit about 1,000 m and the Chonta Group, about 1,900
San Vicente is located between the Cordillera Ori- m), occurnorth of SanRamGn.Tertiary (?) rhyolitic
ental and the sub-Andeanzone. Figure 4 gives an and ignimbriticflowsare describedby Levin (1975)
overviewof the regionalgeologyof the SanVicente in severallocalitiesnear SanVicente,.includingone
miningareawhichintegratesthe dataof Levin (1975), eastof Vitoc (Fig. 4).
75025' 75015'
+ + + +
..+ + + + +
110
STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
+ + + +
+ + + + +
-- Quaternary
alluvium '.+ + +
+ + + + +
-- Tertiary
(?)volcanic
rocks .A MER[ED
++ + + + +
+ + + +
Dogger,
(clastic Nalm andCretaceous
sediments)
+ +
x
Carbonate
rocks- Pucar
Group xXxXxXxx
x x x x x x
x x x x
and lowermost rueertl Group + + + +
Limestones Copacabana
(Lower Permian} Group
Precambrian
and/or
Paleozoic
metamorphic rocks
++++++++ + +
+ +
x x XxXxXx
Gabbroid
rocks
(undated) x SAN
? + +
V V.?+++++++ +
Utcuyacu Granodiorite
(Upper Permian - Lower Triassicl
X
X
X
X
X
X
X V V.+ + + + +
X X X X
+ + + + +
San RamGn
(Upper Granite
Permian - Lower Triassic}
X X X
;13+ +
+
+
+
+
.
+
+
+
X X X Xx --
X X '%.4
+ + + + +
X X
+ + + + +
Fault + + + +
+ + + + +
Thrust
Fault c)+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Zn
soil
anomaly
Zn-Pb occurrence (ME Naria Esperanza,
+ + + +
+
+
+ +
LL Llanco
crash,
Cateador,
R Rondayacu}
CLClody,HUHua- + +
+ +
Nine 0 5 1Okra
I I i
Closed mine
7525' 75'15'
FIG. 4. Regionalgeologicmap of the Chanchamayo area (compiledfrom Levin, 1975; Capdevila

et al., 1977; JapanInternational CooperationAgency, 1979; internal mine repts.; and our own obser-
vations).The locationof the detailed map of SanVicente (Fig. 8) is indicated.
Three intrusiveunits are distinguished.The San formationphasesaffectingthisareawerethe Quechua

Ram6n(or La Merced) batholithoccursat the eastern 1 and 2 phases(Oligoceneand Miocene).However,
part of the studiedarea (Fig. 4). It is made up of a overthrustfaultslike the Utcuyacufault are typical
red coarse-grainedto porphyritic biotite-bearing for the Quechua3 phase(upperMiocene).
granitewhichhasbeen datedat 246 ___ 10 Ma (Cap-
devilaet al., 1977; Rb-Sragerecalculatedaccording The Pucardsequence in the San Vicenteminingarea
1 Ma (Gunnesch A clasticsequencecorresponding
to Lancelotet al., 1978) andat 255 ___ in part to the
et al., 1990). This uppermostPermianto lowermost Mitu Group underliesthe Pucartcarbonaterocksin
Triassicageis consistent with the occurrenceof peb- the SanVicentearea.The lowesthorizonsareyellow
blesof the red SanRam6ngranitein the Mitu Group and brown sandstones and marls several hundred me-
conglomerates (for instance,nearVitoc). A K-Ar age tersthick (Schulz,1971). A red-violethorizona few
determinationof the pebblesthemselvesyieldsa sim- metersthick with arkosicsandstones and conglom-
ilar age (238 ___16 Ma; JapanInternationalCooper- eratesfollows.Theseconglomerates alsocontainthe
ation Agency, 1976). The San Ram6n batholith be- aforementionedpebblesof the SanRam6ngranite.
longsto an extensivePermo-Triassic magmaticprov- The upper part of this clasticsequencehasa char-
incein the EasternCordillerawhichareallycoincides acteristic red color and consists of sandstones and
with the red-bedseriesand alkalineand peralkaline subordinategypsiferousmarlswith a thicknessof at
lavasof the Mitu Group.This geologicsettingis in- least 100 m.
terpretedasa Permo-Triassic ensialicrift zone (Kon- Figure 5 showsa generalizedstratigraphicnorth-
tak et al., 1985). south cross section over 5 km in the San Vicente area.
West of SanVicente a highly tectonizedwhitish No discordance is observed between the red sand-
biotite and hornblende granodiorite (Utcuyacu stonesand the overlying thick Upper Triassicto
granodiorite) overthrusts the PucartGroup.Thisfault Lower Jurassiccarbonate sequenceof the Pucart
contactdipsbetween20 and 40 W andcanbe fol- Group.In internalminereportsthe "Red Sandstone"
lowednorth-south for severalkilometers(Fig.4). The isusuallyincludedin the Permo-Triassic Mitu Group.
Utcuyacugranodiorite(in the minereportsalsocalled However, Mgard (1978) indicatesthat frequently
"Tarma granite")wasreportedto intrudethe Pucart the lower part of the PucartGroup is detritic and is
rocks(Levin,1975, p. 35) andthereforeshouldhave lithologicallyvery similarto the Mitu Group.This is
a Jurassicor Cretaceousage. As already noted by probablythe casein SanVicente, asindicatedby the
Capdevilaet al. (1977), Levin's statementis ques- transitionallithologicchangeof alternatingbedsof
tionable on the basis of additional field evidence. A red sandstone and carbonate rocks over about 30 m
Lower Triassicage (240 ___ 4 Ma) of the Utcuyacu (Schulz,1971; Levin, 1974). The Red Sandstone im-
granodioriteasindicatedby anRb-Srfeldspar-biotite mediately below the carbonatesequenceshould,
whole-rockisochronseemsto be morerealistic(Gun- therefore,be considered aspartof the PucartGroup.
neschet al., 1990). It couldalsobe consideredto be an interdigitationof
Gabbroidanddioriticrocksrepresentthe third in- the Lower SarayaquilloFormation.Thus the contact
trusiveunit in the area.Gabbroidrocksare reported betweenthe Mitu andPucar5groupswouldbe located
northof theTarmaRiverin contactwith the Utcuyacu below this lithologicchange,perhapsbetween the
granodiorite(Capdevilaet al., 1977). Dioritic stocks conglomerate level andthe overlyingred sandstone.
intrudingthe Mitu andPucartGroupshavebeende- The carbonatesequencein the SanVicentemining
scribed near the ore occurrence of Huacrash, south area is up to 1,300 m thick and extendsfrom Norian
of San Vicente (JapanInternational Cooperation to Hettangian(Fig. 6). It strikesN 10 W and dips
Agency,1976). The altered subvolcanicand volcanic between 30 and 45 E (Fig. 7). The followinglith-
rocks, which intercalated with Pucar5 sediments at ologicunitshavebeendistinguished (thestandardized
San Vicente (see below), could be correlated with stratigraphicheightsusedin Figure 6 and in all the
these dioritic stocks. tables, as well as the abbreviationsused henceforth,
Xenoliths of carbonate rocks occur within the San are given in parentheses).
Ram6ngranite.Theseare well-beddedlimestonesof- The Basal Series(BS, 0-442 m): This sequence
ten displaying
contactmetamorphic
effects(asfor ex- consists
of fine-grainedlimestone(mainlymudstone
amplein the Orquideasmine,wheregarnetsoccur). andwackestone
) anddolomiteintercalations.
There
They probablyrepresentroof pendantsof Copaca- is abundantdetrital material (up to 35% detritic
banalimestone(LowerPermian). quartz).The dolomiticbedscoincidewith the maxima
San Vicente lies on the western limb of an anticline of detrital material (Gonzdez,1987). This unit re-
trending N 170 E. Numerousnormal faults strike cordsthe Upper Triassictransgression over the red
mainly N 50 E and N 140 E. In addition, the Ut-
cuyacuoverthrustfault is a major tectonic element. Mudstone,wackestone,
packstone,andgrainstoneaccording
Accordingto Mgard (1984) the firstsignificantde- to the carbonatetexture classificationof Dunham (1962).
R.Siete Uncush Terropin Son

Jeringos Sur Vicente
ALFONSO
- I '
t.Chilpes '2i
/ / /
/I
I
..' - -.... _----4--,--;-
""':Hettangian
/I "'"',,-....
/- 1, SAN VICENTEDOL.
1000rn
7Zi /- -/'
/ .... - NEPTUNO
LIM. I
I ,..-. "-"
'
! .,.-./.,.-.
/.,... /.,... /
,-./ ,,./,.,
'- I /1--.- / SAN JUDASDOLONITE i1
-/-
I I " / /
/ ,,.*., /,,.*., .I..-.__.L
I I I I
500 rn I I I I I
I I I I
I I
I I I "/
I I I I I I
I
I I I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I I I BASALSERIES I I
I I I I
I I I I I Norian
I I I ,I,
1-1 -I' I
I- I-I I- I
Om i.i .i.
'-
'='-'-. .... -'---"--
-,.... '......
- -.r RED SANDSTONE...............
.. -;-- '.',
1 z 3 4, 5 6 7 8
FIG. 5. Generalizedstratigraphicsequencesof the SanVicente area.The localitiesare indicated
in Figure8. 1 = redsandstone;
2 = limestone;3 = dolomite;4 = dolomitewithdiageneticcrystallization
rhythmitesand relatedstructures; 5 = ore horizon;6 = bituminous, laminated,silty limestone;7
= volcanicandsubvolcanic rocks,oftenwhollycarbonatized; and8 = poorexposure.
sandstonedetrital facies at the base of the Pucarfi se- with megascopically

distinguishable
diageneticcrys-
quence.Thealepositional environments varybetween tallizationgenerations.Despitethe strongcrystalli-
coastal dolomitic facies with abundant detrital ma- zation the original depositionalfabric can often be
terialandbasinalfacieswith fine-grained
limestone. recognizedin thin sectionusingthe "light diffusor"
In two samples fromthe upperpart of thismember describedby Delgado(1977). The originaltextures
smallphosphatenoduleshave been detectedwith a are mainlyooliticpackstoneand grainstone(barrier
microprobe.At thetopofthismembera slopebreccia facies).Detritalquartzisabsent,exceptin the upper
is recognized. part.
The SanJudasDolomite(SJD,442-723m): This The Neptuno Limestone (NL, 723-801m): This
dolomite consists
mainlyofmediumto coarsely crys- limestoneis only partly dolomitizedand servesasa
tallinedolomite.
Thisisthefirstofthreeore-bearingfield reference horizon in the San Vicente area. A
massive dolomiteunitsdisplaying very similarpet- detailedstudyof the NeptunoLimestone(Gonzfilez,
rographicand geochemicalproperties.It is char- 1987) hasshownthat thisunit displaysdistinctivefa-
acterizedby the presenceof abundantdiagenetic cieschanges. The detritalproportioncanreachup to
crystallization
rhythmites(formedby crystallization10 percent.The upperpartof the NeptunoLimestone
duringdiagenesis), geodeliketextures,hydraulic containssignificant marlintercalations,
probablyin-
breccias,diagenetic
veinlets,and,in general,fabrics eludingtuffaceous material.Fromtop to bottom,the
(der.Q
FACIESTYPE
I 52040 '1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9'
A L FON SO
DOLOMITE
BITI
SILTY
LIMESTONE --
slope
breccin slopebreccla
SAN '
I
VICENTE
DOLOM I TE
NEPTI
slope
breccla
SAN
JUDAS
DOLOM I T!
-- slope breccla
--- slope breccln
I' I
I I
I I
.BASAL
SERIES
I I
RED I I
$
LF & EG 1986
FIG. 6. Stratigraphicsequencein the SanVicente mine. Symbolsasin Figure 5. Under faciestype

an evolutioncurve of the depositionenvironmenthasbeen represented(1 = open basin,4 = slope;5
= platformedge,6 -- barrier, 7 = lagoon,8 = tidal flat, and9 = continental).Starindicatesoccurrence
of evaporites.
2000-
m
FIG. 7. Geologiceast-westprofile through the San Vicente mine. AD = AlfonsoDolomite; BSL

= BituminousSilty Limestone;SVD = SanVicente Dolomite;NL = NeptunoLimestone;SJD = San
JudasDolomite;BS = BasalSeries;RS = Red Sandstone. Symbolsasin Figure 5.
1410 L. FONTBOTtAND H. GORZAWSKI
Neptuno Limestonecomprisesthe followingdepo- TABLE 1. Ore Manto in the North San Vicente Dolomite
sitionalenvironments:top--dolomitized barrier fa-

San Vicente Whole
cies(SanVicenteDolomite),partly dolomitizedbar- Dolomite carbonate
rier facies,foreslopein thebasinfacies,foreslopewith (lowerpart) sequence
slope breccias,and nondolomitizedbarrier facies; Manto (m) (m)
bottom--dolomitized barrier facies(SanJudasDo-
lomite). Jesus 160 961
Ayala 142 953
Thisdocuments a firstcollapseof the veryconstant 3t (techo = top) 122 923
platformsedimentation conditionswhich character- 3i (intermedio= intermediate) 95 896
ized the SanJudasDolomite. 3p (piso-- bottom) 80 881
The San Vicente Dolomite (SVD, 801-1,109m): 2 52 853
This is the mainore-bearingunit. It is very similarto

the SanJudasDolomiteandconsists mainlyof dolom-
itized barrier calc-arenites(oolitic packstonesto
grainstones)with significantintercalationsof bitu- Levin (1975) describesan olivine basaltwithin the
minous,very fine to fine crystallinedolomitedepos- San Vicente Dolomite in a part of the San Vicente
ited in lagoonand tidal fiat environments.Theseho- mine which is at present not accessible.The cross-
rizonsare characterizedby the occurrenceof pellets, cuttingcharacterof someof thesevolcanicrocksis
abundantalgalmats,chert (in part chalcedony), and clear(Fontboth,1981). However,the presenceof as-
frequentevaporitemolds.This memberwill be de- sociatedtuffaceous materialcouldindicatethat they
scribed later in more detail. are in part roughlycoevalwith the Pucartsediments.
TheBituminous
SiltyLimestone
(BSL,1,109-1,189m): Basedon ammoniteidentifications, Prinz (1985b)
This unit is a bituminous,laminated, black limestone datesthe middle part of the BasalSeriesas Norian
with shalyto silty intercalations.
Abundantorganic andthe BituminousSiltyLimestoneasHettangian.In
materialoccursin thin bandsandproducesthe char- addition,the presenceof Sinemurianin the area is
acteristiclaminationof thisrock(totalorganiccarbon provenby Prinz(1985b) onthebasisof anArnioceras
between0.74 and1.59%;Lavado,1980).The detrital foundin a bituminoussilty rock in a faultedblock.
proportioncanbe over15 percent.The detritalgrains Becauseof tectoniccomplicationsand poor outcrop
consistalmostexclusively of quartz,but somegrains conditions it cannot be elucidated if this bituminous
of tourmaline and white mica were also observed. The faciesbelongsto the Bituminous
SiltyLimestoneor
quartzgrainsaresubangular to subroundish andrange to a similar unit above the Alfonso Dolomite.
up to 200 # in diameter.X-raydiffractionrevealsthat Palacios(1980) defineda "Formaci6nSanVicente"
illitc is the main mica mineral. Its abundant Hettan- becausea publicationby Levin (1974) assigneda
gianammonites havebeendescribedby Levin (1975) Ladinianageto thelowerpart of thePucartcarbonate
and Prinz (1985b). rocksin SanVicente.Prinz (1985b) dismissed Levin's
The BituminousSilty Limestoneis a pyrite-rich assumptionand establishedthat the carbonate se-
hydrocarbon sourcerock (kerogene,type 2) charac- quencein SanVicente beginswith the Norian, asin
terized by the presenceof abundantmetabituminites otherpartsof the Pucari basin,andconsequently, the
indicating a veryhighevolutionstage(meta-anthraciteso-called"Formaci6nSanVicente" of Palacios(1980)
stage;Teichmiiller,1981, writ. commun.).This unit, correspondsto the Paucartamboand Tambo Maria
with clear basinal facies, constitutesthe secondin- Formations(Norian-Hettangian).
terruptionof the carbonateplatformsedimentation.
The transitions towardplatformsedimentation at the Sedimentology of the dolomiticore-bearingunits
bottom(SanVicenteDolomite)andthe top (Alfonso All three dolomiticunits (the San Judas,San Vi-
Dolomite)are markedby slopebreccias. cente,and AlfonsoDolomites)are ore bearingand
TheAlfonsoDolomite(AD, about 70 m in thick- displayvery similarpetrographicand geochemical
ness):This unit is the third ore-bearingdolomiteho- characteristics. The main ore horizons occur within
rizon and displayssimilarcharacteristics to the San the SanVicenteDolomite(Figs.5 and8). The present
Judasand SanVicente Dolomites. It was not studied studyhasshownthat thesethree dolomiteunitswere
in detail. depositedin a peritidalplatformcomprising(1) the
Tuffaceous,volcanicand/or subvolcanic interca- innermarginof the lagoon(tidalfiat subenvironment)
lationsoccurin the upper part of the SanJudasDo- with partly preevaporiticconditions,(2) the lagoon
lomite, in the NeptunoLimestone,and in the lower sensustricto,and(3) the outermarginof the lagoon
partof the SanVicenteDolomite.Althoughtheyare (barrier subenvironment).
generallyalmostcompletelycarbonatized(seeXRF The barrier subenvironmentpredominatesand is
analyses in Table 1) vesicularmicrolithictexturescan representedby completelydolomitizedooliticpack-
be recognizedfrequently(Fontboth,1981, p. 98). stonesandgrainstones. The identificationof thesefa-
coarselycrystallinedolomite of calcareniticbarrier
faciesis lighter in color(grayto dark gray).
Totalorganiccarbonanalyses givevaluesup to 3.46
percent (Lavado,1980). Part of the organiccarbon
occursasschlierenbetweendolomitegrainsandpart
as massivepatchesof bitumenin geodelikecavities.
Detrital particlesare extremelyrare. Insolubleresi-
dues in dolomiteinclude mainly quartz, in part as
chert, and subordinate illitc.
One interestinggeochemicalcharacteristicis the
low Sr contentof all three dolomiticunitscompared
with the Sr contents of the limestones of the Basal
Seriesor of the BituminousSiltyLimestone(seebe-
low). This may indicateearly diageneticdolomitiza-
tion.
Detailed sedimentologicwork (Gonzdez,1987;
Fontbot6and Gorzawski,1987) suggests that in the
San Vicente Dolomite there is a strongassociation
between the occurrence of ore and certain host-rock
facies.The dolomitichorizonshostingthe orebodies
consistmainly of barrier calcarenites.However, the
ore lensesdo not occurrandomlyin all partsof the
barrier calcarenites.They showa clear link with in-
tercalationsof fine-graineddolomitewith cryptalgal
laminationandmoldsof evaporitesattributedto tidal
fiat andlagoonfacies.
Basinevolutionand paleogeographic
settingwithin
the Pucard basin
At a regionalscalethe SanVicenteore depositoc-

cupiesa characteristic
palcogeographic
positionat the
edgeof the Pucarfibasin,whichiscommonwith other
similar ore occurrences in the eastern Pucarfi and
0 1kin
I I
comparablealsoto that of other Mississippi Valley-
Ore Occurrence
Mine
type deposits.The SanVicenteore occursin dolomitic
confacf
units depositedin evaporite-bearingperitidal envi-
--- inferred confact
ronmentslocatedat the westernmarginof the Bra-
zilian Shield.
FIG. 8. Geologicmapof the SanVicenteminingarea.A-A' =
the profile in Figure 7. The lithostratigraphicsequenceof San Vicente
presentstwo partswhichcorrespond to differenttypes
of basinevolution.The lower part canbe assigned to
cies is difficult because of the extensive dolomitization the PaucartamboFormationand is a typical trans-
andrecrystallization. Relictprimaryfabricsanddo- gressivesequencewhich ranges from continental
lomitegrainsizeareusedfor thispurpose.Figure9b sedimentation(red sandstone)to marineconditions
showsa typicalexampleof dolomitizedgrainstone with carbonatedepositionand relatively abundant
with a dolomitegrain sizeof about400 . The tidal detritalmaterial(basalseries).The dolomiticportions
fiatandlagoonfaciesarecharacterized
byveryfinely of this unit coincide with maximum amounts of ter-
to finelycrystalline
dolomitewithrelictmudstone and rigenousparticlesandprobablycorrespondto a shore
pellet-grainstonefabrics
thataredifficulttorecognize. environment.In general the limestones(mudstone
Cryptalgallamination(Fig. 10b andh) andevaporite andwackestone) representsubtidalto basinalfacies.
molds(Fig. 1l a-d) are frequentin tidal flat facies. The upper part of the sequence,which canbe in-
Smallpyritegrainsoccurintergranularly andin the eluded in the Tambo Mara Formation,comprises
frequentstyloliteseams. The tidalfiatandlagoonfa- three units depositedon a peritidal carbonateplat-
ciesdolomiteis very dark, almostblack,due to its form virtuallyfree of detrital components(the San
smallgrainsizeandthe presenceof abundantfinely Judas,SanVicente,andAlfonsoDolomites).Theyare
disseminated inclusionsoforganicmatter.Mediumto separatedby two episodesof deeperwater sedimen-
1412 L. FONTBOT AND H. GORZA WSKI
.o
FIG. 9. a. Massivebitumen (black)in generationIII of a geodelikecavity. Note the idiomorphic

terminationsof the dolomite crystalsof generationII (white) toward the massivebitumen. The dark
graypartsare fineto mediumcrystallinedolomitewith dispersed organicmatter(height20 era,sublevel
1,630 N, ramp 235 S). b. Thin section(parallelnicolssampleFSV-49) of a dolomiticdiageneticcrys-
tallization rhythmitc from generationI. The oolithic grainstonefabric is still recognizable.Note the
disseminatedorganicmatter (gray). c. and d. Mine wall and hand specimenviews (sublevel1,640 N,
crosscut 530 E, sampleFSV-10a)of a sulfidelayerdisplaying sequence repetitions(fd = finelycrystalline
dolomite,cd = coarselycrystallinedolomite,sl = sphalerite,gn = galena).e. Polishedsection(parallel
nicols,air, sampleFSV-44) of a similarsulfidelayer. Note the lack of corrosionbetweendolomite(dark
gray) and sphalerite(light gray). Galenais white. f. Disseminated,very fine inclusionsof pyrite in
sphalerite(parallelnicols,oil, sampleFSV-10a).This sphaleritepresentsobviousproblemsin separation
by flotation.
Zn-Pb DEPOSIT, SAN VICENTE, CENTRAL PERU ] 413
tation(the NeptunoandBituminousSiltyLimestones). are reportedby Levin (1975). This simpleparagen-

The transitionfrom platform to basinsedimentation esis,typicalof Mississippi
Valley-typedeposits,
differs
is clearly indicated by slope breccias.It appears significantlyfromthe Pucart-hostedore depositsas-
therefore that the three dolomite ore-bearingunits sociatedwith igneousactivity(e.g.,Huaripampaand
representa cyclicrepetitionof large-scaletidal fiat, Carahuacra).
lagoon,andbarrier sedimentation on a platformsep- The ore in the SanVicentemineformslens-shaped
arated by episodesof deeper sedimentation.A dy- bodies located in certain horizons(Fig. 13). These
namic model explainingthis evolution is shown in horizons,containingone or morelens-shaped bodies,
Figure 12. The peritidalfaciesbelongto the shallow- are called mantos.The lens-shapedorebodiesare in
water carbonateplatform mentionedabove, which generalparallelto the stratification
anddo notdisplay
developedin the easternpart of the Pucar5basin(at a great lateral continuity;the maximumlength of a
the edgeof the BrazilianShield). singleore lens rarely extendsover 300 m. Mine re-
Althoughin the SanVicenteareaunitsstratigraph- ports indicatethat the maximumelongationof the
ically above the Tambo Maria Formation are not ore lensesis usually north-south.Their thickness
known becauseof the overthrust of the Utcuyacu rangesbetween a few decimetersand a few meters.
granodiorite,it is assumedfrom regionalcomparisons The top andbottomcontactsof the high-gradelenses
that marine Pucar5 sediments with a thickness of about with the enclosingdolomiteare sharp.The mantosin
1,200 m formed up to the Toarcian (Ulcumano,Ox- the northern part of the SanVicente mine are given
apampa,and ChorobambaFormations).Subsequent in Table 1.
clasticsedimentsof the Upper Sarayaquillo
Formation The ore lensesare locallyaffectedby severalnor-
(Middle to Upper Jurassic)resultedin a burial depth mal faults.The mostimportant faults strike N 45 -
exceeding2,000 m. By the end of the Jurassicthe 50 E and N 130-150 E. Recent karst dissolution
formerPucarbasinwasdissectedby the uplift of the hasproducedmajorunconsolidated collapsebreccias
north-south-trendingMara6n geoanticline.Conti- containingimportantamountsof ore (Fig. 13).
nental Cretaceous sediments (the Oriente Group,
Ore Textures and Structures
about 1,000 m, and the ChontaGroup, about 1,900
m) increasedthe burialdepthto about5,000 m before Rhythmicstructures
the Quechua1 and 2 deformationphases,which af-
fectedthe EasternCordilleraandsub-Andeanregion A largepart of the SanVicenteore displaysa char-
in Oligoceneand Miocene times (Mgard, 1984). acteristicrhythmicbanding(Fig. 10a-h). It is locally
known as "estructuras cebra." These structures are
Ore Occurrences - comparableto fabricsobservedin numerouscarbon-
ate-hostedore depositsand also in dolomitic rocks
The SanVicente Dolomite is the main ore-bearing not directly associated with ore deposits.They are
unit. It hoststhe exploited part of the San Vicente generallyreferred to as"zebra ore" or "zebra rock,"
mine, as well as other ore occurrences.to the north but manyother localnamesare alsoused(e.g., "coon-
(Clody) and southof the SanVicente mine (particu- tail" ore in southernIllinois; "franciscana"in southern
larly visiblein profilesalongthe Ro Chilpesandthe Spain;and "mineral rubann" in the French litera-
Rio SieteJeringasand in UncushSur, Figs. 4, 5, and ture). Becausethe rhythmicityis basicallynot inher-
8). Other ore occurrences are locatedin the SanJudas ited from an original sedimentaryrhythmicity but
Dolomite (Chilpesprospect,SanJudasmantos)and rather createdby a processof crystallizationand re-
in the AlfonsoDolomite (Alfonsomantos).Ore show- crystallization,often during diagenesis,the terms
ings with uncertain stratigraphicpositionare known "crystallizationrhythmite" and "diageneticcrystal-
in (fromnorth to south)LlancoCateador(northwest lization rhythmite (DCR)" have been proposed
of Vitoc), at the HuacrashHill, in the RondayacuVal- (Fontboth,1981; Fontbot and Amstutz, 1983).
ley, and north and south of Monobamba(Figs. 1 The term diagenesisincludeslate diagenesis,i.e.,
and 4). processestaking place under considerableburial. In
The ore paragenesisis very simplewith sphalerite fact, diageneticcrystallizationrhythmitesappearto
and galenaas the only ore minerals.The Zn content be in most casesa product of burial diagenesis.In
may rangeup to 30 percent.The averagegradesof earlier stagesof the investigation(Fontbot(andAm-
the ore are 11.8 percent Zn and 0.8 percent Pb, re- stutz, 1983) the working hypothesiswas proposed
spectively.Pyrite formspart of the paragenesis, but that the rhythmitesreflecta processof differentiation
is alwayspresentin very smallamounts,exceptin one by crystallizationfractionationduring diagenesis in
horizonof the Chilpesprospectwhere it occursin the senseof AmstutzandPark (1971). Detailedgeo-
two massivelayersa few centimetersthick within fault chemicalwork carriedout on rhythmitesof numerous
planes.Tracesof marcasite,chalcopyrite,bournonite, localitiesaroundthe world (FontbotandGorzawski,
and other sulfosaltsare present.Fluorite and barite 1987; Gorzawskiet al., 1989) only supportscertain
t .
Zn-PbDEPOSIT,SANVICENTE,CENTRALPERU 1415
s'l
lmm c ,5o,
FIC. 11. Reticulatetextureof galena(gn)andsphalerite(sl)in dolomite(do);evidenceof vanished

evaporites(1,452 N level,gallery405). a. View of minewall.The darkpartsconsistof sphaleriteand
galena,the lightpartsof dolomite.b. Handspecimen view.c. andd. Polishedsections (parallelnicols,
air). Galenaclearlydisplayspseudomorphic texturesafter a solfatemineral,probablygypsum.Thisis
particularlyclearin photo(d) whichis an enlargement of the upperleft areaof (c).
aspectsof this hypothesis.In particular, it appears rhythmitesdescribedin the presentworkarethought

that the processgenerallyis not isochemical andin- to haveformedduringlate stagesof diagenesis,
under
eludesdissolutionandreplacementphenomena.The a burialof abouttwo to threekilometers,by a reaction
FIC. 10. Diageneticcrystallizationrhythmitesof SanVicente.a. Mine wall (mantoAyala, 1,652 N

level, ramp 360). b. Hand specimen(sampleFSV-60) ofdiageneticcrystallizationrhythmiresfrom the
sameexposureshownin (a). The darkbands(generationI) consistof fine-grainedsphaleriteanddolomite
with disseminatedorganicmatter. Cryptalgallaminationis still recognizable.The bipolar growth of
yellow sphalerite(Ha), in part geopetal,canbe easilydistinguished. Two generationsof dolomite(IIb
andIII) are visible.c. Hand specimen(sampleFSV-44) showinga complextexturewith somerepetitions
in the crystallizationsequenceanddissolutionfeatures.d. Mine wall with anotheraspectof the manto
Ayala (1652 N level, ramp 360). The lower part of the photo consistsof dolomiticdiageneticcrystal-
lizationrhythmires.The upperpart showsa transitionbetweenorbicularlikeandrhythmicore textures.
e. Hand specimenof diageneticcrystallizationrhythmitcore (sampleFSV-I). f. Polishedsection(parallel
nicols,air) of the sampleshownin (e). I = darkfine-grainedsphalerite(sl)anddolomite(do),II = brown
sphalerite,and III= sparry dolomite and occasionallygalena (gn). g. Hand specimenof aliagenetic
crystallizationrhythmireore showinghigh periodicity.h. Samesample,detail of the three generations
forming a aliageneticcrystallizationrhythmire: I = fine-grainedsphaleriteand dolomite with algal
lamination,II = brown-yellow sphalerite,and III= sparrydolomite.
-E -W ~E
/ / / /" /
/ / / / / / / /5
/ / / / / / /
's
b/
'/ / / / / /
,/ / / / /1
/ / / /./
- Ore body
Slope breccia
C .Location of studied stratigraphic column
Arrows indicate east- and westwards migration of barrier (b)
FIG. 12. Dynamicmodelexplainingthe developmentof the carbonateplatformin the SanVicente
of the originalcarbonate rockwithaninfiuxingbasinal aboveand below generationI (Fig. 10f). The limit
brine. betweengenerationsI andII is gradationalin detail,
Crystallization rhythmitescanalsobe producedby often displayingdissolutionpatterns.In contrastto
processes other thanburial diagenesis and in other generationI, generationII containsfew opaquein-
thansedimentary environments. For example,similar clusionsand is thereforeusuallylight colored.Zonal
rhythmicbandedstructuresare alsoproducedby crystalgrowthisoftenrecognized.Geopetalfeatures
metamorphic or magmatic crystallization
andrecrys- are frequent.For examplein Figure 10b, c, andh, it
tallization. canbe seenthatgenerationII sphaleriteisbetterde-
In the diageneticcrystallizationrhythmitesfrom velopedabovethanbelow the bandsof generationI.
SanVicenteand other localitiesit is possibleto rec- Severalsubgenerations are oftenobserved(Fig. 10b).
ognizetwo or three consecutivecrystallizationgen- GenerationIII: This generationconsistsof the re-
erationsmegascopically. On the basisof geometric maining central spaceor its xenomorphousfilling,
criteria the followingthree generationsare distin- which is coarse-or very coarsegrained dolomite or
guished,with dolomite,sphalerite,andgalenaasthe galena(Fig. 10e and f). Occasionallyit consistsof
mainminerals(seealsoFig. 10e-h andTable 2). calciteor massivebitumen(Fig. 9a). The contactbe-
GenerationI: Thisgenerationisa dark,fine-to me- tweengenerations II andIII doesnot showdissolution
dium-grainedaggregateof dolomitewith or without featuresandis sharpin detail(Fig. 10f). The antipolar
sphaleritewith numerousdisseminated opaquein- crystalsof generationII are often in direct contact
clusions (mainlyorganiccarbon,subordinate pyrite) and then generationIII is missing.
withinandbetweenthe grains.The smallgrainsize Inasmuchas these generationsare distinguished
andthe abundantopaqueinclusions yielddarkcolors usinggeometriccriteria,a stricttime correlationbe-
evenin the casesin whichthisgenerationconsists of tweendifferentpartsof the depositmaynotbe correct
dolomite.AlthoughgenerationI is essentially a re- but constitutesa first approximation.
crystallizationproduct, relict primary depositional Diageneticcrystallizationrhythmitesconsisting of
featureslike ooliticgrainstonefabric (Fig. 9b) or dolomitealsooccurin ore-freepartsof the SanJudas,
cryptalgal lamination (Fig.10b)canbestillrecognized San Vicente, and Alfonso Dolomite units. As in other
in places. ore districts,they havebeen usedasan empiricalex-
GenerationII: This generationconsistsof coarse plorationguidebecauseof their frequentassociation
or very coarsesubhedralcrystalsof dolomiteand/or with ore minerals.They reveal the interactionbe-
sphaleritearrangedin a bipolarpattern, growing tweena fluid anda sedimentaryrock,usuallycarbon-
I ,
500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 I 100m .200
19800
19060
E I
Prelection
plane20450 0 lOOm I Proj.
plene
20300
cI
N9oE
SECTION SAN VICENTE MINE
liOE 1900E 20(00E 201hOE
Projection
plane
20680 0 lOOm
FIG. 13. a. and b. Representativeeast-westsectionsof the San Vicente mine projected onto the
projection planes20450 and 20680.
TABLE 2. Compositionof RepresentativeExamplesof Diagenetic CrystallizationRhythmitesfrom SanVicente
Sample
atin I IIa IIb III
FSV-I Sphalerite + dolomite Dark brown Light brown Dolomite q- galena

sphalerite sphalerite
[Pyrite (a) and (b)l ]Pyrite (a) and (c)
+ marcasite
(a) and (c)]
FSV-60 Dolomite q- sphalerite Yellow sphalerite Gray dolomite White dolomite
{Pyrite(a)}
SV-7 Sphalerite+ dolomite Brown sphalerite Yellow Dolomite q- galena
]Authigenicquartz] sphalerite {Pyrite (a)}
{Pyrite (a)}
SV-41 Dolomite + sphalerite Dark brown sphalerite Dolomite
[Pyrite (a) and (c)] [Pyrite(c)l {Pyrite (a)}
SV-41 a Sphalerite (ca. 75%) Dark brown sphalerite Dolomite or
+ dolomite {Pyrite (a)} occasionally
]Pyrite (a)] massive pyrite
Abbreviations:(a) - euhedralto subhedralgrainsrangingbetween 1 and 10 tt in size, occasionallyup to 100 tt; (b) = very small
inclusions
disseminated in sphalerite;(c) -- smallinclusions
orientedalongcrystallographic
directionsin sphalerite;[ ] -- accessory
mineral;{ } = very smallamount
atic, resulting in dissolution,recrystallization,and The formerpresenceof evaporitemineralsis well

crystallizationof new phases.The characteristicsof documentedin severalpartsof SanVicente,especially
such a fluid in San Vicente are discussed later. in manto 3t (Table 1). The most commonevidence
Other structures consistsof pseudomorphs of coarselycrystallinedo-
lomiteafter gypsumnodulesin dolomitizedalgalmat
Generationscomparableto those in diagenetic laminatedwackestonesand mudstones.Spectacular
crystallizationrhythmitesare alsorecognizedin other examplesof pseudomorphictextures after sulfate
fabricsnot displayinga rhythmicbanding.They in- mineralsare the reticulatetexturesof galenain sphal-
cludeorbicularlikeandcockadestructures(Figs.10d erite and dolomiteshownin Figure 11a to d.
and 14a).
Variousfabricsindicate an overpressureregime Paragenetic sequence
duringcrystallization fromthe ore fluid.Amongthese The parageneticsequenceof SanVicente can be
are hydraulicbreccias,upward veins,and tepeelike studiedeasilyin the megascopically observedcrys-
structures.Severalpartsof the SanVicente Dolomite tallizationgenerationsof the rhythmitesand related
havehydraulicbrecciaswith fragmentsof dark fine- fabrics,aswell as in hydraulicbrecciasand in cross-
to medium-graineddolomite rimmed by subhedral cuttingveins.The parageneticsequenceis simpleand
coarselycrystallinedolomite(Fig. 14e and f). The constantthroughoutthe deposit.It can be summa-
brecciamatrixconsists of sparrydolomiteand often rized in eachof the generations asfollows:(I) medium
containsspotsof massivebitumenin geodelikecavi- crystallinedolomiteand sphalerite,(II) sphaleriteor
ties. Brecciatedore fragmentsoccurin a few places, sparrydolomite,and (III) galenaor sparrydolomite
but ore mineralsgenerallydo not crystallizein the and subordinate massive bitumen and calcite. The
matrixof the breccia.The hydraulicbrecciasare con- parageneticsequence observedin rhythmitesisshown
sideredto haveoriginatedthroughbreakinganddis- in more detail in Figure 15.
solutionof dolomiteunder overpressure conditions. Scarcepyrite crystallizesin generationI, mainly
Thisis supportedby their frequentoccurrencein ho- as very smallgrains,which are in part euhedral.In
rizonsparallelto the beddingandby their association generationII, pyrite is still lessfrequent and forms
with crosscutting veinsproducedby escapingsolu- smallinclusions in sphaleriteanddolomite.Sometimes
tions.The prevailingoverpressure regimeis clearly the inclusionsof pyrite and alsoof marcasitefollow
documentedin Figure 14b, which showsone such crystallographic planesin sphaleriteof generationII.
crosscuttingvein abovea brecciahorizonlocatedun- A thin rim of smalleuhedralpyrite crystalsoccurs
der a layer of dark dolomite.In places,crosscutting sometimesat the border between sphaleriteII and
veins break dolomite layers producingtepeelike dolomiteIII. In generationIII, only very sparseand
structures that are alwaysorientedupward(Fig. 14c smallgrainsof pyrite are observed.Pyrite occursin
and d). placesasvery abundantand very small(1-0.1 #) in-
C i
FIG. 14. a. Cockadelikestructurewith clear dissolutionfeaturesand repetitionsin the paragenetic

sequence.I = fine-graineddolomiteand sphalerite,IIa -- coarselycrystallinedolomite,IIb -- brown
sphalerite,IIc = sparrydolomite,andIII= sparrydolomitewithblackspotsof massive bitumen(1652
N level, crosscut610E). b. Vein of white sparry dolomite (III) formed during burial diagenesisby
depositionfromthe upward-escaping brine.In SanVicentesuchveinsalwayspointupward.The over-
pressureregimeis clearlyindicatedby the formationof a stratiformbrecciabelowthe layer of dark
dolomite(1652 level, gallery540 N). c. Exampleof tepeelikestructureproducedby upward-escaping
brines(sampledby P. Levin).The darkbrokenpartsconsistof fine-graineddolomiteandsphaleriteof
generation I, the lightpartsof sparrydolomite(III). d. Similartepeelikestructure(minewall, 1750 N
level,ga1280S, 70-cmwidth).e. andf. Hydraulicbrecciasimilarto thatshownin b. Subhedral coarsely
crystallinedolomiteof generation II surrounds
the fragments of darkfine-grained
dolomite.The matrix
is white sparrydolomiteand includesa few spotsof blackbitumen(1652 level, gal 490 N, (e) = 2-m
width).
rly IIB u r i a 1 d i a ge ne s i s ore structures.Featuresindicatingdissolutionof pre-

SAN VICENTE ORE
II
viouslyformedore mineralsare observedbut are in-
Gypsum mll
I
I i frequent(Fig. 10c). However, dolomitedissolution is

Dolomite widespread, especiallyin hydraulicbreccias(Fig. 14b,
e, and f). The parageneticpositionof sphaleriteand
Calcite
Quartz ?)b_ _ I I I
galenais clearlybetweenthe finely to mediumcrys-
talline dolomiteof generation! andthe coarselycrys-
Pyrite ___ )L b b () i
tallinedolomiteof generationIII. In places,especially
Marcasite (( ( () ) I in nonrhythmitestructures,partialrepetitionsof the
Sphalerite II- I parageneticsequenceare recognized(between do-
Gale.a lomiteII andsphaleriteII, but neverwith galena;Fig.
Bitumen b
II-- I I __ 9c and d). This recognitionand the repeatedpeaks
I I
of Fe in generationI! sphaleritedenotea minorscale
Stylolitization II
II
-'- - pulsationin the physicochemicalconditionsof the
Ii I I I fluid duringore deposition,but cannotbe compared,
DCRfoation II I for instance,with the repetitionsof the sequencede-
Formation of
scribedfor the ViburnumTrend (Hagni, 1983), which
hydraulicbreccias indicatesequentialmineralizationphases.The simple
and veins and typical parageneticsequenceof SanVicente is
FIG. 15. Parageneticsequenceof the San Vicente ore. The consistent with the seriesof solubilityproductsof iron,
crystallizationgenerationsI, II, andIII ofdiageneticcrystallization zinc, and lead sulfides(Anderson,1983; Anderson
rhythmites (DCR) are used for reference and also for textures and Garven, 1987). The absenceof important se-
other than diageneticcrystallizationrhythmites.Abbreviations: quencerepetitionsarguesfor a singleore-forming
b = very finely disseminatedgrains,c = medium grained, d event.
-- coarselygrained,h -- chert,i = inclusions in sphaleritefollowing
crystallographic directions,m -- massivebitumen,o -- only if ga- The coarselycrystallinedolomiteof generation
lena is muchmore abundantthan sphalerite,r = in a thin rim of andthe parageneticallyslightlylater sparrydolomite
small euhedral crystalsbetween generationsII and III, s -- oc- forming the matrix of the hydraulic brecciasand
casionallycontainingbournoniteandother sulfosalts, x = coarsely
to very coarselygrainedxenomorphicfilling, andy = paleyellow.
crosscutting
veinsare essentiallypostore.The patches
Only occasionaloccurrencesare given in parenthesis. of massivebitumen are the latest to be formed, as
denoted by their occurrencein geodelike voids in
sparry dolomite. Sparry dolomitealsopredatesthe
clusionsin sphalerite(Fig. 9f). This sphaleritemay regionalfault systemsaffectingthe area.
containrelatively high Fe valuesand is sometimes
erroneouslycalledmarmatite.This pyrite cannotbe Trace Elements
separatedby flotation.
Sphaleriteoccursin generations! and II. In the Lithogeochemistry of the Pucardsequence
first one it is fine grainedandintergrownwith dolo- A detailedlithogeochemical profile acrossthe sed-
mite.Sphaleriteof generation I! iscoarselycrystalline, imentarysectionat SanVicentehasbeen comileted
often displayingseveralsubgenerations, the last of (Gonzdez, 1987, Fontbot and Gorzawski, 1987).
whichis oftenpale yellow. Microprobeanalyses in- The soluble fraction obtained with a standard HC1
dicatethat generation! sphaleritecontainsaround1 and HNO3 dissolutionmethod was analyzed with
to 2 percentFe. ProfilesacrossgenerationI! sphal- atomicabsorptionspectrophotometryfor Fe, Pb, Zn,
erite shownumerouspeaksof high iron content(up Cu, Mn, Sr, and Na. Flameless AAS was used for the
to 5 and 6% Fe) separatedby low values.The last Ag analyses.In addition,Si, A1,Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, Sr, K,
pale sphaleriteis virtuallyiron free. Colloformsphal- andBa were analyzedby XRF (pressedpowdertab-
erite is seenin places(Fig. 9c). lets). The main resultsof this investigationcan be
The greatestamountof galenaoccurin generation summarized as follows.
III (Fig. 10e and f). A smallamountis containedas In Table 3 the geometricmean valuesof the ore-
intergranularspacefillingsin prior generations(Fig. free samples(i.e., thosewith Zn or Pb valueslower
9e). Galenais usuallymuchlessabundantthansphal- than quantile9s)sortedby lithologicunits are pre-
erite (avgZn/Pbgradesabout12/0.8); however,there sented.Samples whichpetrographically indicatevol-
are layers in which galena is more abundantthan canic influence (i.e., carbonatizedvolcanic-subvol-
sphalerite. In theselayersgalenagenerallycrystallizes canicand tuffaceousrocks)havebeen groupedsep-
before the largestpart of sphalerite.Calcite,which arately. In general, the petrographiccharacteristics
is occasionally present,crystallizesin generationIII. are reflectedclearlyby the lithogeochemistry.Thus,
The parageneticsequenceof the diageneticcrys- the limestoneunits--Basal Series,Neptuno Lime-
tallizationrhythmitescanusuallybe appliedto other stone, and BituminousSilty Limestone--have the
Zn-PbDEPOSIT, SAN VICENTE, CENTRALPERU 1421
TABLE 3. Major andTrace ElementAnalysesof Host-RockSamples
Unit n* n SiO2 AI20 CaO MgO Fe* Fe Ag* Pb* Zn* Cu* Mn* Mn Ti Sr* Sr Na* K Ba
AD I I 9.1 0.5 29.0 19.3 0.28 0.38 1.00 25 141 20 1,000 1,040 33 50 71 305 840 n.a.
BSL 10 7 8.6 1.0 39.8 1.4 0.11 0.39 0.01 33 20 11 365 228 43 323 556 204 1,786 86
SVD 77 41 0.8 0.1 31.5 20.6 0.17 0.43 <1 32 42 7 1,333 1,333 6 68 84 170 169 20
NL 21 7 2.1 0.3 39.0 11.0 0.12 0.24 <1 30 14 12 112 122 18 81 108 208 678 32
SJD 49 9 1.5 0.2 30.9 20.5 0.33 0.50 0.03 36 9 8 1,542 1,106 8 76 134 311 359 8
BS 64 18 11.9 1.9 34.1 6.7 0.37 0.73 0.04 29 41 14 135 164 85 144 211 261 2,792 66
RS 3 i 26.7 3.1 18.7 0.6 1.25 1.38 1 19 38 20 585 642 278 129 188 193 2,369 764
Volc 16 12 16.4 8.3 17.5 11.4 1.25 1.93 3.66 32 28 24 718 538 939 57 90 189 1,931 112
SiOe,AlcOa,CaO, MgO, andFe valuesin percent,all other valuesin ppm;AASanalyses

of solublefractionare indicatedwith an
asterisk;
all othervaluesareXRF analyses
of totalsample;
additional
ICP analyses
for Hg from3 limestone
and11 dolomitesamples
yieldvaluesbetween25 and85 ppb.Abbreviations: AD = AlfonsoDolomite,BSL= BituminousSiltyLimestone,
SVD-- SanVicente
Dolomite, NL -- Neptuno Limestone,SJD = San JudasLimestone,BS -- BasalSeries,RS = Red Sandstone;Volc -- carbonatized
volcanic,subvolcanic,
andtuffaceous rocks;n.a. = notanalyzed; n = numberof samples
analyzed.
Analyses performedat Laboratoryof the Instituteof Mineralogy,Heidelberg
highestCaO contents,whereasthe dolomites--San Mn valuesin the dolomitizedportionof the sameoo-

JudasDolomite, San Vicente Dolomite, and Alfonso litic barrier faciesat the lower part of the SanVicente
Dolomite--have the highestMgO and Mn contents. Dolomite (Fontbot(and Gorzawski,1987).
Sr tendsto be enrichedin limestones with respectto The mean valuesfor Zn of the group of ore-free
dolomites.Ti and Fe appearto be diagnosticof vol- samplesof the SanVicente Dolomite (42 ppm) and
canicinfluence.Detrital input is indicatedby highK SanJudasDolomite (9 ppm) are not anomalous com-
andSr valuescoupledwith Ti amountsclearlylower pared to the rest of the sequenceor to dolomiticse-
than those of volcanic-influenced rocks. The XRF quencesin other partsof the world. The fact that the
analysesyield higherSr andFe valuesthanAAS anal- zinc valuesin the wholesequence,includingthe ore-
ysesbecausesignificantamountsof Sr are contained bearingunits,lie within the field of normalsedimen-
in insolubledetrital mineralsand becauseonly part tary rocksconfirmsthe visualobservationthatthe ore
of the pyrite wasdissolved.In contrast,usingboth lenseshavevery sharpboundaries.Furthermore,the
analyticalmethods,Mn valuesare similar,indicating positionof Levin (1975) that the whole Pucar/tis
that Mn is mainlycontainedin the carbonatesoluble anomalousin Zn cannotbe supported.
fraction.
The Mn valuesare higherin the ore-bearingunits Trace elementcontentof the ore
(1,542 ppmin SanJudasDolomite,1,333 ppmin San
Vicente Dolomite) than in the other carbonateunits Two types of trace element analysesof ores are
(135 ppm in the BasalSeries,112 ppm Mn in the available.Table 4 containsaveragesof XRF analyses
Neptuno Limestone,and 365 ppm in the Bituminous of selectedore samples(P. Soler, writ. commun.,
Silty Limestone)and are alsohigher than in other Paris).Table 5 displaysanalyseson pure sphalerite
shallow-water dolomiticrocks(e.g.,BenciniandTuri, grainscarriedout by opticalemissionspectrography
1974). Thesehigh Mn valuesbear no relationto vol- (E. Schroll, writ. commun.,Vienna). The low trace
canic activity and are either connectedwith the do- elementcontentof the SanVicenteore is typicalfor
lomitizationprocess or areproducedby theinfiuxing Mississippi Valley-typeore depositsand is different
basinalbrine.The firstpossibilityis favoredby low from the trace elementpattern of the volcanogenic
Mn values of the nondolomitized oolitic barrier facies depositsin the centralpart of the Pucarfibasin(Soler,
in the upperpart of the NeptunoLimestoneandhigh 1987).
TABLE4. GeometricMean of XRF Analysesof SelectedOre Samplesfrom SanVicente
Manto n Zn Pb Fe Ag Cu Mn Ge Sn Cd Se
Manto 3 28.4 4.0 1.17 20 367 1,133 116 43 17 1,560

Jesus(richores) 3 29.7 4.8 0.58 19 67 900 34 40 33 1,280
Jesus(poorores) 3 8.7 6.3 0.50 17 150 1,300 79 20 30 860
AyMa 3 34.1 0.7 1.05 52 183 833 38 20 10 2,393
Zn, Pb, and Fe in percent;all other valuesin ppm; P. Soler,writ. commun.,Paris

TABLE 5. TraceElementAnalyseson Pure SphaleriteSamplesfrom Oresin the SanVicenteDolomite
Sample Ag Co Cu Ga In Ge Mn Mo Ni T1 Va
FSV-3 29.0 7.5 1 8.1 0.33 11 152 1.6 1 11.0 1.50
FSV-39 23.0 8.8 0 1.3 0.1 36 52 2.2 1 7.4 0.3
FSV-44-IIa n.a. n.a. n.a. 50.0 0.57 62 n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.0 n.a.
FSV-44-IIb n.a. 21.0 73 40.0 0.72 44 285 1.7 3.8 8.0 2.00
FSV-54-I n.a. 16.0 23 28.0 0.16 49 79 65.0 1 7.3 0.55
FSV-79 1.5 6.8 I 2.8 0.10 29 95 2.0 4.8 3.7 0.73
All valuesin ppm; n.a. -- not analyzed.

Opticalemission
spectrography,
in part with doublearctechnique;E. Stroll,writ. commun.,Vienna
Isotopic Investigations Dolomite samplesfrom the ore-bearinghorizons

havea relativelyhigh Mn content,whichisconsistent
This investigationhasfocusedon possibleisotopic with the XRF and AAS analysesof whole-rocksam-
differencesin subsequent generationsof carbonates pies.In Table 3 notethat the samplepreparationand
and sulfidesin order to characterize the diagenetic someof the analysismethodsare differentfromthose
evolutionof hostrock and ore. For this purposethe in Table 7, thereforea directcomparisonof the results
followingmain groupsof samplesfrom the San Vi- is not possible.
centeareawerecarefullyselected. 2GroupsB, C, and The strontiumandrubidiumcontentsof generation
D correspond to specimensof the ore-bearingSan I lie in the range expectedfor dolomiticrocks(We-
VicenteDolomiteandSanJudasDolomiteandGroup depohl,1974). It appearsthat, with someexceptions,
A alsoincludeshostrocksof other lithologicunitsfor Sr, Rb, and Na contentsare generallylower in dolo-
comparison:(A) hostrocks(sevenspecimens,seven mitesof generationI thanin correspondingdolomites
samples); (B) rhythmitesandrelatedtextureswithout of generationII.
ore (nine specimens,20 samples);(C) ore-bearing The other trace elements are not anomalous nor
rhythmites(sevenspecimens,15 samples);and (D) do they displaya systematicconcentrationtrend be-
sulfideminerals(sphaleriteand galena,sevenspeci- tween dolomite generations.
mens,25 samples).
Fifty-threeS7Sr/S6Sr and(sO val- Strontium isotopes
ratios,41 (13C
ues,and20 (34S valueshavebeendetermined.A clean Analyticalmethods:Strontiumfor isotopeanalyses
separationof the differentcrystallization generations wasseparatedfromcarbonateandsulfidesamples us-
wasobtainedby usinga modifieddentaldrill andbin- ing standardtechniquesof dissolutionandcationex-
ocularmicroscope. The strontiumisotoperatioswere change chromatography. Strontium isotope ratios
determined at the B.R.G.M. (Orleans,France), and were measuredon a FinniganMAT 261 solidsource
the sulfurisotopeanalyses were performedby C. W. massspectrometerequippedwith a doublecollector
Field at OregonStateUniversity.The carbonandox- system.During the periodof analyses the meanvalue
ygen isotopeanalyseswere performedby H. Gor- of 12 analysesof NBS 987 standardwas 0.710277
zawskiat the Max-Planck-Institutf6r Chemic (Mainz, d-0.000022(2 0'..... ) fortheSTSr/S6Sr ratio.TheS6Sr/
Germany).The rubidiumcontentsin carbonates were SSSrisotoperatiosreportedin Tables7 and 8 were
analyzedby AASby R. Sobott(Preussag-BerkhSpen,normalizedto a value of 0.1194 for S6Sr/SSSr. The
Germany),andfor comparison, in a few samples, by SVSr/S6Sr ratioswere obtainedduringrunsof eight
neutronactivationby E. Pernicka(Max-Planck-Insti- blocks with ten scans each. Error on these ratios is at
tut fiir Kernphysik,Heidelberg,Germany). the 2a level where 2a .... = 2 standard deviation
A petrographicdescriptionof the specimens ana- n blocks. TheSTSr/S6Sr runsofthesulfide samples
lyzedis givenin Table 6. The traceelementcontents were of similarquality and precisionto thoseof car-
are givenin Table 7. The selectedspecimens include bonateandwhole-rocksamples(seediscussion of re-
the main facies,both ore and nonorebearing. suitsbelow). Additionalanalyticdetailscanbe found
The geochemicalcharacterizationincludesAAS in Gorzawskiet al. (1989).
analyses for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Na, Rb, andSr. For Results anddiscussion: The resultsofthe S7Sr/S6Sr
this purposesampleswere treated with cold NaC1 analyseson carbonatesamplesare givenin Table 7,
(1N) in orderto avoidsulfidedissolution. thoseof sphaleriteandgalenaare containedin Table
8, and all resultsare plotted in Figure 16.
Among the representativehost-rockspecimens,
2 For mostspecimens two or more subsequent crystallization two limestonesandfour dolostones from differentpo-
generationswere analyzedseparately.For thisreasonthe number
of analyzedsamplesin Table 7 largely exceedsthat of specimens sitionsin the stratigraphic sequence were analyzed.
listed in Table 6. The S7Sr/S6Sr
ratiosare remarkablysimilarfor all
Zn-PbDEPOSIT, SANVICENTE, CENTRALPERU 1423
TABLE 6. PetrographicDescriptionof the SamplesUsedfor IsotopicStudies
Field no. Anal. no. Unit Height Description
A-052 HGA-118 SVD 0916 DCR, gen. I: mediumcrystallinedo (ooliticpackstonewith

somecryptalgallamination)
B-054 HGA-117 SVD 0907 Homogenousmedium crystallinedo (oolitic packstone)
B-064 HGA- 120 SVD 0919 Do DCR, medium crystallinedo (oolitic grainstone)
D-001 HGA-041 SVD 1035 Medium crystallinedo (well-sortedooliticbioclastic
grainstone)
D-009 HGA-049 SVD 1048.2 Do DCR, gen. I: medium crystallinedo (oolitic packstone
with cryptalgallamination)
E-037 HGA-042 SVD 0862 Do DCR, medium crystallinedo (well-sortedoolitic
grainstone)with do veinlets
E-038 HGA-051 SVD 0863 Do DCR, medium crystallinedo (oolitic grainstonewith
cryptalgallamination)with do veinlets
FSV-007 HGA-059 SVD 0923 Sl-doDCR, fine-grainedsl and do (mudstonewith cryptalgal
lamination)
FSV-009 HGA-122 SVD 0953 Do DCR, finely crystallinedo and sl (packstonewith algal
mats)
FSV-015 HGA-038 BSL 1117 Bituminoussilty limestonewith fossilfragments(mudstone)
FSV-018 HGA-039 BSL 1145 Bituminouslaminatedsandylimestone
FSV-038 HGA-044 SVD 0853 Do DCR, layersof finely crystallinedo (pellet wackestone
with algallamination)and of mediumcrystallinedo (oolitic
packstone)
FSV-039 HGAo046 SVD 0853 Sphaleritewith very coarselycrystallinedo
FSV-041 HGAo061 SVD 0881 Sl-doDCR, gen. I: sl + medium crystallinedo (oolitic
grainstone,layersof laminatedpellets)
FSV-044 HGA-063 SVD 0923 Sl-doDCR, gen. I: sl-bearingfinely crystallinedo
(pelmicrite?)
FSV-044 HGA- 150 SVD 0923 Sl-doDCR, gen. I: sl-bearingfinely crystallinedo
(pelmicrite?)
FSV-052 HGA-053 SJD 0530? Do DCR, gen. I: medium crystallinedo (oolitic grainstone
with somecryptalgallamination)
FSV~052 HGA-054 SJD 0530? Gen. II: do
FSV-052 HGA-055 SJD 0530? Gen. III: calcite
FSV-073 HGA-056 SVD 0943 Do DCR, gen. I: medium crystallinedo (well-sortedoolitic
packstone)
FSV-079 HGA- 124 SVD 0953 Do-sl DCR, gen. I: medium crystallinedo (packstoneto
grainstone)
FSV-210-5 SVD 0854 Finely crystalline do (mudstone)
FSV-215 HGA-126 SVD 0923 Sl-doDCR, fine- to medium-grainedsl with somedo and
cryptalgallamination)
K-043 HGA-040 NL 0755 Do (silty wackstonewith lithoclasticfragments,foreslope
breccia)
MT-003 HGA-115 RS -0028 Calcite-cemented sandstone
NEP- 12 HGA- 187 SJD 0711 Finely crystalline do
T-078 HGA- 186 BS 0420.7 Limestone(intramicrite-wackestone)
T-090 HGA- 116 SJD 0490 Medium crystallinedo (oolitic grainstone)
T-103 HGA-047 SJD 0569 Do DCR, medium crystallinedo (bioclasticoolitic grainstone)
Metersabovethe bottomcontactof the carbonatesequence

Abbreviations:DCR -- diageneticcrystallizationrhythmites,do = dolomite,gen. = generation,sl = sphalerite;BS = BasalSeries,
BSL = BituminousSilty Limestone,NL = Neptuno Limestone,RS = Red Sandstone,SJD -- SanJudasDolomite, SVD -- SanVicente
Dolomite
samples(avg= 0.70806, Fig. 16). All of thesesamples Materialof generationI (generallydarkfine-crys-

are very slightly enriched in radiogenic strontium talline dolomite) and generationII (white coarse-
compared to the estimatedS7Sr/S6Sr ratioof 0.7075 crystallinedolomite)wasanalyzedseparatelyfor ore-
to 0.7078 for seawaterduring Upper Triassic and free diageneticcrystallization rhythmitesandrelated
Lower Jurassictimes(Burkeet al., 1982). SampleMT- textures.The resultslie in the samerange as those
003, which was taken from the Red Sandstone at for the hostrocks.However,dolomiteof generation
the base of the transgressivesequence,is consid- II is alwaysslightlymoreradiogenicthandolomiteof
erablyenrichedin radiogenicstrontium(S?Sr/S6Sr generationI of the samesample(Fig. 16). In the ore-
=0.70889). bearingdiageneticcrystallization
rhythmitesthe do-
1424 L. FONTBOT AND H. GORZA WSKI
Zn-Pb DEPOSIT,SAN VICENTE, CENTRALPERU 1425
TABLE8. Resultsof S and Sr IsotopeDeterminationsof SulfideSamplesfrom SanVicente
Lithologic Anal. no. (a4S

Field no. unit Manto (HGA-) Description (%0,CDT) S7Sr/S6Sr 2a
FSV-039 SVD 2 92 Massivesphalerite 12.1

149 Massivesphalerite 12.2 0.70838 0.00022
153 Galena 6.8 0.70810 0.00004
FSV-041 SVD 3p 78 DCR: sphaleriteI 13.0
79 DCR: sphaleriteII 12.8
80 DCR: galena 6.9
FSV-007 SVD 3t 75 DCR: sphaleriteI 10.4
76 DCR: sphaleriteIIa 9.7
77 DCR: sphaleriteIIb 9.4
FSV-044 SVD 3t 81 Sphalerite 10.1
82 Sphalerite 11.0
83 Sphalerite 11.0
84 Sphalerite 9.9
85 Sphalerite 11.5
86 Sphalerite 10.8
87 Sphalerite 10.0
88 Sphalerite 10.8
89 Sphalerite 10.2
1,50 DCR: sphalerite I 0.70816 0.00008
151 DCR: sphalerite II 0.70873 0.00003
FSV-215 SVD 3t 154 Galena 0.70798 0.00003
FSV-009 SVD Ayala 122 DCR: sphaleriteI 0.70788 0.00002
148 DCR: sphaleriteII 0.70803 0.00002
FSV-079 SVD Ayala 124 DCR: sphaleriteI 10.6 0.70796 0.00003
152 DCR: sphaleriteII 9.9 0.70809 0.00001
See Table 6 for abbreviations
lomiteof generationII is generallyalsoslightlymore thanfor carbonatesfromthe samespecimen.Accord-

radiogenicthan that of generationI (Fig. 16). ing to their positionin the crystallizationsequence,
The lastset of samplescomprisessulfideminerals the latersulfidesareslightlybut significantly
enriched
(Table 8). In selected specimensdifferent sulfide in radiogenic
87Srcomparedto the earlierdolomite
generationswere separated.The analyticresultsshow or sulfidegenerations.For this discussion,
it is irrel-
that87Sr/86Sr
ratiosfor sulfides
aregenerally
higher evantif the measuredstrontiumratioscorrespondac-
87Sr/ 8Sr
o.7o88
dark dolomite I
.875 -
0.70 87 - I-I light dolomiteII
865 ' O colcitel limestone
0.70 86- A spholerite 11
855 ' galena (111')
O.7O85 x ore-bearing samples
845
errorJ ,, ?
0.7084 limits!- - am
57
835 - 5O
43
0.7083- 121
825
0.7082
58
5448
.815
0.7081 SVDI41I 153 9 150 I I 152 I
.805 38-SVDI V I ,li ,I, A
0.7080
49 I
795
HOST
[ &
ROCKS
IlliI 124
0.7079. 61 I 127 x A122b
.785 - x I
0.70 78 -
.775 -
0.7077- Dolomite
Limestone m2 m3p mo svs ch tu
FIG. 16. Resultsof strontiumisotopeanalyses.

Numberscorrespondto numbersin Tables7 and 8.
m2 = manto2; m3p = manto3 pisa;3t -- manto3 techo;ma = mantoAyala;svs= SanVicente south;
ch -- Chilpes;tu -- Uncushtunnel.
tually to Sr bound in the sulfidelattice or to very moreradiogenicvalueslate in the paragenesis. In situ

minutefluidor carbonateinclusions. The pointisthat element exchangebetween silicate and carbonate
thesedatareflectthe S7Sr/S6Sr ratio duringsulfide phasesduring burial diagenesis(as suggestedby
precipitation. A possible problemof the S7Sr/S6Sr ra- Veizer and Compston,1974) can play only a very
tios in sulfides is that as the strontium content in sul- subordinate rolebecauseof the extremelylow content
fidesis very low (lessthan 1 ppm), the influenceof of detritalparticlesin the SanVicenteDolomite.The
the Sr blank is not negligible,and any Sr contami- measuredstrontiumisotoperatios are the result of
nationwouldleadto anincrease ofthe878rproportion mixing and equilibration between the brine--rela-
measured. tively enriched in radiogenic strontium--and the
Summarizingthe results:(1) the valuesfor the four carbonatehost rockswhich have strontiumisotope
groupsstudiedlie in a relativelynarrowrangeof 87Sr/ compositionsvery closeto Upper Triassicto Lower
S6Srratios,between0.70778 and0.70835; (2) the Jurassicseawater.The brine/host-rockratio deter-
lowestvalue of 0.70778 lies closeto the rangeof mining the strontium isotoperatio of the fluid from
0.7075 to 0.7078 presentedby Burke et al. (1982) which the coarsecrystallinedolomitesandsulfidesof
for Upper Triassicto Lower Jurassicseawater;and the late generations precipitatedincreasesprogres-
(3) despitethe narrowvariationrangeof the strontium sivelyfromgenerationI, whereprimarysedimentary
isotopevalues,there are systematicdifferencesin the structurescan still be recognized.This is the main
strontiumisotoperatios.The dolomites(andsulfides) explanationfor the higher proportionof radiogenic
of generationI are alwayslessradiogenicthan the strontiumin late generations.
corresponding carbonates(and sulfides)of the later The exactstrontiumisotopecompositionof the in-
generations II or III. Laboratoryleachingof silicates fiuxingbrine is not known. Examinationof the data
(compareBanneret al., 1988) canbe excludedasthe in Figure16 suggests that the S7Sr/S6Sr
ratioof the
factorresponsiblefor this trend becausegeneration brine should lie close to or above 0.7084 because 52
I, havingsomeinsolubleresidues,is alwayslessra- of the 53 ratiosare lower than this value.The only
diogenicthangenerations II or III, whichare virtually exception (sphalerite, sample 151 with a value of
free of insoluble residues. An additional test was car- 0.70873) has, however, some analytic uncertainty,
ried outby analyzingthe S7Sr/S6Sr ratioof the insol- as the possibilityof blank contaminationcannotbe
uble residuein one sample(FSV-052, generationI). ruled out.
The strontiumisotoperatio thusobtainedis slightly A basinalbrine that circulatedthroughdetrital
higher than that of the coexistingdolomiteI, but still sediments couldbe the sourceof the relativelyradio-
lower than the isotopicratio of the carbonategen- genic strontium.Numerousinvestigationsshowthat
erationsII and III of the samespecimen. recentbasinalbrineshavea wide rangeof strontium
Theoretically one might expect a dependenceof isotopecompositionsand that there is evidencein-
the 87Sr/S6Sr ratioson the Rb contentof the carbon- dicatingthat the brinesbecameenrichedin 878rby
ates. This is only possibleif the Rb/Sr ratio is high exchangereactionswith detrital host sedimentsor
enough.The data presentedhere indicate that the with basementrocks(Chaudhuri,1978; Sunwalland
ratiosare very low (Table 7) and therefore this influ- Pushkar,1979; Starinskyet al., 1983; Walter et al.,
ence is negligible.Clauer (1976) and Moore (1985) 1987). Several reactionscan release radiogenic
obtained similar results. strontium from detrital minerals to interstitial solu-
There are only a few other publishedstudiesin tions,amongthe mostimportantare feldsparaltera-
whichstrontiumisotoperatiosof differentdiagenetic tion andillitc formation(Stueberet al., 1984; Gieskes
crystallization generationswere distinguished.In et al., 1986; Chaudhuriet al., 1987). Russell(1985)
most cases where this distinction was made, the
shows thatthe increasein theS7Sr/S6Sr
ratiosin brines
strontiumratios increasewith the crystallizationse-
in southeasternMississippican be correlated with
quence (Kessenet al., 1981; Grant and Miranda,
burial to a depthof 3,000 m andexplainsthisby pro-
1983; Lange et al., 1983; Moore, 1985; Woronick
and Land, 1985; Kesler et al., 1988; Gorzawski et al.; gressivealterationof rubidium-bearingdetrital min-
erals.
1989). It is therefore concludedthat the trend ob-
servedin this studycorrespondsto the rule that the The trend to S7Sr-enriched
compositions
in later
mineralsformedat the end of a diageneticcrystalli- crystallizationgenerationsis alsoobservedin other
zationsequenceare, in general,moreradiogenicthan MississippiValley-type ore deposits(Kessenet al.,
thoseformed at the beginning. 1981; Langeet al., 1983; Medfordet al., 1983; Gor-
The isotopiccompositionof the strontiumin San zawskiet al., 1989). However, the absoluteincrease
Vicente is dominated by strontium with seawater in those of the strontium ratios at San Vicente is much
compositioncontained in carbonate rocks and re- lower than, for instance, in the iburnum Trend and
leasedby the dolomite replacementof calcite and PinePoint(Fig. 17). The smallincreaseof the S7Sr/
sulfates. Therefore the introduction of a more radio- S6Srratiosat SanVicentecouldindicatea relatively
genic brine is required to explain the shift toward low stageof maturityof the basinat the time of brine
galena
containmoreRb-bearingclay minerals.This ideacan
,l, be discardedbecausethe oolitic grainstonesof the
barrier facies,characterizedby more radiogenicval-
.71300 talcire
ues, are virtually free of clay minerals.A better ex-
.71200 planationis that the faciesdependenceof the stron-
tium isotopevaluesis due to a higherbrine/host-rock
.71100
ratio in the more porousoolitic grainstonesof the
.71000
barrier faciesthan in the lessporousfine-grainedfa-
ciesin the lagoonand tidal fiat.
.70900
Oxygenand carbonisotopes
.70800
Analyticalmethods:The carbonatesamplesused
.70700 I I i i i i , i i i i for strontiumisotopestudieswere alsoanalyzedfor
Sor Aug Pug SV Atp Neu Etm 6ro [ov Sat Pal Pin Vib carbon and oxygenisotopes.Carbon dioxide was
Locolity evolvedfrompowderedsamples by reactionwith 100
0 Cnrbonnfernnge O Ore rnnge *Senwnfer percent phosphoricacid at 25C accordingto the
proceduredescribedby McCrea(1950) andanalyzed
FIG. 17. Variation rangesof strontiumisotope compositions on a modified Varian MAT CH5 massspectrometer
of SanVicente comparedto data for other MississippiValley-type equippedwith a doubleinlet and two collectorsys-
districts. Sar = Caneli Aquas, Sardinia, Italy (Gorzawski et al.,
1989); Aug = Auglaize quarry, Ohio; Pug = Pugh quarry, Ohio; tems.Standardcorrectionprocedureswere employed
SV = SanVicente (present study);Alp = Alpujarrides, southern (Craig, 1957), but no correctionwasappliedfor the
Spain;Neu = Neuqun, Argentina;Elm = Elmwood,Tennessee; possibledifferencesof the fractionationfactor be-
Gra -- Gratz - Lockport,Kentucky;Cav = Cave-in-Rock,Kentucky; tween phosphoric acid and calcite or dolomite
Sal = Salem,Kentucky;Pal = Croix desPalires, southernFrance;
Pin = Pine Point, Canada(Medford et al., 1983); Vib -- Viburnam
(Sharma and Clayton, 1965). The results are ex-
Trend, Missouri(Large et al., 1983). Data for Ohio and Kentucky pressedin per mil differencefrom the PDB interna-
are from Kessenet al. (1981). The estimatedcompositionof con- tional standard.The reproducibilityof the resultsis
temporaneousseawaterfor each deposit is indicated with a star _+0.2per mil for 6sCand_+0.3per mil for 61sO.
(seawateraccordingto data from Veizer and Compston, 1974; Resultsand discussion: Resultsof oxygenandcar-
and Burke et al., 1982).
bonisotopeanalyses for SanVicenteare givenin Table
7 and Figures 19, 20, and 21.
migration and ore formation as discussedby Gor- The 1SOvaluesof hostrocksplot very closein a
zawskiet al. (1989). rangeof-5.5 to -7.8 (Fig. 19). This correspondsto
In San Vicente a basinal brine could have incor- reportedvaluesfor normalLowerJurassic carbonates
poratedradiogenicstrontiumfrom severalsourcesof (Veizer and Hoefs, 1976). Dolomite samplesof gen-
detritalminerals.Theseare the Mitu Group,the Red eration I are in the same range as the host rocks.
Sandstoneunderlyingthe carbonatesequence,and
the Lower SarayaquilloFormation which contains
clastic material eroded from the Brazilian Shield. The 87Sr/o6Sr
two lastpossibilitiesare favoredbecausethe lead iso-
0.7083
tope evidence(seebelow)rulesout the Mitu Group
as a significantsourceand indicatesthat the brine- OOIlllC
borrler
leacheddetrital materialerodedfrom an old upper
crust.
0.7081 lagoon
- N
In addition there is a facies dependenceof the
strontiumisotopes.Samplesfrom lagoonalor tidal flat
facieshave generallylower strontiumisotoperatios
tidal
flat
JJ
0.7079-
II-I1:
I
than samplesfrom the oolitic barrier (Fig. 18). This
waspreviouslyinterpretedin termsof differentmixing
ratiosbetween the radiogenicintraformationalfluid
andoceanwater in relativelyearlystagesof aliagen- 0.7077-
esis,dependingon the faciesposition(Fontbot6and
Gorzawski,1988). However,thishypothesismustbe
rejected becausethe mineralsappearto have crys-
tallized underburial exceeding2 km. The reasonfor 0.7075
the faciesdependenceof the strontiumisotoperatios
FIG. 18. Variation rangesof the strontiumisotoperatios ac-
shouldthereforebe soughtin the lithologiccharac- cording to the faciespositionof the analyzedsamples.I, II, and
teristicsof the implicatedfacies.A theoreticalpos- III are the crystallizationgenerationsobservedin diageneticcrys-
sibility would be that the more radiogenicsamples tallization rhythmites.
0.00 - 880(%o,PDB)
dark dolom,te I
- 1.00 - [] light dolomite]I
...,SO - O calcite / limestone
-2.00 - x ore- bearing samples
...50-
-3.00 -
..50- error
-+2am
timits
-4.OO -
...50-
-5.00-
...50-
SV
_1 117 I x 56 122
-6,00- I 116I38 ISVD
..50-
ISJDI IBSL I
- ?.oo -
9
._50-
-8.00
...50-
-
i
r5
;6 1
112&I
xI ' I I
1
I I 50 I
i
-9.00- Dolomite
Limestone
45
I 52 I
..50- 124 58 I I
-10,00-
_.50-
121 55
-11.00-
m2 m3p m3t ma svs ch tu
FIG. 19. Resultsof oxygenisotopeanalyses.

Numberscorrespond
to numbersin Table 7. m2 = manto
2; m3p = manto 3 piso;m3t = manto3 techo ma = mantoAyala; svs= San Vicente south;ch --
Chilpes;tu = Uncushtunnel.
However, with advancingdiagenesisthere are con- Theothersamples lie inthesamerangeofaC values.

sistentdifferencesin the oxygenisotopecomposition. Again,the light-coloredgenerationII dolomiteis al-
The dolomiteof generationII is alwaysslightlyde- waysslightlydepletedin aCrelativeto the corre-
pletedin 680 compared to generationI of the same spondingdolomiteI.
sample. In summary:(1) the carbonatesfrom SanVicente
The diagramfor the carbonisotopecompositions are remarkablyhomogeneous in their carbonandox-
(Fig. 20) showsa similarpattern. Host rocksyield ygenisotopecompositions; (2) althoughthe variation
baCvalueswhichvary within a narrowrangefrom rangesin the isotopiccompositions of carbonandox-
2.2 to 0.5, which againis a typical rangefor Lower ygen are relativelysmall,a significantevolutionto-
Jurassicmarinecarbonates (VeizerandHoefs,1976). ward a lighter isotopiccompositionwith advancing
63C (%o,PDB)
122
116
$JDI/!38
1
I I
SVDIBSL I I 42
+ 1.50 -
.25 -
HOST 39 I
+ 1.00
,75
ROCKS
SL
I 613
:120:124
I, .....'-2om limits'-
+ 0.50
606&127 i
Dolomite
0.00 Limestone
125
.25 dark dolomite I
- 0.50 O light dolomite]I

.?5 0 calcite/limestone
- 1.00- ,5 x ore-bearing samples
.25 ' 121
- 1.50-
- 2.00-
m2 m3p mt mQ SVS ch tu
FIG.20. Resultsof carbonisotopeanalyses.
Numberscorrespond
to numbersin Table7. m2 -- manto
2; m3p -- manto3 piso;m3t = manto3 techo;ma = mantoAyala;svs= SanVicentesouth;ch =
Chilpes;tu = Uncushtunnel.
63C
(%o,PDB) 11_6

+ 2.0
+ 1.5
38e
122
3_9
.Bl18
" 7- '%"...'_i'
+ 1.0 124 n 51
/ 571
127 n El,,x. 40e. 120/
n 45
+ 0.5 /
n 123 n( 2 60/
/ 58
/ dork dolomite I
/
/
/ /
n light dolomite ]
i / 0 colcite/limestone
-0.5 /
/
/
- 1.0 121
n
- 1.5
880(%o,PDB)
I i I i i i
- 2.0 '
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5
FIG. 21. Plot ]So/]60 versus13C/12C.
diagenesisis observed;and (3) this evolutionis in- the differentcarbonategenerations.

The isotopicdif-
dependentof the presenceor absence of oreminerals. ferencesbetweensubsequent generationsshouldbe
Severalsedimentologic studieshaverecentlybeen similarwithin the depositbecausethe temperature
publisheddealing with stable isotopevariationsin increaseshouldbe roughlythe samefor all samples
carbonate cements and rocks. They establishthat in a comparableparageneticposition.This, however,
small isotopicchangesof oxygen and/or carbonin is not the case(compareFigs. 19 and 20). Alsothe
sedimentarycarbonatesare commonfeaturesthat of- differences in (]so and (]3C of the different dolomite
ten provideusefultoolsto characterizethe diagenetic generationsof singlesamplesdo not correlate(Fig.
evolution.During progressivediagenesisa decrease 21) aswell aswouldbe expectedif the isotopicdif-
in (]soin subsequentdiageneticstagesseemsto be ferencesdependedonlyon fractionationcoefficients.
typical (Dickson and Coleman, 1980; Meyers and A mixingmodelsimilarto that discussed for the
Lohmann, 1985; Moore, 1985, Woronick and Land, strontiumisotopecompositions isnecessary
to explain
1985). These and other resultsobtainedin nonore- the carbonand oxygenisotopecompositions of the
bearingcarbonatesequences are similarto the pattern carbonates. The carbonandoxygenisotoperatiosof
observed at San Vicente. the precipitatedcarbonatesprobablychangedfor
The narrow range of oxygenisotopevariationis severalreasons:(1) the circulatingbrinehada differ-
indicativeof a lackof in situmeteoricinfluenceduring ent carbonand oxygenisotopecompositionfrom the
the crystallizationof generationsI and II (Allan and seawaterthat precipitatedthe original carbonates
Matthews, 1982). However, a meteoric component (generationI), (2) variablefluid/hostrockmixingra-
in the incomingbrine is not incompatiblewith the tios,and(3) temperatureincreases. Evenaninfiuxing
oxygenisotoperesults.Inasmuchasa burial environ- brine enrichedin ]So wouldbe possible,provided
ment is assumed,changingtemperatureconditions the temperatureof crystallizationwashigh enough.
could becomean importantfactor for isotopefrac- However, extremelyhigh temperaturesare consid-
tionationprocesses.Crystallizationof the different ered unrealisticbecausethe normaltemperaturefor
carbonategenerationsat progressivelyincreasing a burial depth of about2 to 3 km is estimatedon the
temperatureswould resultin a progressivedepletion basisof sulfurisotopegeothermometryandfluid in-
of ]So in the crystallizingcarbonate(Dicksonand clusions.In addition,depletedoxygenisotopevalues
Coleman,1980), althoughexactdatafor the equilib- appear to be a typical feature of burial diagenesis
rium isotopefractionationbetweendolomiteandwa- (Land, 1985). The influenceof temperatureon the
ter at low temperaturesare not available. carbonisotopecompositionof dolomitebeing pre-
Two factsindicate that temperaturefractionation cipitatedfrom a fluid is not well known.A possible
alonecannotexplainthe stableisotopeevolutionin additionalcarbonsourceis light carbonof organic
1430 L. FONTBOTI AND H. GORZA WSKI
matter dispersedin the hostrock or from other parts Sulfur isotopes

of the basin.The oxidationof organicmatter, with Analyticalmethods:
Analyses
reportedin thisstudy
(13Corganic
= about-25 per mil/PDB,releases
light are discussed
in Gorzawskiet al. (1990) and are car-
carbon,which can contribute to the total HCO source ried out on 20 individual sulfide concentrates that
for carbonateprecipitation.The minor changeob- were extractedfrom five samples.The sulfidesulfur
servedfor the i3Cvaluesrulesout in situorganic in eachconcentrate wasconvertedto SO2gasfor mass
carbonasa major sourcefor the carbonatecarbonof spectrametricanalysisof the sulfurisotoperatio ac-
generationsII or III, sincegreater variationswith re- cordingto the methoddescribedby OhmotoandRye
spectto generationI and relative to the host rocks (1979). The sulfurisotopedataare givenin convential
would be expected(Irwin et al., 1977). i34Svalues,representingthedeviation ofthesample
Progressive in situdepletionof the heavierisotopic in partsper thousand(%0)relativeto the CanyonDia-
componentsduring crystallizationof the different blo meteoritestandard(CDT). Analyticprecisionis
generationscouldplay a certainrole in the lastphases calculatedto be better than _+0.2per mil. The data
of crystallization
in carbonatereservoirs.If the system are listedin Table 8 andare graphicallydisplayedin
eventuallybecameclosedto fluid migration,prefer- Figure 22 which also includesthe earlier resultsof
ential concentrationof the heavierisotopein earlier Nielsen(in Schulz,1971) for comparison.
formedcarbonates
woulddepletethe 13Cof the re- Results indicate that sulfides from San Vicente are
sidualfluid, which is the sourcefor the later gener- isotopicallyremarkably homogeneous,are signifi-
ations(KeltsandMcKenzie, 1982; HannahandStein, cantlyenrichedin 34S,andexhibita consistent
though
1984). weak isotopictrend with paragenesis.Many of these
In summary,the carbonisotopedataindicatea fluid featuresare characteristic
of otherMississippi
Valley-
changingslightlybut consistentlyduring ore forma- type depositsas summarizedby Heyl et al. (1974)
tion. The oxygenand carbonisotopecompositionof andOhmotoandRye (1979). The i34S
valuesof 18
the fluid was mainly controlledby the introduction sphaleritesamplesrangenarrowlyfrom 9.4 to 13.0,
of a brine probablywith a differentisotopiccompo- and thoseof two galenasamplesfrom 6.8 to 6.9. All
sitionandby mixingratiosbetweenthis fluid andthe sulfides
are enrichedin 34Srelativeto thoseof pre-
hostrock. A possiblesubordinatecontributionof or- sumedmagmaticor magmatichydrothermalorigin(0
ganicallyderivedcarbon,andthe influenceof slightly _ 3%0),which impliesan isotopicallyheavysourceof
increasingtemperatures,is alsoconsistentwith the sulfurderivedfromsulfatein oceanicand/orconnate
carbonand oxygenisotoperesults. waters,or from marine evaporites.
63s(%.,COT)
?8
.13
19
.12
9
.11
75
12t,
86,88,
83,
82 sphalerite
I
Z sphalerite a
:
+1o 81 87 Zx sphaterite
b
152 8g galena'm'
+9
,/ sphaterite
( generation not specified)
A resuVrs of NIELSEN
+8
V in SEHULZ(1971)
+7
z v
8O 153
I I I
+6 I I
FSV-7 FSV-&I FSV-79 FSV-39 FSV-&& sample no.
FIG. 22. Resultsof the sulfurisotopeanalyses

(fromGorzawskiet al., 1990). Numberscorrespond
to numbers in Table 8.
Zn-PbDEPOSIT,SANVICENTE, CENTRALPERU 1431
The isotopichomogeneityof sulfurin sulfidesfrom icalreductionof sulfateby bitumenmayhaveformed

SanVicente waspreviouslynotedby Schulz(1971), the sulfideoresof the Pine Point deposit(Canada)at
whoattributedthisto a laterhomogenization process. temperaturesof about 100C.
However,sucha processisconsideredunlikelybased Becauseof the lack of successfullaboratoryexper-
onthe resultsof the presentinvestigation
andbecause imentsin reducingabiogenically sulfatebelow250C
of the absenceof a metamorphicimprintonhostrocks there is somedoubt about the significanceof abio-
and ores at San Vicente. Our results demonstrate the genicsulfatereductionasan ore-formingprocessin
existenceof smallsystematic isotopicdifferencesbe- MississippiValley-type deposits(Trudinger et al.,
tweenconsecutive sphaleritegenerations. In the three 1985). However, Orr (1974) and Powell and Mac-
specimenswhere a proper separationwas possible Queen(1984) havesuggested that extrapolation of
the firstsphaleritegeneration showshigher834S val- the kineticdataindicatesthe feasibilityof thisprocess
uesthanthe later sphaleritegenerations(II, III). This at temperaturesaslow as 80 to 120C in geologic
trendtowardlighter834Svaluesduringsulfidefor- systems. Moreover,the likelihoodand speedof this
mationmayreflect fractionationprocesses andmass- abiogenic reductionmaybe enhanced by thepresence
balanceeffectsrelatedto changingphysicochemical of partly oxidizedintermediatesulfurspecies(Spi-
parametersof the system.Decreasingfractionation rakis, 1986).
between ZnS and H2S with increasingtemperature The consistency of the 34Svaluescouldalterna-
duringprogressing diagenesiswouldbe onepossible tively be indicativefor H2S productionand homog-
explanation,but unrealisticallyhightemperaturein- enizationelsewhereand migrationof this homoge-
creaseswould be required between consecutive neous H2S to the San Vicente site. However, as dis-
sphaleritegenerations. cussedlater, faciesconstraintsmake this possibility
Clear constraints canbe set regardingthe source quite unlikely.Thus,the sulfurisotopedistributions
of sulfurfor the sulfidesat SanVicente.Accordingto in sulfidesfrom SanVicenteare interpretedasa result
Claypoolet al. (1980) the sulfurisotopecomposition of H2Sproductionby abiogenicreductionof sulfates
of marine sulfate ranged from about 12 to 18 presentin the hostcarbonate.
throughoutthe Middle Triassicto Lower Jurassic.In Assumingequilibriumbetweenthe sulfidesof gen-
addition,Field et al. (1983) reported34Svaluesof erationsII and III, isotopictemperaturesof 75 and
13.1 and 13.8 for evaporiticanhydritewithin the 92C havebeen calculatedfor two sphalerite-galena
Morocochadistrictin the westernpart of the Pucart pairs(FSV-41,FSV-39) usingthe fractionationequa-
basin. tions given by Ohmoto and Rye (1979). This tem-
Abundantpetrographicdata showthat in SanVi- perature range is consistentwith that indicatedby
centesulfatemineralshavebeenreplacedby carbon- scarcefluid inclusiondata (see below) and partly
ates.In the temperaturerange of formationof Mis- overlapsthe temperature range at which the ther-
sissippiValley-typedepositsthe replacementof sul- mochemical reduction of sulfate is considered to be
fate by carbonatein the absenceof other reactions possible.
can be taken as evidencefor sulfatereduction(An-
dersonand Garven, 1987). This is becausethe hy- Fluid Inclusionsand Organic Matter
drogenionsgeneratedby sulfatereplacementwould Fluid inclusions in the San Vicente ore are char-
inhibit the precipitationof carbonatephasesin the acterizedby their extremely small size. The Japan
absence of sulfate reduction or other reactions such International Cooperation Agency (1976) reports
as silicate alteration. from attemptsto studythree samplesfrom the main
The isotopically heavyanduniform4S valuesof ore horizonin SanVicente,one from SieteJeringas,
the sphaleritesare inconsistent with a biogenicmech- and one from Uncush Sur. Most of the inclusions are
anismfor the reductionof sulfatein place.Alsothe lessthan 1 to 2/ with very highfillingratios--about
generationof H2Sby thermaldegradationof organic 95 percent.The inclusionsare sominute that only a
sulfur-bearing hydrocarbons isnotconsidered to pro- few dolomitesampleswere actuallymeasured,giving
ducereducedsulfurwith the requiredsulfurisotope a homogenizationtemperature range from 70 to
compositionfor the fixationof metalsat SanVicente 140C. No freezing temperaturescould be deter-
(Gorzawskiet al., 1990). mined.In the presentinvestigation the very smallsize
Abiogenicreductionof sulfateby reactionswith of the fluid inclusionsin sphalerite prevented the
organiccarbon,ferrousiron,or H2 maygenerateH2S gatheringof more precisedata.
that isbut slightlyto moderatelyfractionatedrelative Studieson organicmatterincludereflectivitymea-
to the sourceof sulfur.Orr (1974, 1977) proposed surementsandRock-Evalanalyses.Organicmaterial
that hydrocarbons in combinationwith H2S may re- in the bituminouslimestoneconsistsmainlyof bitu-
ducesulfates at temperatures aslow as80C.Similarly minoussubstances showinghigh reflectance(R.....
MacQueen and Powell (1984) and Powell and = 4.6%). Rock-Evalanalysesof bituminousorganic
MacQueen(1984) have suggestedthat thermochem- matter from variouswall rocksalso indicatea high
1432 L. FONTBOTt AND H. GORZAWSKI
lb Shalpayco [a Volcamc-assocated Ic San Vcenfe

(NVTcenfrat western Pucar (MVT eastern Pucar)
39.0'
38.5'
: "a
/' piafform I Upper
Triassic-
!.
38.0 arc [[[
--IIa,b,c
Magmaf,c
.- bas,n Liasslc
(Pucar-13.)
II Liasslc- Lower
[refoceous
. back-arc IIIUpper
................................. [refoceous
T.e.:t?r? -
.........
18.t+ 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 2o6pb/2o4pb
158:
15.7 dPPER
[RUST
-
15.6'
l_error
bars
15.5
,,,(,,,,1 .........
Nantosde Cafemu EIToqu

19.2206pb/204p
b
Cffuncho
Cateta [otoso E[ Extra6o
Los leas
Ta[cuna o Leore[a- 6race[a Cercapuquo
Punta del [obre
Tmunfo-[aro[a, E[ Plomo, E I Soldado Hua[gayoc
Jau[a, Las [a6as
Shalpayco Machcn
[arohna de
BuenaEsperanza S. Barrolo San Vcenfe
Santo
Domingo [arahuacra-Huampampa
ElJardin
Nanf os B[ancos
FIG. 23. Lead isotoperatiosfrom SanVicente comparedto other strata-boundore depositsin the
Andes.The field of the Pucartratios is decidedlymore radiogenicthan fields for the other groupsof
strata-boundore depositshostedby Pucarftrocks(seealsoFig. 1) and for other Andeanstrata-bound
deposits(fromFontbot et al., 1990a). Data from Mukasa(1984); Flint (1986); Flint et al. (1986); Puig
(1988); Macfarlane(1989); Fontbot et al. (1990a andb); and Gunneschet al. (1990).
maturity,largelybeyondthe stageof oil andgasgen- type depositShalipayco,which is locatedat the base

eration. This high evolution stageis interpreted to of the PucarhGroup near the contactwith volcani-
have been attained in postore stageswhen burial clasticrocksof the Mitu Group.The highlyradiogenic
reacheddepthsover 5,000 m. values of San Vicente can be comparedto the still
moreradiogenicJ-leadrangein the Mississippi Valley
Lead IsotopeInvestigations districtwhich is characterizedby negativeor future
Gunneschet al. (1990) reportleadisotopeanalyses model ages.This is typical of upper crustallead in
of severalgalenasamplesfrom the SanVicentemine. cratonicregionsand of many MississippiValley de-
As seenin Figure 23, where theseanalysesare com- positsin this environment(Doe and Zartman, 1979).
paredto leadisotoperatiosfromAndeanstrata-bound Theseresultsare thereforewhollyconsistent with the
ore depositslocated in other paleogeographicand paleogeographicpositionof SanVicente at the west-
geotectonicpositions,the SanVicente oresare by far ern marginof the BrazilianShield.An importantpart
the most radiogenic.They are also different from of the lead in San Vicente could have been derived
otherPucar-hostedore deposits,includingvolcanic- from old upper crustfrom the BrazilianShield(Font-
associateddepositsat the Domo de Yauli, at Huari- bot et al., 1990b). Geologicevidence,includingthe
pampaand Carahuacra,and the MississippiValley- basin geometry, makes leaching of clastic rocks
Zn-PbDEPOSIT,SANVICENTE, CENTRALPERU 1433
erodedfrom the BrazilianShield(Lower Sarayaquillo Sandstoneat San Vicente) are the most probable
Formationandequivalentslike the Red Sandstone at sourcefor the radiogenicstrontium.
SanVicente)more probablethan direct leachingof The association of the orebodieswith definitealgal
crystallinerocksof the Precambrian basement. Mitu matperitidalfaciescharacterizedby the presenceof
Groupvolcanicandvolcaniclastic rockscannotbe a moldsof sulfatesand abundantorganicmatter is the
main sourcebecausemuchlessradiogenicvalues,in main evidencesupportinga geneticmodelbasedon
the range of thosefound in Shalipayco(Fig. 23), the existenceof two separatereservoirsfor sulfurand
shouldbe expected(Fontbot et al., 1990b). the metals,as proposedby Beales(1967) for Pine
Gunneschet al. (1990) havealsomeasuredthe lead Point, rather than a model basedon a singlebrine
isotopecompositionof host-rockcarbonatesin the whichintroducessulfurandthe cations(e.g., Barnes,
San Vicente sequencewithout directly associated 1983; Rickard, 1983; Sverjensky,1984). This is also
orebodies. The leadin thesecarbonates issignificantly consistentwith the sulfurisotopevalueswhich are
lessradiogenicthan the lead in the ore samples,thus relativelyheavyandhomogeneous andcoincidewith
indicatingdifferentsources.This observationis con- thoseof sulfatein other parts of the Pucartbasin.
sistentwith the strontiumisotoperesultswhichreveal Thesevaluesexcludebothmagmaticsulfurandin situ
an input from brines that were slightlyenrichedin biogenicreductionof sulfateas sourcesfor sulfide
radiogenicstrontium.The SanVicente lead isotope formation.Abiogenicreductionof sulfatewith no or
datatakenasa groupare muchmoreradiogenicthan only minor fractionationcanbetter explainthe data.
data for other Andean ore deposits(Fig. 23), but The association with evaporite-bearing faciessuggests
within the group they displaya significantscatter. that the sulfurwas reducedfrom the anhydriteand
This couldpoint to mixingbetween a Precambrian gypsumpresentin andin the vicinityof the ore de-
radiogeniccomponentand another less radiogenic positionsite, asevidencedby abundantsulfatepseu-
component,assuggested for the ViburnumTrendby domorphs.Consideringthe evaporite-bearing facies
Crocetti et al. (1988). at the districtscaleand the fact that sulfatepseudo-
Conclusions
morphsare alsoabundantin nonore-bearing partsof
the dolomite units, the available amount of sulfur
The diageneticevolutionof the San Vicente ore should have been sufficientfor ore deposition.Al-
deposithasbeen tracedcombiningpetrographicand thoughabiogenicreductionof sulfateshasnotbeen
isotopicdata. Significantisotopictrendswere found achievedexperimentallyin the temperaturerange
andphysicochemical constraints
concerningthe gen- indicatedby the sulfurisotopegeothermometry (75-
esisof the depositwere derived. 92C) and the scarce fluid inclusion data (70 -
The strontiumisotopedeterminationsof hostrock 140C),thisis the mostsuitablepossibilityto explain
and gangueand ore mineralsyield 87Sr/86Sr
ratios the sulfurisotoperesultsat SanVicente. The alter-
which all lie in a very narrowrange(between0.7077 nativeof introducinga brine with sulfurhomogenized
and0.7084), slightlyhigherthanthe estimatedstron- elsewherein the basindoesnot explainthe association
tium isotopecompositionof seawaterduring Late of the ore with evaporite-bearing facies.
Triassic-LowerJurassic times.In detail, smallbut sig- The range of oxygenand carbonisotoperatiosin
nificantisotopictrendsarerecognizedandreflectthe carbonatesis very narrow.However, a cleartrend to
evolutionof the fluidsduringthe formationof the ore lighter isotoperatiosin the late crystallizationgen-
deposit.The latecrystallization generations are always erationsis recognized.This isotopicshiftis regarded
slightlyenrichedin radiogenicstrontiumcompared in terms of an evolving ore-formingfluid which
to the first ones. These results reveal the introduction changedits compositionslowlybut continuouslydur-
of a basinalbrine relatively enrichedin radiogenic ing crystallizationunderconditionsof burial diagen-
strontium,probablydue to circulationthroughRb- esisand steadily increasingtemperature. The com-
bearingdetritalrocks.Equilibrationat differentmix- positionof thisfluid ismainlydeterminedby the mix-
ing ratiosbetweenstrontiumcontainedin the brine ing ratios with the host rock as well as by the
andin the hostrockcanexplainthe observedpatterns. introduction of a basinal brine. Subordinate incor-
For the last generationsthe brine/rock ratio was porationof light organiccarbonis possible.In situ
higher and thereforethe valuesare alsomore radio- meteoric influence can be ruled out since sharper
genic.In addition,the strontiumisotopecomposition changeswouldbe expected.
of the basinal brine evolves with time toward more It can be concluded that the San Vicente lead-zinc
radiogenicratios as a consequenceof an increasing depositformedduringlate stagesof diagenesis under
exchangereactionwith Rb-bearingphases.Combined considerableburialby the introductionof a zinc- and
evidenceof strontiumandleadisotopedeterminations lead-bearingbasinalbrinecharacterizedby strontium
suggeststhat clasticrockserodedfrom the Precam- isotoperatiosslightlyhigherthan contemporaneous
brianuppercrustof the BrazilianShield(LowerSara- seawaterand highly radiogeniclead isotoperatios.
yaquillo Formation and equivalentslike the Red The temperaturesindicatedby sulfur isotopegeo-
1434 L. FONTBOTt AND H. GORZAWSKI
thermometry,andalsosupportedby preliminaryfluid 3. The sulfur appearsto have been abiogenically

inclusiondata,wouldbe consistent with temperatures reducednear the depositionsiteandincorporateddi-
attainedthroughthe normalgeothermalgradientat rectlyto the ore-formingfluid.Duringcrystallization
a burial depth of about 2 to 3 km by the end of the the sulfur isotope composition changed toward
Jurassicperiod. A burial depth of about 2 to 3 km slightlylighter34Sratios.
wouldalsobe consistent with conditionsrequiredfor 4. Lead and by analogyzinc have been supplied
oil generation.This processis necessaryto explain almostentirelyby the basinalbrine.Slightlyscattering
the depositionof massivebitumenin generationIII. valuesalonga mixingline indicatecontributionsfrom
The oil generationcould either take place closeto at leasttwo lead sources.The scatteringof the lead
the ore deposit, becausethe host rocks are rich in isotoperatiosarguesfor compositional changesin the
dispersedorganicmatter (the BituminousSiltyLime- basinalbrine duringore formation.
stonehasbeen identified as an oil sourcerock), or 5. The fluid becameenrichedin the laststagesof
hydrocarbons couldbe introducedby a basinalbrine. crystallizationin bitumen,asevidencedby deposition
The geneticmodelof SanVicenteis envisagedes- of massivebitumenin generationIII (alwayspostdat-
sentiallyas a single-stage event characterizedby a ing the ore minerals).Both oil generationnear the
progressiveore fluid evolution.For discussion pur- ore depositandintroductionof bitumenwith the ba-
poses,the existenceof two fluidscanbe considered: sinai brine can be considered.
a fluid at the site of the ore deposit,from whichthe 6. The fluid probablyalsobecamericherin Sr,Rb,
ore andganguemineralsprecipitate,andan infiuxing and Na becausethe late crystallizationgenerations
basinalbrine. Whereasthe compositionof the basinal are relatively enrichedin theseelements.
brine canbe consideredto be relatively constantor
to changeonlyslowly,the composition of the fluid at Petrographicobservations, in particularthe almost
the depositionalsite changeslocally dependingon total absenceof repetitionsin the parageneticse-
various factors. The element content of this fluid is quence,supportthe hypothesis of a singleore-forming
determinedby the steadycontributionof the basinal event. This created manifold crystallization features,
brine, but it alsochangesdue to differentfluid/host- including diagenetic crystallization rhythmites and
rockmixingratiosin differentpartsof the oredeposit. hydraulic breccias produced in an overpressure re-
Other parametersalsoplay an importantrole, as,for gime. Dolomite dissolution features, observed in
instance,precipitationof new minerals,reductionof breccias and in other structures, are probably due to
SO-4 to S-, andeventually,incorporation of in situ the local abundanceof hydrogenions liberated by
organiccarbon. Oil generationnear the deposition the replacementof sulfateby carbonate.
siteis a further possibilitywhich mustbe considered. Textural and isotopicevidenceindicatesunequiv-
In addition,the physicochemical parameters(suchas ocally that the gangueof coarselycrystallinedolomite
T, ell, and pH) of the ore fluid controlthe precipi- and the ore mineralsessentiallyformed duringthe
tationand/ordissolution of mineralsand,in part,their sameprocess.However,thisdolomitemayhavebeen
isotopic ratios.
produced,at leastin part, by recrystallization of a
The evolution of the fluid has been traced using former dolomite that originated during early stages
of diagenesis. This is stronglysuggested by the strict
petrographicand geochemicalevidence,including facies-bound character of the dolomitic units. The
isotopicdeterminationson samplesfrom different lower strontium contentsand the favorable deposi-
parageneticpositions.The contributions
to the ore tional environment would be consistent with the ex-
matter from the basinal brine and from the host rock
istenceof a former dolomiteproducedduring early
canbe envisagedasfollows:
diagenesis.
1. Duringthe process of ore formationthe stron- Finally, someconstraintscanbe placedregarding
tiumisotopes becameprogressively moreradiogenic. the time parametersand dynamicsof the migration
Thiswasdueessentially to higherbrine/host-rock ra- of the lead-andzinc-bearingbrinethatproducedthe
tiosin the lastgenerations.
In addition,the strontium SanVicenteore deposit.If the temperaturerangeof
of the basinalbrine becameincreasinglymore radio- 70 to 100C is confirmed,an Upper Jurassicage
genic during basin evolution due to progressive could be envisaged,i.e., coevalwith the burial of
leachingof rubidium-bearingsilicates. about 2 to 3 km due to sedimentation of the Lower
2. The stableisotopes(C andO) precipitating from SarayaquilloFormation. The subsequentdeposition
the fluid becameprogressively slightlylighter. This during the Cretaceousof thick clastic sequences
trend resultsfrom a combinationof temperatureef- would resultin higher temperatures(in the rangeof
fects,differentmixingfluid/hostratios,andincorpo- up to 200C for a burial depthof 5,000 m). The only
ration of organiccarbon,even without considering very slightradiogeniccharacterof the strontiumiso-
the otherwiseprobableinfluenceof the inputof the tope ratioscouldindicatea relativelyimmaturestage
basinal brine. of the basin,althoughotherreasons couldalsoexplain
thisfeature.The epeirogenic
movements
thatuplifted Capdevila,R., Mgard, F., Paredes,J., and Vidal, P., 1977, Le
the Marafi6ngeoanticline,which dissectedthe Pucart batholite de San Ram6n, Cordill're Orientale du Prou central:
Geol. Rundschau,v. 66, p. 434-446.
basinat the endof the Jurassic,
couldhaveinfluenced Chaudhuri,S., 1978, Strontiumisotopiccompositionof several
the brine dynamics. oilfield brines from Kansas and Colorado: Geochim. et Cos-
mochim.Acta, v. 42, p. 329-331.
Acknowledgments Chaudhuri, S., Broedel, V., and Clauer, N., 1987, Strontium iso-
We expressour appreciationto the staffof SanIg- topic evolutionof oil-fieldwatersfrom carbonatereservoirrocks
in Bindley field, central Kansas,U.S.A.: Geochim. et Cosmo-
naciode Morococha, S.A., in SanVicente,especially chim. Acta, v. 51, p. 45-53.
to R. Tejada,JuanNeyra, andJuanCarlosAlcaldefor Clauer,N., 1976, Gochemieisotopiquedu strontiumdesmilieux
their supportduringthe presentinvestigation. In ad- sdimentaires.Applicationh la gochronologiede la couverture
dition to the individuals and institutions mentioned du cratonouest-africain:Sci.Geol., Paris,Mere. 45, 256 p.
in the isotopicchapterswe would like to thank E. Claypool,G. E., Holser, W. T., Kaplan,I. R., Sakai,H., and Zak,
Schroll, in Vienna, and in P. Soler, in Paris, for their I., 1980, The agecurvesof sulfurandoxygenisotopesin marine
sulfateandtheir mutualinterpretations: Chem.Geology,v. 28,
permissionto use unpublishedanalyticaldata. The p. 199-260.
presentinvestigation hasbenefitedby grantsfromthe Craig, H., 1957, Isotopicstandardsfor carbonand oxygenand
EuropeanCommunities(contractMSM-010-D). We correctionfactorsfor massspectrometricanalysisof carbon
alsoacknowledge datafromthe unpublished Master's dioxide:Geochim.et Cosmochim.Acta, v. 12, p. 133-149.
Crocetti, C. A., Holland, H. D., and McKenna, L. W., 1988, Iso-
thesisof E. Gonzdezandillustrationdraftingby E. topic compositionof lead in galenasfrom the ViburnumTrend,
Gonzalez,H. SchiSnfelder,
andS.Rosas,Heidelberg. Missouri: ECON. GEOL., v. 83, p. 355-376.
The manuscripthasgreatlybenefitedfrom valuable Dalheimer, M., 1990, The Zn-Pb-Ag depositsHuaripampaand
commentsby DuncanLargeandtwo EconomicGeol- Carahuacrain the miningdistrictof SanCristobal,centralPeru,
in Fontboth,L., Amstutz, G. C., Cardozo, M., Cedillo, E., and
ogy reviewers.
Frutos,J., eds.,Strataboundore depositsin the Andes:Berlin-
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EconomicGeology

Vol. 85, 1990, pp. 1402-1437

Genesisof the Mississippi

AND HENDRIK GORZAWSKI

Max PlanckInstitutfdr Chemie,Postfach

The SanVicenteZn-Pbore depositis situated300 km eastof Lima in centralPeru, within

Introduction Lead and zinc occurrences in Pucart rocks and as

FIC. 1. Locationof the SanVicenteminein an outcropmapof the PucarGroup.Geologyaccording

JurassicPucarfiGroup. The Pucarfibasindeveloped ritic characteristics,depositedin sabkhalikefacies.

Western Pucara Eastern

dostic sedimentation advances to the

Hettangian-Toarcianperiod (from Fontboth, 1990).

350 m thick) can be comparedto the euxinicfacies basins,whichare ofteninfluencedby arc-relatedvol-

FIG. 4. Regionalgeologicmap of the Chanchamayo area (compiledfrom Levin, 1975; Capdevila

Three intrusiveunits are distinguished.The San formationphasesaffectingthisareawerethe Quechua

R.Siete Uncush Terropin Son

sandstonedetrital facies at the base of the Pucarfi se- with megascopically

FIG. 6. Stratigraphicsequencein the SanVicente mine. Symbolsasin Figure 5. Under faciestype

FIG. 7. Geologiceast-westprofile through the San Vicente mine. AD = AlfonsoDolomite; BSL

sitionalenvironments:top--dolomitized barrier fa-

This is the mainore-bearingunit. It is very similarto

At a regionalscalethe SanVicenteore depositoc-

FIG. 9. a. Massivebitumen (black)in generationIII of a geodelikecavity. Note the idiomorphic

tation(the NeptunoandBituminousSiltyLimestones). are reportedby Levin (1975). This simpleparagen-

FIC. 11. Reticulatetextureof galena(gn)andsphalerite(sl)in dolomite(do);evidenceof vanished

aspectsof this hypothesis.In particular, it appears rhythmitesdescribedin the presentworkarethought

FIC. 10. Diageneticcrystallizationrhythmitesof SanVicente.a. Mine wall (mantoAyala, 1,652 N

FIG. 12. Dynamicmodelexplainingthe developmentof the carbonateplatformin the SanVicente

SECTION SAN VICENTE MINE

liOE 1900E 20(00E 201hOE

TABLE 2. Compositionof RepresentativeExamplesof Diagenetic CrystallizationRhythmitesfrom SanVicente

FSV-I Sphalerite + dolomite Dark brown Light brown Dolomite q- galena

atic, resulting in dissolution,recrystallization,and The formerpresenceof evaporitemineralsis well

FIG. 14. a. Cockadelikestructurewith clear dissolutionfeaturesand repetitionsin the paragenetic

rly IIB u r i a 1 d i a ge ne s i s ore structures.Featuresindicatingdissolutionof pre-

I i frequent(Fig. 10c). However, dolomitedissolution is

TABLE 3. Major andTrace ElementAnalysesof Host-RockSamples

SiOe,AlcOa,CaO, MgO, andFe valuesin percent,all other valuesin ppm;AASanalyses

highestCaO contents,whereasthe dolomites--San Mn valuesin the dolomitizedportionof the sameoo-

TABLE4. GeometricMean of XRF Analysesof SelectedOre Samplesfrom SanVicente

Manto 3 28.4 4.0 1.17 20 367 1,133 116 43 17 1,560

Zn, Pb, and Fe in percent;all other valuesin ppm; P. Soler,writ. commun.,Paris

TABLE 5. TraceElementAnalyseson Pure SphaleriteSamplesfrom Oresin the SanVicenteDolomite

All valuesin ppm; n.a. -- not analyzed.

Isotopic Investigations Dolomite samplesfrom the ore-bearinghorizons

TABLE 6. PetrographicDescriptionof the SamplesUsedfor IsotopicStudies

Field no. Anal. no. Unit Height Description

A-052 HGA-118 SVD 0916 DCR, gen. I: mediumcrystallinedo (ooliticpackstonewith

Metersabovethe bottomcontactof the carbonatesequence

samples(avg= 0.70806, Fig. 16). All of thesesamples Materialof generationI (generallydarkfine-crys-

TABLE8. Resultsof S and Sr IsotopeDeterminationsof SulfideSamplesfrom SanVicente

Lithologic Anal. no. (a4S

FSV-039 SVD 2 92 Massivesphalerite 12.1

See Table 6 for abbreviations

lomiteof generationII is generallyalsoslightlymore thanfor carbonatesfromthe samespecimen.Accord-

FIG. 16. Resultsof strontiumisotopeanalyses.

tually to Sr bound in the sulfidelattice or to very moreradiogenicvalueslate in the paragenesis. In situ

FIG. 19. Resultsof oxygenisotopeanalyses.

However, with advancingdiagenesisthere are con- Theothersamples lie inthesamerangeofaC values.

- 0.50 O light dolomite]I

FIG. 21. Plot ]So/]60 versus13C/12C.

diagenesisis observed;and (3) this evolutionis in- the differentcarbonategenerations.

matter dispersedin the hostrock or from other parts Sulfur isotopes