MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Sch. No. .....A5411 6 Stoain ing Unit = he um} nee cmos fead> (Joan, middle Xe vbbemn). The insen tr pan corss fead> ane conne ted by to pillann be hus ‘there Gress- heads mye togethen thal is dislance bebiseen thee choo cers: fends memain Confents + At the by the hnain »nit a Fryinaulic cufinden - The position of this toylindes i eaves ain the lowe comss- head Hence an the pmessune in the cofinden i neneahen , the lasen cmoss-hend wiser ob 6 3 it —ubban _cocss-hend alsa wise: As such the dislance middie Ys the ubban oss head ineneann ke the distena a & saddle cais-tend decnearen finy specimen tixed Phe Be yiddie coss- fread be Subjected to ftnrion fe axed behocen ere =fead wil be pmession ~ the middie oss-head aanied on +a ae “upsets at Selle senbe acta by ema, migton sitvaked ct +he«\) MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY x) BHOPAL Sch. No. ....L511.4 I Gontlling Ua The _conbell unit “hovser -the fallawing equibmenty — 2) Hydraulic Pump fe matan b) Dynomameten De yewice fy hanging the san D o_changing ang of land d) lead maintainen KEcanding dinanoemendy d high psressug b in the oil mesenyniy ary dinwen _b Go—eledinic melon thnoodh V-belts The roan con be sland b pucssing the ch _manked A ced ctf b the Rt reauiked 'O' on the pane) - Beat ct the iMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPALMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Sch. No. ......2:9113.62)3 Exbeuimert No. Z = ae lensiem “lest Object Deiraminatien of jeld o by Mima HNEND Bneghi d o Pe PES remcenin 3 ongamén Ow} ild re Di men nde tencian ohnoductian?- q ; te tes basically a stotic test - Tt is a ed a 2g ics mechanical tests are bentommed to accem e Fuknens ct mateviiaf fom diffenen abblications: Result 4MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL\ MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Y BHOPAL ~ Sch. No. ...19, Shans : ge_length Fun lood P s Ss _bie ke counnenbending Zhnain a BS iss mig at cf PHESS— Stain nue e blo avenable mea bedimen i bio hict cunve i nnaight Tine Genenaliy. the ¢ imi a . mit tr the po w athens an Shown Me A BeMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Aegain its omiginal size - Tn tne plastic mang mbontont pbeimt is 'C’ tohich connenbonds +o tne Shney at hich elongation tale place withad inan aang _ttad Th an_is Kaan on YIELDIN(n cf the matenial nvestigations frave shou tnat wielding phenomerx Occuns dine +3 ipping oj mram ais 2% mito loved n bilan en patting sahich ane called Luden's linen - Tp ed Ney cautehally, one can see that theme is a slight e fr hence othen = € shnength: befhovieun ilk rnalsial @ penmanent Shnain oF &MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Sch. No. ...ASA162.14..... ke Lame in such a day tot the volume of the sbecimen snemains sa pny hnetching. is into heat \y sbecimen becamen fiat. The highent * hess Which is sustained by the specimen is callfed the ULTIMATE “TENSILE N@TH: > Usreakting _boink ie ind neq at a cemlnin section neducen farts Sue te mediction of ectionay anea cabacity of +he matemial ty extenna) 3 00 also meduces kx tinal, shecimen b af noun a» POINT: ‘The stness defined eanlie ased Upon _owiginal balla sedans. fina an NOMINAL RESS on oe STRESS a ie y thot dines se lowen than the plo E is a measune ofMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPALMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Sch. No. ...251116278MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Tua Exbessimerd No 3 Harpness JEST Sch. No. .... ar become inbonton! - gee besstas es acer aration in -theMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPALMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Sch. NO. ..-..-1 SHIGE banted as tne depth cf a Yolo crode by shecial doit ina me. monni ng at a conplan? sbeed cs _pmessune: Thane ane Othe fests descmibed ying. & i ests but fave a \imiled Field cf abblicafin- fon a auaSafative clo ona 0 cleniah “en _o wide ange pesthabs the rast abblicable texts tre “Sanath lest “in which on anbitamy. scale is .sefup in leon realest ech of which sail qua ScmaichMAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Hamdness “Test The handnes. no: _is_detanmi ned fmom +h p Cad *P' in kq lo the Surface anea A atotiar o O_SgGuane mi) - [ne indenten quane bared — diamon Pun micl a ohich tne angle Wee: Facen is 136° - The _loar oy el _Amorn 5 to 120 ae incneanemenh of Sky. Tn a_test «the saised ee the stanting Jevell lesen p21 iectio loatiog beam plecker @ estat fom tse Je doen sslesn=\) MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL 15116215 Natio cf the abblied load (in kg) to tne uncovemed pmojecked Sch. No. .. iM _sguane mm)+ Tabler ‘thave been fpnebaned \ 2 L on di fPenin lilyin the shanpness of the pt of the conial sted identen A Magnitide of die lead abblied to the identen by o hype D thaving anpest &MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL & th eh 07 with oo dimond inch in modions: The idenPatios Inshnumenf depend ubon the ne. is also an impratant wl hen ihe _hommen Jolis erin a soft Sunfare 14 penehnobey Susiface te seme oxlen¥ befane meboond a & panducen a rae ie aang one cf which ae i a used 9 if taken an the meonune f bandnew: Sie eae PER otic ac Sr antinny, @ minemalo gical Scolle_of hondness in which a mineral wil) sonatth oven minemnbs that ane lowen on tne scofe (srmoll_bandnen no) {br wil) in tunn be ssatched by mirendis hichen on the }used by fan this purpose is the Mona's scale Scale, a _|pmobesed in which hese is measune of eithan the fo _rrake oa ci en__scnatch os the sie ef sorckch omaduce! a G_stylus donum acness Ane Sustcce onden a feed load - The =ae BHOPAL Sch. No. ....... L2111 6213. such a test is offen mefenned to os a udely used test that is of the Sanatch dpe iS rodenn Slants i+ is osed ay a gualtafive Lhandiness siel: Tn addition jp the shandasd nethods cf esting ed epnenentative mM each lot 4 piere 1 he -a2ach piece. Ohne Ist may be gene ayan ai oat aa baw oven the sunface with ai Es #—\ MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL SCH.NO. soeeroeASAN.6245.., micachandness test is meqiimed Jom the thinent shook » Lomeg iere tot con't be fit in the PBoinell machin aby a paciable Bainell_testing chine _om_an mapa tbe Wd chon * Henk sneatrnent ae pin 450 Bryn can be tested methodn « Tre Rack rel? Se _cilso bere men abblicabie in this peter asd ney ae “he _sclanosrobe Pty ee us pootial cahnurnenf Fon the S\oogh nsbectis A full on cuctt dines ne Racket © seale is @ d 3st don al e fmm thick on mome + Thin sheets Sn aie fe siecle betty : be the sibanf cia 000 rachine kens tek ith miemhandneys Pantable teste Fon ness hamrinesses ane melatively \imibed in ost Populan’ Fan § phanen in\\, MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL Sch. NO. ooh L116213, —fantable Ir \eaven fon suntaco pn lace Anco ef maby ahen st tonne —to_lennle_shoag = ai delanminel in a lensicn tert sinco the amount of nelonhc shnoin ions in the handnem test is much ameaten than | 2 fe ° : 7DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MECHANICS EXPERIMENT -4 BRINELL HARDNESS TE indentation or to scratching is called the in test a load P is applied (0 the test piece whose ‘a hard steel ball of Diameter D. This load will cause ‘of diameter d and depth h. (see figure).Spacing of indentation pavin The indentations should not be too close to each other as work hardening lly tala place around the previous indentation. Spacing should be about 2D . Also the indemations should not_be too ¢lose to an edge and atleast a distance D away from the edue Surtace Quality It is absolutely necessary for correct results to make the surface under test perfectly smooth for better material properties APPAR. Brinell Hardness Testing Machine, Reading Microscope, test pieces ete. TION pieces in contact with indenter ball and over flow valve clesed, it is hand pump is operated. Oil under pressure enjérs the main cylinder and pressure regulator. This causes the yoke with the weight hang on it to raise up. The oil pressure and hence the load on piston \shich Is transmitted to test pieed throuh the ball, will thus depend on the magnitude of weig ‘The load is also approximately indicated on the dial. Pressure can be released by op valve, : Hii jDepartment of Appilec Mechanics Experiment No-JS Rockwell Harcness st Objective To determine the hardness of the given specimen using Rochwe! tarcmess test Materials and equipments required Rockwell hardness testing macture Diamond cone indenter 120" Hard steel bail 1.587 mm (1/26") Mild steel and Cast irom specimen. Theory Rockwell test is developed by the Wilson insirument co US Aim S20 Ths tests an indentation test used for smailer specrmens anc barcer malierais The lest s sutject of IS: 1586. In this test indenter is forced into the surface of 2 test pece m tao operations, measuring the permanent increase © degi> of ar mderasior fom the depth increased from the depth reached under 2 datum inact cut i> an sddilions! load Measurement of indentation is made after semounrg De additions! bad. indenter used is the cone having an angie of t20 degrees mace of Sammons Precautions ¢ 1. Thickness of the specimen shouki not be ess than § times the deph of indentation to avoid the deformaton to be extended i the opposite suriace of 8Bp Repeat the procedure five times on the specimen selecting different points for indentation,DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MECHANICS PERIMENT NO - 6 IMPAC °ST OBJECT : To perform the charpy impact test and find the impact toughness for Cl. MS: AL specimens IMPACT VALUE. absorbed by a standard specimen during impact test is defined as impact toughness and is measured in ke-m or Joules, The energy absorbed depend upon (1) Iriaxiality ie. stress concentration geometry (2) Suain rate ie. the weight of the hammer and the speed with which it strikes and (3) Lemperature. For the sake of comparison the notch geometry, size of specimen. shape. w speed of hammer are standardized. t and NOTCHED BAR IMPACT alamping device. It can be released by a simultaneously pulling out a pin ind pressing down the releasing lever. In the raised position the pendulum has a potentia 1 rests on bearings. Thespendulum motion can be To the pendulum is attached the driver which drives the pointer braked by brake lever IP no specimen is kept. and the pendulum is released, the points will read 0 kgm, indicating that no energy is absorbed at the specimen. Thus the scale is graduated with O it the top and 15/30 kgm reading below, so that the reading obtained gives directly the nergy absorbed in breaking the specimen The pendulum weighs as much as 22.3 ky to 26.8 kg and is usually lifted to its starting point by hand. In this ease it has its potential energy equal to Wh, where W is the weight of hammer and h the height of its e.g. from lowest point. Upon release and during the descent of hammer its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. At the point of strike which corresponds to its lowest position, the K.E. of the pendulum is Wh. A part of this K.E, goes in to fracture the specimen, while remainder carries the pendulum to certain height say h’, At this height whole of K.E. will transform into P.E. This means absorbed in fracturing the specimen, or the ener Impact value ~ W (h-h’). a test one does not need to measure h and h' but they are indicated in scale placed at the center of rotation of the pendulum (Fig.5). This scale is normally bsorbed by the specimen during facture. However, du calibrated in energy units to read the energy PROCEDURE : | Make observations on the specimens. See if they correspond to IS-1499-1959 as shown in fig.7. Select the suitable pendulum hammer corresponding to either 15 or 30 k-meter energy, as required Lilt the pendulum and lock it in its maximum elevated position Bring the pointer coincident with 15 kg-meter mark. Place the test specimen on its bearings so that the notch is ‘he pecn and the knife edge of the hammer strikes exactly opposite the coms the notch. for this use is made of the alignment bar provided ‘scerlain that no body is in the range of the falling pendul Draw ou the releasi Pin and press the releasing lever down wards The Pendulum will be releasedS.. After ti i @ sample has b Read on the scale the absorbed by the OBSERVATIONS a) Pendulum Energy possessed by pendulum in max. elevated position ~ Impact speed on pendulum hammer on center of sample. - ec Distance of the center of impact from pivot of pendulum - g angle of pendulum Thickness of hammer dise within \v ange of sample Je of pendulum hammer knife edg b) Abutment Angle of inclination 0 degree 10 de Imm Under cut Radius of curvature ©) Specimen Cross-section 10mm X 10mm Length 53 mm Clear span 40 mm Noteh depth 3mm Notch radius Imm d) Energy absorbed Material ergy absorbed by sampleDepartment of Applied Mechanics EXPERIMENT OBIE! To find the Modulus of rigidity of Mild steel using Torsion Appara THEORY Plastic shear strength (Torsional Yield Strength) When a circular rod is subjected to a torque .the shear stress is induced in it, which is maximum al outer periphery and zero at the center of the section. Elastic shear strength is measured by the maximum stress in the torsion specimen, corresponding to a torque load representing the ransition from the elastic to the plastic range. Modulus of rigidity (Shear Modulus, G ) The shear strain produced in a circular rod subjected to a torque is proportional to the torque applied and to the shear stress induced. Modulus of rigidity is defined as the ratio of the shear stress and shear strain within elastic limit. The torsional resistance to deformation in the clastic range or stiffness in torsion is measured by the modulus of rigidity (G). Julus of Rupture (Plastic Shear Strength, £) The plastic shear strength in torsion is usually determined by the apparent maximum strength in torsion and is called the Modulus of Rupture. The modulus of rupture is ‘the maximum stress on the outer fibre corresponding to the maximum torque. (Figure ). § Vorsion formula is given by = 1 f GO } R 1 1 Torque applied f ~ Maximum sbear stress induced R Raxhes of rod at the pont where shear stress is measufed = D/2 J Polar moment of inertia o An estElastic shear strength and modulus of rupture can be determined by knowing the yicld point torge and maximum torque respectively. The modulus of rigidity can also be obtained if young's modulus and Poisson's ratio (1) for that material are known,by usinig the theoretical relation G=E2(1+). : Shear Stress and Shear Strain : I Under torsion , shear stress is induced on plane perpendicular to the axis of the rod and on planes parallel to the axis complementary shear stresses are induced. Due to these transverse “shear stresses, tension and compression on the diagonals. The magnitude of tensior-and compression on these diagonals is equal to the shear stress ‘q’. If the modulus of rigidity of MS. rod is determined by using Torsion apparatus as shown in figure, the rod is being twisted within elastic limit. If torsion rod specimen is being twisted beyond the clastic limit by using torsion machine, it is subjected to failure. The helicoidal type of fracture may be easily observed by breaking a piece of chalk in torsion with the fingers. APPARATUS Torsion apparatus , Weights, Micrometer, Scale etc. DESCRIPTION The apparatus consists of a thin rod fixed at one end and attached to pulley at the other end. A belt is passed from one point on the circumference of the pulley and a weight is attached to the ees oe moment could be applied to the rod. There is a frame which is provi ith a circular are calibrated in degrees and it can be moved the length of the rod. With the help of pointer and circular arc the angle of twist can be 1 ee THEORYOBSERVATIONS Diameter of pulley ness of belt Effective radius of pulley Mean diameter of rod Length of the vod (D) ems. w ems (RY (Di1)/2 ems. (d) = (Ly > Angle of Angle for Mean 0 (Deg) Mean 0 in for | ky load (radians) (0) Thy load