Yes, they are indeed consistent in the way you describe.

Please note, however, that while the

suffixes are consistent in usage, they do become modified according to rules of vowel and
consonant harmonies, which you'll learn later.

For example, while the suffix -ca (which is a language-making suffix) is used to convert Alman
(German person) to Almanca (German language), the same suffix becomes modified according to
Consonant Harmony to become -a for converting Arap (Arab person) to Arapa (Arab language).
Likewise, according to Vowel Harmony rules, -ca becomes -ce when converting een (Chechen
person) to eence (Chechen language).

There are four possibilities for the language suffix: -ce, -e, -ca, or -a. What determines when it's
one vs the other? Two rules called "vowel harmony" and "consonant harmony", which you'll pick
up later, as I mentioned.

But if you're curious now, let's look at vowel harmony, first.

Basically, in order to avoid the vocal strain caused by constant ups and downs due to switching
back and forth between different types of vowels, Turkish has grouped its eight vowels into two
groups of four: Aa, I, Oo and Uu constitute the "hard vowels". Ee, Ii, , and constitute
the "soft vowels". In essence, vowel harmony dictates that hard vowels should only be used
together and soft vowels should only be used together, and that these two vowel types should not
mix together. So a word like "kimono" does not fit vowel harmony rules, because it mixes a hard
vowel (o) with a soft vowel (i).

Vowel harmony extends into how word roots interact with their suffixes. In this context, vowel
harmony dictates that the FIRST VOWEL found in a suffix ought to be in the same vowel family
(hard vs soft) as the LAST VOWEL of the root. So, for example, "almak" (to take) is composed of
the root "al" (take) and the infinitive suffix -mak. The "a"s correspond to each other (i.e. both hard
vowels), and the word thus fits vowel harmony rules.

Similarly, the word "gelmek" (to come) is composed of the root "gel" (come) and the suffix -mek.
The "e"s correspond to each other (i.e. both soft vowels), and the word thus fits vowel harmony
rules.
So now that you know the first basic rule, you can figure out which of the four options (-ce, -e, -
ca, or -a) is appropriate to append to the root "Alman" (German person) to get from the person
to the language. The answer is either -ca or -a, because the almAn (i.e. the last vowel in the root)
needs to go together with a vowel in the same family, which in this case is a hard vowel (a).

So, now that you've narrowed it down to two options, how do you get to the correct one? That's
where our second rule, consonant harmony, comes in.

As is the case with vowels, Turkish separates its consonants into soft consonants and hard
consonants. A handful (, Ff, Hh, Kk, , Ss, Tt, Pp) constitute the hard consonants, while the
rest, (Bb, Cc, Dd, , Gg, Kj, Ll, Mm, Nn, Rr, Vv, Yy, Zz) are considered soft consonants.

If you want to remember the hard consonants, a mnemonic would be "(CH)arlie's (F)arms (H)ave
(K)ept (S)ome (SH)ockingly (T)ubby (P)igs." (=Ch, and S=Sh)

Just like vowel harmony, consonant harmony dictates that soft and hard families should go
together and should not mix. This is applied when determining how word roots interact with their
suffixes. The rule is that the FIRST CONSONANT found in a suffix ought to be in the same
consonant family (hard vs soft) as the LAST CONSONANT of the root. So, for example, "Trke"
(Turkish language) is composed of the root "Trk" (Turkish person) and the language suffix -e. The
"K" of the Trk (i.e. the last letter of the root) is in the same consonant family as the "" of -e (i.e.
the first letter of the suffix). They are both hard consonants. Thus, the word fits consonant
harmony rules.

Consonant harmony warns that in cases where the two consonants do not belong to the same
family, the starting consonant of the SUFFIX should be changed to the same consonant family as
the last consonant of the root by substituting a corresponding/equivalent consonant from the
other family.

In such a case, soft consonants Bb, Cc, Dd, Gg become hard consonants Pp, , Tt, Kk,
respectively. That is, B>P, C>, D>T, and G>K.
So, now that you know this second rule, let's go back to our original example.

As you'll recall, we were trying to determine how to create the word for the "German language"
using the root "German person" (Alman). We had started out with four possible suffixes (-ce, -e, -
ca, or -a), but had narrowed our options down to two (-ca, or -a) using vowel harmony.

Now, let's apply the second rule we learned, i.e. consonant harmony, to figure out which is the
correct option.

The root is "Alman". This word ends with an "n", which is a soft consonant. This means that
according to consonant harmony, the first consonant of our suffix must also be a soft consonant.

Let's look at our two options. We have -ca, and -a. The first one starts with a "c", while the second
one starts with a "". C is a soft consonant, while is a hard consonant. We're looking for the one
that matches our root, meaning that we're looking for a soft consonant.

Thus, the correct option is "-ca".

Let's put it all together for the final answer: Alman+ca= Almanca (German language).

Now that you're an expert, you can tell me how to get from Arap (Arab person), Rus (Russian
person), in (Chinese person), Hint (Indian person), Portekiz (Portuguese person), Fransiz (French
person) and Japon (Japanese person) to their languages. The answers are Arapa, Rusa, ince,
Hinte, Portekizce, Fransizca, and Japonca, respectively.

________________________________________________________________________________
tesekkr ederim - formal and informal situations

tesekkrler - medium formal and informal situations

sag olun - low formal and informal situations

sag ol - very informal

11/11/2016

In Turkish, indefinite direct objects never have the plural suffix.

the woman reads newspapers = kadn gazete okur

the woman reads the newspapers = kadn gazeteleri okur

12/11/2016

Yal vs Eski

Eski means "not new". It can be used for humans too; it's just not the same meaning.

Yal karm = My wife who is old

Eski karm = My ex-wife

13/11/2016

Kediler st ve bira ier

why "icer" and no icerler

I think that you don't need to use the plural twice for the same subject. Kediler is
already plural, so no need to specify it again in the conjugation

But you say cats drink.... not cats drinks !! it doesnt make any sense

It is best to remember that Turkish is not English :) If you have a plural suffix on the
subject, it isn't needed on the verb. It is optional