r wie 1 Gite Cirwoy ment Boa Os caving of he human tute based on the Vewan Nam Mtn Potograp curesy heiene eet = 2 Berta” Fire 1-2 ian Man y sate Gibson {201.3 Bonar London 807 ‘a 15th-century Italian, described the length of a man as equal to his \width with arms extended.* During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci created his famous drawing of tne human figure, based on the \Vitruvian nor-man (Figure I-t). Inthe mid-19th century John Givson and J. Bonomi were also to reconstruct the Vitruvian figure (Figure 1-2), and later, more than 2000 years alter Vitruvius wrote his ten books on architecture, Le Corbusior was to revive interest in the Vitruvian norm with his creation of Modular No. 1 (Figure |). No discussion of body size and proportion, however, would be com- plete without mention of the so-called Golden Section, the name ‘given in the 13th century tothe proportion derived from the divisions of a line into what Eucld in 300 8.c. Greece called "extreme and ‘mean ratio."$ According to Euclid, a line is cut in such a ratio only ‘when the "whole line isto the greater segment, so is the greater to the ess.” Although three terms, a leas, are required for any propor- tion, what is unique about the Golden Section is thatthe third term of the proportion is equal to the sum of the other two. So fascinating was this notion of the Golden Section that in the early Part ofthe 16th century, Luca Paccol, a close friend of Leonardo and Frawe -3. Mocularfoueby Le Co- probably the most famous mathematician of the time, wrote a b00K i, ‘aboutit called Divina Proportione® (divine proportion) in which he en dowed the Gokien Section with many varied mystical properties in both science and art. He contended, for example, that he could de- tect "an aesthetic principle which is found in architectural forms, in the human body, and even in the letters of the Latin alphabet."” Ithas been claimed that the proportion ofthe so-called Golden Sec- tion is far superior to all other proportions. Actual experiments arerea Ta nan 0 ste ‘said to indicate a preference, on the part of most people, for those ‘proportions closest to Euchd's extreme and mean ratia, While it was ‘employed as a conscious element in architectural design during the Renaissance, the architecture of antiquity, as well as that of the Mid- dle Ages, may also have been designed according to the proportion ‘of te Golden Section. More recently. its most enthusiastic supporter was Le Corbusier, who in 1948 wrote a book dealing with proportions: based on it ‘The most fascinating observation about the Golden Section, however, involves the human figure. If horizontal line is drawn through the navel three cifferent body measurements are produced, as illustrated in Figure |-4. One represents stature, or the distance from the top ofthe head tothe floor. Another represents the distance from the navel to the floor, while the third represents the distance from the top of the head to the navel. itis contended that if actual ‘measurements are substituted for the letters indicated, the ratio of stature to the height of the navel above the floor usually epprox- mates 1.618. The proportion of the three measurements conforms fairly closely to Eucid's extreme and mean ratio. Despite Vitruvius’s attempts to relate the human body tothe system cof measurements employed by the Greeks in the design of temples, humanity's basic concern with the human figure historically has been ‘more aesthetic than metrological, more involved with proportion than with absolute measurements and function. Over the last several dec ades, however, concem for human dimensions and body size, as ctical factors in the design process, has steadily increased. No- ‘where has this concer been greater than in the field of human fac- fors engineering, as itis called in the United States, or ergonomics, ait is referred to in Europe. It should be nated, however. that con” ‘cern for body size is only one of several areas of interest to the hhuman factors engineer, or ergonomist, due to the extremely com- plex nature of these disciplines. According to one definition, “human tengineering {human factors engineering, ergonomics, biotechnol- ‘ogy) is nat a single scientinc discipline but a synthesis which inte- grates the biological —sciences—psychology, anthropology, Dhysiology. and medicine—with engineering.”* Ergonomics has been defined in one instance as “the technology of ‘work design” that "'s based on the human biological sciences: anat- ‘my, physiology and psychology.”® In another instance, itis defined ‘more simply as “an interdscipiinary science which studies the rela- tionships between people and their environments.""® Most agree that ‘both terms “human engineering” and “ergonomics” may be used in- terchangeably, and during the course of this book, both terms will be so used ‘The application of human factors engineering has been typically associated with highly complex and limited technological problems in ‘machine and equipment design. The problems have usually involved ‘relatively sophisticated man-machine interface situations: the design of control centers, aircraft cockpits, electronic consoles, and endless rrumbers and types of mitary ar, round, and sea vehicles. Yet to- day human factors engineering relates tothe civilian sector as well The design of consumer products, work environments, transporta- tion vehicles, to name a fow, all require human factors input‘The field was given enormous impetus during the Second World War due to the compelling need to reconcile human capabilities with the technological sophistication of military equipment. The possibilty of human error had to be eliminated. Equipment had to be operated at maximum efficiency under the most trying of circumstances. Prob- lems facing the ergonomist ranged in compleaity from a simple con- trol, such as the push button to complicated console designs for use under battle conditions. Move recently, the ergonomist has had to ‘cope with physiological, psychological, and anthropometiic (the study of human body measurement, which will be thoroughly ais- ‘cussed in Part A) aspects of design problems inherent in space travel. Of greatest significance, however, was the basic realization ‘and acceptance of the idea thal consideration of human factors con= stituted an integral part of the design process, Among the most important of these human factors is body size and dimension as it relates to the so-called ergonomic fit, or the ergofit- ting, of the user to the environment—one aspect of the so-called ‘man-machine interface to which the ergonomist constantly alludes. ‘Most applications of human engineering have, in fact, been inthe in- dustrial and military sectors, Unfortunately, the more mundane apol- cations, such as those found in the design of the interior spaces within our homes, offices, health facilities, schoois, ete., have been relatively ignored. This is particulary ironic since much of the under- lying philosophy of human engineering is based on the premise that ‘everything is designed for people. Where else can the concept of “designing frorn the man, out" make more sense than inthe field of architecture and interior design? It is the purpose of this book, therefore, to focus on the an- thropometric aspects of ergonomics and to apply the related data to the design of interior spaces. The appiication will take the form of an- ‘thropometrcally oriented design reference standards structured to ensure a proper ergofiting of people to the interior environments in which they may Ive, work, oF play. Those interior environments are all utilized by individuals of varying body sizes, weight, age, and ‘physical condition. On a global basis, users may also reflect a wide range of races, cultures, and ethnic backgrounds, Despite the variables involved, however, the interface between the User and the designed interior environment, or ergofit, must ensure ‘comfortable, safe, and efficient enjoyment ofthat environment. Work ‘surface heights in a kitchen, office, or home workshop; allowances: {or seating around a dining or conference tab heights for shelves in an apartment or library; coridor widths in a home or public building — all must reflect the human factor of body size. In certain situations, \we are, for a number of reasons, requited to design for alarge mixed User population. At the other extreme, we may be obligated to design for a single user. In stil other situations, the user may constitute a specific group—young chiliren, elderly’ people, college students, physically disabled people, etc. tis obvious that ifwe are to respond responsibly and sensitively to the design needs ofthe user, we must become more aware of the metrology of body size and its ergonomic implications.A HUMAN DIMENSION/ ANTHROPOMETRICSANTHROPOMETRIC THEORY 11 ANTHROPOMETRY People's historic involvement with body size was discussed in the In- troduction. Homever, the science dealing specitcally with the measurement of the human body to determine differences in indi- viduals, groups, etc. is termed anthropometry. Pioneering work in this field dates back to the Belgian mathematician, Quetiet, who in 1870 published his Anthropometrio and is credited not only with founding and formaiizing the science, but also with having created the term “anthvopomaty” itself. The orgins of physical anthropology ccan be traced even further back to the late 18th century and Linne, Buffon, and White, who first developed the science of comparative racial anthropometry. During the course of time, a significant amount of anthropometric data has been amassed. Unfortunately for the designer. however, the thrust of much of the effors inthis area was for taxonomic pur- poses, physialogicel studies, etc., and not primarily for the ‘ergonomic implications of body size. twas not until the 1940s that the need for anthropometric data, generated in a variety of industrial fields, but primarily in the aircraft industry, began to develop and in- crease. The Second World War naturally provided much ofthe impo- tus, and even today it is in the miitary-industrial sector that much of the anthropometric research Is generated. Although the discipline has fallen within the purview of the anthrapamettist, anatomist, or fergonomist, itis time for the architect and interior designer to be- ‘come more aware of the data available and its applicabily tothe de- sign of interior spaces. 1 anthropometry is viewed mainly as exercises in simple measure- ‘ment and nothing more, one might conclude that the dimensional data could be gathered simply and effortlessly. Nothing, however, ‘could be further from the truth. There are many complicating factors ‘and dificulties involved. One such factor is that body sizes vary with ‘age, sex, race, and even occupational group. For example, Chart 1-1 ‘shows statistics on the statures (body height) of samples from vari- ‘ous national groups. The variation in stature is quite significant, rang- Ing rom 160.5 cm, or 63.2 in, for he Vietnamese to a high of 179.9 ‘om, of 70.8 in, forthe Belgian—a range of 19.4 cm, or slightly more than 7.5 in{55 SIDE ARM REACH =! eos snoBH oMLIs oe: ONLLIS HOH 343 Ae aonvuyaT9 WOKE eee moons mony wauaeccaet /BUTTOCK-TOE LENGTH <> BUTTOCK-LEG LENGTH oe Face +7. Body mensormans of mos te oe designer of arr spaces‘Similarly “interpupillary diameter,” the distance between the centers: ‘of the pupils, willbe of far more value to the designer of optical equip- ment than to an architec. Damon et al, contend that “if one wishes to describe a group for human engineering purposes, the ten most important dimensions to ‘oblain are in order: height; weight; siting height; buttock-knee and buttock-popiital lengths; breadths across elbows and hips, seated) knee and popiteal heights; and thigh clearance height”? These ten ‘measurements are equally essential to the design of interior. Figure 1-7 indicates all those body measurements that are of the most significance to the architec, interior designer, or industrial do- signer. The necessary data for these measurements are developed inthe various tables in Part B of this book. Table 1 in Part B, entitled ‘Metrological Analysis,” defines the terms and discusses the appl- cation and design implication of the data 1.4 PRESENTATION OF DATA Generally, anthropometric data for use by the designer may be pre- sented in graphic form, as in the well-known Dreyfuss figure (Figure 1-8), orn a tabular form (Figure 1-9). When data are initially record- 4, however, their form, of necessity, is statistically disorganized, Figure 1-10 is an example of a form used to record initial data. Subse- quently, the data are then reorganized in a more orderly and logical ‘manner. With regard to anthropometric data, itis usually restructured to indicate frequency, as illustrated in Figure 1-11. Since individual body sizes and measurements vary greatly within any population, it is nat practical 1o design for the entire group. Consequenty,statist- cal cistrution of body sizes is of great interest to the designer in establishing design standards and making design decisions. ‘The restructured array of data in the form of a frequency table, as showin on Figuro 1-11, bagins to suggest the pattern of distribution. ‘The array of data lists, in order of magnitude from smallestto largest, Certain neight intervals in inches for army aviators and the corre- sponding number of instances in which such measurements were Totes mtiopmeicdatcls gbgorved. Geran information can be immediatly noted. The smal- Henry Oreyluss, The eure Mon, est height interval is from 158.8 to 160.5 cm, or 62.5 to 63.2 in, while ie {he talestintervalis between 191.3 and 198m, oF 75.3 and 76.0in. It dk | eras wait oy UA mania esemnin vr | 4") pee a a {sau or wth azcompanyng agra ot umn Agu o expan mesa ‘nent Dagan and tebe fom Von Cot and Kavals. MumonEngnoerng Gugew Egupmert Design 12. p. 5071.8 PERCENTILES Due to the significant variations in individual body size, “averages” ‘are obvious'y of little use tothe designer and itis necessary instead, ‘o-deal with range. Statistical, it has been shawn that human body measurements in any given population willbe distributed so that they wil fll somewhere in the middle, while a small number of extreme measurements may fall al either end of the spectrum. Since is im- practical to design forthe entice population, itis necessary to select a ‘Segment from the middle portion. Accordingly, itis fairly common to- day to omit the extremes at both ends and to deal with 90 percent of the population group. ‘Most anthropometric data, therefore, are quite often expressed in terms of percentiles. The population is divided, for study purposes, into 100 percentage categories, ranked from least to greatest, with respect 10 some specific type of body measurement. The first per- ‘centile in stature or height, for example, indicates that 99 percent of the study population would have heights of greater dimension. Sim- ilarly, a 95th percentio height would indicate that only 5 percent of the study population would have heights greater and that 95 percent of the study population would have the same or lesser heights. Per- Ccontles “indicate the percentage of persons within the population ‘who have a body dimension of a certain size (or smalle)."* The An- thropometric Source Book published by the National Aeronautics ‘and Space Administration (NASA) defines percentiles in the follow ing manner: The definition ofthe pereentiea is fy simple. For any sot of data—the woighs ofa group of pts, for exarple—the first peccentie is value lahichis, onthe one hand, greater han the weights of each ofthe lightest {sco he pills and Is, on the other hand, ess than the weights of each of the Neaviest 89% of these men. Similar, the second percentile is ‘greater than each ofthe Eghtest 2% and less than each ofthe heaviest ‘Ser, Whatover the value of K—from 1 to 99—the Kh percentle is & ‘value greater than each of the smallest ks ofthe weights and less than the largest (100 K)%. The 50th paccontle, which we encountered among the averages as the median i a value dividing a set of data into two ‘groups containing the smalest and largest 50% ofthe valuos.* A 50th percentile rating represents fairly closely the average value of ‘a dimension for a certain group, but under no circumstances should be misinterpreted as suggesting that the “average man” has the body dimension indicated. This falacy of the “average man’ will be ampified later in Section 2.2. When dealing with percentiles, two important factors should be kept in mind, Firstly, anthropometric percentiles on actual indviduals refer tocnly one body dimension. This may be stature or sitting height, for example, Secondly, here is no such thing as a 95th percentile or 90th percentile or 5 percentie person. These are mythical figures. An individual having a SOth percentile stature dimension might have a 40th percentile knee height or a 60th percentile hand longth, as sug- {gested in Figure 1-14. The graph in Figure 1-15, representing actual {ata of three individuals, reinforces the mythical aspect of percentile ‘people with respect to all body dimensions. Examination ofthe graph land is very pronounced angular and uneven path clearly indicates,ay Fre 1-14, Human are et. ney, rermaly Greed ma boy amar” arse wth a 50 percent sure may Wot fave «5h porcaae sie ar o 9 0 0 0 0 1 a 0 a 0 a a 0 wf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 9 0 gure +18. A rag indicating te per (tie for vous body aeruroora scPOMETRIG WHEORY 36Fes 16 a) The gap ndoatee mst fren sea goup ae gerwaytal an women as. grup ad hae Pit ot ge From Nana Hea Suey.) ‘The grach males at men a ‘echeaner than woman as group and fae tcp wig soa nen are tena! Hoan Sve that each of the three individuals has a difering percentile ranking for teach of the body dimensions shown: 16 VARIABILITY AND RELIABILITY {As discussed earlier inthis section, a number of factors can cause significant variations in human body size. Individuals from one part of the country may be taller and heavier than those from anather part. A socioeconomic study has indicated a significant difference in stature ‘between people having diferent occupations. A comparison in stat- Ure between truck drivers and research workers, for example, indi- cated that the later, as @ group, were taller than the former. The military, 2s a group, differs anthropometrcally from the cilian popu- lation.!® Men within the same group are usually taller and heavier than the women within that group, and elderly people differ in body size from the middle-aged (Figure 1-16). Moreaver, measurements of {general body sizes within a country may change over a period of time. American soldiers in the Second World War were proven to be taller and heavier than soldiers ofthe First World War (Figure 1-17). It has been demonstrated that ethnicity is also an extremely significant factor in body size. This has been an area of such growing concern and interest to ergonomists the world over that in 1972 the firs inter- national symposium on ‘natural and cultural variablos in human fac- tors engineering’ was held in The Netherlands under the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Body size was one of five top- lcs discussed. Papers delivered at that symposium revealed some very substantial anthropometric ciferences among the various popu- lations of the wort. Fue 17 The gph campaes the mean sae for yourg US. mals wih th yar ‘tmoasuramen ean weaned we au cher," adeane © grown Stave of US mos om generation to genwaton A ficaten of to Nana! Ce far Heal Staises (Haro 3.1970, howe corchies a ha sau gro tend appease have sono in narcan chisren bor air fe 19, Gra _iwpoe fom NASA, Atvopomame Sauce Boo, vlANTHROPOMETRIC DATA/ APPLICATION 2.1 APPROPRIATENESS: itis essential, due to the many variables involved, that the data se- lected be appropriate to the user of the space or furniture to be esigned. It becomes necessary, therefore, for the intended user Population to be properly defined in terms of such factors as age, eX, occupation, and ethnicity. Ifthe user is an individual, or con ‘ttutes a very smal group, it may, in certain stuations, be feasible to {develop your own primary anthropometric data by actually having in- ‘vidual body measurements taken. Surely fone is prepared to take the time to be fitted for a dress or a sult, one should be wiling to spend the time to be fitted for an interior environment or components ofthat environment, particulary since, in mast cases, the later will toflect a far greater financial investment. The measurements, in the ‘event individual data are genoratod, should, however, be taken with proper instruments by a trained observer In situations where spectic body dimensions or other data for @ particular user population are Unavailable, and both ime and funds prevent undertaking sophist- ‘cated studies, an engineering anthropometrist can be consulted to ‘discuss the statistical methods of obtaining the necessary informa- tion, 2.2 “AVERAGE MAN" FALLACY ‘As suggested previously, a very serious error in the application of data isto assume that the 50th percentie dimensions represent the measurements of an “average man” and to create a design to ac- ‘commodate 50th percentile data. The fallacy in such an assumption is that by prior definition 80 percent of the group may suffer. There simply is no “average man.” Depending on the nature of the design probiem, the design should usually be conceived to accommodate the Sth or the 95th percentile, so that the greatest portion of the pop- Uation is served. Or. H. T. E. Hertzberg, one of the county's most distinguished ra- ‘search physical anthropologists, in discussing the so-called average man, indicated, "there is really no such thing as an ‘average’ man or woman. There are men who are average in weight, orin stature, orngure 2. (Poop of mater boy ‘Sheraton tnd comesponandy, he lores pce na sh ‘roche the dternring tac) LGrgersize cole an, corespordeoy. tre figh prcooirango data shoud bo ‘end mensbheingsasance como siting height, but the men who are average in two dimensions con- situte only about 7 percent of the population: those in three, oniy ‘about 3 percent; those in four, less than 2 percent. There are no men average in as fev as 10 dimensions. Theretore, the concept of the ‘average’ man is fundamentally incorrect, because no such creature exists, Work places to be efficient should be designed according 10 the measured range of body size.”" 2.3 REACH, CLEARANCE, AND ADJUSTABILITY ‘The selection of appropriate anthropometric data is based on the na- ture of the particular design problem under consideration. i the {design requires the user to reach trom a seated or standing position, the Sth percentie data should be ullized. Such data for arm reach indicates that 5 percent of the population would have an arm reach of ‘short (or shorter) dimension, while 98 percent of the population, the ‘overwhelming majority, would have longer arm reaches. Ifthe design ina reach situation can accommodate the user withthe shortest arm reach, obviously it will function for the users with longer reaches as wel itis equally obvious that the opposite is not true, as shown in Figure 2.1a In designs where clearance is the primary consideration, the larger ‘or 95th percentile data should be used. The logics simple. Ifthe de- sign wil allow adequate clearance for the users with the largest body Size, it would also allow clearance for those users with smaller body size. Here, too, itcan be seen trom Figure 2-16 that the opposite is rot tru. In other situations it may be desirable to provide the design with builtin adjustment capabilty. Certain chair typos, adjustable shelves, ec., are examples of such. The range of adjustment should bo based on the anthropometrics of the user, the nature ofthe task, and the physical or mechanical limitations involved. The range should allow the design to accommodate at least 90 percent of the ser population involved, or more. It should be noted that all the foregoing examples were used pri- ‘mari tollustrate the basic logic underiying the selection of the body «dimensions involved and the particular percentiles to be accommo- dated. Wherever possible, however, itis naturally more desirable 1o| ‘accommodate the greatest percentage of the user population. In this regard, tere is no substitute for common sense. Ifa shel can just as ‘easily be placed an inch or two lower, without significantly impacting (on other design or cost factors, thereby accommodating 98 or 99 percent of the user population, obviously that is the correct design decision 2.4 THE HIDDEN DIMENSIONS ‘Applied anthropometry can serve as an extremely helpful tool inthe ‘design process, if used intelligently and within the larger perspective of all the other human factors that impact on that process. In fiting the body to the environment, the factors involved inthe tallring of that ft cannot be limited to measurements and distances in the abso- lute sense of the meaning of those terms. Distance and, by exten-Q ) | me ag i FAR PHASE. fe CLOSE PHASE 3 a : a == He Lowe fj CLOSE PHASE WK) qo ao ¢ eas iaanniin FAR PHASE WUC IIL een |b. eseynt, fixes are SS ke Fave 2-2 Grachi lusvaton ofthe Gstance zones szgesod by Hal, The Hiden Dimension, 195.fae 2.9, Spt onatie srs by « ll ~ Fave 210 Can enroponae do Garren seine Pas Seton Sosa Mate Ronan Says Sen eae es 8 face with the environment. People, as Kaplan suggests, are constantly in motion. Even when not engaged in a particular activity ‘or task, the human body is never really completely stil or at rest, and ‘even when considered to be rigid, the body wil infact, sway to some ‘oxtont in all crections. The body is always pliable and can stretch, Limbs can rotate and twist, and electrical energy from body muscles can be hamessed to operate machines. One dramatic example of the relative plabity and elasticity ofthe human body is the change it Undergoes during weightlessness. National Aeronauties and Space ‘Administration data indicate that astronauts “grow” about 3 percent inheight during the frst few days in a ero-graviy environment. This increase typically amounts to about 5 cm, or 2 in. This increase is ‘caused primarily by a lengthening of the spinal column due to the Contraction and expansion of the intervertebral discs, Upon reex- posure to one gravity, the process is reversed and the body returns fo normal” ‘Changes in height, however, are not limited to zero gravity condi- tions. Such changes are also observed on earth atter a person has been in a reclining horizontal posture for a period of me, such as ‘when sleeping, and then assumes a standing position. The human body is, by its nature, 2 dynamic organism, By contrast, however, much ofthe anthropometric data available are based on static measurements taken of samples of larger popula- tions in various positions (Le., standing, siting, with limbs extended, etc.) The static nature of most of the data is usually related more tS the anticipated body positions at the completion of atask rather than the flow of body movements involved at arriving at those final posi tions. Figure 2-9 illustrates the “spatial envelope” defined by body ‘movement in the performance of a simple task In the application of hard-iined anthropometric data, therefore, the esigner must somehow reconcile the static nature of the data with the realty of the dynamic aspects of body movements. At the very least, he must be aware of the inherent limitations of the data. By way of example, Figure 2-10 lustrates the classie anthropometic diagram associated with arm reach measurement. It is such hard {data on which the maximum distance of a shelf, or perhaps of & con- trol, might be located to accommodate a majority of users. What ‘other factors could impact on the dynamics andior the geometics of the activity? Surely the capability ofthe human body to stretch 23, Well as the idiosyncrasies of the individual user's body posture will affect body movement to some degree. In addition, what about the User's actual body postions and motians immediately preceding the tlow of movements associated with the execution of a spectic task” ‘The position ofthe Body as well as the momentum generated by the ‘bogy movements preceding that task are certainly bound to affect the user's reach, Anthropometric space requirements for walking clearances con- stitute yet another excellent example af the importance of body movement and its Implications in the design process. Human stide and gat affect the clearances to be allowed between people and physical obstructions. Tables, unfortunately, do no reflect these fac- tors. However, very litle published research in this particular area is, available,Fro 2-1 Pango of hoa movers Inte versed ane merase area ot ‘ey Hem Muran Faces Engr: Fayre 212 The aio ean owas ‘ren sig, ereaaos tone reach, Sitting, all too offen, is viewed as a task that is essentially static in nature. Nothing could be further from the truth. The act of sitting, in actuality, involves almost continuous repositioning in order to re- spond to the demands of the various actives tobe performed in that Position, Moreover, one cannot deal exclusively with the body in the Seated position. The movements involved in geting into and out of ‘he seat must be considered, Also, the entre siting process must be perceived within a continuum of motion. (On balance, then, given all the other variables involved, many of which have yet to be detined or measured, the designer should not always interpret the anthropometric data too literally. Any attempt to simulate graphically and in two dimensions the dynamic patterns of body movements, which by their very nature involve time, space, and three dimensions, is bound to lose something in the translation. 2.6 RANGE OF JOINT MOTION Its obvious that the extent to which the body's joints can move or rotate will impact greatly on the individual's interface withthe physi- cal environment. Movement ofthe head, for example, as ilstrated in Figure 2-11, will greatly increase the area of visiolity. The ability to lean forward, as ilustrated in Figure 2-12, will increase functional reach, as wil the abilty to kneel orto stand on one’s toes. Itis help~ ful, therefore, if not essential, that the designer have some knowl ledge of the range of joint motion. ‘The angle formed by two body segments or by one such segment and a vertical or horizontal plane usually defines the range of joint ‘motion at any given time. The total range is measured by the angle formed between the two most extreme positions possible, given the normal constraints of bone and muscle structure. The meth- odologies, devices, and techniques necessary for accurately mea- suring the range of motion of body joints are numerous and vary in ‘complexity from a goniometer, 2 simple protractor-ke device, to highly sophisticated photographic techniques. Joint motion can be ‘more clearly understoad when considered in terms of the body link- ‘age system shown in Figure 2-13. The inks are theoretically viewed 8 straight line distances between centers of joint rotation, Movable joints are divided into three goneral types. The fst involves single plane freedom of mation in one direction only from a starting position. Termed hinge joints, the elbow and the knee are typical ex: ‘amples. The second involves motion in two planes originating from a zero starting position. This type of motion is typified by the wrist. The ‘third type of joint, the so-called ball and socket, allows three dimen- sional, of rotary, mation as in the shoulder or hip, ‘The types of joint movement of particular concem to the designer are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation lateral rota- tion, pronation, and supination. This classic terminology is defined and ilustrated in Table 9 in Part B ofthis book. Several factors can affect the range of joint motion. Sex isa significant factor. A study in this regard indicates that women, in ganeral, exceed men in range of joint motion measurements at al joints except the knee.° The widest range of joint motion in both sexes, as would be expected, is foundNeck THORACO-STERNUM — (TRANSTHORACIC) ‘SCAPULAR, (CLAVICULAR —____(rmansstennum UPPER ARM THORACIC LumeaR FOREARM PeLvic (UOPELVIC) Fue 2-13. ay image opie ‘pa Yong yay Sa HAND (TRANSPELVIC) THIGH SHANK‘among the most stonder, while the least range of motion is found ‘among the fattest. Age, by itsalf, surprisingly, does not dramatically decrease or otherwise inhibit joint motion. It has been observed that ‘between the first and seventh decades the mobility of joints de- ‘creases by approximately 10 percent, with very litle of that chango ‘occurring after puberty. It should be noted, however, that arthritis, ‘hich usually increases in incidence after middle age, will result in & general decrease in average joint mobilty of any population. 2.7 RESTRAINTS Itis important here to caution the student, the intrior designer, or the architect against viewing the anthropometric data presented as infor ‘mation so precise and so scientifically correct” as to be infaliblo. It is stressed that anthropometry, atleast at its present stage of devel- ‘opment, is not so exact a science as one might wish. The data should be viewed, however, as one of many sources of information (oF tools available to the designer of interior space. The danger is for ‘he designer to substitute tabular data for common sense, function, ‘or design sensitivity, which are all essential parts of the creative de- ‘sign process. While the authors ofthis book have provided as much anthropometric information as could be accurnulated considering the Stato of the art, more information is constantly being produced, and ‘undoubtedly, some may not be included here. This is due to the in- Cipient nature ofthe science of anthropometry and the lack ofa sig nificant number of professionals involved in research in the area. In fact, there is a vast amount of data yet unavailable, particularly with respectto children and physically disabled and elderly people. In ad- ition, more information about functional dimensions is needed. Finally, to place the use of the data presented in ultimate perspec- tive, one should consider the three-dimensional dynamics of "man in ‘motion,” the psychological aspects of space and the user, and the proxemic factors involved. Obviously, physical body size is only one (of a vast number of human factors that impact on establishing the ‘dimensions of interior spaces.ELDERLY AND PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE 31 ELDERLY PEOPLE Iwas noted in the Introduction that most available anthropometric data are related to miltary populations and, of consequence, are {generally restricted in terms of age and sex. Tho National Health ‘Survey of the U.S. Public Health Service is probably the first large- ‘scale study prepared with respect to civilian populations and is ‘based on a national sampling of Americans between the ages of 18 ‘and 78. If information regarding the civlian population generally ap- pears to be limited, however, anthropometric data for specific seg- ‘ments of the population, such as aged people, is sparser stil When one considers that there are now close to 20 million Ameri- cans over the age of 65, with the number increasing yearly, it be- ‘comes apparent that the need for anthropometric data for this ‘segment ofthe population is erica Moreover, the data are essential if we are to respond sensitively in designing the interior spaces in ‘which elderly people are to function. ‘Some data are available and some conclusions have been drawn ‘The mast significant findings are as follows’ 1. Older people of both sexes tend to be shorter than younger peo- ple. To a cortain degree, however, the difference may be ac- counted for because the older individuals are obviously representative of an earlier generation, while recent studies indi- cate that body sizes generally are increasing. t has also been suggested that the decreases might be due to the selective sur- vival of shor. light people—an extremely interesting speculation. 2, Reach measurements of older people are shorter than those of younger people. There is also considerable varabilly in the de- {ree to which the reach of eldery people is impaired cue to the incidence of arthritis and ather joint movement imitations, This is panticularly true of vertical grip reach, ‘The basic prablem with most ofthe available anthropometric data is the smal size of the group studied. For example, data on “the func- tional anthropometry of old men’ (Chart 3-1) prepared by Damon ‘and Stoudt! and “the functional anthropometry of elderly women" (Chart3-2 and Figure 3-1) prepared by D. F. Roberts? were based on 183 subjects and 78 subjects, respectively. Perhaps the best avail- able data, which are in a percentile form required by the designer, are given in the National Health Survey, which includes data up to ‘age 79. These data are included in Part BMeasurement Wight 1) save ‘Sting height, rect Sting height, noma ‘Trunk hag, sting es height sting Pople naght, sting sean Span stimbo Forward arm roach ‘Shoulder-ebow length owe tae lngth Batock-poptea eth Butcicnes long Head lrath| Face length Noss eng Ear tngih Hand feng Foot length Bacromial reasth ‘dtiod reach ‘Ghost breadth Eourlotow breadth, sting ac easy Hi broadth, siting wot knee breath, ating Hess breasth Face breath Nose breath Ear breath Hang beast Foot oreaat ‘Chost depth ‘Abdominal depth wat excumteronce, rest (Crest cxcumterence inp. Gest crcumieerce, em. Wast craumlerence sper arm sumforence (Ga ercumiarence ight Call ercumiorence, let Head crountoroncs “Thceps skint (mm) Subseapur sed (on) Grip evenath, ght (2) (Srp erencth, ot (2) Number Mean 130 ne 131 131 132 131 120 121 te 130 131 132 13 wz 133 132 120 133 129 133 132 132 131 120 cr 132 1 ta 19 19 139 18 133 130 130 108 13 0 109 3 193 133 18 is249 66.28 a7 eae 2st aie W731 a0 3560 Saat 1827 187 2326 774 46 237 200 ra 1024 ue wor M64 78 1228 a7 807 607 358 18? 1a 332 393 9s 1083 arer 3302 a8 3546 1123 1350 y348 Bat 1618 349 5877 so 219 209 121 445 124 085, 083 276 131 ont 100 096 025 027 one 019 aat 039 ose 090 oat 132 oar og os 020 oz 1s. or 018. O18 o7e 13 208 2a 300 38 co 107 101 or 676 39 1810 tt v2 ee Bs 7 108 194 184 3 m2 34 168 165 210 7 20 25 a 92 139 153 0 150 109 192 73 56 rt 43 12 30 35. 79 oe 20 26 aS as ry Ns nz 210 42 58 ze 388 19 «3 310 208 199 187 2 34 317 135 168 218 73 25 26 97 137 102 188 m2 135 28 58 52 ta 43 a 38 82 86 3a Be Ba 302 88 120 ne 213 sa 70 2 a0 122 121 ats 67 as 456 2 102 149 179 123 149 30 a1 55 18 15 39 9 108 aro ara 134 2a 108 155 eat 63 93. 385, 22s ‘ea ns 373 361 353 393 198 28 80 53 25 32 78 108 157 182 193 132 181 16 35 a2 108 124 a3 208 “02 128 348 348 232 268 873 738 192 e029 370 359 265 28 a8 mz 79 370 388 108 203 250 ar 55 33 20 103 159 188 330 a 335 187 a7 Ba 59 19 17 38 43 108 132 220 29 ar 221 130 152 154 233 190 287 08 a4 703 a2 305 mo Ba 192 757 aa a4 tea 24 aa 24 83 38 34 82 "3 163 191 ia 210 138 12 101 65 61 20 18 a7 43 140 460 469 es ae 140 162 188 28 42 a2 02s 79 (han 31 Funconl annem of tery men From Osmen and Sue “Tne Furcal Antrepomety f Ck Men Haman Factors, 1963.9. 48.we soo oe ris 351 Te we weed 2m Te A. Sate i stows srish 260 7 Statue wots SO OSn Eas TB 3 Syendghi suring ShStin. 265 78 © stomalhegit sundng Gash ie 7B 9 tow haga sandng — 36-73in ae 78 heel hat wi3n OMe TF Sing on 9 nck 42 bow heat above sea a rox hoot bev seat ser tae He) & Sy heh shove sat gees tar eT & steps nig above oat 30 ke Hay lot of shou: de above seat ise to fe 4 le aeromen above seat ne te bop! neh ro for iis 08s 7 helt top of ke fom foor 1 oar Te 1 ht eto ot mars soo sat to oo 7B {Stance rom tonto oso Dene m0 * 4 tance rom pope! angle to sacral pene see » 1 atance rom eso scr pane se78 * fm mit ot ore tere n Scena msn 1628 * 4 Rorzont tance om back of ort gioped pee am Ptoral 20-56 * eral tance om back ora to eee percha sag han 1 n Sve ea woos tee 70 ‘Sending 41 stance ton adorn tipper am ronson test a0 77 + tance om sbeomen rsped peek Tend on Sen 1% am 77 4 meaumam amin upward each nr 38 # rower comoraoeubward ea wth "in oometon we 309 7 4 tslcarna heh tie 2 te fteanyegregmaihn tein penueon 5249 orp vy agus ofcnak oreo amt hand: am stage 10-200 ss 77 {76 camstr~rsor ter tons 1B fo cametr—made moor “oo 7 9 seen Big Se 7S (ar 52 Functonl entopamaty 0! eat women. Frm Roberts, “Func! An ‘hepoany Eka een, Ergonomics 9 1960) pp. 321-37 Fuee-1 Fores tuna soy messin indexed in Chr 32. From Robs "Rincon Anhopomey o Een Women” Etgorome © S60 op 810.(han 9-0 Dibton of anise by aeoor,. Hem Sabm Samer Fe Os Son 977 3.2 PHYSICALLY DISABLED PEOPLE ‘The problem of physically disabled people coping with the man- made environments @ massive one. The U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Weltare estimated in 1970 that some 69 milion peo- ple in the United States alone are physically limited Chart 3-3 shows a distrbution of disabilities by category compiled by the Michi- {gan Center for a Barfier-Free Environment from the sources indi- cated. It underscores the magnitude of the problem on a national basis. On a cosmopolitan basis, figures place the worldwide phys- ically disabled population at 400 milion, of which over 75 percent are left to their own devices. To solve all the problems of all the physically disabled people with respect to their interface with physical barriers is obviousty an inter- discipinary undertaking that transcends the scope of this book. However, the anthropometrcs involved can be introduced here; they will be explored further in Part C. 3.3 CHAIRBOUND PEOPLE ‘There are no large-scale data on the anthropomettics of chairbound people. Such a study would be quite dificult in view of the many vari- ables involved: the types of disabilities, the limbs or segments of the bodies involved, the extent of paralysis the degree of muscle dys- function, the cumulative effect on overal limb mobility duo to chair Confinement, etc. All would have to be considered. For study pur- poses, therefore, the assumption has been made that where limb ‘mobility has not been impaired, the range of movement would ap- proximate that of able-bodied people. Itis, however, important that in determining appropriate reach, clear- ‘ance, and other dimensions, the individual and the wheelchair be Viewed together. This requires some knowledge of the anatomy of the wheelchair sel. Figure 3-2 provides some basic and useful deta on this With regard to the anthropometrcs involved, there are many dia- ‘grams in circulation ilustrating body measurements of men and women in wheelchairs. Caution should be exercised in interpreting, land subsequently applying, the data indicated. In many instances, the reach dimensions are qualified to indicate a so-called average ‘imension, This notion of average was discussed in Section 2.2 and proved to be fallacious. if reach is a critical factor in the particular ‘design, it's essential to base the design on those body dimensions representative ofthe lower range of the population, not the average. Consequently, the 5th percentile arm reach data should be used. tho design wore based on the so-called average reach, halt of the chairbound users simply could not function. Figure 3-3, Chart 3-4, and Figure 3- illustrate the anthropometties of Chairbound people. What should be noted, however, Is that most wheelchairs are not built to keep the body in an erect position. Ac- cordingly ody parts are not strictly vertical or horizontal. In descrio- ing the geometrics involved, Dr. Herman L. Kamenetz states: From this imagined posture only the ankles keep thelr poston of 90 de- 1008, The logs are ited by about 15 degrogs co thatthe knees assumeyf cccmes monsnngsSacascces) GS8- SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION, TURNING RADIUS BASED ON AVERAGE TURNING SPACE an eee TURNING RADUS BASED ON Teexne Ove WHEEL ano. ALTERNATE WHEELCHAIR ‘TURNING RADII Fee 3-2 i) Whoo varios ‘measured rca. The eng of he Gris ol parser mporance sie ‘Sow th onsen oo feo ‘ejond the cape ‘Sth ane rst sommrly ses nde Shine mons neato) Ate: ‘a union turn ceJsoconenenesedancceecenesoady ie Fue 3-3. Antopomaitis of chatourd seple. The Yaw; shonng Ure snd har ndcales sone oe te eee! tcportre measromots Soh mat ‘sd woman Al ead eras ara based on 25 percerile cm o accommodate toe ur ath sal boy ates his tecrimerded at nce a fora Boy 320 ‘Somer ante mae, te fale ceersora be ure ote aan oa each fhustera Dimensions inching ciarancepobems ee Cased en 975 perce dl. Sc the mala bay ze ages tha Smensons or man rou be ule tos arancereqiremarts The Ip ard dt were aaaras tom Gata Designing fate Oabled, 193, ah woe based on monsurerats clined tom Sch a A258 MALE _ inom 1687 B1625 413 Ic'a7s 222 Dies 470 E2575 634 F275 730 Isao 463 lMst5 1508 IV sa.25 1480 FEMALE inom wre 148s 175 'a4s. 70 178 ws 419 20 sa4 230 660 10483 470 1194 e324 1352 (hart 3-4. Deteaccorganing gu 3-8,fp aeencecn ana ooe fqeatSette, el owe 5-4. Anteopomatics of daieound poeple. The rt vw, showing ute an “Shaisarngn, waste Arercan NaoalSandode nt ANS) Pu. A718, ovata 197) Meheuld b rote hat ro sata wore evlaa wth egal oso Dees peor gousewe 3-7. Canes. Cares may te wie by comeare who's tind, who hasan joe Ie oho might eter am a ost roth mas sp ‘er sewanea, The es and font viens one ure nate he Sesanonslowarces‘an angle of about 105 degrees, and the back recines by about 10 de- (grees, which results in an angle atthe hip joints of about 100 degrees, Finally, the body being kep inthis relationship af ts parts to one anther, the entre chair is as though it were ited backward by about 5 degrees, 0 that the seat is 5 degrees from the horizontal, the lags 20 degrees, {and the back 15 degrees from the vertcal* {tthe user's impairment permits him or her to assume an erect posi tion, the incline of the chair back notwithstanding, standard an- thropometric data for arm reach would be adequate, given the nature ofthe task and degree of fit involved. |M,however, arm reach is based on the back being in an inclined posi tion, 15° from the vertical, the standard anthropometric arm reach data would have to be modified accordingly. It should be noted that ‘measurement of standard arm reach is taken withthe back erect and With the subject seated on a horizontal plane. AMBULANT DISABLED PEOPLE For ambulant disabled people, it is necessary to consider those Users functioning with crutches (Figure 3.5), walkers (Figure 3.6), canes (Figure 3.7), and seeing-eye dogs (Figure 3.8). All these aids become, in essence, a functional part of the individual's body. Ac- cordingly, both aid and user should in almost every instance be Viewed as a single entity. For design purposes itis useful to know something not only of the anthropometry involved, but of the total spatial considerations.shown the compression pressures on the areas of the skin between the buttocks and a hard seat pan as high as 40 to 60 psi and the pressure a few inches away as only about 4 psi: These pressures cause fatigue and discomfort and result in a change in the sitters posture in an attempt to alleviate the condition. Prolonged siting, Without change in posture, under the compressive pressures cited ‘may cause ischemia, or an interference in the blood circulation, ro- sulting in aches, pains, and possible numbness. Itbecomes obvious thatthe design of seating should provide forthe distribution of the body weight supported by the ischial tuberosities over a larger area. Proper padding on the seat pan can accomplish this. tis apparent, too, thatthe design of the seating should also per- rit the sitter to change posture when necessary to alleviate discom- fort. In this regard, proper anthropometric data are essential in determining the proper measurements and clearances required. Branton’'s second observation is that, structurally, the tuberosiies form a two-point support system which is inherently unstable.” The seal pan alone, therefore, is not sufficient for stabilzation. The- oratically, the legs, feet, and back, in contact with surfaces other than the seat pan, should produce the necessary equilbrium. This would presuppose that the center of gravity was directy over the tu- bberosities. The center of gravity ofthe upright seated body, however, |s actually located outside the body, about 1 in, or 2.5 cm, in front of the navel, as indicated in Figure 4-3. The combination of the two- point support system, in adeition to the postion ofthe center of grav= ly, has led Branton'to suggest a schome “in which a system of ‘masses is inherently unstable on the seat."* He further suggests that it the system is to remain as stable as it normally appears to be, ‘some internally active (muscular) forces must be assumed to be at work. ‘Given the many body postures assumed during any siting period, in ‘addition to the muscular actwvity involved, even when the body ‘seems to be at est, sitingis not the siatic type of activity it frequently is conceived to be. According to Branton, “the siting body, therefore, fovea comraganaena ‘notmerey aninert bag of Bones dumped for atime in be seat, but ents cree on a live organism in a dynamic state of continuous activity.”* Ithas also been contended that the many postures assumed while siting are attempts to use the body as a lever system in an effort to counterbalance the weights of the ead and trunk. Stretching the legs forward and locking the knee joints, for example, enlarges the base of tho body's mass and reduces the effort of other muscles to stablize the trunk. Other postures, such as holding up the chin with the hand while the elbow rests on the armrest or the lap, or support- ing the head by leaning it against the headrest, are sill other oxam- ples of the body's attempt at stabilization, providing relief to the ‘muscle system and, in tur, alleviating discomfort. More significantly, these changes in posture’ occur without deliberation. Branton at- tempts to explain this phenomenon by suggesting the existence of {an ‘intemal ‘posture program,’ which enables the body to strke a running compromise between its twin needs for stabilly and var- ey (Of particular significance to the designer isthe importance of the lo-cation of back-, head-, and armrests as well as their size and contig Uration, since itis these elements of the chair or seat that function as stabilizers. Ifthe seat does not provide for proper body stabilization, the user must stabilize himself by assuming the various postures: ‘mentioned eatiler. This requires the expenditure of adctional energy due to the muscular effort involved and increases discomfort ANTHROPOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS In view of the elusive nature of sitter comfort and the fact that siting is more of a dynamic activity than a static one, the relative impor- tance of an anthropometrcally oriented approach to seating design has occasionally been challengod. Although, as mentioned earlier, there is no guarantee that an anthropometically correct chair will be ‘comfortable, there seems to be general agreement that the design ‘must, nevertheless, be based on properly selected anthropometric data. If itis not, theres litle doubt that the seating design wil cause the user discomfort. The essential anthropometic cimensions for seating design are shown in Figure 4-4 and Chart 4.1 It should also be noted, however, thatthe data cannot be applied in a vacuum. In establishing chair dimensions, the anthropometric as- pects must be related tothe biomechanical demands involved. It was ‘demonstrated previously, for example, that body stablization in- volved not only the seat pan, but the legs, feet, and back in contact with other surfaces. In addition, some muscular force was also re- ‘quired. I, through improper anthropometric design, the chair did nt allow the majority of users to, in fact, have foot or back contact with ‘other surfaces, Body instability would be increased and additional muscular force would have to be introduced in order to maintain ‘proper equiltxium. The greater the degree of muscular force or con- {tol required, the greater the fatigue and discomfort Itis necessary, therefore, that the designer become familar with the anthropometric considerations involved inthe design of seating and their relationship to the biomechanical and ergonomic imperatives implied. To deal with one without knowledge of the others isto solve only a part of the design problem. In this regard the generally ac- cepted basic dimensions required in the dasign of seating include seat height, seat depth, seat width, backrest height, and armrest height and spacing 4.9 SEAT HEIGHT ‘One of the basic considerations in the design of seatingis the height ‘ofthe top of the seat surtace above the floor. the seating surface is too high, the underside of the thigh becomes compressed, as ils= trated in Figure 4-5. This can cause considerable discomfort as well {8a testriction in blood circulation. Ifthe height of the seat does not ppetmit the soles ofthe foet proper contact with the floor surtace, body Stability is weakened. If the height othe seat is too low (Figure 4-8), the legs may become extended and positioned forward. The feet ‘then are deprived of any stablity. By and large, however, a tall per son would be far more comfortable using a chair with a low seat height an a short person using a chair with a seat height that is too highFour £4. Key amtropometie dimensions requted chal dann MEN WOMEN, Percentile, Percentile 5 85 5 95 MEASUREMENT “in om in cm in om in om ‘APopitoalMoigt 155 304 193 490 HO 358 175 445 B eutock Popitallongtn 173 439 215 949 170 432 210 533 CEeowhestHegh 74 188 116 205 71 180 110 279, DshoucerHsgn 21.0 S33 250 6S 180 457 250 625 ESkingHelghtNoma 316 803 266 980 296 752 347 at FEbonto-EhowBreadh 137 MB 199 505 123 312 193 499 GHip Breactn 122 810 189 408 123 312 171 434 HShoulderBreadh «170-432 190 483 190 330 190 499, 1 Lumbar Height ‘See Note, Note: No published anhvoparate sucies xnceming Lbs het ca be std. A ‘Sten sy 3 Gecve ana AGA ecg Brash Moa! Batu © (OB S305T1 homer, gues a 0 pera fango 28 te 12 F293 0 90.5, Bh ‘on. inert psaracte 12) estas Pet te cairo wa cunvcie of he error fr aats stesso abou 8 Ono 22510254 om shoe he ‘chan 4-1, Seco body dmonson. than rom Tables 2 aa So Pat 8. use athe ‘ealgn of weng Lie domo pubtones dala nave with ero uot tears Estnaes, however sat fom range ot 2, c 20310 08m are 9 iin orzed tose om ATROPOMETRICS OF SEATING. otFae 4-5. sat sae paca oo Ing cases the ight eee com Pesce ane bod elton be fenstisad saon, these 0 9 tet aero permed propor area! wi) re for srace, hs weakorg 2 seni Faro 4-6, set autace lca oo low may enue the age fo become x tend ee postne wars. coping ‘hom of ny sally in adn the ‘monaar lhe Sey oso wt 80 (ue the back sige sway hom he est oe oor te ster of proper ‘Urearsuspoe|Anthropometrcaly, the popliteal height (the distance taken vertically ‘rom the floor to the underside of the portion of the thigh just behind the knee) should be the measurement in the tables used as rofer- ‘ence in establishing the proper seat height. The lower range of the table, such as the 5th percentile data, would be appropriate since ‘these will serve the segment ofthe population withthe smallest body dimension. The rationale, as discussed earlier, is that a seat height ‘that will accommodate a person with @ smaller popliteal height meas- turement will also accommodate one with a larger measurement. Chart 4-1 indicates a Sth percentile popliteal height of 15.5 in, or 39.4 ‘em, for men and 14.0, or 35.6 cm, for women. The measurements, however, were recorded with the examinee stripped to the waist, Pockets emptied, without shoes, and wearing a knee-length examin- ing gown—hardly the kind of attire most people normally wear while sifting. Itis necessary, therefore, to compensate for these conditions by increasing the measurements accordingly ‘Since the tems of clothing as well as the shoes are a function of cl- mate, time of day. location, socioeconomic class, age, culture, and ‘fashion, iis obvious that the factor to be added is, at best, an edu- ‘cated guess oF reasonable approximation. Given the dangers in- volved in making the seat height too high, it would make sense to be ‘conservative in estimating this factor and to err on the smaller side. It is suggested, therefore, that 1.5 in, or 3.8 cm, be added to both measurements; the figures then become 17 and 15.5, or 43.2 and 139.4 om, respectively. These figures, however, could just as easily be increased if boots or very high heels were assumed to be the foot- ‘wear, Similarly the figures would be smaller if the user ware loung- ing at home in slippers and a bathrobe. Given the great variation Possible in popliteal height due exclusively to alti, not to mention body size, a very strong argument can be presented for adjustabilty in all chair types. It should be noted that in datermining seat height ‘the type, resiliency, and sag of padding or upholstery should be con- sidered. Moreover, when the chairis used in conjunction with a table, desk, oF other work surface, oF footrest, seat height dimensions can vary. These conditions, as well as others involving the an- ‘thropometrics of seating, will be examined graphically in Part C. 4.4 SEAT DEPTH ‘Another basic consideration in chair design isthe depth of the seat. t ‘the depth is too great, the front surface or edge ofthe seat will press into the area just behind the knees, cutting off circulation tothe legs {and feet as shown in Figure 4-7. The compression of the tissues will also cause irftation and discomfort. A greater danger, stil, is the possibilty of blood cloting, or thrombophlebitis, ifthe user does nat ‘change body position. To alleviate the discomfort in the legs, the ser may move his buttocks forward, in which case his back be- ‘comes unsupported, body stably is weaker, and greater muscular force is required to maintain equllbxium. The result is fatigue, dis- ‘comfort, and back pain. Too shallow a seat depth (Figure 4-8) may result in an awkward situation whero the user has the sensation of faling off the front ofthe chair. In adaltion, a shallow seat depth will also result in a lack of support of the lower thighs. _AIMROPOURTIES OF SEATING 68_ sa Fe 4-8. Aston sat dept wt de ‘he th sitar of paper sup under SRotniges may aso ghee stertbe fon tppg ate ca.‘Anthropometricaly, the buttock-popliteal length (the horizontal dis- tance from the rearmost surface of the buttock to the back of the lower leg) is the measurement in the tables to be used to establish the proper seat depth. Char 4-1 indicates a Sth percentile buttock-poplitea length of 17.3 in, 0 43.9 cm, for men and 17.0 in, or 43.2 em, for women, while the smallest measurement indicated in Table 2K in Part Bis the st per- centile female data, with a measurement of 16. in, oF 40.9 cm. Ac- cordingly, a depth of seat measurement that exceeds about 16 in, or 40.6 cm simply would not accommodate the very small user, while a seat depth of 17 in, or 43.2 cm, for an easy chair, however, would ‘accommodate about 96 percent ofall users. 4.5 BACKREST ‘Athough the size, configuration, and location of the backrest is ane ofthe mast important considerations necessary to ensure a proper it between user and chair, itis also the most difficult component to di ‘mension in reference to published anthropometric data. Despite the availabilty of those body measurements required in dimensioning Fire 4-8. The pian tution ol the lest to pre upper fo he [ets ragn a alo Be Back Prov ‘Sone sha eo ba mace or Dotuson of he butock ra,basic chair parts, such as seat height, seat depth, seat width, and armrest heights, there is @ paucty of data relating specially to the lumbar region and spinal curvature. Accordingly it will be necessary tolimit discussion ofthe backrest to guidelines and some generalize tions. “There appears to be general agreement that the primary function of the backrast is to provide suppor forthe lumbar region, or small of the back (Figure 4-9). This is the concave lower portion which ex- tends approximately from the waist to about the middle of the back The configuration of the backrest, therefore, should to some extent ‘accommodate the spinal profi, particulary in the lumbar area, 2s shown in Figute 4-10, Caution should be exercised, however, not to provide so close a fit as to prevent the user from shiting body posi- tion ‘The overall height of the backrest may vary depending on the type: and intended use of the chair involved. it may be just sulicient to provide lumbar support and litle more, asin the case of the typical ‘secretarial chair; oF it may extend all the way tothe back of the head ‘or nape of the neck, as in easy chairs or reclining chairs, or possibly ‘somewhere in between, as in general purpose seating. Provisions should also be made for necessary clearance to allow space for the protrusion of the buttock area. This clearance may take the form of fan open area or recess between the seat surface and the lumbar ‘support. Soft padding inthis area will also accommodate the prot sion in the buttock rogion. 4.6 ARMRESTS Armrests sorve several functions. They support the weight of the ‘arms and assist the user in lowering himself into the seat o° in push ing or raising himself out of the seat. f the chair is used in conjunc- tion with some work task, for instance, one involving the ‘manipulation of sensitive console dials or contro's the armrest can ‘also function o steady the arm during the performance of the particu lar activities. Anthroporetrcally, several factors must be taken into ‘consideration in sizing and locating the armrests. For the height of the armrest, the elbow rest height would appear tobe the proper an- thropometrc reference measurement to apply. This measurement is the dimension from the tip ofthe elbow to the seat surface. The doci- sion to be made is the particular percentile data to be selected But consider the problem of one user witha large body breadth di- ‘mension as opposed to another extremely slender person with a rel- atively small body breadth dimension, who both have identical elbow rest height measurements. It has been observed in such cases that the user with the narrow body breadth would require higher armrests, because as the arms swing outward to connect with the armrest, the vertical distance from the elbow tothe seat increases. Since no basic relationship exists between transverse measurements and those in the vertical plane, it has been suggested that the armrest should ac- ‘commodate the higher range elbow rest height. Those users with shorter elbow rest heights can use the armrests by abducting the arms or raising the shoulders. Howover, ithe armrests too high, the User may have to force or lever the trunk out ofthe chair and oundthe shoulders, resulting in fatigue and discomfort due tothe muscular ‘activity generated. Chart 4-1 shows the highest measurement for ‘elbow rest height to be the 95th percentile male data, or 1. in, oF 29.5 em. Such an armrest height would, infact, be uncomfortable for ‘most people. The 70th percentile data would appear to be an optimal high range limitation and the Sth percentile the ow limit. Most sourees, therefore, recommend an armrest height between 7 and 10 in, oF 17.8 and 25:4 em, 4.7 CUSHIONING ‘The purpose of cushioning is essentially to cistrbute the pressure, {due to the weight of the body at the point of interface, over a larger surface area. The danger, however, is for the designer to assume that the more opulent, deeper, and softer the cushioning, the greater the degree of comfort. This simply is not the case. All too often itis the very seating that appears overstuffed that, in fact, can provide ‘the most discomfort, fatigue. and pain. Where the bone structures are closest tothe skin are the areas of greatest potential discomfort ‘due to the compressive stresses imposed on the body tissue. The ischial tuberosites in the buttock area mentioned previously are an excellent example of a sensitive area. in which tho importance and need for proper cushioning is shown |f cushioning is not properly designed, it s possible that reliet from compressive stress may be obtained at the expense of body stably, Branton suggests that a state could be reached whereby the cush- loning could deprive the body structure of support altogether. The body would flounder about” in the soft mass of cushioning with only the fest resting on the floor, thereby increasing the burden of body ‘stabilization on internal muscular activity." Sill another source of discomfort may develop if the body weight ‘causes the frontend of the seat cushion to elevate, placng pressure ‘on the bottom of the thigh and the nerves in that area. Similarly, if the ‘body sinks too deeply into the cushioning the sides and possibly the ‘ear portions of the seat cushion may also elevate, producing add tonal pressures on the various parts of the body involved. In addi- tion, the deeper the body sinks into the chair, the more effort is roquired to get out of the chair. Itis obvious that hard, fat soats are uncomfortable for extended use, Ithas also been suggested that excessively deep, soft cushioning can resultin extreme discomfort. Although more research is required to objectively study the entice notion of sitter comfor, certain ‘guidelines for proper cushioning have been suggested. Diffientrec- ‘ommends that, for comfort, an average padded seat would have about 15 in, or3.8 cm, of medium foam padding over Sin, or 1.3 em, of firm closed-coll padding, or a total of about 2 in, or 8.1 em, with a ‘maximum allowable seat compression of about 1 in. The seat com- pression allowance is based on a 172:Ib, or 78-kg, malo. For every 30 Ib, oF 13.6 kg, less, .25 in, or 6.4 mm, should be deducted. For ‘every additional 30 Ib, .25 in should be added.'? Croney recom- ‘mends a depression of about Yin, or 13 mm."? Damon etal. suggest that 1t0 2 in, or 2.5 to 5.1 cm, of compression would suffice.B HUMAN DIMENSION/ ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLES‘As discussed in Part A, there is a paucity of anthropometric data ap- propriate in both content and form, specifically for use by the de- signers and builders of interior space. Much of the data available were not originally gathered with either the designer or the builder necessarily mind. Accordingly, a large portion of the information in Circulation i limited in use, since it usualy reflects a specitic popula- tion, age group, and sex not at all representative of the customary design market. in most instances, with the exception ofthe National Health Survey, the population is military, the age between 18 and 45 years, and the sex male—hardly a typical cross section of the broad ‘market served by the architectural and interior design professions. To find all the data usotul to the designer within a single referenco source is almost impossibie. AAitor some research, an inventory of nearly one hundred an- thropometrc studies involving almost one thousand diferent body measurements was compiled. It was then necessary to scan this in- ventory and fiter out for presentation that information of most value tothe architect and interior designer. In certain instances, itwas nec- ‘essary to modify the original form of the data so that they might be used more efficiently by designers. Moreover, in all cases where ‘metric units were not indicated, necessary conversions were made. \Where appropriate, clagrams and figures were drawn to further lus trate and explain the data. The result isthe nine tables shown on the folowing pages. Every effort has boon made to review all the data for errors and in- consistencies. The quantity of statistics, the many diferent sources, the lack of control over methodologies employed, the metrication it volved, the reproduction process, and the secondary nature of some ‘of the material, however, make itimpossible lor the accuracy or con- sistency ofall he data tobe unconditionally quaranteed. In instances \where the user requires more precise information with respect to var- Tous aspects of the data, the measuring techniques employed, of a ‘more accurate description of the population involved, itis suggested bhe or she refar tothe original sources. For this reason, the sources ‘rom which al the data for each table were extracted are cited atthe beginning of each table or set of tables,‘The user is also cautioned against the selection and application of data without fist familiarizing fimset with some ofthe fundamentals and basic theory discussed in the earlier section of the book. Data ‘can be misleading and i used improperly can result in serious design errors. Finally, the user is cautioned that statistical data of itself is no substitute for common sense and prudent design analysis, ‘The data indicated in the tables that follow have been based on measurements taken of nude subjects or subjects wearing thin hos- pital gowns, who are either barefooted or wearing paper slippers is ‘essential, therefore, that appropriate allowances be made for gar- ments, shoes, and hats. These allowances may vary, depending on ‘season, particular environment, sex, and even current fashion. In most cases these allowances will add to the body dimensions, but extremely heavy and bulky outerware, for example, may decrease reach measurements and the range ot joint motion. Although the tolerances and interface problems faced by the archi- tector interior designer will normally not be so complex or sophist- cated as some of the miltary applications, the effect of clothing on human dimension and interior space is stil an important factor, ‘Sound judgment and common sense must be exercised by the de- signer in determining what body measurements willbe affected and by how much. Reach and clearance are the essential factors to bo considered. The following are allowances suggested for some of the ‘more standard items of clothing and the more significant body di- mensions affected. Each design situation, however, should be viewed individually. In some cases it may be necessary for the de- signer to develop additional allowance factors, appropriate to the specific design requirements and the cxtcal body dimensions in volved. MOST IMPORTANT BODY DIMEN CLOTHING TYPE ALLOWANCE —_SIONS AFFECTED Men's sult 50 1.3 om Body depth 75-1.0 in 1.9-2.5 em Body breadth Women's suit 25-50 in 0.6-1.3. em Body depth or dress, 50-.75 in 1.3-1.9 om Body breadth Winter outerware —2.0in 5.1 om Body depth including 30-40 in 7.6-10.2 cm Body breadth basic sult or dress 1.75-2.0 in 4.4-5.1 om Thigh clearance Men's heels 1.0-1.5 in 25-38 em Stature, eye height, knee height siting , popliteal height, Women's heels 1.0-3.0 in 2.5-7.6 cm Stature, eye height, knee height siting , ‘popliteal hoight, Men's shoes 1.25-1.5 in 9.2-8.8 om Foot length Women's shoes 5-.75 in 1.3-1.9.6m Foot length Gloves 25-50 in 0.8-1.3. em Hand length, hhand breadth 72 MMH OMENSIONANTHROPOUETRIC TABLESMETROLOGICAL ANALYSIS DESCRIPTION ‘The anthropometric data reflected in the other tables (2 through 8) Involve cartain specific structural and functional measurements, The proper use ofthis information requires some knowledge of the nature ‘of hase measurements. Table t includes the generally accepted an- ‘thropometric terms for the various measurements, thelr definitions, information regarding their particular applcabilly and use, general factors to be considered, and indications as to whether Sth or 95th percentile data should be selected. ‘The user is cautioned not to view all the definitions as necessarily representing precise technical descriptions of the specific measuring techniques used, since those techniques may differ slightly with each survey. The definitions are, however, reasonably accurate and rep- ‘resentative, particularly in terms ofthe nature oftheir intended usage by architects or interior designers. If unique design situations make a ‘more precise definition ciitical, refer to the orginal survey upon which the data aro based.SOURCE NNo single authority was consulted for al the definitons provided Various sources of reference, however, were consulted, including AF bert Damon, Howard W. Stoudt, Ross McFarland, The Human Body in Equipment Design (Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1977); Wesley Woodson and Donald W. Conaver, Human Engineer. ing Guide for Equipment Designers, 2d ed. (Berkeley and Los An- goles: University of Calfoia Press, 1964); and Anthropometric Source Book, vol. 2: A Handbook of Anthropometric Data, NASA Reference Publication 1024, July 1978. In soma instances, the exact wording of the definitions was used: in other instances, abbreviated ‘versions were employed: and in stil other instances where detin- itions were not readily availabe, the terms were defined by the authors. 74 HUMAN OMENSIONANTHAOPOMETRIC TABLESDEFINTION Stale Is the vercal distance trom ‘he loro he op of he Head meas ted whi the subject stands erect, looking staignt anos, APPLICABILITY ‘Trace cela aro ust in extbioneg rminmum noghts of oponings and Goors. Normaly, nowever, buking ods andior tho sandare maria fired izes of Soars and amos aro ‘more than adoquata to accommodate {toast 99 percent of ho user popula ‘fon. The data can be move vsetl ‘eteraning the minimum dances of ‘vethead obsinvctons fom te foot. CONSIDERATIONS Measurements ae usualy taken with fut shoes. Accordingly, appropiate ‘ompaneation nthe dats should Be made PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘Shae cleararce isthe operative fune- tonal factor, the upper percentile range should be aocommosatea. Be Cause celing -eghs ere usually nevercrteal dmonsions, he desgner ‘Should aceommodate as close 19100, percent ofthe population as possible Eye hati he vertical stance rom ‘or tothe pner comer ofthe ee, measured wit) the. subject ook ‘Bright ahead and standing eect APPLICABILITY “Thoso data can bo hoptlin ota ing sig ones © such faces 25 ‘ators, auatorums, controree foams and Inthe placomant of sigh ‘90 ad other visual malo. They ‘can also bo solu in estbishing holt of privacy screens and ow of open plan offes partons CONSIDERATIONS ‘Approxmataly 25cm, of tn, shoud beaded for men's shoes and7.8 om, oF 2 in, lr women's shoes, since Imessuremente. ate. normaly taken wih the subject baratonted These ‘data should be used in conncion ‘nth neck xin ae oat daa, 25 tte as sight angle ntomaten to o> {ablsh ho range of visual fet under varying conditions and head args. PERCENTILE SELECTION Petcare seecton wil depend on a ‘ety of factors. or exam, tbe ‘esign problem involves determines the height of a parton or cen to ‘ensure privacy ct fe porson behind ‘he aceen, han sereen height shou ‘alate to tho eyo noght of ho taer ‘arson (95th porontieo above). The rege that aa porson carro’ see ‘ver the screen, then surely short poreon cannot aoe over It te oo Sign preblom,istead, is 10 alow a Borsa to look over a Seen, the ‘ore logic would nod tra. The height (tthe son should relate to the eye bolght ole srtr parson (5m per Conti or os) I @ short person can S20 ovorthe sen, en ata person ‘ne a6 10 25 we ow neigh is the distance moae ed vertcally rom te orto ho d= pression formed at he elbow whore {he forearm mest te upper arm APPLICABILITY bow height data are ossontalin o- fattening. comfortable heights. Tor ‘nore counter, vente, khan 2m tre, work benches, and oer work fifaces used. while standing. Too ‘ten, heights of such surfaces have boon established by chance, rule of ‘hum, oF "ade practice” Scenic Studies, however, pace the most com ferableheight at 31, or7 8en, below tsbow hoght, whe balark fee feravest surface sof 0 1sin, 25 10.38 cm, been elbow height CONSIDERATIONS The rature of acy should be oon sidered estabishing height. many insaneoe thi wil take precedence vere suggested “elbow height ess Sin" (7.8 om) ooommendaton, PERCENTILE SELECTION |Astuming te work sulace highs at ‘pe recommended 3, er7.6 cm, be low elbow nah, 2range from 38 in 786 8m (elec te 5th poren tp measurement), 10 49, or 1082 ‘on rleting, the a5th perce ‘messuremert, should accommodate the mle 90 percent ofthe malo user opulaton. In wew of te smalot ‘Son paigt Sth percetle dimension for feraes, 2 range from 35 fn, oF 18.9 em, to 43, 1092 em, is nee essay to accormodats both sows ‘These tigues aro. all teniave, omover, because ofthe number of Variables twowved, Le. the specie function to be pertorme an dering comione as fo opti hola,DEFINITION DEFINITION ‘Siting halght erect isthe versa als- | Srng hlghtnomalie he vertcal ce {ance tom the siting sutace to the | tance om tho sting surace © the ‘op ofthe head with the subject sting | op ofthe head, measured wh tho ret subject siting rlaxod [APPLICATION APPLICATION ‘Tis measurement would beheiptl ln | This measurement wou ba hep in determining the alowable height of | determining. minimum. nelght of ‘bstuctons from the surface af aseat | costuchos tome sutace fa seat 1 by adding. the seat height the | er-by acing te seat height he min= halt of the ctsiucton ateve the | mum Pelght of the absinicton above ‘oor. Bunk bed amangements and in: | the floor. Burk bed arrangements and novalve space-saving designs, such | inmovatwe "space-saving designs, {28 whore te area under aot beds | such ae where the area under a lft uttized as an eating oF work area, | bed is ullzed as an eating oF work ‘cout be predicated upon these crical | area, could be predicated upon these data. The heights of fw privacy par | etcal data. The heights of ow pi tions in ofees or other spaces coud | vacy partons In olfces. or ther fico bo esiabished with the use of | spaces could also be established wih these measurements, a5 coud the | fo use of these measurements, as heightol booth partons in eating and | could te height of booth partions ‘ening spaces feating and dri spaces. CONSIDERATIONS. ‘CONSIDERATIONS. ‘The siope of he seal, eetoney ofthe | Tho ope othe vat resttoney of he uphossten.cleming, ana Boay move. | Uphottor, cating, and the Body ‘ents geting ln and out of th seat | movements goting In and out of the fa all mportant faci to consider. seat ao al important factors fo con PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘The 85th percent data are more 2p- | PERCENTILE SELECTION propriate duo tothe clearance Tacior | The 5th peroetie cata ae mare ap. Irvoved propriate ue fo the clearance facor InvoWved 75. MOVIN DIMENSONANTHRCPOMETR TABLES Eye hats ho vertical tance rom tho inner come ofthe eye tothe st ting surtace. [APPLICATION ‘The primary Value of tis measure ‘mont would be In determining sight nes and optimum teas of ven whore vispity sono ofthe conta de. ‘Sign consderstons, such as m ta tei, audtorums, secure ome, and fofer Imari spacos. in whieh lucievisualactetes are rogues. ‘CONSIDERATIONS ‘The ange ofiead an aye meoverant discussed esowhere in tho Do0k ‘should be consiered, as well as Pat resitency of he seat uphosty. the height of te seat above te for, ad provisions for adhstaniy, PERCENTILE SELECTION roving proper adustabity can por ‘nit range of socommodtion from 5th 8th percent o greater.G ‘MIDSHOULDER| HEIGHT SITTING DEFINITION ‘Shoulder naght isthe stance ton verealy ftom the sting surace fo 4 poiton the shoulder may etwoen {ha neck and acon, APPLICABILITY ‘These data are of most use nthe de- ‘Sano ight workspaces in vehicle de- Sgn and of it uss tthe arctct tr ver designer. They can be ct Some help. however. in determining ‘stuevonsto waibiiy in he planning of spaces where aucoviaualactibos take place ané perhaps n determining heights of sestng booth and oor ‘Smiar design stvatons. CONSIDERATIONS. ‘The rstioncy af he char uphaltony Poul be conse PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘Shee clerance is the operate de- gn facto, 95th porcontle data ‘Should be ubea H ‘SHOULDER BREADTH DeFMmON Shoulder broadth is the maximum eval estance axons the ded muses APPLICABILITY Shoulder beacth data are most set tothe ileor designer or areitec in helping to establish allowances for Seating around tables and Yor row Seating In theaters and audtorums They can also be useful estabish- Ing dearences fer oulaton n uBio ‘ne pvato spaces. CONSIDERATIONS. ‘Tage data sou be used cautousty invgw of tho many variables tat can be mvabed. Alowances for dething Should be mado, wth 7.8 mm, or 58 Infor sgh otting anc about 78 em, oF3 in, fr heavy dating. shoud ‘dbo be noted thal he space required [27088 the shoulder is inceased by ‘movemens fhe turk an shoud PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘Shee clearance is th operative do- Sign factor 95th percentle data ‘Shou be used 1 ELBOW-TO- ELBOW BREADTH DEFINTON ow to etow is the distance across the lala! srlaces of the. stows ‘measured wit bows xed ard ret ‘na lghey against the body wth the ‘orearns estendes horzortay [APPLICABILITY ‘These data could be helt in doe mining alowances for seating around Conference tables, dning. tables, ‘counts, cad or game tales. CONSIDERATIONS ‘Those shoud be used In conuncton ‘tn shouder breach messurement ss requred, PERCENTILE Shee clearance f he operative de Sign tactor, 95% percentlo dala shoud be used,DEFINTION DEFINITION DEFINITION Hp broadths the broach ofthe body | Ebow rest heigt isthe hight om | Thigh clearance the distance taken 25 measued across the widest por- | the top ofthe sing surtace othe bot | vetealy tom a sing surlace to the tionof ens. Netsthalanp breadt | tom ofthe Up ol the elbow {op of he thigh athe point hare he ‘moasuremont can iso be taken wih thigh and the abomen intersect. the subject a standing poston, | APPLICABILITY vwhicn eas9 the cotton would be the | These data, together with ther appro: | APPLICABILITY ‘macmum oradin ofthe lower torso. | prato data and considerations, could | Thase daa are cial nthe design of ‘The dala in. subsoquent tables, | bo Robi n dotormning Reghts of | intr elements. such as counters, however ofrte tho sting postion ag | armrests, work countes, desks, | ceske, conference lables, cabinet indcated, tables, special equpmont ‘work or furiture that may rege the ser, whl seated, fe postion his ot APPLICABILITY CONSIDERATIONS. het iogs under te work surface. More ‘Thesedata could be extemely lp | Fesiloney of the char usrostey, | soectoaly tho data are escental in cetermiing alowances for side | spe af seal, and body posture | oror to eslasish the dimeraion 0! hair wich dimensions, bar ané coun | shoud alle taken nto consideration. | any aren or rawersstuates dvechy {er seating, percviype oftco sits. bolow te wore surace so that ade PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘uate clearance wil be alone be- ‘CONSIDERATIONS Elbow res height is realy nether 2 | tween the top ofthe thigh and the Depending on the particular applica | clearance stuston nora reach etus: | botom of any obsbuston above k tion these deta shoubeusedin con. | ten, parley when an armrest iit= luncton wih ‘tow te bow sand | velved Theintonsforthearmto reat | CONSIDERATIONS Shoulder breadth dimensions as re | comfortably on asurtaca Data around | in determine the maximum dmon- uiee the 50h percene would be aperopr- | sions moniened above, several other ste. In any event arango betwoon 4 | factors must ao bs considered auch PERCENTILE and 27.9.em, of Ye and 11h, should | as popteal height ans the renlency Shee clearance Ie the eperatve do- | Sut most users of he wphassor of he chal ‘sgn facto, s8th percertie data srould be used, PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘Shee clearance isthe operative de- ‘3an factor, 95th percontie ala ‘shouldbe Used.KNEE HEIGHT WN POPLITEAL, HEIGHT 104 tO BUTTOCK. | POPLITEAL| LENGTH DEFINITION Knee neigh 6 the verteat stance from the foor to te midpoint oF the ewocap, APPLICABILITY ‘Those data ar citealn establishing the stance from the flor to he ur ‘orice of & desk, abe, ce courte, parécolaty where the seated users Fequred t have nis lower boy par- Maly under the turture, How close the seated user willbe looted tothe ‘hject il eta fhe kre height ‘mansion sn or the thigh cesranes Imassuremant wit be tha dlarning factor CONSIDERATIONS The height ofthe seat as wal asthe resiloney of the upholsiry shou bso be consiered PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘To ensure clearance, 25h percents ate enous bo eos DDEFINTION Popteal night the distance, taken verecaly rom the fort he undo Sie fhe porton of he thigh ost be Find the anes wfile the aubjet seated wih body erect. Tho Kees {rd ankios aro usualy perpendicular, ‘nth te toto of he Faigh andthe Sack ofthe knees bray fovching the sng sutace, [APPLICABILITY ‘Thace data are cial establishing the height of seatng sures above ‘he Heer, partularty te Pighest point ch the ont of fe soa CONSIDERATIONS In applying the data tis necessary to tate into consiéerabon the resoncy of ho uphlstored seat surtace. PERCENTILE SELECTION In establishing seat aight, Sth por conti da hauls bo veod Proceure nthe underage of tha thigh one ot the causes of User sizoomior. The onditon eceurs whon the hoigt {he satis too grat A oat height hat ‘nil accommodate the veer wt the ‘Snaterpopltea! hoight wil also sut the user win greater popteal height DEFINITION Butock popliteal length isthe havizon talditance fom tha reamost suace ofthe bute tothe back fhe lower leg APPLICABILITY ‘Thase data are useful in connection wi seating design, particularly loca: ton of legs, vera! surfaces of the front of benches, banquets, eas ‘ell a determinaion of sea ong, CONSIDERATIONS. ‘The angle ofthe seat should be con sere PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘The 5th percentile data should be see. Theee wil accommoget the ‘atest number of users: toe wih ‘Shorter butockpopitel lengths ss wall as those win greser lengths. ‘5th porconle dia are used, ne do- ‘Sign wl accommodata tne users wh thalarger measurements ony, but nat those wth he smal measurementsDEFINTION DEFINTION Burteckinoe lengh i he horaontal | Bustodtoe length Is the horizontal {stance tem te tearmost suraco of | dstance rom the rearmost srace of the toes To the font of tho | the butock to the tp of te toe. noocaps. APPLICABILITY APPLICABILITY ‘These data can be utlulin determin: ‘These dats. can be uselulin deternin~ | ig the proper Stance from the Back Ing te proper dstarce kom the back | of sea! to any physical cbeuston lasealtoany physical obstruction cr | objects located in frct ofthe kaos ejects located in ont ofthe knees. | Fed seating mudtorons, theaters Fed seatng in austorums, theater, | and laces of worship are space ypes land places of worshipare space types | in which ts would eppy. there tha would ep), ‘CONSIDERATIONS. ‘CONSIDERATIONS fice sce is provide in he enuip- “Tne buttock knee length cimension i | ment, trate, ater slerorele- lees than te butoktoe long 1 no | ments positoned front ofthe knee toe spaces provided nthe eauip- | and spacing ls cites, the buttock: rere tumture, or fer inter se. | knee length may be Used, instead n Imonts potions in trort of te saat | hoppng 10 detormne proper clear ‘he sunocce0 tngen measurement | ances ‘stb used slow or aopar car ree, PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘Since clearance is the operate do- PERCENTILE SELECTION ‘897 factor, 98Ih porcortla ata Shee clearance Is the cperatve de- | shouldbe uses Sign facto, sth prcontie Cala ‘shouldbe used DEFINITION Butockeel length is the horizontal ‘Sstanes om hebase of he elo ‘ral agains! nion the subject ste (rect wb his log maximaly erences {orward long fh sng surtace, Ths 's sometimes reer fo ae butoce leg eng APPLICABILITY “These data generally would navel ted applcabiity or the eerie de- Signer with tbe excepion of Geterining space requremonts for Teunge ane irra! seating arange: ‘ments. The data right, for example, eset in celomining comoined space equromots lor chai and oto- ‘man arangemonts as well as physical ‘Porapy or execs" equoment and space. ‘CONSIDERATIONS ‘The evtont (0 When the puto leg length mht be neraased ty eny pe ‘caizod ooigaa shoud be rtecod in tho clearances towed in he cose. Ina cases about Ti, 0°25 in om mem | im om m em] in om wa sa] va Ga] Mali) aaa) vee Waa] ee aa Ts «5] sae 473 [184 467| 190 403|192 asa) 190 493| 187 475 182 462, 174 434] yee 404 [15 401/180 a06|169 aoa 160 06) WSS 40d 157 sew ISS 304] srt 434| 189 404) 188 427/179 429178 447/124 442 173 439, 168 427] 165 a] 150 81/166 996] 156 306) 157 Soo] TEE 396 151 B84] 148 O7a| tea 417/154 901/160 408| 185 419, 107 a24| tee 427/187 «24| 195 419] ae ara] ea aa] 50 84 150 sat] var a73] 145 368] 156 96] 148 76/153 209] 157 209) 180 406|159 404| 158 401 ve a7 ]vat asa ve ora] va? ara) 14s 371] 14s 968] 142 961 51 se4| ras an6| 148 975) 151 a04| 156 a96| 154 <91| 150 cat va sea] rae asi[Ho 909/144 986) 149969] 42 063] 199 063] sar s7a|s41 35a| 14 266, ue o76| 150 991| 151 964] 140 oral res 353] 40 ase [tes malo a56/ 14% a56] 42 061[ %40 066) 199 s6a\ 196 45} 4a 3e3[128 951] 40 950| 165 360] we 371] 47 a73| 196 s71, 140958] a7 s6]ta3 30] 107 sta]s30 a51] 199 959] 007 o¢0 [ras ss, 134 sa] sao 355 {195 943] 197 m0] 142 961] 42 961, 149 269/149 963/137 a4 24o|te0 a30] 104 240] 196 a9] 135 se3| a4 sto) 136 s40] 132 sas] tas ss|1a2 935| 104 260/198 367 139383] rar a]te6 2001 wa] 133 me) 1a; 333] ta1 299] 129 20] 133 a38| 128 225/121 ma| 134 0, a6 545 {103 43/150 s50| res 1a [125 10/125 sta] 129 m0) 127 2a | 12a 412 6 20) 29 wa, waz 310/29 305 122 m0|124 15) t2a 312,121 207 122 s35| 129 220| 122 s19] 122 310| 122 910] 121 307] sio|124 15, 124 a15| 128 320/124 315/917 207 a7] 120 ses] 415 ea] 118 205] 114 290] s14 200 au2|r20 205] zo s05| 121 s07| 121 s07| 98 249 See Table fr defiten oie boosh, {ieeweort aon wnch onda percent of peopl the en aoe oul2G f ELBOW REST HEIGHT ‘Adult Male and Female Elbow Rest Height in inches. and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles) 18 t0 79) 18 to 24] 25 to 34] 35 to 4445 to 54] 55 to 64] 65 to 74] 75 t0 79] (Total) | Years | “Years | "Years | Years | “Years | Years | Years. in_em | in em | inom] in-om| in om| in om| in om| in om WEN] 2s s18]i2e aes] 126 seo! tas a20] wo aci[r22 206] 110 220] 10 ara] WOMEN| 1:2 s02| 18 300] 1s s02, 120 ans| 121 997] 119 902| 112 287| 107 272] MEN] 116 205/118 302/117 297/118 200] 115 05| 114 200] 108 277] 108 aes] WOMEN 110 27s |ro8 274 311 202113 287| 110 279| 109 a77| 102 250| 100 264] MEN] ra 27s[iia s00/ 117 282) 113 27] sa ava] 109 277] 108 280] 102 esa] WOMEN | 107 272/105 287 108 274) 108 274) 107 272| 198 2t9| 98 249) 08 ata MEN|:0e 268107 272 107 272] 107 272] tos an7/ 104 264] 100 254] a7 ass] WOMEN | :01 257| 99 251 103 as2| 103 262] 103 262| 190 254) a5 243| 04 229] MENT 102 250]103 262/105 262] 104 zs«| 101 257) 99 251] 96 244) 92” 208] WOMEN| 97 246| ¢6 244, 99 251| 29 251| 09 251, 96 2¢4| 94 251) 01 231 MEN] s6 a4] 53 251] 100 254] 100 254] 98 249| 96 zee] 03 mae) a9 220] WOMEN| 95 241] 94 259| 96 244] 97 240) oo ata 03 206) 88 zea 07 221 MEN] 95 241/98 204] 07 a46[ a7 a46| e6 244] 99 206/90 229. 86 ara} WOMEN | 92 234) 01 201| 95 26| 94 s20| sa 2a6| 90 229) 85 216 04 ast MEN] 22 234/04 259] 04 zaa| e« a99| ea ca] 90 cc9| a7 21) 82 aos] WOMEN | 30 zz6| 90 2241 01 21| 02 204| 0 209| a0 218| 82 208 00 203 MEN] a¢ 226) 01 251] 91 zor] ox eas) or aas| e6 218 @4 219] 70 198] WOMEN | as 216/65 216| 07 221| e9 226| o7 218| 83 215/78 v99) 77 198 MEN] as 216) 66 218] #7 221] e7 221] a7 221] e2 ax1| 80 203] 75 191 WOMEN | a2 208| 82 20a) 84 ai3| a5 a16| e3 211| 80 209, 74 108) 74 198 MEN] ao 203| «1 206] 03 211| 02 aoe) a2 2oe| 77 198/74 vee] 71 190] WOMEN | 76 193/76 193] eo 2oa| eo ao3| 70 wee| 74 a ro i7s| 70 75 MEN 74 188 75 193] 80 203| 78 198 77 196| 72 192 71 180) 6s 165] WOMEN 7s wo 72 saa) 74 sos| 75 191, 73 198| 71 190, 54 163) €4 183 MENT 63 160) 63 160] 70 178| 65 165| 70 170] €0 17a] 61 155] 57 145) WOMEN 6+ 155/62 157/61 155| a7 sro ea 1ea| ea 10a) 54137] 28 71 “S90 Tae 1 or ion foo rst gr {Meusunart oslon whch the cated See l sel inTN a eee aH CR THIGH CLEARANCE 3nd Female Thigh Clearance: in Inches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles 18 to 79] 18 to 24] 26 to 34] 35 to 44] 45 to 54] 55 to 64] 65 to 74] 75 to 79] (otal) | Years | “Years | “Years | “Years | “Years | “Years | Years inom [in cm | in om| inom in om| in cm| in om| in om 77 198] 77 198) 79 201] 78 198] 71 10] 74 188] 70 Wo] 72 163] 27 196| 70 178| 77 196| 78 198] 77 196] a9 a11| 70 170| 09 175| 9 175] 69 175] 70 wa] 70 va] 69 175] 68 173) 67 170] 66 168] s7s| 67 170, 69 175| 70 178 69 175| 59 175, 66 158) os ws 7 170| 66 148] 66 168) 62 157] 61 155 35 165[ 63 140] 61 155) 60 v2] se 147 2 157| 60 152| sa v50] se v7] se 142 0 152| se u7| 57 ws) 56 142] o4 107 57 145| 57 45| 58 v2) 55 140) 54 197 68 47] 56 42] 5s 140) sa 197] s2 102 ss wo] 66 ol 54 157, so 195] sz s92 5 42] 56 m0] 59 105] sa 195] so 190 53 135| 63 1a5| 52 192) 61 130] 49 124 s+ 197] 69 105] s2 192) s1 190] 47 19 51 130| 61 130| 50 150] 49 124] 47 19 49 124| 48 r22| 47 119) 48 117] 44 12 50 120] «9 124] 45 ta) 44 112] 42 107 sa s1a| 44 112] 42 woo) 42 107] 41 104 ‘43 tas) 43 109) a5 nal ae 112) 42 107] 42 107/42 107] 41 104 41 soe) 41 104, 42 107] 42 07, 41 t04| 41 104) 41 104] 40 1031 ‘41 104) 41 404) 41 104) 41 104) 40 104] 40 101] 40 101] 39 09 aa_s7| 36 21 49 101] 49 101, a5 _e9| 25 9] a4 26] 22 eu a0 152| 59 150| 60 se u7| 57 14s| 50 56 42| 55 140| 56 67 145] 67 145] 50 55 140] 65 40] 56 53 135) 69 195) 64 43 109] 43 109) 49 *Se9 Table Lor dtiaton of ah clarence, {ensramert ow whch te sted paren ol open hea KNEE HEIGHT Female Knee Height-in Inches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentilest 18 to 79] 18 to 24] 25 to 34] 35 to 44] 45 to 54] 55 to 04] 65 to 74] 75 t0 79] (Total) | Years | “Years | "Years | Years | Years | Years | Years in_em | in om] inom | in cm) in cm] in cm] in om] mn om TEN]z1 ora] 20 007] a6 Ges] aa 700] 200 G7] oxo SiO] z7 G1] 228 s99] WOMEN | ze4 ses| 227 srz| 225 s72| 224 a9 225 s72| 219 ss6|z20 ssa] 215 se6| WEN] 234 soa) 294 soa] 207 610|z04 saa 203 seal eas tay 229 a87] 227 s77] WOMEN | 715 545) 216 s45| 216 sto 215 545 216 seo) 24 s4a| 210 sua] 209 531 WEN] 220 se7|229 se7|e00 s99|zes se7/e20 s7a| aa sr9|es ara] m2 ssa] WOMEN | 20 533] 210 sas| 210 saa) 210 593 210 s93| 209 a1 |207 s25| 207 s26| WEN] 2a sro|2as sr2| 227 err|zes s72) 224 70] 222 seal o19 G56| 217 s6;] WOMEN |205 s21|206 s23| 206 523/208 s23 205 521/204 sie |z01 st4| 202 519] MENT228 s50|2a1 ses]za2 eo4)za1 501] 220 seal ssalaie ota) a4 cea WOMEN |201 s11|203 sts| 203 616/202 sta] 201 51,200 508 199 sos MEN|217 551/218 esa] 219 e56 [218 oa) 217 sa1/aia sal aia S41] 210 609] WOMEN | 128 so3|z00 sos| 200 506) 199 s05| 198 $03,107 s00| 105 495/196 490) MEN21 sea] ais see]ar6 eeo|zrs sas] aia seal2it sae] 210 saa] 07 cee] WOMEN | 196 498| 107 soo| 197 soo] 196 498| 195 295 195 <95| 192 488/194 493] MENT211 536/212 soe]aia evs |ara sos]a11 soe|20e soa] 207 se] a0 ora] WOMEN | 193 s50] 195 495) 194 493| 104 493/192 428] 192 sae] 190 429, 192 aes! MEN] 27 s26]a0s s2a)ai1 ss6|208 s2a| 207 28/205 521/205 521) 200 s08| WOMEN| 191 405] 192 ane) 192 «98|191 495| 190 423| 190 40a) 197 475| 189 ano) MEN] 204 si8)a0s s21/an8 s23|204 s18| 203 516/202 si3|a02 sta] 196 496] WOMEN | ‘85 472) 196 400/199 «78/109 479) 105 «70/186 «72| 184 407| 184 4671 MEN] 200 sos|a0s st1/an2 613/200 608] 199 505/126 «90/109 s05| 192 486] WOMEN | 82 452) 184 467 133 465/109 455) 101 460/142 462| 181 460) 180 4571 MEN] 103 «00/194 403) 198 603/104 493] 103 «90/101 aa) 182 400] 190 483] WOMEN | 175 455/181 460 180 457| 100 457| 176 447,178 452/178 452/172 a9) MEN] v63 465/183 465 190 «83/104 467| 102 462/181 460/182 462| 180 457| WOMEN | 71 «34/7349 72 47/72 497) 71 «4/166 22] 971 404] 169 414] “Seo Table IM fr defen of rae Mh. {ftsasreont blon which the aie porcen! of peopl ine gen 390 aup fl‘Adult Male and Female Popliteal Height: in Inches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles 18 10 79] 18 to 24] 25 to 34] 35 to 44] 45 to 54] 85 to 64] 85 10 74] 75 10 79] (Total) | Years | Years | Years | Years | “Years | Years | Years WEN]ae sea]me sie[ms wa|ts sas|vas ss] tee woa]ies saa] ta 30 WOMEN | 0 7a] 2 ae2| 79 a55| 83 405] 79 495] 179 a8] ire 3 MENT 193 438) 197 500/191 485] 191 485/190 483/189 sn0| 184 467] WOMEN | 5 sa] irs ase ats| irs aaa] ins eal ira a3] i737 WEN] we a7a]sa0 waa{sa2 aae|ien ara] sae ara] ino ara] iia way] 79 wea WOMEN | 20 saa |sra ata) sro aaa|iro ata] to ata] inn a7 [ten 2709 a MEN] ez w62| ae ara] we ata] 92 wea] re aa] a0 a7] a asa] Ta ad WOMEN | 6 s22|sas azo) 07 ora |seo seal ne a2] na wiz [sea aia) ian aoa MEN] 72 452] 120 «7/101 aso] is 452] 77 45g] i77 450] wa a7] i208 WOMEN |1e9 ora [se a2) 64 017/169 ora) s62 413] 109 109] s69 wal vee eis MEN] ire a7] i77 aso] ira asa]ive a7] re aca] ira aad] vea aad] 188 7 WOMEN | 20 was [rea o17| 161 «09,160 wo) 69 w04| 157 s00/s88 o84| isa wo4 MEN] Ts aa|irs us[isas|ro ma[sra a7] irr wala a) tee wea WOMEN |157 sna |ses ano] 0 ans|se7 ano] ses ana) ea ons |ssa ano] ree one MEN] Wa aa] va «7]v7a as] ia a] 70 wa] wo ao wa a7] 184 47 WOMEN | ea a01 [148 a1] 156 on6) tea ani] 62 on6| 130 ans [180 ats| isa ans MEN] 67 aaa] i702] i703] io? aa] vo? 24] ios aia] wa na] ie2 Ait WOMEN | + ana [ras ava) saa anal ses anal sas ara| sa ora tay anal ras ana MEN] tea ai7| ie ea] oe aa] ied ai7] 0a aia|ina ais]tea aus] 199 204 WOMEN |147 273|152 280) 150 sai /47 a73| vs o66| wa seo|tea ata] us a70 MEN] too 40a] ez ans|se2 as] ier 09] 00 aoe] isn | tea anal isa os WOMEN | 142 301/146 371| 144 266|162 961| 142 961| 141 358 | 141 958| 14.5 953] MEN 155 903/160 aos] 60 se] iso 4] s55 sod] a3 09/162 004] is2 008 WOMEN 40 286 [142 961 141 968 |140 986 128 a81, 108 245 | 28335 243 MEN] 149 a7a/isz one| isi ana| iso ani[se7 ara|iaa ara|sea ani] iso ous WOMEN sa ana ins 9t9/ 122 526] iai 529101 588] 101 508/100 500) 96 ote “S00 Talo odoin of pple hag leasarrert low we te eat erent of pole nthe Guan ape group flLENGTH ‘Adult ind Female Buttock-Popliteal Length: in Inches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentilost 181079 (Total) 18 to 24] 25 to 34] 35 to 44] Years ‘Years 45 10 54) ‘Yours 55 to 64 ‘Years 75 to 79 Years in_em in_om inom | inom in_om in_om TEN WOMEN aT 7 220 659 Zs 219 a 556. Br 219 a7 0 559) zo 559) m2 za ea 559 ae 219 s86| MEN WOMEN as 6 ms 4 en) 3 ao MEN WOMEN 6] m9 ms 29 208 ‘MEN WOMEN 2s ay 08 204 S18 203 196 93] ‘MEN WOMEN aut sha sao] MEN WOMEN m0 yy 98) 192 ry MEN WOMEN 10s. MEN WOMEN 2] 192, “a8 193) 490 192, 196 472 66. a2] MEN WOMEN sar 462 ses 188 wo 457] MEN WOMEN. ‘a4 487 0 a7 105 sao MEN WOMEN | MEN WOMEN 13 39 wo 032 482 er) 109 176 10. “wy a2 as] 2a va va MEN WOMEN. v9 «2 209 03 “ale 10 Sfnton obsess enh meer blow an the nde pasate Peale nthe Qin ae gu {2OULT STRUCTURAL DIMENSION 55aL BUTTOCK- KNEE. LENGTH ‘Adult Male and Female Buttock-Knee Length-in inches ‘and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles 18 0 73] 18 to 24] 25 to 34] 95 t0 44) 45 to 54] 85 to 64] 65 to 74) 75 to 79] Total) | Years | “Years | “Years | Years | “Years | Years | ‘ Years inom | in_em| in om| in om! in om| in om| im om| in om WEN] 265 68[265 673] 268 81] 262 65] 26) o63[ 258 655] 250 658] o49 622 WOMEN |257 663|256 650) 256 650|259 668 255 ota| 257 653/259 068) 247 627] MEN 252 o«0|25a 4s] 257 953] 251 38) 252 640] 24s 32 240 2.0) 247 027] WOMEN 246 c25| 205 e2s| 266 028/247 627 2u8 25] 247 627 246 e2s, 229 607] MEN] 212 sec]aa caa|as0 eto] aa e00| are 690] oe eas |2ca coo] aca e20| WOMEN | 260 10] 239 c07| 240 610) 240 610,241 612| 240 10) 209 607| 235 597] MEN] 244 e206) 204 e20) 288 e25) 244 e20| 214 e20] 201 612/259 607] 239 607] WOMEN |za4 soa|za3 so2| 235 se7 235 s97/ 235 se7| za saa|za4 s0a| 229 982] MENT 29 07] 239 607] 242 615/240 610] 240 610] 207 so2| 296 sea| axa s92| WOMEN | 220 s02| 222 sa2| 230 sna 230 ane) 229 s02| zo sa2| 220 s02| 226 sra| MEN|z6 ses|2s6 ses] eas 607/227 €02| 207 602|ca« saa|zaa sea| 20 s02| WOMEN | 226 st 225 s72| 227 577 227 557208 s74|z26 574) 226 s74| 224 559) MENT zs3 sez] 213 sez] zs 569/234 soa] 254 sea) ra1 s07|200 s0a| 226 ra] WOMEN | zs s60| 222 seal 224 seo 225 s72| 204 s60| zo saa|ze2 seal 222 saa| MENT zs0 sea]zio seal ass se2/2a1 ee7| 231 oe7|z20 s7a|z27 572] 223 se6| WOMEN |z21 s61|uo 556) 221 ont 222 s64| 221 o61|720 sso| a9 ssl 219 ss6| MEN] 227 s77| 227 s72| 229 s02|2a7 s77| 207 s77|zaa saa] zz4 sea] 220 539] WOMEN | 217 ss1]aus sto] 218 see |219 ass) 217 s6i|217 so1lais sts| ara seal MEN | 223 s66|223 sacl 225 sr2|z24 s69| 224 sea] zz1 sa1|222 oa] 218 540] WOMEN | 213 sir|ai3 ser|ara sa|15 ses) 213 ser[zia seslai2 sal 210 saa| MEN] 218 ssa|zi 556] 221 s61|219 e66| 219 ss6|z15 ses|zis sts| 212 sa6| WOMEN | 209 so1|a08 see) 210 saa|211 s06| 209 sa1|z00 sas|26 soa] 202 ste! MEN | 213 ser)ai sti/ais sto|ar3 sta) ara sai|712 sa8|z10 m3] 210 623] WOMEN 204 sis |203 s16|205 s21|205 521/209 s1s| m3 sts 02 s12| 199 505} MEN]|z03 si6|4 sis|aos sea|203 816) 204 sia|1s6 aa8|201 sts] a2 sia| WOMEN 125 «2s |1e3 «90/200 s10|200 si0| 194 493] 104 493) 194 403] 105 470) +o Tab 1 fo dentin of utc length _sosreert below whch to ndeale prem f pepe nthe ren ape poup faADULT MALE AND FEMALE MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION Certain selected male and female structural measurements not pre- viously included within the scope of Table 2 are presented in this table. Only Sth and 95th percentile data are indicated since these ‘were deemed to be more useful for design purposes, ‘SOURCE ‘A,B, D, E, G Male Data: US, Air Force Flying Personnel, 1967; ‘Churchill, Kikta, and Churchil, Aerospace Medical Research Labora tories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1967 ‘A, E Female Data: Air Force Women, 1968; Clauser, et al.. An- thropometry of Air Force Women, Technical Report 70-5, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Foroe Base, Ohio, 1972. B, D, G Female Data: Airline Stewardesses, 1971; Snow, Reynolds, and Allgood, Anthropometry of Airine Stewardesses, Deparment ot ‘Transporation, Report no, FAA-AM-2, FAA Otfice of Aviation Medi- cine, Civil Aeromedical Insttute, Oklahoma Cy, Okla, 1975. Male Data: U.S. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1950; Hertzberg, Daniels, and Churchil, Anthropometry of Flying Personnel, 1950, Technical Report no. 52-321, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954, C Female Data: VonCoit and Kinkade, Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design (Washington, 0.C.: American Institutes for Fe- search), p. 495, F Male and Female Data: Woodson and Conover, Human En- gineering Guide for Equipment Designers, 2d ed. (Berkeley and Los ‘Angeles: University of Calfornia Press, 1964), pp. 5-16, 5-17, 5-18, 519.MISCELLANEOUS ‘STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS Kor SSID A 8 c D inom | mom | mom | mom | mom | mom TEN | saa o19 | ara 20; | eoetmea | 207 we | a3 eas | s70 oo] a0 eer WOMEN | so o12 | sas ti07 | car e2e | 170 aa2 | 206 ees | a0 oso | 317 ons MEN | so8 72 | 4121089 | cow toa | 174 «42 | 237 e02 | s20 619 | 900 702 women | ase 61 | we oo | sear [uo oe | 2 saa | 70 os | 281 ne a grate a 2 IAN DMENSION ANTHROPOMETRIC TABLES LBOW,MEIGHT eapow. leeADULT MALE AND FEMALE FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION Table 4 provides functional dimensions for males and females not in- cluded within the scope of Table 2. Only Sth and 95th percentile measurements are indicated since these were deemed to be the ‘most useful for design purposes. SOURCE ‘AMale Data: US. Air Force Flying Personal, 1967; Chutcil, Kikta, ‘and Churchill, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright: Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1967. ‘A, D, F Female Data: Air Force Women, 1968; Clauser, et al., An- ‘thropomety of Air Force Women, Technical Report 70:5, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1972, B, D Male Data: U.S. Air Force Flying Personnel, 1950; Hertzberg, Daniels, and Churchil, Anthropometry of Flying Personnel, 1950, Technical Report no. 52-321, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954. B, E Female and E Male Data: Woodson and Conover, Human En- gineering Guide for Equipment Designers, 2d ed. (Berkeley and Los ‘Angeles: University of Caltfornia Press, 1964), pp. 5-16, 5-17, 5-18, 5-19. © Male Data: Snow and Snyder, Anthropometry of Ai Traffic Control Trainees, Report no. AM 85-26 (September 1985), Federal Aviation Agency, Oklahoma City, Okla, Female Data: Aitine Stewardesses, 1971; Snow, Reynolds, and Allgood, Anthropometry of Airine Stewardesses, Department of ‘Transportation, Report no. FAA-AM-2, FAA Office of Aviation Medi- ine, Civil Aeromedical institute, Okiahoma City, Oxia, 1975, F Male Data: Hertzberg, etal, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- tions, Report no. WADC TR-54-520, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1956.FUNCTIONAL BODY DIMENSIONS “Kduii Male and Female Functional Body Dimensions in Inches ‘and Centimeters by Percentiles Aas Sen and Seles 5 c a Ee F wan > aan | aa | mem | mem | mom wa tea | wea oor | seov9s | 207 Tea | ond 737 | 78 VOB aaa rsa | mo ose | sszwoz | m0 ors | 270 cae | 729 1052 3 ING ‘VERTICAL REACH co MeOge SIT of F sone oe ETIGAL.SAIP BEACH. .ADULT MALE AND FEMALE PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION In Part A, secular changes in the body size of populations, over peri- ‘ods of ime, were discussed. Itwas noted, for example, that the body size of Second World War inductees was greater than that of First World War inductees. A recent study by the U.S. Department of Health, Ecucation, and Welfare, taken in 1971-1974, indicates that relatively more men and women are taller than those examined inthe National Healtn Survey of 1960-1962. Fifly-one percent ofthe men in the recent survey wore 175.3 om, of 69, of taller as compared with 38 percent in the 1960-1962 survey. Recognizing the significance of ‘secular change, as well as the length of the research and develop- ‘ment cycle associated with the design and production of various: ‘equipment—a process typical of certain incusties-—projections of future body measurements can at times prove extremely useful. At the very least the inclusion of certain projections in these tables can, to some degree, complate the spectrum of anthropometric data avaliable to the architect and interior designer. Table S includes such Projections. Selected anticipated female and male structural body Measurements for the year 1985 are shown. Only Sth and 95th per- Centile measurements are incicated since they were deemed to be most useful for design purposes. The male measurements reflect extrapolations made on tho basis of ata trom a number of surveys of U.S. Air Force (USAF) and US. Navy Fiying Personnel conducte between 1950 and 1973, The data were restricted to those from commissioned officers in the 23-25 age range. The female measurements were estimated from a 1968 Air Force Women's survey. Unfortunately, here was no corresponding large group of surveys on which to study secular changes in dimen sions of female officers. Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all data, ‘SOURCE Anthropometric Source Book, Volume |: Anthropometry for De- signers, NASA reference publication 1024, National Aeronautics and ‘Space /Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office, July 1978,PROJECTED 1985 BODY DIMENSIONS Tad Wale and Female Projected 1955 Body Dimensions in Inches and Centimeters by Sex and Selected Perctnlos we a rig wat era ar rarer a a Vek aes ry rows [oa as [ree eer ws 7S fe GIES woven) oleceer| inv ws]ecovea|sie_wa[nra mel ao vo) ne we ee a WOMEN] ws eter sees ne| seo a] ser oa] re es] a1 rele od aa «>i, w[w,fo een eae en OS en aes wear att we ase wae a QPS) woven | ses] wa se|mr srl mates ws| sar eae suline ng WEN as aeyoe st] ws wa ]ace [to wef Os Bpar of so co smrune ° “ta eetmated tom erassion ecu,ADULT MALE WORKING POSITIONS DESCRIPTION ‘Table 6 provides various Sth and 95th percentile body dimensions of kneeling, crawiing, and prone positions not included inthe data indi- ‘cated in the other tables. This information is useful to the architect ‘and interior designer in the planning of mechanical and utilty spaces, ‘exercise rooms, physical therapy spaces, and other similar areas. Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all ata. SOURCE ‘Human Factors Engineering, 3d ed., AFSC Design Handbook 1-3/1 January 1977, Deparment ofthe Air Force, Headquarters Air Force ‘Systems Command Andrews AFB, DC 20334, p. 8. The data used fom AFSG DH 1-3 was, in urn, extracted from H. TE. Hertzberg, |. Emanuel, and M. Alexander, The Anthropometry of Working Posi- ‘Hons, WADC-TR-54-520 [Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch College, {gust 1956 (DDC N° AD 110573)]; and Albert Damon, Howard W. ‘Stouat, Ross McFarland, The Human Body in Equipment Design (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 194-136.‘Adult Male Working Positions in Inches and Centimeters land by Selected Percentiles* E F @ a Lb in] ee | vo; | 976] a7 | ov | v2 | wea | 252 om |e | 2x7 | oss | rss | oss |_sz | snr _| oss HEIGHT . KNEELING. oo fOHT , ‘A ard 8am Daron, Stout, MeFaran, The Human Body n Equipment Design. Cough Hon Human Factors Egret,CHILDREN AGES 6 TO 11 WEIGHT AND STRUCTURAL BODY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION To dato, very litle anthropometric data have been available to the designer with regard to functional body measurements of infants and chitdren, Such information is vital tothe proper design of juvenile fut- riture and preschool, school, and other interior environments for use by children, What makes the need for such data even more ertcal is thatthe element of safety as well as comfort is at stake. There is a ‘rong relationship between improperly designed furniture and acci- {ental death and inury to children. Cases of strangulation and neck impingement in cribs and high chairs, for example, are not uncom ‘mon. Table 7 provides some anthropometric data inthe form of body measurements of chidren from 6 to 11 years of age in the United ‘States from 1963 to 1965. Altnough the measurements are structural rather than functional, they should be useful to the designer. (The measurements were converted from centimeters to inches, which ‘explains why there are some discrepancies within the tables.) Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all data, For additional anthropometric data concerning infants and children, a 1975 study prepared by Snyder, Spencer, Owings, and Schneider, all of the University of Michigan, for the Society of Automative En: ineers, ented Anthropometry of U.S. Infants and Children, is Fighly recommended. SOURCE Robert M. Malina, Peter V. V. Hamil, and Stanley Lemeshow, Na- tional Hesith Examination Survey: Selected Body Measurements of Children 6-11 Years, 1963-1965 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Vital and Health Statistics Series 11, no. 123, DHEW publication no. (HSM) 73-1605, OMDRENNEGHT AND OMENSIONS 05WEIGHT ‘Weight of children in Pounds and Kllograme T by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles ‘evears | 7 ears] sYears | ovears| 10 Weare] 11 Yous re big] bg] big] kg] > kg] ng BOVE) air se as [eer e| es] da) a Gis] rma] me_ms|_ cra] owes] sas ana] n_ me BS] sa] eas] tsa] se] aes ae SSN) ccs [eaten |e oc ert na| her a] ca a BOYS] ea] ae] esta] Bo] ss GIRLS | sis 2x2] a2 zea | oes 00 ms] ors ans. 450) Cy ee) a | at si a ee asl sa Jad Il dG GT Gris| iu | os t| oe go] oe ms] so a] pe as a BOYS | eee] are] areas] sua] Gms] se] new] atmo] os a] oe me] ce a ‘STATURE Siature of Children in nehes and Centimeters Sex, and Selected Percentiles 3 Years | oveas ] 10 ears inven | in om| in em soars] s1s_to08| _sa5_nasa| ib PeleeleeSITTING HEIGHT ERECT ‘Sitting Height Erect of Children in lnches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles Years | 7 Years |G Years | 9 Years | 10 Years] 11 Years wa as] ma nv] mr wi] aor Wes ma] ao? Wa] pa _as| mina] moma] ser me a a 7a] ae 733] ELBOW-TO- ELBOW BREADTH TElbow-lo-Elbow Breadth of Children In inches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles GYears | 7Yeas | 8 Veas | 9Years | 10Vears | 11 Years asa] ea a3] a1 mar] 03 ms] ams 76] as mo) esa) aa aa] 0s ma) a2 me 25) DMLDRENWEGHT INO OMENSINS. 17by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles Years | 7 Yeas] 8 Voars | oveares | 10 Yeas] i) Was inom] nem] _in_om| in em] in em} inom BOYS] sas] 0 ms] wos tea] 113 men] tia mas] 20 aa Gints| 22 297| 101 _257| 108 260| 115 m2|_1aa_n12| 193 onal BOYS| a9 a2] ea aus] oa m0] 108 sea] os ers] 115 aaa} cins| so ze| a7 _ase| 102 _aso| o_o] re o98| tae ate BOYS] es avs] ea saa] ea man] a1 mer] vo ae] 0? ara cins| es _ai7| so azo| oa ave | vor _asr| sar o7a| nama BOYS] e108] es aia] ea maa] 92 ma] as zr] oo cins| es _2o| as _ave| so z2e| as mae] 2 ss2| wos BOYS| 77195] e003] ea 012/87 aan] 9 ma7] 0a aaa} cias| ress | a0 aoe| en ere| a cos] 02 294] 98 ato BOYS| 73 wee] 75 wa] ea voz] a3 210] es 217] 08 227] cins| 7 ws| 20 we| eo oa] ae aia] ar_zas| a1 ana BOYS] 71 101| 75 101] 77 198] ap mos] a3 ata] 7 aa qunus| zs wei] newer] 7a_ sav) os mes] genta] es aaa) ey Thigh Glearance of Ghildren In Inches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles years] 7Yeas] 8 Years | 9 Vous] 10 Years BOYS) «9 110] «@ ww] 0 wae] se aa] aa var cis] ss _us| es _ 122] s1_ 20 | se_t98| seve Oar ea ee oes eons: 5) BOYS} as ss[ «1 ws] aa sta] 48 17 18 Gis| ae wo] ars] aa nal se ma] soe] sz ©) BOYS] as er} aa ea] ar ea] aa 07] aa wns | a8 116} cius| as _s2| ae s6| «1 wa] 42107 ws] 479] BOYS] —a3—ea] as as] a7 aa ta] «0 ar] «2100 )ciis| 33 as] a5 es] a7 oa se] 41 wos] 42 07] jee, 22s a Gins|_a,__zs| 22 a2] a4 _e7|_ a6 os] 97_aa| ae 29 74[_a1 78] 32 ea] a3 ea) a5 00)KNEE, HEIGHT Knee Height of Children in Inches and Centimeters by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles ewan | Teen] tas ar cd = amis | us m7) me a = Bove] asa 7 = Gi) cms | iz | ne = a ares | wr a] us i = Co Se a = cms | isso ve o 3 Bove | eet a ae gms | jena] cs = vs BYE | aa 3 as O) cms | 32S aa a cms | asa] ns x “ Popliteal Height of Children in Inches and Contimotors by Age, Sex, and Selected Percentiles ‘years | 7 ears] SVears | oveare Boys | waa wa] tse oa] 4x asa] veo 00 cunts | 1s m1| 124 0) vex _ss0| 151 _ seal BOYS | vee ara] 193 an7] 199 ssa] we 97a] cunts | a _a4|_191_23| ror x9] us al BOYS | 120 wos] wae ea] 99 me] wt 357] cints | 1s w2| 126 so] 19 _sa7| us _as7| BOYS | 115 esa) 12 ats] 129 sev] vas 30a] cints | 14 mo| 120 2s| 20 ms] ras _a42| BOYS | noma] nit —ze7] waa sa] a0 320 cinus| ws m7] us 23] we s11| 8 _ses BOYS | 108 esa) 119 aes] 119 sor] 24 ais] cirus | ss ass] m1 _me2| n7_ms| v3 _m3 oa aa) 144 at] v8 aaz] Bt aoa yor 250, tana] ns aan] 19 ana) CHHLORENWEGHT AND OMENSIONS 19TES BUTTOCK- KNEE ‘Sern ac Rac ang of Oa ac oo CTR Bae eee ec oreene oes | ee ee, pee ee See gee | ee |e [eee eee OS) eras |e ar es ee rae |e | eee [ots 10) eee | Se ele ele Bors} ass as arf gms = w7_2| ms m2] ws as] ia ons] iso aes | 72MALE HEAD, FACE HAND, AND FOOT DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION ‘The table provides Sth and 85th percentile dimensions of the male head, face, hand, and foot. Although of greater value tothe designer ‘of clothing and equipment, the hand and foot dimensions could also Prove quite useful tothe architect and interior designer. Applications ‘would include security grilles, gratings, access and vision panes, recreational equipment, commercial or residential shoe storage ar- rangements and devices, and special spaces for physically disabled people. Proper allowances for clothing and shoes should be added to all data. SOURCE ‘Human Factors Engineering, 3d e4., AFSC Design Handbook 1-31 ‘January 1977, Department of the Air Force, Headquarters Air Force ‘Systems Command Androws AFB, DC 20334, p. 6.HEAD, FACE, HAND, AND FOOT DIMENSIONS “Adult Male Head, Face, Hand, and Foot Dimensions in Inche and Centimeters and by Selected Percentiles a. 8 oT. wy] so] 0 | ass | sis | am] an] sm | sm ] aor om] 7 | ws | ses | 130 | ao | 60 | 151 | 2 | 20s i] a1] sae | arm | ans [750] aa | sar] sas] ro ) om] roe | 7 | sse [0 | ea | 57 | sae | ise | ore ot« Te" pT wt>n TofTel or] O ww] se ] a [on | woos | na | ae | sw | wae | eer om|ns | os | a1 | es | oor | ore | oe | oro | 7 in| ace | am | 70s | o00 | ea] 718 | 950 | one | 200 om {wo | sz_| mo | as | m1 | we | 90 | co | or ‘CrounterenceJOINT MOTION DESCRIPTION ‘The study, measurement, and evaluation of the ranges of joint mo- tion is a complex and relatively sophisticated science. Measuring techniques have not been completely perfected and some yet re- main to be devised. Research with respect to certain aspects of the dynamics involved, particulary in terms of the interaction of two or ‘more joints or muscles, is stil in its cary stages. The data available are scarce, and information specially related to large samplings of the civitan population practically nonexistent, Table 9 includes what information is available conceming ranges of joint motion relative to the neck, spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, nee, wrist, fingers, ankle, 2nd foot. Most of the data, however, are based on a miliary population land are concemed primarily with the simple movement of a singlo joint and not withthe effect of one upon the other. Proper allowances: for clothing and shoes should be added to all data SOURCE ‘Human Factors Engineering, 3d ed., AFSC Design Handbook 1-3, January 1977, Department of the Air Force, Headquarters Alr Force Systems Command, Andrews AFB, DC 20334, pp. 16-17.JOINT MOTION TERMINOLOGY" Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between the parts ofthe ‘body. Supplementing the more commonly measured arm and leg flexions, several kinds of flexion have been identified to meet special ‘descriptive needs. These are trunk lateral flexion in which the trunk ‘segments move so as to decrease the angle between them and the Fight thigh; radial flexion, which refers to the movement ofthe thumb ‘side ofthe hand toward the radial side of the forearm segments; and tina’ flexion, which refers to the opposite side of the hand's move ‘ment toward the ulnar side of the forearm segment Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between the parts of the body. It is generally defined as the return from flexion, ‘When a joints extended beyond the normal range ofits movement, ‘the movement becomes known as “hyperextension.” ‘Abduction: movement of a body segment away from the midline Of the body or body part to which itis attached ‘Adduction: movement of a body segment or segment combination toward the midline of the body or body part to which itis attached. Medial rotation: turning toward the midline of the body. Lateral rotation: turning away from the midline of the body. Pronation: rotating the forearm so that the palm faces downward, Supination: rotating the forearm so that the palm faces upward. version: rotation ofthe foot which its its lateral border to turn the sole or plantar surlace outward Inversion: liting the medial border of the foot to turn the sol ward.ROTATION i IN ener ar a @! E HYPEREXTEN: LATERAL 8 PI ‘SION ‘AND FLEXION. BENDING 5 ‘SPINE emt ko e y o | 7 / Fa = ey p ah y heeo\ \AERAL ——oTaTON == FLEXION ——_HveRExrEnson ) BENDING 2)SHOULDE! s ae. NEUTRAL ABDUCTION ELEVATION TERNAL hema of Yetta f } 2 { Jorrenna d C Spenglgee Fionn ROTATION IN HYPEREXTENSION ROTATION IN NEUTRAL POSITION "AND FLEXION ‘ABDUCTION Z) NEUTRAL FLEXION EXTENSION PRONATION AND SUPINATIONRIST J, DORSIFLEXION 2 Pawan rLexoN af FLEXION AND DEVIATION EXTENSION. FINGERS NEUTRAL HYPEREXTENSION SS S 2 e< - & ie Jc g § [HIP" magn oF TENSION NEUTRAL EXTENSION HYPEREXTENSION PERMANENT FLEXION FLEXION = ae — cro = / a k \ y / K } SK S Shae Ss «A : = / . wremat\ | /exemas = Z S & = ——_nwouerion ano sovaTion noTaTiON Q ROBUCTION REE rension KNEE TION t Mi : i Th A NEUTRAL EXTENSION HYPEREXTENSION [AND FLEXION, okNEUTRAL ANKLE exTENSION METATARSOPHALANGEAL \ - ‘anouction ‘Aooucrion \ InveRsion VERSION MIDTARSAL SUBTALAR © NOTARSAThe promise of easy answers associated with packaged solutions, rules of thumb, standards, and other presumably painless and time saving devices is understandably an appealing one. In certain situa- tions, reliance on such sources may be perfectly appropriate. In problems dealing with such human factors as the interface between the human body and the designed environment, however, the use of such sources should be discouraged. The great variety of body sizes and dimensions o be contended with and the almost infiite number of interface scenarios possible make reliance on such sources Sometimes dangerous, often inappropriate, and usually unwise. In those instances where so-called standards or rules of thumb may, in fact, be appropriate, i is sll more useful to understand the undery- ing concepts, process, and rationale than to unquestoningly apply them with only the end results in mind INTENT In anticipation thatthe term “design reference standards," the ttle given to this section, should in any way be misconstrued to suggest the promise ofa hancbaok of ready-made design solutions, itis nec ‘essary thatthe purpose of this section be made clear. tis definitely Not intended thatthe drawings on the folowing pages be Viewed as design solutions. They should serve simply as models or reference standards in the development of a more anthropometrcally based ‘approach to preliminary design, especialy in areas involving the in- terface between the human body and various design components of interior space. The two areas of itertace most commonly encoun- tered in the average interior design or architectural practice and the ‘wo explored in this book are essentially of a physical and a visual nature. The physical usually involves problems of clearance and reach, The visual involves the field of vision in both the horizontal and the vertical planes. Both are a function, directly or indirectly, of ‘human dimension and the range of joint motion. To inteligently re- solve these problems, the designer needs some basic knowledge of anthropometry, in terms of Both theory and application and an avail- able data bank of body sizes and dimensions. The former was the subject of Part A the latter the subject of Part B.‘THE DRAWINGS ‘The drawings that follow identify various classic problems of inier- face commonly encountered in the design of certain prototypical interior spaces. By referring to the particular illustrations and the ac- ‘companying drawing text, tno dasignor will bo able to undartako his ‘or her own individual analysis of any problem involving human di- ‘mension and the quality of interface. To more clearly explain the logic involved and to underscore the anthropometric aspect of the process, it should be noted that each drawing contains certain di- ‘mensional arrows drawn in sold line with code numbers writen above. The numbers represent certain standard body measure- ‘ments. ‘THE MATRICES The legend for translating these numbers into particular an- thropomeiric measurements is contained both in the master matrix at the beginning of each section and in the matrix at the beginning of leach subsection. The dimension line indicates where the measure- ‘ments taken. The following observations should make the use of the ‘matrix easier. One column lists the 24 body measurements. The ‘ther column lists the various types of interior spaces. The circular symbols indicate those spectic measurements that are most signif- cant in the design of a particular space type. The darkened circles signify that tne measurement should be ofthe person having a larger body size, The cicies shown in ouline indicate that the measure~ ‘ment should be of a person having a smaller body size. The half darkened circles suggest that both large and small body size data be Considered. The extended arrows identify the tables in Part B in \Which the related body measurements can be found. The matrix at the Beginning of each subsection lists only those measurements ral- evant to that subsection. The other column lists the basic activities involved, while the symbo's indicate those specific measurements ‘most relevant to a particular activity. THE CHARTS “The arrows shown in broken line, with a letter above, indicato other dimensional criteria that have been determined in order to comforta- bly accommodate the designated body measurements. The chars (on each page are keyed to the letters and show the dimensions in both English and metic systems, “Through the careful use of these drawings, tables, matrices, charts, ‘and text as a model, the designer of interior space should be able to establish the dimensional requirements necessary 1o respond to the anthropometric demands inherent in any type of interface situation thal includes the human body and that space. Preliminary design assumptions so developed are sure to be far more responsive to ‘human dimension than arbitrary or often outdated standards or rules of thumb,TABLE ‘GENERAL PURPOSE. EXECUTIVE EASY CHAIR ‘SEATING TYPES "ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA ‘STATURE LU 2 3 4 EYE HEIGHT ELBOW HEIGHT SITTING HEIGHT ERECT SITTING HEIGHT NORMAL EVE HEIGHT SITTING MIDSHOULDER HEIGHT SITTING ‘SHOULDER BREADTH ELBOW-TO-ELBOW BREADTH TaF HIP BREADTH 1K26| ELBOW REST HEIGHT THIGH CLEARANCE KNEE HEIGHT Nad POPLITEAL HEIGHT 10.2K ‘BUTTOCK-POPLITEAL LENGTH 1P2L BUTTOCK:KNEE LENGTH BUTTOCK-TOE LENGTH TRB BUTTOCK-HEEL LENGTH VERTICAL REACH HEIGHT SITTING VERTICAL GRIP REACH SIDE ARM REACH THUMB TIP REACH MAXIMUM BODY DEPTH MAXIMUM BODY BREADTH‘The design of seating, more than any other element of interior space, Involves the elusive quality of user comfort, Since relatively litle re- ‘search in this area has been undertaken, conflicting recormmenda- ‘ions abound for many of the dimensions Involved. The measurements indicated in the drawings on the following pages, therefore, reflect basic anthropometric requirements and, within rea- ‘sonable parameters, generally accepted notions of comiort. The in- tent of the diagrams is to indicate some of the more basic crtical ‘dimensional requirements necessary to ensure a reasonable inter- face between the human body and the seat and to establish an intl- ligent point of departure for the design process. Part ofthis process, it should be noted, invotves the fabrication of fullsize mockuns and pro- totypes, whereby function, esthetics, and user comfort can be prog- ely evaluated and design modifications made accordingly. Inmany instances, seating is directly relatad to a table, desk, counter, or a variety of special worksurtaces. However, the diagrams in this section deal exclusively with the seat itself. The proper relationship between the seat and cther elements is included in those other sec- tions appropriate tothe activity involved. For example, the deskichair relationship is included in Section 3 dealing with offee spaces; stua- tions involving visbilty and lines of sight from a seated position are Covered the section on the design of audiovisual spaces. Tho soat- ing types included in the diagrams are executive chairs, secretarial chairs, general purpose chairs, drafting stools, and banquettes. The critical dimensions examined include seat height, seat depth, seat ‘with, seat angle, armrest height and spacing, and backrest dimen- sions and slope. Itshould be noted that the dimensions shown are taken trom the com- pressed seat padding or cushion surface. In the design of seating, the ‘elative resiiency and compressive qualties of the cushion are there- fore extremely important. Recommended seat compression allow- ‘ance varies, according tothe source consulted, from Y= to 2 in, or 1.3 05.1 om, and is obviousy a function of both the material used and the ‘manner in which the padding is detailed. Section 4 of Part A deals in {greater detail with the question of cushioning and with the general ‘theory of seating design. This section should be consulted prior to the application of any of the recommended cimensional information shown In the following diagrams.sexe ‘Tha op diagram shows the more cit ica! measurements to be considered inthe design of tha typiel work of ‘Seertaral chair To uneton oped 1S design must be responsive 10 human dimension. Antvepo: rmaticaly, the two. most important Imessuremants sre butock ponies length and poptel height. Provision ter support of the lumbar gon by oper ovation of abackrestis essen fa fo a auceneeh design The element of ster como, & Tonerer anes qlelty tat e- ear PLAN VIEW Setar nna aon 1 cul the conscerlevarton fn human eine aria i" ‘body size, demands the exercise of 2 ‘pet cel of prea uagrnt ino: ‘Sienna proper char deronsons. Sn ued ecormanssons may ‘eno tey a re a ar ge 37 response antvopometi Srements. For he mot pat hey Sf ao win reasonable range of fscn oer The suo Itt nod feinsrestng terore,madon © Suing har vm amersona sig. ‘Goer pose inte forma Char ‘econmendatrs tom avai ‘pend terest shou be 50g ‘Sed mower, tate pry et {itp data presente to prone he Sesirerwth a Sasa pri. Sn’ soagn asumptons as trot a al deo sotto, te algo suggestod that th adr re ferta Pat A. Secton andthe low ing pages of is esc fractional Infomation related tothe theoretical ‘epoct of char doesn. A good deal tina ic appicablo to al onal typos.A scrrne ‘The top diagram shows dmonsions fora general purpose chair ended for bool povtds of use. A 7m, 22cm, seal hoght wil accommo date mest adults, except very small f= tates, who may fequte @ 15: oF 0.6m and in extreme cass, von isin, 356m, goat Roig. A ‘alr User, honever, can function ‘tha gfete seat height By using a footrest “Te btiom dagram shows he dren lone foran executve cna, 2 yp fenced tor longer curation of use ‘Tho butocpoptoa length governs tho sat dopth. Tsong, for 95 per- fontot bot man and women, razon ormore. sastdepth not GENERAL PURPOSE CHAIR Secpoding tat shoul, theretre, ac- commodate a large majonty of users. The very large person, omover trou fd that sus a depth might eave a substantial prton of his thigh unsupported, while a very small pe Son would fd that the edge ofthe Seat might ai into the tssue behind i or her hae, Jee stor] | SOE VIEW PLAN VIEW 584-737 ] EXECUTIVE CHAIREASY CHAIR Soe view DRAFTING CHAIR STOOL PLAN VIEW Aserrns ‘The easy cha, shown in he crewing alt op, aciicut chalrype toe. ‘Sgn, or esabisn qudelnes for, since IF primary intendae for reason nd comort—qvaliies which ae highly personal. Noverless, the taming ofers some basic amensions {or use in making preliminary design ‘assumplins. The folowing supgee tions should also prove halt (1) The angie formed by thighs. and trunk ‘should not be les than 105" Anglos Signin ess than this wil cause ‘acon (2) Design should allow {he uses to change body posiue. (3) ‘The trent edgo of the seat should be ‘euros to proven reaton. (4) The Dackrest shoud prove lumbar sup- ort by folowing the spl contour {he lumbar rogon. (5) The seat sur- face shuld tit backwards Too severe ‘an angie, however, may cause per- on efiely goting up tom the hat, parity for ly people. A ‘Seat angle of about 16 shouldbe as ‘uate. (6) 1 to ange formed by We Bacteest wath ho vorbal excoous 30", ‘rousons fora heaoest wi BD ro: ‘gareain ne form o separa cosign ‘lomone or extension of to Baceost sot. (7) Amrosts should be padded ‘ans dosgnod Motzorally ot al thO ‘Same angle as tho seat surface, The Graning athe botom proddes base ‘dmensoralinormation forthe design ff drafting stoo. which i sar ‘many respect the secret chal im om __ er oar] B50 —“7ie-m0 | 112 754-905. T5175 as. ED tee 457-810 F658 752-229 GW equst 254 egust | Ho 155-16 594-005 [12 max. 30.5 max Beds 78 a ‘8 a (ea sass Ji A searns The drawings atthe bottom show he base cimensons forthe ceagn of Danavett seating. The lack of = rests makes it feu fo define seat toundares. The use, therefor, tds to eaiablsh his own terry by as- Suing a deste sting posture and ‘lacing personal arcles next to him, fen ae a Bfcaeo, purse, or pack fge. Since the natro ois ype of Seaing can perm some form a ey ona, ndgen simonsions 2° per- Sonal space ao play an important partinfow eee the users sharing he Sanquat wil it Because of he many hidden psycho- Tegel factor involve, the actu ef ‘Senay of hs soating type in texms of tapadty if questionable. The a frame Inccale two possible seating Stustons, each detated by the an ttropometiesivaved. One arange- ‘montis based oo te premise thatthe Users elbows wil be extended, poss by = conjunction wih some scoviy suchas racing, simply as ana tempt sake ot sadn! tory, ‘as would be the case 0 he stalsge postoning of some personal arclocn the sean tis situation it weuld be reasonable to assume tal ooch user ‘ul take up about 30 in oF 762m, ‘of pace. The omer diagram shows 3 ‘mote compact ‘seating arangoment. ‘The aggram at the top srows a soe ton trough atypical Banquet. BANQUETTE SEATING 7 oi __ en aro] B155-16 —s94-008 Cte 06-002] Do 762 ae on BANQUETTE SEATINGRESIDENTIAL SPACES q gle h gla gig 885 slo &el2iel8 2 8|a|8 a] vase 1S Sls] cil A] 1 STATURE 18.30 [Kat 2 EYE HEIGHT 1.38 3 ELBOW HEIGHT 10.20 [4 SITTING HEIGHT ERECT J 3 SITTING HEIGHT NORMAL 136 OOM _|[_© EVE HEIGHT sirTinG 7 -MIDSHOULDER HEIGHT SITTING @ SHOULDER BREADTH | ELBOW-TO-ELBOW BREADTH ar | 70 HIP BREADTH aaa 71 ELBOW REST HEIGHT ia 72 THIGH CLEARANCE 1M2 13 KNEE HEIGHT tN2 4 POPLITEAL HEIGHT 102K 15 BUTTOCK POPLITEAL LENGTH Pat 16. BUTTOCK:KNEE LENGTH 1037 17 BUTTOCKTOE LENGTH tras) 18 BUTTOCK HEEL LENGTH 18,40 19 VERTICAL REACH HEIGHT SITTING _| ITF 20 VERTICAL GRIP REACH ee Wak TPO [2r sive anw REACH 14D. 22 THUMB TIP REACH Ws 25 MAXIMUM BODY DEPTH Tks 24 MAXIMUM BODY BREADTH182 ITEROR SPACEDESIN sTALOAROS ‘The variety of human activity that cccurs within residential spaces, \whether they be studio apartments, two- and three-bedroom coopera- tives, ot suburban houses, is formidable. It is within tis single en- vironment that people sleep, dine. relax. meditate, entertain and ave fenteriined, make love, do housework, read, cook, bathe, are con- ccolved, and in some cases are born or die. It ig also within these ‘spaces that people spend at least half oftheir waking hours and are ‘subjected to most of the physical injuries they are likely to sustain {during he course of their Ifetime. The impressive number and diver ‘sty of functions that must take place within this single environment, the extended periad of time that people spend within &, and their vu nerabiliy to fatigue and accidents give the qualily of ther interface ‘with that environment added significance. Another factor that makes. the qual of interface even more critical isthe decrease in he size of residential spaces available on today’s market due tothe increasing ‘casts af both construction and land. As a consequence of these exter- ral economic factors, it becomes necessary in many cases to maxi- mmze the uflization of existing space to the greatest degree possibe. ‘in some instances this involves innovative ways of percelving both the problem andthe design soluten. For example, i may be necessary to ‘explore the use of overhead space, to have a single portion of the ‘space perform several functions, or to creatively recycle space, for- merly used for a different purpose, fo accommodate a residential function. The text and ilustrations to folow deal with human cimen- sion and residential space in terms ofthe major functions that must be ‘accommodated2.1 Sacts 7 ve HEIGHT EYE HEIGHT SITTING ae [io hip BREADTH 102K] 15 BUTTOCK POPLITEAL LENGTH] 1.3 BUTTOGK-TOE LENGTH 18 BUTTOCK HEEL LENGTH MAXINUM BODY DEPTH ‘MAXIMUM BODY SAEADTH ‘The various activites and laments of furtue usualy associated with ving spaces esultin mary laves of nterace between he naman body ana he physi omponons ofthe space. The most obvious fs between the vse and the cha or 's0faInthis regard seat height mu take no consideration popoal hag while ‘seal dpth must be responsive to buttock pote length Culaton around seat. tng elements must acconmadate maximum body breach, wile the eon of & ‘lle lade i eaion to a chai should bo esporsiv to human each mansion, ‘The Regt al which a paming i hung on a wall shoud be determined i eaion- ship 0 eye neht. The pessbliies are amos! endlass and the drawings onthe {otoing pages exlee enty a few ofthe many design stutions tha requires ‘nowiedge of aman dimensions. The max ove indcates some ofthe ae Inropometre moasuomentsotke no consiratin to enaute the proper loves otitartace, ARSIDENTIL SPACES 19824m. wT seaces Te drawings here examine the rla- lensrip of femaie are alo bosy d= mansion to sta seating. order to fotemine how much” space he Seateo body requtes. “The ar- "wopomenic measurements of mar ‘ores here ae mawmum ody ‘reach end bulock popiteal length, “Te top crawing doa wih malo = ‘mensions: basod on 88th porcentle Gata, he maxmum body broach d- ‘mension ie 228m oF §7°9.0m, wih @ ‘huge aujec: Aowngtor thing and Some body movement a¢ well as hang n posture an postion, amin. ‘mumdsmension of 2815 oF 7c 1 Suggested asa wih alowance for Seated person. The ovral denension therefore clades the nical with ‘Atowanees and the wash of a sofa rm constuctan, which about can ‘ary depending on pesonal design prelorence A range ot'3106in, ° 75 L. to152 em. is suggested. Using the m tustocpopitea ong of the smaller Goo perso ard acing asa’ allowance . eeeceeeas B60 9.6, oF 152 19229 on, for Tita ages oe backrest consiucton as well as a minimum zone nat f fhe sca for SOFA SEATING/ MALES B | PnaglgnnPannlgna2aoch © Rec caw'ee : Sere B50 Scene tale - Ci amngatetetn ean §— 9 S (e=—— with female data is the same. The in- k fomaton shoul prove notoriy usetul In prevadng a Keener inh ro the general relstonship betwoen body S20 and urture but of spectc value In estabishing roimnary design 25- Sumptons for insitutonal seating in Spaces vesigned exclasvely fr the toe of mals oro females In spaces whore Seating 1 % be used by both ‘he larger dmersions shouls s 6 | + Awe lel He heap aie ‘sana’ © | 4 o r SOFA SEATING / FEMALE6 feeneeaSancee: CORNER LOUNGE CHAIR SEATING) MALE AND FEMALE CORNER LOUNGE SEATING WITH CIRCULATION \gecce. 2 2Aume = T spaces The top craving examines the 10 tonshp of he foro and male oy, ‘mensions to am cha sostng ower to determre te ancunt of Space te sestos body requres. Tho ‘aonae Is smiar to tral in doalng win sofa seating, outings on to pro- nding page. “The bottom drawing isnt intended io suggest aspect layout fora conver salona grouping, and. therefore ‘howls not be token sera. Nor = Shopested at special female and male seating be provided nthe same Ive pace. The crawing is essen {ay intra ands purpose 0 suggest atowanoes for comterable {reuation rolatve to. comer lounge ating etuatens. The kay conser ton arthropometicly maximum body breath gata. Since clearance e irwolod, ho data oat te lager porson rather han he smal should2.1 setts ‘The drawings atthe lop and center deal wit» the major clerances in ‘hed in leunge or conversational ‘esi. The top drawings Based on 8 Conversational grouping which the ‘cearence bebween the font of the ‘oat and tho edge ofthe table is i iegtetwoen 15 and 18 nF 4055 ena 487 em. Ths clearance mey requ ‘sme degre of body conte or se ‘Sopaing Yor ckeuaton end socose ‘Arirroperoticaly, however, ces accommodato human reach, pormt ‘ing the seat porson acces 10 the ‘cofes ible unthout rong. The dra Ingaleosuggosts a amersional range for versal eonversason Tho conor Grav iustratos a sear true ‘rangoment that would permit e- ‘uiton with Ul heacon ooss. The ‘Searancsindcated. however Io pr ‘rt suc aconss ould make I inpos: ‘Soin for most people to reach the Clee tebe from a soaled poston. ‘Tis could be extremely undesirable in terms of Yood, Deverages, and ga tells. Given the dace between fl heachon acess andthe accommose Nort reach, the auheors opto reach ‘nd tecommens the smaller clear “The botom drawing suggests an over: al slowarce for easy chai or ect ing char seating. ssudng foovest “The butoccieg length ofthe lager person is tho. most significant an- Tropemetie measurement in estab- lisrg his clearance. shout aso be roted tha he height othe fooeest s Uke a Knclon of seat hast The feotest should bs afew inches belo ‘he height ofthe seat. iz om Ante ioe oes] 3-16 20-408 —se-00 tar.3-2082 D616 o-a57 Ee? 956-492 Fo 2-1@ 905-457 30-36 762-914 rat = 3524-1727, siceo 1972-1575 RECLINING CHAIR WITH FOOTREST/MALE AND FEMALE2.1 ns =D seaces ‘The dawings on this page tustrate the rlatonenp of huren dmension and accesso low and hgh stor. ‘ago or fumture usualy assecated a_i bing spaces The conteraton (otto ure not fended oe lsc tlutraton of any spoctc ee ‘mont of fumfure, ba rater a9 8 oneralreprasentaon ttm Iypes normaty found na ving space. Imsivatons where the user ts not 8 oan ony, eter interme of sx or body se, the body size data of smal person shous govern. nthe ‘vert he user known, dimensions mere appropriate fo at body size Shou be Used where. practical ‘Shoud be rod that reach sox two dimensions are shomon he dain. ineach case the lower igure i based on 5th peeentle body sn data and ‘he larger on 95th percentile dat { Aetuty ‘one E WALL UNIT/ACCESS BY MALE WALL UNIT/ ACCESS BY FEMALE Sears eno LE Acti Zone 7 Bae arr] 35-00 a1 1018 —] Tis 10206 Tees 123 1967-1270) 905-406 7 WALLMOUNTED BAR UNT WALLMoUNTED Ran unm byte XSSeAMRRE Ace iss2Awns, = I sexces “The top drawing lusratss tho roa: ‘onship botwoen numan “amonsion anche asplay of art work. Eye lant ‘tne slgnteant srnropemarie oy mmassurement here. shoud be rote, however, thatthe visual angle Futien sma deat an be sary ‘etined thou rang the eyes ‘nly about? Thereor, the eawing ‘shouldbe used asa basis for prom rary design assumptions about art work goneray. and even in viewing st work shown Pera, 2 ceria meant of scarring o aye retaion Fequied In adn, the orzertay Othe line of sights cretal. Most ‘tthe tee th bey and hea arin a relsxed poston andthe feof grt ‘Sighy beow the horzonal.A more Setaod cuss of te visi ond ‘antroporetieconsceation regare- tng the viwing of dstleys can be found in Secton &n Pan. The bot {om draweg provides some sell n formation oncoming human monsion ang tho clewances. re ‘auto for cea ova. ae-o1o 724 108-1 (¢—so-a2 762-1067] oa 38-015 1295 338. 457. CSTE I s0-08 2092-278 5] Geeta DISPLAY OF ARTWORK ute Hall ENTRANCE FOYER! REQUIRED CLEARANCES FOR COAT REMOVAL2.2 Beate SPACES 5 | Ey 2B 2 cos [°° O]arenorOMETAIC DATA ira 7 Eve HEIGHT SITTING cre 12TWGH CLEARANCE: wal 13 KNEE HEIGHT wna 1 POPUTEAL HET ipa. 16 BUTTOCK NEE LENGTH Wag] 22 THUMG TIP REACH iW 23 MAXIMUM BODY DEPTH Pea Bi HAXIUMY BODY BREADTH In examining the relationship between human dimension ard dining spaces, the areas of ost concer the designer ae the clearances areund the abivard the ‘umber of peope a lable ofa paricular size can accommodate. The ceararce [tween the edge ofthe fable and the walle ny oher physical obstruction must atthe very last accomredate two elements: (1) the space ozcupiod by the char land 2) the maximum body breath ota person ot lager body size ashe ecules tetwoor the chai and he wal. n dealing wih the space cccupes by tho cha. ‘Should be note that ts positon, relat to fe edge ofthe Table, wil charge Several mes during the course ofa meal. Towards tho ond cf a meal. perhaps Uhl he persons engaged in normal conversation orinan effort to change body posture the cha ray be extanod farther rom ha atl. As a person leaves the {abl tho chai may be ocated even farther away, Comfortable clearance shoud {ssume te char fo beat ts farthest dance trom the lade oo ofen in calculating the rumber of people to be accommodated around the ‘abl, he designer relies exclusively on plastic enue tomplates or on he app- Calton of 2t-n. or63-0m, centr to center char spacing instead of corsigerng ‘he maxomum body breadth ofthe person of largr body size, the fact that the ‘bors may be ented, and, nal. he sizeof the place setng isa To ensure ' proper inerface between te human Body andthe able cing the ring proc- 8, nol only must he antvopemetic consiseraions dscussed above be ‘akon Into account bute numan boc, the cha, he table, and tho place sting must beviewed.as a systen. should aio be noted halthe size of he place seing wil Getermre how mach ide sea wilde avaiable or carta locatec shared lo- ‘ents, such as beverages oY serving dshes. The crawings onthe folowing pages ‘hans al hese conatone and shows be help rot omy "making prminary ean seeumpton, but moe mporlany in esiabishing an approach for nce (ar dosign ana2.2 pune 2 SPACES “To determine table size ts help to ew tha table as consisting of to zones. The place seting one tepre- ens the pateonal achty space 4 ‘eatin Wont ofthe idvidal der Ioealy "shouldbe of acequate 222 to accommodate the necessary cn remware, sherware, glassware, ot Both nis orga sivctured fonn and Ins evenual state of saray dunn Ihe course of use. The wh of is one shoud alo soconmodste the human aenens.on an bosy poston essare aig be er pecs. gute ase, spouts be gere"048 OPTIMUM PLACE MINIMUM PLACE fsnovgho alow fortna neveabie pe SETI Jomon of the ebowe, Antvopemet. SETTING SETTING Realy, the maximum body breacth rmesauremant of the ltgor ereon houls be conectred. Accordingly, the optmal wath suggested for this 2one,alowieg for sbow projections Spout 30 or 78.2em, andthe mn ‘al wth about 26 no” 61 cm. To Sow er the elrents ofthe sting Se he optimal and minal depths Suggested for his one ao 18 and 16 thor 457 anc 40.6 cm respectively ‘The opima piace sting zone can be owed a avctango, 30 by 18 in. oF 782 by 457 cm. and the minimal zone, 24 by 16m, oF Bt by 40.8 on ‘The shared access zone repeesens Ihetable space opooste the pace se ting zones neceseary 10 aocomene- ate. sewing. dahes and plat, related sivorware, iasses, decorate Conlarsoces, candlabas, ec. The ‘Szpolihis zene varios reat and isa — er eS Ss Ss — ——s a net i pant nale—tanateatonsl SF] smu ace sevin ror Teea {function of Mestyle, type of meal, level © > semaatarestecinenatt | eect ere ae Sein pon Sen ce : ee nee ae opnuu parties are involved i 18 in, oF 45.7 nacegerNe ‘Sn. Tho mnvmal dct fe bout 10, 254 0m. Ih fhe depth of he Zone is allocaled 19 the vial Pace seting zone, tis posse to ar five at an optima and mania te ) ‘ental ur fares per Snr thal can be apple n deterring table sie 2 serve any given numberof ners. The ‘optimal unt so calculated becomes 30 by 27 in 70.2 by 688 em, andthe minal unit 28 by 2 in oF by 83.3 fn, respectively! The dranirgs on These tno pages examine labe sizes interns of Pwr optimal and minal incremental unts. The drawing atthe tep othe facing page Bustrates the base optimal and minimal uns. ines ‘Te botom crawing Musrates each of pute sins ‘haunts arangea tvoo ina row. Tho ravings athe top of Us page tala te unis arargos aroune the fend of the table, whan the bot Sawing llustates “a labw for ex based on a minimal ierement. I ‘Soul be notod tat room size 80 Stats hese ofthe tie. H's 80 possible function wih ables of ess Sr corainy greater with. Dinng te bes of 36 ror 914 on or example, are qute common. Much depends however. cn te level of comfen and onveniocee desea. wich, witin lite, becomes a mar of personel decsien | 2 308 30 Tez os eis peepee _— 106 7 2 29 Horeca 610 Fennccay i016; jae a8 kK 254 (“ies aoa] M—se-20 457-610 No 208 2 RECTANGULAR TABLE | MINIMUM LENGTH ANDWIDTH/ O7e-05 iaa.1-2288 DINING FOR Six2.2 one Ja SPACES “The lop crawing applies the optimal Incremental unt icussed one re- (cecing page toa retaepular tabi or formal ding for si The table Sze shown|s tby 969 of 137 2by 249.8 fm. Tis size wil provide each perscn wh an indivdua place-seting zone ‘11B.y 30in oF 49.7 by 7.2m, an wil alow a shares accoss zone lhe ‘ents of the tabi wih deh of 18 5 Tho 30sn with proved foreach Berson alos fr eltow com ‘The botom craving, in contac, shows amiimal square goneral pur: pose table fr informal ding. A ough the woth and depth of the pave-setteg2cnes ae ho same asin the larger revangular tables, er an- (a contguration reduces the area Sintcanty a wel as the area ol the shared access zone, To alow clea. lnceler the chat an head-on crcl tion behind. te cha minimum (Seta cl eBin oF 219 em man be ‘mained betwoen the edge ofthe Gaecageettcoc mm: {able and the wal cr nearest physics! Gono ae ae suey ates: ‘bstucton, A clerance of 9610 2 0, ‘814101087 em, canbe proud ‘tow restcted creation Ts wl ‘qure.8 person to sigesap oF the ‘seated person to adhust we char to Se ‘low passage. RECTANGULAR TABLE/OPTIMUM LENGTH AND. WIDTH, DINING FOR Six \ ots Lah Scheme] | i_ =o aa ewer | en me 5». 382 | Bere sass is 2a snare accesa , ae eae fs ware drat fi Ticer | [Sts eae] ken “sey mn} gReAKFAST/ KITCHEN TABLE FOR FOUR2.2 ons 9 SPACES The top deawing dusvates 9 6%, of ‘1s, diameter round tale seating four people and shows the necessary ‘earanens around he perimeter. Four people cant function ‘comfortably rund sucha sal abo for anything buttheIightest snacks. The inci Place-seting zones are extmely re SSreted are the shared aovese oe the canter ie 100 ama 10 2ecommo- fate much in the way” of se-ing dishes, paters, or decorative ele Imenis,AaB-n, or 12.3:0m, clearance between he perimeter of he able and the wall or nearest pysial obec: ten isthe minimal Gearance neces. sary to alow orculaion behind a Seated person. A astance of 9010 96 In of 762 © 91.8 on, Betwoon the f Sacpaecerantooeet tonne ; fam comcs mescey pera Sones RA ac ire are 236: (5.4-CM) DIAMETER BREAKFAST/KITCHEN ‘he ein of Se. cance ae 3RIN 1.4 cM DIA er es teas reece Fowaver, can funeton adequately for Tout people. The place-seting zone Is ‘reasonably sufient io scommedate ‘he various placescting elements ‘rd provces Jonerus ebow oom a5 ‘wa Athough the cntal shared 2c (ess zone retniced, provides fa nthe ain or cm, ‘Shown above, fuses crcotes the taba ean fortgnt {eat ve. The clearances for orcule- tion are the same as forthe 36-9 table 152 e9. rid 305. [aE ota 48:IN (121.9-CM) DIAMETER CIRCULAR TABLE FOR FOUR) MINIMUM SCHEME2.2 06 12 Beats ‘gare peng sa ita ft ewe oc BOTs amet orice oi eo ortitan adr Ziesmaltoty itera we a tee eee Tar sharbetsien trek rants a acca Sem! ot) acenaaeeh st wu novus tes pen Po mee ers to oal ctr Since ay os a Seon porunele aac bora mance eg esas wrecne ate Secpoeteretitest pes for Secaesig ote eto Seaton ee See o eae moa ioe wanton cen sie Secon . | pb Eattmnonenparferarnenntete Speech ins a ell oer 4 i.e Se 9 hn Same gga 52.4.8) DIAMETER CIRCULAR TABLE FOR ‘a wise decision. The 724, or 1829- POUR!" aT Sn cums tam cemr ape wa care peeeuey oe eet ce eee eso aares moe A108 ae-arag_] Bee 457-810 72IN (182.3-0M) DIAMETER CIRCULAR TABLE FOR SIKOPTIMUM SCHEMEone 2.2 Sits Le he ep tg sons 725 o eon dani eat Soe opt poe ated oy «itn Sioetomy Son Ataugh te ‘Recreate sin onset opia ranger ap hss cer tr os tro pst ‘The bottom drawing iliseates the cearance ‘supgesied for wheelchair access fo the dining table ara the ‘space roqued by a person standing, Sarangi. or cterwie preparing food tobe sone, 70-197 Ho so-so 1270-1524 la 1972. 102 7i.4-2581 CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS BETWEEN tue 21828 BINING TABLE AND BUFFET2 Donne 22 Beces Thorton cf pecraro ean Tuue bt nesern eter "top aaun mree ‘eupetta retort The fee vats ctor he Crarheusort be ale tng he accord ade cenane ‘Rhea ie coley oe cloned Siren oa ae rege ferpetoes A Pa bog ie Muchos he ale Sar eer Seonwal pohapoetbetne pase Sarg eatee ononping oe in arg sy natn Sartor thc boy ton ba ete ast ere eevee Sovealan rey case ne a itage ne! Siete en & feign Fray eaee pot Retercatmeuan dfaeca is nelbcaion my be tur ascent cava. Te Sar enc bt eee tthe Socdeuute nimsap ers oe we meyten te eat ener Saracens comrade ese freer Th tag of fe Sat ertotr teaser tote teat on fe gona eset Sout gest fe on wl ange one meets spiel ree Sanco ntttece pled an Sateumgaeerne (usge Gowaaen senor amas [gain iqecenmosne mon mse Ais. Wepennmememnceedl eee tener EA wee] Setcpocectee meet Keaszer tga? th seat and the uncersice of the ‘ene {able As ndeatag one drawing, 75 {ny or 191 om, the mnmum ve utes. The backest ct the. chal ‘should be property lecsted to ge SRpport to te lumbar ragn of the back: The heght of fetal top trom the or should be between 29 and 30 in or 737 to 782 em_The baton ‘rawing incicates that to alow suf ‘Gent clearance for somaone fo pass ‘or seve, te table should be located beveen 48 ang 60 in, or 1219 1 152 em, trom tha wal Aw veo] 16-28 457-610 ie-17 a0 6-432 75min 19. in E 29-30) FL as-60)2 2s 2. c_, ‘Ss ara Zone | "Zone MINIMUM DINING AREA WIDTH adh aan we MINIMUM CLEARANCE BEHIND EXTENDED CHAIR 2.2 ome a SPACES “The propor height ofa chardair or cnet typo of pendant ighing fire hove @aring table shouldbe eased fn human dmension fo enaure that foes not ebetuct vision The top ‘raving shows the rlatonship of the {we height above he table sutaco fo small and alageperson Eye neight sting ' the body measurement to xrsiorathropereticaly. The iceal Suton san agjusatle arangemont ‘that he height of th ure can De regulated to respond to personal re frances. The nlrmason cn the caw ings vselul in esasishing ial holt parameters a= a bass lor pro Fimrary des assumptions. The rawing. slo. indeates a rinimal ‘learance Betwoon the table and ne ‘wall, or 1249 em, wih re che minimaly extended tom te table to Dernitonelane sence ccuaion be- fd ne seated person. ‘The botlom drawing proddes ads Tena elearanoe inormation and 819. (gests a imum stance of 60:9, 0 {524 em, Datwoon able and wal acconmadale oneiane heac-on ie ae] Seen eres 5 ra e tay E J sie) 1972-1524] ks 357 beer)2.2 owns a SPACES “The 109 ckawng shows clearances Deteen the eae fe tale and he wall or nearest pryseal obstruction 10 ‘iow twoane sane orulsion be find the char. win the char aay from the tabla. The inwdualcloar- ances shown rogue he tabie to bo Teested 90% 95 nce 228.6 1 248.8 fon, om fe wall The clearance is Gorerous lr he average rosconval Stuston, gen minal room sos avaiable. should be noted thal 9 ‘wrangonentsiustated on the ‘nesane erulabon behing the seatod povson, win the cna minealy Tened fom the table, was estab- shed at 28 in, oF 1219 em The boom sawing itusrates cloarances rogues in @ banquets arargemen ttnore seating i located at one side ny. The key bocy measurements fo Consider entropometrealy in most etl SSearance siustors is fe maximum MINIMUM CLEARANCE FOR TWO BEHIND. ‘gy breach and maximum body EXTENDED CHAIR, 2.3 See nooo} ‘The top rawing lusts te cea: ances suggested betneen srglo beds to atow for oreuiaton.ace2e6, ane ‘matong up ie beds. A minimum of 36 Ivor 91.4 em, i occmmondes, To conserve space, underbed storage may be usec in mary Insances. ‘uth uations, ti essntal ht ade (quate clearance be provided between the bed and fe wall or the nearest pyscal ostucion 10 ensute com fertabe acess, As ncatod nthe boston drawing, & Clearance of 4610 62 mo 168 10 1575 cm, should be adequate to ae. Commadata the human body i & Inooing postion as wal as the projec: tonola paral exanded drawer i is acassary to provi fr exculaion that must by-pass the wonechy zone shown, an addtional 30, oF 76.2 om smould be adsea 4 ‘ SINGLE BED/CLEARANCES AND DIMENSIONS.2 SLEEPING fee ad spaces, eas, a 7 Tetesomrgntepnion [eenckannendipene Bonen Soe aes ae yew | ienooceetacmans Q ere 5 Saweace nee aoe acanen or me geste eet een an ae] ocean osnime moans cna ouneree rection hepa fee Sea tigi satescoasmes tl weet ext Tata 'Susiecst' Se SINGLE BED/ CLEARANCES ees cra re aaa coe =< trary eet aceon 281030 Hed Regrnemeinen (dae, i cite poneenes : ham mchae brent? pasandnenpigonnedonnendl : Soggy nie Tre wer cow satis ne | plasterer Sa eee eonicorersese ee cates commer ender eae Souncdaeny maser sere erte een he Sveeeeuienaral Sao we Score ‘Sanding pnsicaty reared aar ss Le a deecndesreeted. SINGLE BED/ CLEARANCES SNS UME RIONE 7 Ha-2a D220 60-762 | 610 752-203 CLEANING REQUIREMENTS.2.382" ‘The cranings at the top and conor ea! wih clearances requires by oman body in rlaon to sessing ‘ables and doses, The craing a ‘op som. the muir clearance Suggested batwoon te dressing tbo {and the bd o other physic! obstro: ‘lant b0-24 10 291, of 6110711 om, {0 culation is required. Such & learance simply allows for access 10 ‘he table and for nocestary move. rmonis ane changes in char poston. TToaccommodate beh drelaion and cressng lable aeivies, hone, ro ‘ues a clearance between 42370 46 $,0"06.7 lo NEB on ‘Te center drawings show verscl Coarances between the ceat sues landitheuncersce ote abe an be ‘ween the seat sutacs andthe foor {oll asthe dance fom th op ot ‘he desk tothe floor. The clearances between the seat surface and the une Gernige of the table should an Sivopometicaly accommodate the {high larance of to person of agar body ste and the saat heght should acconmodae the popies! height cf {he larger person. The relationship of ‘oat eght fo worksurtace isa eae ne that also apps toning ables, conference tables, aed ofc desks Drawing at tho botlom of tho page Soma the clearances requred be ‘ween 8 cteseer andthe es. MAKE-UP/DRESSING TABLE DESK OR DRESSING TABLE | Sap l@rp WS-405 762 06 7-16 Fi-10162.3 scene 29 spaces ‘Overneas sleeping facies ore 2 ‘commen space-saving device, par ‘oularly where to number of Bed tome of Bearoom ‘sizes limtea ‘Atnough standare bunk eds are ‘avatatl onthe mare, kis onan nee: ‘scary bocause of user preference oF ‘ovisng conations within We lteror ‘space to custom design the bed in falaton. Tho drawing al the top of tho pago stows De vertea clear noes necessary 10 scommeadate an Gu ol age body 26. The st es. Serial body measurement a= Ihropometicaly Is siting height vertical space exerely cra, wud be wise fo measure the actual Sting Peight ofthe Feended user in the hope the! a few inches might be ved" shoud be rote thet 35 pare ‘ent of men between the ages of 18 Sand 79 nave a sting igh of 36.9 n ‘or 88. cm, o” lost. The clearance ‘lowed betwoen the top of the ma ‘eese. and ine neaestovehoas ‘beucton is 40 in 101.8 on. The betealy.# 6n. or 152em.'6 alowod {ortho ceptn ofthe upporburk ana 78 In.or48.7 om is alowed rom ne foor ‘wine op molowerbank, an acu of larger body size could not be accom rmogatea witin @ conventional 96:1 or 248.8-0m,celing neigh uniess the 2pth of tho lower bunk i rocucod. ‘Tre botom craning shows that ahr Zonal lasrance of 46 10 52 fh oF 1188 1 TST cm, Is necessary for Comfrable access fo the underbed Storage. 46-62 1168-1575 7 } ooretes, nd wi TT ise ) 3 ee 3 A fosccccccenecangeencengonacnonnn: aces ADULT BUNK BEDS / FRONT ELEVATION ; oo fo foo i bol edits Le nce ii fee! A stRReE is) i oa | J sf poco mone: ADULT BUNK BEDS /END ELEVATION2. 3ecene = : wD seaces * “The deawng at the tp ofthe page oochamehQNG] shove the vere! claerees ore wotactty sary lo accommedate chidren, The , fteal athvopomenie consiseration TA} 's the siting height. The. crowing shows clear tht a conventional el inghoght of Bin. 243.8 em, wil be ‘2cequste lo accommodate the boo) of @ seated thd on Doth the Tower and Upper bunk. The haght o ‘he upper bunk shouts be esiablanac 18 mavmaly requird to. accommo: Gareth sting hoight ofthe chia so ‘hath edoer lb wil note greater than necassary. The cawing atthe boom ane pageiustrats the ver al clarances necessary for a ltt bed. To ensure that a pottan can or ‘late uncertna Bea wine iting he head, te ciscal antopomalne ‘mension tne statute ote porcon of larger booy sxe. Poptial newt ans Dutoceto® lorgih re also usetl in Spprouatng the dogo of nusion fhe log ard ho foot o he seated person ita the ctelaton space be © > tT Irsnout be noted natn design stua- ons where space Below the bed Is {803 fora funeten cher han creut ton. cuch a6 Gang ova oak rested ctl. he verte clearances can be resend accorsingy i 2184 TiBs-1S2 332 | 279 127-956 | SLEEPING LOFTS /END ELEVATION2.3 ses 2D seaces| The two drawings at the 1p of he page show the vorical leatances re lated! to male and female closet and ‘orage facies, Wherever posse ‘rpractcal, the coset shat shout be tocatedwitin Taman reach. The height shown forthe high shel has been establened based on Sih per ‘conta male ad female dats oder {oplace twihin each f ndwuals of ‘salt 200 size Any shel located at 4 reator dssarce above the Noor ‘should be used primanly fr storage thal requires ny Fifequent acess. ‘The oeaton ofthe she ust above te 03 @ esvontaly a funcson of tod height. The clearance betwoon the ‘otlom of he anal and he top ofthe ‘0d shoud sow for easy removal of ho hanger ‘The betiom drawings itustte mo various types of walkin storage lai tis. Undoubiably. can be argued thal the 36in. of BL4-on, cerance ‘shown betweon the hanging garment ‘and te storage sho or between op- poste garments could be reduced ‘bout 50 percent. The authors cor- tone, nowever alin order te acheve any dogroo of comin the slecton and removal of he cesited garment rasmum of 36 in show be mal tained. Tho dogree to whieh thie a mension canbe reduced quoston {ft level of como tho ute is pe Dated fo orate n exchange for the for space saved. Tho two crawings fof he pan vow of the human foure iusto clearances require for don ‘ing @ coat or puting on pair of Stockings. Xe eee? _] B76 rap s-30] co [ennsE-o= goes CLOSET AND STORAGE CLOSET AND STORAGE FACILITIES /MALE FACILITIES/ FEMALE WALK-IN CLOSET AND STORAGE FACILITIES ano tara Sc men cg2.4 See ‘SINK ‘REFRIGERATOR ANGE OVEN’ RING PREF "ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA STATURE EYE HEIGHT. ELBOW HEIGHT SITTING HEIGHT ERECT EVE HEIGHT SITTING THIGH CLEARANCE BUTTOCKXNEE LENGTH ‘VERTICAL GAIP REACH "THUMB TIP REACH ‘BODY DEPTH MAXIUM BOOY BREADTH ‘The height ofa hchen workcourer, the proper clearance between cabinets or appkances for ctulaton th access to ovemese or uncercounter sarge ane proper visy are ameng te vimary consieratene inthe design ot cooking Spaces" Al must be responswve to human censson and body size # ha ality ot Interface betwoun tho User and the component ho rtror space ave to Be ‘adequate. In establishing cearances between courars, Ne maximum Body breach and dpth of tho user ot arger body 82 must bo taken nto account a2 wel asthe projections of he appliances. Retngeratar dors, cabinet dao, ih washing machire coos, ane cabinet doors al projet lo some days nthar open Poston mo the space within wach he user must crew ans must be aeoommo. fate, Standard ktchen counter heghts manufactured are all about 36in or 914em. But such aight doce net necessary aecemmodat he bady dmonsin oa users fora tasis. Caan cooking acai, for examplo, may be more efit ps lormed ram a starairg poston but wih & counter hight les than 38 nh ove head cabnes the upper sneves aro usualy Inaccostle to tho emale: person, he the lower shelves ae usually necoeestoi to mest uithout bending a real ing. The logealansuar she development ol Kcbonoabinet syste capable ct total aqustity to secommodate the human = am ; } z Weare 4 eae é a i a a at Deo" 3 Z rin foscnc Sals Fee 9. i CABINET REACH COMPARISONSWORKCOUNTER BREAKFAST BAR cae le apse MIX AND PREPARATION CENTER 2.4 Srcee The top of the page show more important hone larances re lato apical east bar, To on sure conforble spacing, betas oopla, 30 ot 762 cm, shoul Sloestd fr ne hovzona space ‘ued fr each person seated a Bart sho be ote ala that a ol of 396 in, of 914 om, requires that the stool bo equipped wih a ‘ootost. Te ceotar rawing shows a typical worecourte Aboud mos HAN Courts have a Height of 35 to 36 i, 978891091 40m 2 S2sn,0r 81 30m, helgnt wil accommocale. a. seated User Moreover, cma ood prepare: ‘ion aces, even it perforted rom 2 sanding. positon, are more ot= erty and contoracty executed with 1 lower counter height. Ths pat ‘ule te for tasks involving some Segre force tom the ams ad up Der deck muscles the roling of ough ‘would be 8 good example. standing user. The cuter pormeter 'Sdetnes by he horizontal hurt 1p teach of tha user Maung the amar body sige, The Tes. oF 48.7-0m, mension indicated was adsped fram ‘Strpercentio female data The eal ‘counter workzone of 8 by 30 i, oF {57 by 782 cm, consis the ine ‘odie work ares Sect in rt et the user al of which is comfortably fazcossibe, wih le or na side arm each requted. The counter srtace beyond ths area, which & accessible ‘eth some effort ie mted ony by the Feach capabaty of the human body wich vanes withthe size ofthe ina A emn 67 mn] Tsme_——18.1 min2.4 S28 Toast anothar 30, or762.0m, should be acdod, “The drawing at he botom of he page shows sectional vew though the ‘ame area The reconmended cour not should not be les than 2 oF 558 57 -oam aoe 7-087 Gren" ern | soem 10-860 San SINK CENTER © SINK CENTER,2A oomne 2b spaces “The two eawings on this page deal pemarly wah Uo vara! dimensions ‘elated to the cligerto: instalation ‘the the klehen. The top araung states a foorstanding retigerstor i ‘Supermposed onthe soctonal view shacea fim i tho zone of most com Tenable reach. To reach olen cated above of ‘oloW the. arse Fequles some asetonal oot. Below the area, or exam, may bo ree ‘essary 1 tng or s00p. AlBOogh bath the heorstaning and the une. ‘counter stustons everything wit physics reach, laments) ocaled Wwthin the" shaded ea can be ‘ached almost oforessy “The botom crawirasuavests he pos- silty of tard ype of retigeretor REFRIGERATOR CENTER) {hat ght be wall mounted restos TYPICAL REFRIGERATOR LOCATIONS tho tp of he cour, so hat most oF te srtace ‘ul atin Shadod ara. Te alow fr proper ven Ingo rato, be beght of he po- posed uit excseds the upper ts of the shaded zone. Desote fs shy eater height th uti ut about tne win th Neg above the Hor ot the “rgorsiza converter Nor Stang mee (riseae in am Tia |_| Hew REFRIGERATOR CENTER) PROPOSED REFRIGERATOR LOCATION2. A comns 2 spaces ‘The deanings athe tp an bot of the page hustata he Cesrances 16 lated orange contes. The top daw ing icles. a miamur clearance are ampiiog nthe raw Tha 40:n, oF 1018 am, wall oven wrorone clearance sdoquate To {Szcommodato the projected wal oven oor in adcton othe mszimum body fdptn dmention of the user The Standing figure shown n bcken Sn however, dates boty dimensional and graphicaly that he 40-9 le ‘ce wil pot pert comfortable c= Gulston when” appliances. on both Sides ae i operation atthe same time, The range workzone Clearance, aise 40:n is adequate To accommo ‘Sate the open range door and tho ody ae o the teeing User. ‘An oxromelyimporant, but frequently fvetoaked, anthvopometic cons enn chen design is eye height Iintis gar, the dstance tom the topotthe range a the underside he thd shoud tow the rear Burners to be visti to he user cane Mieseeaaeee OEE am Tore C6 8 min] 335-762 25-78 205 min 445 max 610-699, 610-659) 762 O35-9625 638-92 PB 24mn, 1 Ome RANGE CENTER [eocnsnnennennnannchanannaaannannnnnnsd) L td Se) RANGE CENTERa} | 3 Eel igels Eeycee S/S a5 3/5] me TACRGPOMETRIC DATA me Sane a ‘aoc| EYE HEGHT cae] ELBOW NEG ae {E> BUTTOSUCEE TH = i SuTTock eet LENGTH sie VERTICAL REAGH NECGHT SITING ie wae} Ol wa. (One of he most dramatic examples ofa design stuation where litle consideration is guen tow reationstip of hunan dmension and body se Yo the designed ‘envionment can be found n racteaty very batroom,prvate and puble, Few ‘esigers, builders, and users gve ary ought tothe height above to Hor of levator. Hurst days, may be spentin he selection ofthe approprate COO, figure model or tim. The hes. however ffarey specie anc ls empl o the contacorin held, who automataty isis atthe hgh that has Deon instaled for years simply because "tats the way ts done. The designer who does specty's het ether acrauing or witen spacticaton, does thing more than use the sare criteria enloyed inte fd, but vest more lgitmacy Dy incorporating tino tha crewing, ‘The fact stat isnot natura or he Beato assume a stooped postr while ‘washing the hands and ace. This postures nocesstateg, however, because most ‘asin highs are nly about 30 ir oF 78.2 cm above the oor. mrestng fo note hat 30 ins aso the average hoght of a desk or dnng lable, yet ia parson were forces to wie or eat rom a sanding postion, each of ho surfacos would have i be raised at least 6 ta 12m, or 192 to 20 em. The drawings onthe foloning pages examine the relationship of Bedy 829 to the lavatory and other ‘iments of batlvoom spaces The maine above inceates somo of he more im potart antroparetic measurements that shold be consicered the Ges of Barsoom2.5 sxrncons “The drawing at he top of he page arates some of fhe basic an {tropometc considerations related Yo Ihe lavaioy aoa. Pethaps ‘he most ‘tvs problem concems the height ‘ofthe lavatory above the or. Fr too Tong ts mension has Been estab tebe inthe tld on so-called trace practic a 311034, or 787 12863 En. ane has itl labore fo the fntwepometre requirements it owed. Optimum work hah fer the hands on & coun r work Bench st Uaton 8 establshod at about 2103 of 51 78 om, below albew height Punishes dela show tat only 5 per cont ofa malo sampling measured had an @ow noght of 413 1, oF OtGem, cries, whle 5 percent of a female sampling had an loon height of 388 mor 96 om, Subracing 3m ‘tom the female maasuremen! would piace a conioratie neigh forthe a= LAVATORY | GENERAL ANTHROPOMETRIC ory st 56 incr 904.cm That's CONSIDERATIONS. {geste han the height at whi lave Store are normaly installed, pres fy te aocommocte the majority of the populaten Stated anather way. mor tan 98 porcnt of users are rot propery accommodatod by the highs at wien most lavaloves ae presany installed. The drawing Ide [tes ranges for acl mas, omales, tnd chidron of lavatory height Sut table to sccommadate © restr por ono the respective populations, The botom craving indicates. orzontal ‘Gearences recommend i th av- ‘oy area Perper gieics [ae 3-860 DOUBLE LAVATORY CLEARANCES2.5 surnoons ‘Tho drawing atthe cp deals primary with seme ol the mote citea malo ant Thropometic corscerations devel cpu on the pressong. page, A [arate height above the oor of 37 to 483i, or Bet 109.2 em is suggested toasommodate the majrty o uae In otder fo stabs the locaton of rors above te tnvalory aye height Shou be taken into consideration, ‘Tho Mo danings ath botiam oto page expire, ch he sae ar fet. he andvopomute corse {one related t woman and xen ‘espocivey, Given thereat var ‘Diny in by Sze be Recon. dated wit 4 sng lamty 29 tase can bo presented forthe ova pment 8 hag schtmert o- fabity for to Tavetoy Ua a Sewloped, theres To reason, of ccs silane why eae LAVATORY /MALE ANTHROPOMETRIC Gr itor cesgner cant take an CONSIDERATIONS tropometie messiremerts of fro cose proger reac Between the cer ae vay B13-814 175.3 max 405-457 95.9-613 a 5 LAVATORY / FEMALE AND CHILD ANTHROPOMETRIC 2 CONSIDERATIONS Mtns ae ESOENTAL SPACES 1652.5 omnoous “The arawings a te top and centr of ‘he page dea! win te ashropometic ‘coneseraone relatos nial sratrclse! ang 8st. Tho drawing at ‘ho tp lot suggests an acy zone or clarance between ho face of 8 wrator ace othe Ine of ho wal or aretobetucton of seas 247, or Bi om. Acooseories in font oft the ‘S40 of to. user should be win Teach, Thum tip im reach an side farm reach shouts bath be taken into account in locating these ms. are ‘tropometicay A hog of out 30 fh or 762 cm. rom tho Hoot 1 the Conor ine ofthe paper aspenser is suggested Te botom craving of the wator ‘oeat shows some ofthe Forgan oarancosroquros ‘The two drawings of the individual det fustate If simfar manner some of the basic antrepometnc == {urements and clearances suggested fora pial nsiataton. The Botan rowing indicates some of he cle Sons Ive when the water oaet {ne Side ae lonlod sie By ad. SX SS ‘WATER CLOSET oer BIDET AND WATER CLOSETMINIMUM SHOWER CLEARANCES, 2.5 sxmnoous ‘The size of a shomer stl can vary _geally depending onthe level ot com. ‘on dosed. Safety § aso an a ‘remy important consideration Unless a tary relele mung valve capable of preseting 2 fied and de- ‘rable walr temperature is pow, are should be taken locate eanole Win ach but ou of ret ine of the ‘eater path in order to avend sealing or tocaeg whie operating the cone tet. ‘A clearance of $4, 0 197:2m, be- twoon wal as shown inthe: 0 auings atte tp, wl no only 9 Conmedate te vaity of body post ‘ions shown, but wil aso allow for a small 12am, of 30'5

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