Chng I Computer networking

Phn I : Gii thiu

Mc tiu: Hc ci g ?

Gii thiu khi qut v
Internet l g ?
Mng my tnh
Giao thc (Protocol) l g ?

i su hn trong cc
Network edge (Ra)
kho hc sau
Network core (Li)

Tip cn :

Truy nhp mng, Mi trng truyn
 M t c mng

Hiu sut : Mt mt v tr
my tnh

Cc tng giao thc v M hnh dch
 S dng m hnh
v
mng Internet lm
trng tm nghin cu
Trc chnh (backbones), NAP, ISP

Lch s pht trin Internet

1: Introduction 1
 n gin - Internet l g ?

Hng triu cc thit b : h router
workstation
thng u cui
server
 Trm lm vic (workstation), mobile
trm phc v (server) local ISP
 in thoi PDA, Thit b sinh
hot
Chy cc ng dng mng
regional ISP

ng truyn
 Cp quang, dy ng, sng
radio, v tinh

Router (B nh tuyn):
 Chuyn tip cc gi d liu qua
mng company
network

1: Introduction 2
 n gin - Internet l g ?

Giao thc : Kim sot vic gi router
workstation
v nhn thng ip
server
 V d: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP mobile

Internet: mng ca mng ISP nh
 Cu trc lng lo
 Mng Internet dng chung
i lp vi mng Intranet ISP khu vc
dng ring.

Cc chun Internet
 RFC : Khuyn ngh (Request for
Comments)
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force Mng ca
cng ty

1: Introduction 3
 Internet l g ? Theo quan im Dch v

C s h tng truyn thng cho
php ci t ng dng phn tn:
 WWW, email, games, thng
mi in t, t chcc s d
liu, bu c, chia s tp (MP3)

Nhng dch v truyn thng

cung cp:
 Khng hng ni
 Hng ni

cyberspace [Gibson]:
Mt o gic lin ng giu kinh nghim hng ngy bi hng triu h iu
hnh, trn mi quc gia, ...."
1: Introduction 4
 Giao thc l g?
Con ngi: Giao thc mng:

My gi ri?
Phc tp hn nhiu !

Ti mun hi
Mi hot ng truyn

Gii thiu lm quen thng trn Internet phi
tun th giao thc
Thng ip gi i
c vit ntn ? Giao thc nh ngha Khun
Khi nhn c thng dng, Trnh t gi v nhn
ip th phi lm g ? cc thng ip gia cc thc
th mng, cng nh cc
Hnh ng khi nhn v gi
thng ip
1: Introduction 5
Giao thc l g ?
Quy tc X th ca Con ngi v Giao thc Mng My Tnh

Xin Ch
o TCP connection
req.
Xin Cho
TCP connection
My gi ri ? reply.
GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm
2:00
<file>
Thi gian

Q: Cn quy tc x th no khc ? Rt nhiu !

1: Introduction 6
Cu trc Mng Nhn gn

Ra ca Mng:
 ng dng
 Thit b u cui

Li ca Mng:
 B nh tuyn (router)
 Mng ca Mng

Truy cp mng v Mi
trng truyn:
 Cc ng kt ni

1: Introduction 7
 Ra ca Mng

H thng u cui (hosts):
 Chy chng trnh ng dng
 V d: WWW, email
 Nm Ra ca Mng

M hnh Client / Server
 My tnh client gi yu cu, v sau
nhn dch v t server
 V d WWW client (browser)/
server; email client/server

M hnh ng ng (peer-
peer) :
 Cc thit b u cui c vai tr
tng ng
 V d : teleconferencing
1: Introduction 8
Lp Ra - Dch v Hng ni

Mc tiu: Truyn d liu Dch v TCP [RFC 793]

gia cc thc th u cui.
Chuyn d liu l mt lung

Bt tay: Thit lp (chun byte tin cy, ng th t
b trc) cho qu trnh  Mt d liu: Bin nhn v
truyn d liu Truyn li
 V d : Cho hi trc khi
iu khin lu lng:
tr chuyn  Tc Nhn thp hn Tc
 Thit lp trng thi hai Gi
pha u cui

Kim sot tc nghn:

TCP - Transmission  Pha Gi s gim tc khi
Control Protocol Mng b tc nghn
 Dch v Hng ni ca
Internet

1: Introduction 9
 Lp Ra - Dch v Khng Hng ni

Mc tiu : Truyn d liu ng dng s dng TCP:

gia cc thc th u cui
HTTP (WWW), FTP (file
 Ging Hng ni ! transfer), Telnet (remote

UDP - User Datagram login), SMTP (email)
Protocol [RFC 768]: Dch
v Khng Hng ni ca
Internet ng dng s dng UDP:
 Khng tin cy
a phng tin theo lung,
 Khng iu khin lu lng Hi tho t xa, in thoi
 Khng kim sot tc nghn Internet

1: Introduction 10
Li ca Mng

H thng cc Thit b nh
tuyn kt ni vi nhau

Vn c bn: Lm th no
chuyn d liu qua mng?
 Chuyn mch o: Mch
dng ring cho mi cuc
truyn: Mng in thoi
 Chuyn gi: D liu c
truyn theo tng cm

1: Introduction 11
Qung b (Broadcast) v Chuyn
(Switched)
Mng truyn
thng

Mng Chuyn Mng Qung b

Mng Qung b
 Tt c cc nt chia nhau knh
truyn chung; thng tin c
mt nt truyn s c tt c cc
nt khc nhn c
 V d: TV, radio

Mng Chuyn
 Thng tin phi chuyn qua nhiu
chng mi n c ch

1: Introduction 12
Phn loi Mng Chuyn
Mng truyn
thng

Mng Chuyn Mng Qung b

Chuyn Mch Chuyn Gi

(v d telephone, (v d Internet,
ISDN) ATM)

Chuyn mch o: Mch dng ring cho mi phin truyn thng:

 V d : in thoi, GSM High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD),
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)

Chuyn gi: D liu c gi i theo tng cm
 V d : Internet, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) 1: Introduction 13
Li: Chuyn mch o
Tt c ti nguyn trn
ng truyn c cp
pht cho kt ni

Bng thng knh truyn,
Nng lc x l ca thit b
trung gian

Khng chia s ti nguyn
c cp pht

m bo Hiu sut nh
trong Mch in thoi

i hi thit lp ng
truyn

1: Introduction 14
 Chuyn mch o

Mi ng kt ni gm
nhiu mch - circuits
 circuit cn c gi l
channel

Trong knh truyn gia

hai u cui phi c ring
mt circuit ti mi
ng kt ni

Tng i in thoi thng mi u tin khai trng vo nm

1878 v cho n nay vn tip tc c s dng nhiu ni 1: Introduction 15
Li: Chuyn Mch o
Ti nguyn (bng thng)
c chia thnh phn

Mi phn c cp pht cho
mt kt ni

Phn s ri vo trng thi
ri nu kt ni s hu
khng s dng (khng chia
s)

Bng thng c chia theo:
 Tn s
 Thi gian

1: Introduction 16
Chuyn Mch o : Qu trnh

Ba giai on
1. Thit lp cc mch
2. Truyn D liu
3. Gii phng tt c cc mch

Nu khng thit lp c mt mch no : tn

hiu bn

1: Introduction 17
 Lc Thi gian Chuyn mch o
Host A Host B
Node 1 Node 2

tr x l ti nt 1
tr lan
ta t A ti Nt 1

Thit lp
cc mch
tr lan ta
t B ti A

Truyn d liu
D LiU

ng mch

1: Introduction 18
Tnh ton tr trong Mng Chuyn Mch o

tr Lan ta: Thi gian bit u

tin i t ni Gi n ni Nhn d/s

DATA
L/R

tr Truyn: Thi gian d
liu ra knh truyn vi tc nh trc

tr lan ta: tr Truyn:

d = di knh truyn vt l
R = Bng thng nh trc

s = Tc lan ta trong mi (bps)
trng (~2x105 km/sec)
L = Kch thc gi d liu

tr lan ta = d/s (bits)

Thi gian truyn = L/R19
1: Introduction
V d

tr Lan ta
 Gi s khong cch gia A v B l 4000 km, tr lan ta mt chiu
s l:
4000 km
200 , 000 km / s = 20ms

tr Truyn
 Gi s chng ta dnh mt slot HSCSD
GSM frame c th truyn vi tc 115 kbps
GSM frame c chia thnh 8 slots
Mi slot HSCSD c bng thng khong 14 Kbps (=115/8)
 tr truyn ca gi tin 1 Kbits l

1kbits
14 kbps 70ms
1: Introduction 20
V d (Tip)

Gi s Thng ip thit lp ng truyn v cng nh v Tng thi gian
tr do x l thit lp l 200 ms

tr chuyn gi d liu 1 Kbits t A n B (t u cho n khi bn
nhn nhn c bit cui cng ca file) l:
20 + 200 + 20 + 20 + 70 = 310 ms

20 + 200

20
20

DATA 70

1: Introduction 21
Li: Chuyn Gi Tng quan
Lung d liu c chia thnh Tranh chp Ti nguyn
cc gi tin (packet)

Gi tin ca ngi A v B chia
s ti nguyn mng

Mi gi tin c th s dng
ton b bng thng ca knh
truyn

Ti nguyn c s dng khi
c nhu cu
Bng thng chia thnh cc phn
Cp pht ring
D tr ti nguyn cho mi kt ni

Tng lng ti nguyn yu
cu c th ln hn ti
nguyn ca mng

Tc nghn: Cc gi tin
xp hng i n lt s
dng ti nguyn

Gi v Chuyn: Mi ln
gi tin di chuyn qua tng
chng
 Truyn qua mt chng
 i mt chng k tip
1: Introduction 22
Tiu Gi tin
Lung d liu gia hai u cui (chng hn tin trnh Gi-Nhn)
c chia thnh gi tin (packet) Packet c khun dng chung
sau:

Header Data Trailer

Header and Trailer cha thng tin kim sot (a ch, checksum)
Thng tin iu khin cho chuyn mch t u ?

Mi nt trung gian s nhn ton b packet, x l (chng hn nh

tuyn), lu tr mt thi gian v sau chuyn tip packet ti nt
k tip. Hnh vi ny cn c gi l Gi v Chuyn

1: Introduction 23
Bn trong B nh tuyn Mng Gi
Thit b trung chuyn

ng vo Nt ng ra
B NH

1: Introduction 24
Hnh vi Gi v Chuyn
Chuyn mch Gi:
Hnh vi Gi v Chuyn

1: Introduction 25
Chuyn Gi : Datagram

V d: Mng IP

Mi gi tin c chuyn c lp
 Tiu mi gi tin cha a ch ch
 Khi nhn c mt gi tin, router s nhn vo a ch ch ca gi
tin v tm kim trn Bng nh tuyn xc nh nt n k tip

Tho lun
 V d no tng t trong i sng con ngi ?
 u im ?
 Vn pht sinh ?

1: Introduction 26
Chuyn Gi : Datagram
Host C

Host A Host D

Node 1 Node 2
Node 3

Node 5

Host B
Node 7 Host E
Node 6
Node 4

1: Introduction 27
 Thi gian trong Chuyn gi Datagram
Nt A Nt B
Nt 1 Nt 2

Thi gian
tr lan X l v
ta t A n tr xp
Thi gian truyn
Nt 1 hng ca
Packet 1
Packet 1 Packet 1 ti
t Nt A
Packet 2 Nt 2
Packet 1
Packet 3
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 3
Packet 2

Packet 3

1: Introduction 28
 tr trong Mng chuyn mch Gi
Cc gi d liu b tr trn
Tr do phi x l ti nt:
ton tuyn ng n ch  Kim tra xem c li bit
khng?

4 nguyn nhn gy tr ti
 Xc nh ng ra
mi chng

Tr do xp hng
 i ti cng ra truyn i
tip
 Ph thuc vo mc tc
Truyn
nghn ca router
A Lan ta

B
X l
ti nt Xp hng

1: Introduction 29
 Tr trong Mng chuyn mch Gi
tr do truyn: tr lan ta

R=Bng thng knh truyn
d = di knh truyn
(bps)
s = Tc lan ta trong mi

L=Kch thc gi d liu (bits) trng (~2x108 m/sec)

Thi gian gi gi tin trn
tr lan ta = d/s
knh truyn = L/R

Ch : s v R l nhng i lng
hon ton khc nhau!
Truyn
A Lan ta

B
X l
ti nt Xp hng
1: Introduction 30
 tr Xp hng

R=Bng thng knh truyn

(bps)

L=Kch thc gi d liu (bits)

a=Tc n trung bnh ca
cc gi tin

Mt giao thng = La/R

La/R ~ 0: tr trung bnh ti hng i nh

La/R -> 1: tr ln dn

La/R > 1: Lng d liu n nhiu hn kh nng c
th phc v. tr tin ra v cng !
1: Introduction 31
Li: Chuyn Gi
10 Mbs
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C

1.5 Mbs
B
Cc gi tin xp hng 45 Mbs
i c gi i

D E

Chuyn gi khc vi Chuyn mch: n Khch sn c

t ch trc ?

V d no khc ?

1: Introduction 32
Chuyn Mch Gi : nh tuyn

Mc tiu: Di chuyn gi tin qua cc router t im u n

im cui
 Chng 4 : Cc thut ton la chn ng i

Mng chuyn mch gi:
 S dng a ch ch xc nh chng k tip
 C th i theo nhiu tuyn ng khc nhau
 V d : i n ng t, Hi ng ch Cng An

Chuyn mch o:
 Mi gi tin c mt th (nh danh mch o), c s dng xc
nh chng k tip
 Tuyn ng c nh c xc nh ti thi im thit lp knh
truyn
 Cc routers duy tr trng thi cho mi knh truyn

1: Introduction 33
So snh Chuyn Mch v Chuyn Gi
Chuyn gi cho php nhiu ngi s dng Mng !

1 Mbit link

Mi ngi dng:
 100Kbps khi s dng
 S dng trong 10% thi
gian
N NSD
ng truyn

Chuyn mch:
1 Mbps
 10 ngi s dng

Chuyn gi:
 Vi 35 NSD, xc sut > 10
ngi ng thi s dng l
.004
1: Introduction 34
So snh Chuyn Mch v Chuyn Gi
Mch gi ?

u im khi gi Khi d liu ln
 Chia s ti nguyn
 Khng cn thit lp kt ni

Tc nghn: Gi tin b mt hoc n tr
 Cn giao thc truyn tin cy v kim sot tc nghn

Lm sao cung cp hnh vi ging chuyn mch ?
 m bo bng thng cho cc ng dng truyn thng a
phng tin vn cn l nhng vn cha gii quyt.

1: Introduction 35
Truy cp vo Mng v Mi trng Vt l
Lm th no kt ni thit b
u cui vo cc Router ?

Truy cp t nh ring

Truy cp t c quan, trng
hc

Truy cp qua mng di ng

Ch :

Bng thng ca ng
truyn (bps)

Chia s hay Dng ring?

1: Introduction 36
Truy cp t nh : im ni im

Dialup qua modem
 Tc kt ni trc tip n router
l 56kbps

ISDN: Intergrated Services Digital
Network: tc 128Kbps trn tt c
kt ni n router

ADSL: Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line
 C th ti 1 Mbps nh => router
 C th ti 8 Mbps router => nh
 S dng ADSL ?

1: Introduction 37
Local Access: ADSL

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop

(ADSL)

1: Introduction 38
Truy cp t nh: cable modem

HFC: hybrid fiber coax
 Khng i xng: 10Mbps
download, 1 Mbps upload

Mng cc cp v cp quang kt
ni t nh n router ca ISP
 Chia s router gia nhiu nh
 Vn : Tc nghn v M rng

Ci t: Cc cng ty cp

1: Introduction 39
 Also called
Hybrid
Local Access: Cable Modems Fiber-coaxial
Cable (HFC)

Fiber node: 500 - 1K Ngi nh

Distribution hub: 20K - 40 K Ngi nh

Regional headend: 200 K - 400 K Ngi nh 1: Introduction 40
Truy cp t C quan : Mng Cc b

Mng cc b (LAN) ca c
quan kt ni cc my tnh u
cui vo router

Ethernet:
 Cp dng ring hoc chia s
kt ni my tnh vi cc
router
 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit
Ethernet

S dng ti: c quan, nh ring
( c nhiu)

LAN: Chng 5

1: Introduction 41
 Truy cp qua mng khng dy

Mi trng khng dy
dng chung s kt ni thit
b u cui vi router router

LAN khng dy:
 Bng tn radio thay th dy base
dn station
 V d : Lucent Wavelan 10
Mbps

Khng dy trn din rng
 CDPD: Truy cp khng dy
ti router ca ISP thng qua mobile
mng cellular hosts

1: Introduction 42
Mi trng truyn Vt l

Kt ni vt l: Bit cha d
liu lan ta trong mi
Cp ng trc (TP)
trng kt ni

Hai loi

Mi trng nh hng:
 Loi 3: Cp in thoi, 10
 Lan ta trong mi trng Mbps Ethernet
c: dy ng, cp quang
 Loi 5: 100Mbps Ehernet

Mi trng khng nh
hng :
 Lan ta trong mi trng
T do: sng radio

1: Introduction 43
Mi trng truyn Vt l: Dy ng, Cp quang
Cp ng

Dy (mi trng truyn
dn) nm trong dy (lp v)
 baseband: mt knh trn mt
cp
 broadband: nhiu knh trn
mt cp

Truyn trn c 2 hng

Ch yu s dng trong
10Mbs Ethernet
Cp quang:

Si quang l mi trng
truyn dn xung nh sng

Tc truyn cao:
 100Mbps Ethernet
 Tc truyn rt cao gia 2
im (5 Gps)

T l li rt thp
1: Introduction 44
Mi trng truyn Vt l: Radio

Tn hiu lan truyn trong Cc kiu sng Radio:

mi trng sng in t
microwave

Khng c dy vt l  Tc truyn 45 Mbps

Hai hng
LAN (waveLAN)
 2Mbps, 11Mbps

Mi trng lan ta b tc
ng bi:
wide-area (cellular)
 Phn x  CDPD, 10s Kbps
 Cc i tng cn
V tinh
 Giao thoa  Knh 50Mbps
 tr 270 Msec

1: Introduction 45