. 
 .
 .
 .



 . 
 / & 
 .
  / / & 
 
 .
. / / & 
 .
  / / & 
 
     .

Copyright 1994

       
 .
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprodu ed in any form by any means
without the prior writen permission of the authors.

  '   
GrLATEX SUN SPARCstation 10.   Ma Draw II Ma intosh II.

GUTENBERG,  55, 10681 , . 3643511 { 5

  ,   
. .

 ,  ,    
. .

 ,  
. .

 ,   
. .


   ,  \
:     ",
  .  .  
      ,  
      
    .
     ,
    .  , .  
   .
     
      
 ,   .   
GUTENBERG    .
  ,  
   .    
  ,    .  .

,  1994

 . 
 .
 .
 .

vii
viii


1   1
2   17
3 39
4  P
olya 61
5 { 79

ix
x
 

1.1  n-  1.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1  3.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2  n-  3.14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1  4.3  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2  4.8  
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 2 4  4.10  . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4  4.11   . . . . . . . . 70
4.5   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.6   4.21  . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.1  ,   5.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

xi
xii
 1

 

I don't know why she's leaving

Nor where she's got to go
I guess she's got some reasons
But I just don't want to know
'Cause for twenty four years
I've been living next door to Ali e ...
Twenty four years just waiting for a han e
To tell her how I feel
And maybe get a se ond glan e
Now I'll never get used
To not living next door to Ali e ...
Living Next Door to Ali e
SMOKIE

1
2
 1.1  3  1 300,
     3 ; ( 
 )
 = {1; 2; 3; : : : ; 300}:   ,,   AB  =
A B = ; B  = A  = ; :  x
: x mod 3 = 0, = {3; 6; 9; : : : ; 300}:  y : y mod 3 = 1;
= {1; 4; 7; : : : ; 298};    z : z mod 3 = 2;
 = {2; 5; 8; : : : ; 299}:  |A| = |B | = | | = 100:
     3  3
 ,  3  ,  3  ,  
 3   .    ,
(100 100 100 100 100 100 100 3
3 ) + (3 ) + (3 ) + (1 )(1 )(1 ) = 3(3 ) + 100 = 1485100

1.2      1  10000000000
 1  ;
  0 9999999999 910 
1.          9
 ( 0,2,3,...,9) 10 .   1  10000000000
910 1  1 1010 910 + 1
 1.
1.3    ,
.
     
1 9. ,   
9 ,   0   8
1 9,   . '   8
  7 .    ,
9 9 8 7 = 4536
1.4  12   3 ' 
, 2 , 2  ;
      :
    .    ()
 3   ,  2 ,  2
 5 .  3 
 (  )  
,  . ,  
  r  r!, ,
12!
= 166320
3!2!2!5!
1.5   5  12 ;
1 :
   12  
 :        , 
 ,  .  
7! = 95040.
12!

2 :
     5!  
          .
     
     (6+71 7 ):
  ,   , 5!(12 7 ) = 7! .
12!

3
 1.6    180.
 180  ,
180 = 2 90 = 22 45 = 22 3 15 = 22 32 5

   180 ,  , ,
 2k 3m 5n 0 k 2; 0 m 2 0 n 1: 3 
  2, 3    3 2  
 5.       180 ,
3 3 2 = 18

1.7   1400 ;
 1400  :
1400 = 2 700 = 22 350 = 23 175 = 23 5 35 = 23 52 7

   1400 ,  , ,
  x = 2 5 7 0 3; 0 2 0 1: 4
   2, 3    5 2  
 7.      ,
4 3 2 = 24

1.8      
 , , , ,   .
     ;
       
     \", \", \", \",
\", \" \".  ,
(7+21
2 ) = (82 ) = 28

1.9   ;  
 3 ;
   2  6
  .  ,
7!
(6+21
2 ) = (72 ) = = 21
2!5!
     3 ,
8!
(6+31
3 ) = (83 ) = = 56
3!5!
1.10    
   
      ;  '  
       ;
0    1 
 .     
     (
        
  ).  7!7!
14!
= 3432.

4
       :  
     
       
 .  '  
,       (4+31
3 ) = 20
.     
 (3+41
4 ) = 15. ,  , 
     , ,  
, 20 15 = 300.

1.11 , ,  , 
 6  ;
  6  ,
,   r = 6  n = 4
 (     ).
 ,
(4 + 6 1)! 9! 789
(rr+n1 ) = = = = 84
6!(4 1)! 6!3! 23

(3n)! (n2 )!
1.12  2n 3n (n!)n+1 .
  3n   n , 
3   .     3n   ,
(3n)! (3n)! (3n)! (3n)!
= = = n n;
3!3! : : : 3! (3!)n (2 3)n 2 3

,  .
  (n(n!)n)!+1 .   n2 
2

n , n     . 
   n2  
(n2 )! (n2 )!
=
n!n! : : : n! (n!)n
,   n!     n
  ( )   n2 .
(n(n!)n)!+1  .
2

1.13      (x2 + x1 )12 :

    ,
12 12
1 2k 1 12k
(k12 )x3k12
X X
(x2 + )12 = k )x ( )
(12 =
x k=0
x k=0

   3k 12 = 0 = k = 4:  ,
12!
(12
4 ) = = 495
8!4!

1.14    x23  (1 + x5 + x9 )100 :

1 :

5
 x5 x9 x9 = x23   x23    (1 +
x + x9 )100 :  (100
5
2 )    x  (1 ) 
9 98

  x ,    x ,
5 23

100 99
(100 98
2 )(1 ) = 98 = 485100
2
2 :
,
100
5 i 9(100i)
X
(1 + x5 + x9 )100 = i )(1 + x ) x
(100
i=1
  x x = x9 x9 x5 ;  x23  
23 23

  100 i = 2 = i = 98:  
 x23  (100
98 )(1 + x ) (x ) :  (98 ) 98;  98  
5 98 9 2 100

x  (1 + x ) : ,
5 5 98

99 100
(100
98 ) 98 = 98 = 485100
2
1.15   r  n
,     9 ;
  9 ,   r 9n: 
    9n  r 
9 . r-9n    n 
  .   ,
   , ,
(rr9n+n1 ) = (r8n1 )
9n r9n
1.16  ,  
2t+1 3 ,   
 '   .
  
'   , (22t+1+31 ) = (22t+3 )    2t+1
 3 . '    , 
 t+1 .   (t2+31 ) = (t2+2 ) 
,    t+1 .   
   t+1  t
 3    .
  ,   
 t+1  , ,
(2t + 3)(2t + 2) (t + 2)(t + 1)
(22t+3 ) 3(t2+2 ) = 3 =
2 2
3t t(t + 1)
= (t + 1)(2t + 3 3) =
2 2
1.17  12  
 .  12  , 
 45    , 
   .  
   ;
12!     12   ,
 .  '     11
  12 .   3 

6
  , 33  45 , 
   11   12 .
    12 ( ) 11
 (      ).
   (12+111
12 ) = 646646    12  .
    ,
  , 12! (22
12 ) = 3:097 10 .
14

1.18  :
1. n
(nk ) = 2n
X

k=0
2. n
2k (nk ) = 3n
X

k=0
3. n
(nk )2 = (2nn )
X

k=0
4.
n
(nk )k = n2n1
X

k=1

1.  
n
(1 + x)n = (nk )xk
X

k=0

 x   1. 
n
(nk ) = 2n
X

k=0

2.   1,    1    
  2,  ,
n
(nk )2k = 3n ;
X

k=0

3. ,
(1 + x)n (1 + x1 )n = (1 + x)n (1 + x)n xn = xn (1 + x)2n =
n n 2n
(nk )xk (nk )xk = xn (2kn )xk =
X X X

k=0 k=0 k=0

n
(nk )2 = (2nn )
X

k=0

4.  
n
(1 + x)n = (nk )xk
X

k=0

7
  x, ,
n
n(1 + x)n1 = k (nk )xk1
X

k=1
 x   1  ,
n
n2n1 = k (nk )
X

k=1

1.19

1.   2r r ;
2.   5r  r ;
1. 1 :
 2r r 2r1  
    r- .
   
. 2r1
r- .
2 :
2r1 r-1 . 
  
r .  r-1
,     
 r . 
    r ,
,    2r1 :
2.  5r r  . 3r ' 
 2,3 4.  
. 5r 3r 
   2,3 4, . 
 ,  1, , 
  r
 3r + 12 (5r 3r ):
1.20  2n   n .    n
 '   2n .
1 :
    ,
n
(ni )
X

i=0
 n   2n :    1  
n   (n0 )    n,  
 1  n-1  n   (n1 )  1  
n ...,    0  n   (nn )  n 
 n  .  ,
n
(ni ) = (n0 ) + (n1 ) + : : : + (nn ) = 2n
X

i=0

8
2 :
n , 
  n  .  '   
       n
  .    
n , 2n .
1.21  3n+1   n .   n
 '   3n+1 .
   n    0 
2n+1   (20n+1 ) , n-1  n 
  1  2n+1   (21n+1 )  ...,
 0  n  n  2n+1 (2nn+1 ) .
   ,
n
(i2n+1 ) = (20n+1 ) + (21n+1 ) + : : : + (2nn+1 )
X

i=0

,
22n+1 = (20n+1 ) + (21n+1 ) + : : : + (n2n+1 ) + (2nn+1
+1
) + : : : + (22nn+1
+1 ) =

22n+1 = (20n+1 ) + (21n+1 ) + : : : + (2nn+1 ) + (2nn+1 ) + (2nn1

+1
) + : : : + (20n+1 ) =
22n+1 = 2[(20n+1 ) + (21n+1 ) + : : : + (2nn+1 )]
,
(20n+1 ) + (21n+1 ) + : : : + (n2n+1 ) = 22n
    ,
n
(2i n+1 ) = 22n
X

i=0

1.22   (pq +1 )   p \+" q

\-" ,   \-"   .
    \-"   
    .     \+"
    \+"  
\-", .    q-1 \+", , 
(   \-").
  p-q+1 \+"    
 .      p-q+1 (
\+" ) q+1 (  \-"
   ).   
 ,
((p q + 1) + (q + 1) 1)!
= (pq +1 )
(p q + 1)!((q + 1) 1)!

1.23  ,  r
 n , 
     
(r n):
 , n  r  
.  
r(r 1)(r 2) : : : (r n + 1) = (rr!n)! .

9
    r-n  n   .
   , 
 , n(n + 1) : : : (n + r n 1) = n(n + 1) : : : (r 1) = ((nr1)!
1)! .
 ,
r! (r 1)!
= (rn1
1 ) r !
(r n)! (n 1)!
1.24  ,  r 
n  ,  
  (r n 1 n 2):
     , 
r  n  ,
 (  )  
, .
  ( 1.23) (rn11 )r !,  
  ,  ,
 n  n(rn1
2 )r !.
  ,
(r 1)[r + (n 1)2 ]
(rn1 r1 r2
1 )r ! + n(n2 )r ! = r !(n2 )
(n 1)(r n + 1)
1.25    
 ( )   ;  
    ;
   (4+51
4 ) = 70    
  56 = 15625   
  .   , 
 , 70 15625 = 1093750   
      .
      :  
    :
       
 .   (52 ) = 10  
      2!2!2! 6!
= 90 .
,   , '    10 90 = 900
 .
    '  , 
     . 
   5 ,  
  (42 ) = 6    
  ,  2!2!6!
= 180 . , 
 ,   5 6 180 = 5400  .
, ,     .
 (54 ) = 5     
 6!2! = 360 .    5 360 = 1800
 .
     
   900 + 5400 + 1800 = 8100
 .      
 1093750
8100
= 0:0074:
1.26   x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 12 xi 0 ;
1  x > 0;  x 2; x 2; x 4; x 0;
i 1 2 3 4
1 4   -
.

10
   
 xi 12.     12
4   (12+41
12 ) = 455  .
 xi > 0     
   .   
   ,   8 
   4 .    (8+41
8 ) = 165 ,  165
 .
     (4+41
4 ) = 35
,  .
1.27   x1 + x2 + : : : + x6 = 10
x1 + x2 + : : : + x6 < 10;
 1.26    .
(6+101
10 ) = 3003  .
       
      
  x1 + x2 + : : : + x6 + x7 = 10; 0 xi ; 1 i 6; 0 < x7 : 
    
 y1 + y2 + : : : + y6 + y7 = 9; yi = xi 1 i 6 y7 = x7 1:  
(7+91
9 ) = 5005:

1.28    ,      500 .
     2000 ..    ( 
{; ; ; })     10000 .
 ;
    
  .  20 ,
   4   1  .
  ,
A + B +  + 4 = 20; ; ; ; 0:
      4 
    . ..
,   + +  = 16; ( 1.26)
(16+31
16 ) = 153  .  , = i; 
i)+31 i ) , i = 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5:
+ +  = 20 4i; ((204
204i ) = (224
2
      
,
(22 18 14 10 6 2
2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ) = 536

  .
1.29    n-
  ,       
.
'   (n2 ) n;
(n ) n
2   (2 )   n- n ' 
   n-.  n- 
 ,    
  .   
(n4 ):  k+1   k 
    (

11
 1.1:  n-  1.29 .

 ' )   
  n- ,
(n2 ) n + 2 (n4 )
1.30  n  {0; 1; : : : ;m} ;
  n  {0; 1; : : : ; m}
n      
  1; 2; : : : ; n  .  
  n   .
     n
  {0; 1; : : : ; m}.  (nn+m )
1.31   m
m = m1 + : : : + mn n    
       
    .
m m = m1 + m2 + : : : + mn  
m  n .   
       
     . 
    
{Mi }; Mi = m1 + : : : + mi ; 1 i n: ,  
    
   ,  .
  , 
,  1.30     (n-)
 m,   ,   
      (nn+
1
m1 ).

1.32   12 + 22 + : : : + n2 :
   (1+ x)3 = 1+3x +3x2 + x3 ;  
x = 1; 2; : : : ; n  :
3

2 = 1 + 3 1 + 3 12 + 13

3 2 3
33 = 1 + 3 2 + 3 22 + 23




4 = 1+33+33 +3 =
..



.



(n + 1)3 = 1 + 3 n + 3 n2 + n3

12
 (n + 1)3 = n + 3(1 + 2 + : : : + n) + 3(12 + 22 + : : : + n2 ) + 1 =
(n + 1)3 n+1
12 + 22 + : : : + n2 = (1 + 2 + : : : + n) =
3 3
2(n + 1)3 2(n + 1) 3n(n + 1)
12 + 22 + : : : + n2 = =
6
(n + 1)(2n2 + 2 + 4n 2 3n)
= =
6
(n + 1)(2n2 + n) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= =
6 6
 12 + 22 + : : : + n2 = n(n+1)(2
6
n+1)
.

1.33  (nr ) = (nr 1 ) + (nr1

1
):

,
n! n(n 1)! (n r + r)(n 1)!
(nr ) = = = =
r!(n r)! r!(n r)! r!(n r)!
(n r)(n 1)! r(n 1)!
= + =
r!(n r)! r!(n r)!
(n 1)! (n 1)!
= + =
r!(n r 1)! (r 1)!(n r)!
= (nr 1 ) + (nr1
1
)

1.34 ,
1. n
(rk )(1)k = (1)n (rn1 )
X

k=0

2.
(rm )(m r r k
k ) = (k )(mk )

3. n
(rk )(snk ) = (rn+s )
X

k=0

4.
n
(km ) = (nm+1
X
+1 )
k=0

1.   (r0 ) (r1 ) + (r2 ) : : : + (1)n (rn ) = (1)n (rn1 ):  (

1.33)   (rk ) = (rk1 ) + (rk1 1 );  ,

(0 ) = (r01 )
r


r ) = (r1 ) (r1 )

(

1 1 0

(+)
(r2 ) = (r21 ) + (r11 )
z}|{
=
..
.




(1)n (rn ) = (1)n (rn1 ) + (1)n (rn1



1 )

(r0 ) (r1 ) + (r2 ) : : : + (1)n (rn ) = (1)n (rn1 )

13
 2.
r! m! r! (r k )!
(rm )(m
k)= = =
m!(r m)! k !(m k )! (r k )!k ! (m k )!(r m)!
r! (r k )!
= = (rk )(rmkk )
(r k )!k ! (m k )!(r k m + k )!

3.  n  r+s   
 k  r  r+s   n-k
  s  r+s ,  r,s ,
 k  0 n. ,
n
(rk )(snk ) = (rn+s )
X

k=0

4.    1.33 ,
(nm+1 n n n n1 n1
+1 ) = (m ) + (m+1 ) = (m ) + (m ) + (m+1 ) =

= (nm ) + (nm1 ) + (nm2 ) + (nm2

+1 ) = : : : =
m
(km )
X
=
k=0

1.35    ,

(rk )(sk )k
X

 r 0;
  (sk ) ,
s! s (s 1)! s
(sk ) = = = (s1 )
k !(s k )! k (k 1)!(s k )! k k1
   ,

(rk )(sk )k = (rk )(sk1 (rk )(sk1

X X X
1 )s = s 1 )
k k k

 1.34 ( 3) ,

(rk )(sk1 r+s1

X
1 ) = (r 1 )
k

    ,

(rk )(sk )k = (rr+ s1

X
1 )s; r 0
k

1.36    ,
(1)k
(n2k+k )(2kk )
X

k0
k+1

n 0;

14
     
,
(n2k+k )(2kk ) = (nk +k )(nk )
X X

k0 k0
n+1 n
(nk+1
+1
)= ( )
k+1 k
(nk +k ) = (nn+k )
,
(rk )(sn+k )(1)k = (1)r (snr )
X

k
     ,
(1)k (1)k +1 (1)
k
(n2k+k )(k2k ) (kn+k )(nk ) (nn+k )(nk+1
X X X
= = ) =
k0
k+1 k0
k+1 k0
n+1

1 X n1+k n+1
= (n )(k )(1)k =
n+1 k1
1 n1+k )(n+1 )(1)k + 1
(n1 ) =
X
= (
n + 1 k0 n k n+1 n
1 1 1
= (1)n+1 (n1 ) + (n1 ) = (n1 )
n+1 1
n+1 n n+1 n
  (nn1 ) ,  
 n = 0,    .

15
16
 2

 

Now you play the loving woman I'll play the faithful man
But just don't look too lose into the palm of my hand
We stood at the altar the gypsy swore our future was right
But ome the wee wee hours well maybe baby the gypsy lied
So when you look at me you better look hard and look twi e
Is that me baby or just a brilliant disguise
Tonight our bed is old I'm lost in the darkness of our love
God have mer y of the man who doubts what he's sure of
Brilliant Disguise
BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN

17
18
 2.1    ,
1.
1 + 2x x2 x3
A(x) =
1 + x x2 x3
2.
2 + 3x 6x2
A(x) =
1 + 2x
3.
2
A(x) =
1 4x2
1. ,
1 + x x2 x3 x x
A(x) = + =1+ =
1+xx x 2 3 1+xx x
2 3 1 + x x2 (1 + x)
x x
=1+ = 1+
(1 + x)(1 x2 ) (1 + x)2 (1 x)
 x ,
(1+x)2 (1x)

x A B C
= + + =
(1 + x )2 (1 x) 1x 1+x (1 + x)2

x = A(1 + x)2 + B (1 x)(1 + x) + C (1 x) =

x = (A B )x2 + (2A C )x + A + B + C =

AB =0 A=B A = 14
2A C = 1 = 4A = 1 = B = 14

A+B+C =0
C = 2A
C = 12
,
1 1 1
A(x) = 1 + (1 x)1 + (1 + x)1 (1 + x)2 =
4 4 2

1 X 1 1 X 1 k 1 X 2 k
=1+ (k )(1)k xk + (k )x (k )x =
4 4 2
k=0 k=0 k=0

1X k 1X 1X
=1+ x + (1)k xk (1)k (k + 1)xk =
4 4 2
k=0 k=0 k=0

1 1 1
[ + (1)k (1)k (k + 1)]xk =
X
=1+
4 4 2
k=0
= 1 + x x2 + 2x3 2x4 + 3x5 3x6 + : : : :

2.
2 + 3x 6x2 1
A(x) = = 3x + 3 =
1 + 2x 2x + 1

k k
X
= 3 3x (1 + 2x)1 = 3 3x k )2 x =
(1
k=0

(1)k 2k xk = 2 x 4x2 + 8x3 16x4 + : : : :
X
= 3 3x
k=0

19
 3.
2
(k1 )(1)k 4k x2k =
X
A(x) = = 2(1 4x2 )1 = 2
1 4x2
k=0

4k x2k = 2 + 0 x + 8x2 + 0 x3 + 32x4 + : : : :
X
=2
k=0
2.2     ,
1. 2; 5; 13; 35; : : : ; 2n + 3n ; : : : :
2. 1; 2; 3; : : : ; r; : : : :
1. ,
A(x) = 20 + 30 + (21 + 31 )x + (22 + 32 )x2 + : : : =
= (20 + 21 x + 22 x2 + : : :) + (30 + 31 x + 32 x2 + : : :) =
= [(2x)0 + (2x)1 + (2x)2 + : : :] + [(3x)0 + (3x)1 + (3x)2 + : : :] =
1 1 1 3x + 1 2x 2 5x
= + = = :
1 2x 1 3x 1 5x + 6x 2 1 5x + 6x2
2. ,
A(x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + : : : + rxr1 + : : : =
= (x + x2 + x3 + : : : + xr + : : :) = [(1 + x + x2 + : : :) 1] =
1 1
=( 1) = :
1x (1 x)2

2.3 (nr ) = (nr 1 ) + (nr1

1
)  . 1

  (nr )   z r    (1 + z )n : 
  (1 + z )n1 + z (1 + z )n1;    z r
  , (nr 1 ) + (nr11
);  .

2.4      
 . ,   .
   ,
k
X
k = ar bkr ; k = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
r=0
 ar ; br ; r = ar br ;   (x) =
A(x) B (x):    , bk = kr=0 ar ; k = 0; 1; 2; : : : ; 
P
   bk
A(x)
B (x) =
1x
 k = 1 k N;  (k )     (x) = 1
1x :
,
k
X k
X k
X
bk = ar = ar 1 = ar kr
r=0 r=0 r=0
bk  ak k   
,
A(x)
B (x) = A(x)  (x) = B (x) =
1x
1 1   .

20
P      B (x)  bk =
r=k ar : ,

X
X kX
1 kX
1
bk = ar = ar ar = A(1) ar =
r =k r=0 r=0 r=0
k 1
bk xk = A(1)xk ar xk =
X X X X

k=0 k=0 k=0 r=0

A(1) xA(x) A(1) xA(x)
bk xk =
X
= B (x) =
1x 1x 1x
k=0
    ,  br = rar ; r =
0; 1; 2; : : : ;   B (x) = xA (x)  r = ra+1
r ; r = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
, Z x
1
(x) = A(t)dt:
x 0
E,
B (x) = b0 + b1 x + b2 x2 + : : : = 0a0 + 1a1 x + 2a2 x2 + : : : =
= x(1a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 + : : :) = x(a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + : : :) =
= x(a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + : : :) = xA (x):
a a a
(x) = 0 + 1 x + 2 x2 + : : : =
1 2 3
1 x 2
x3
= (a0 x + a1 + a2
+ : : :) =
x 2 3
1 x 1 x
Z Z
= (a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + : : :)dt = A(t)dt
x 0 x 0

2.5  a0 ; a1 ; : : : .  

X
a= an ;
n=0
a R
an xn :
X
A(x) =
n=0
   ,

X
bn = ai
i=n+1
   bn   a (x):


X
X n
X
bn = ai = ai ai =
i=n+1 i=0 i=0
n
X
bn = a ai :
i=0
   a; a; : : : 1a x ;   
    
n
X
ai
i=0

21
 A1(xx) :     , 
   bn ,
a A(x) a A(x)
B (x) = =
1x 1x 1x

2.6       ar = r2 ; r =
0; 1; 2; : : :    12 + 22 + 32 + : : : + r2 : 2

,
A(x) = 0 + 12 x + 22 x2 + 32 x3 + 42 x4 + : : : =
= x(12 + 22 x + 32 x2 + 42 x3 + : : :) = x(x + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 + : : :) =
= x[x(1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + : : :)] = x[x(x + x2 + x3 + x4 + : : :) ] =
1 x x(1 + x)
= x[x( 1) ] = x[ ] =
1x (1 x)2 (1 x)3
      
ar = r2 :
        
02 ; 02 + 12 ; 02 + 12 + 22 ; : : : ; 02 + 12 + 22 + : : : + r2 ; : : :

A(x) x(1 + x)
S (x) = =
1x (1 x)4

     
xr  .
     xr  (1 x)4 ;
(4)(4 1) : : : (4 r + 1) 4 5 : : : (r + 3)
(1)r = =
r! r!
(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)
=
123
r
  x   S (x)
r(r + 1)(r + 2) (r 1)r(r + 1) r(r + 1)(2r + 1)
+ =
123 123 6
    ,
r(r + 1)(2r + 1)
12 + 22 + : : : + r 2 =
6
2.7     ar = (r 1)r(r + 1): 
  3 2 1 + 4 3 2 + : : : + (n + 1)n(n 1):

A(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + : : : = 1 0 (1) + 2 1 0x + 3 2 1x2 + : : : =

= 3 2 1x2 + 4 3 2x3 + : : : = x2 (3 2 1 + 4 3 2x + : : :) =
= x2 (3 2x + 4 3x2 + : : :) = x2 (3x2 + 4x3 + : : :) =
1
= x2 (x3 + x4 + : : :) = x2 [ (1 + x + x2 )] =
1x
1 6x2
= x2 ( ) = ::: =
1x (1 x)4
2 1    .

22
    , S (x) = s0 + s1 x + s2 x2 + : : : ;
k
X
sk = ar
r=0

S (x) = A1(xx) = S (x) = 6x2

(1x)5 : 
n
X
sn = an
r=0

  S(x). :

k k
X
S (x) = 6x2 (1 x)5 = 6x2 k )(1) x =
(5
k=0

X (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)(k + 4) k+2
= 6 x =
4!
k=0
(k 1)k (k + 1)(k + 2) (k 1)k (k + 1)(k + 2)
sk = 6 =
4! 4
2.8  ,    :
1. n
(rk )(snk ) = (rn+s )
X

k=0

2. n
(km ) = (nm+1
X
+1 )
k=0
3

1.      xk = (rk ) yk = (sk ):
xk = (rk )    (1 + z )r yk = (sk )
   (1 + z )s :    
 
n
( (rk )(snk ))
X

k=0
(1 + z )r+s
  ,   n- 
    z n   .
,
n
(rk )(snk ) = (rn+s )
X

k=0

2. 

(nm+1 m
X
X (z ) = +1 )z
m=0
Xn
[ (km )]z m :
X
Y (z ) =
m=0 k=0
3 1   .

23
  X (z ) = Y (z ): ,

(nm+1 m = z 1 (nm+1 m+1 =
X X
X (z ) = +1 )z +1 )z
m=0 m=0

(nk +1 )z k = z 1 [(1 + z )n+1 1]
X
=z 1

k=1
Xn n X
[ (km )]z m = (km )z m ] =
X X
Y (z ) = [
m=0 k=0 k=0 m=0
n
(1 + z )n+1 1
(1 + z )k =
X
= =
(1 + z ) 1
k=0
= z 1 [(1 + z )n+1 1]
  ,
n
(km ) = (nm+1
X
X (z ) = Y (z ) = +1 )
k=0

2.9  t   ,
t
t2i ):
(2i i )(t2
X
i
i=0

 ai = (i2i ):  bi = (2tt2i
i ) = ati ;  ,
t
t2i ) = a b = a a
(2i i )(2t
X
(t) = i i i i t i
i=0

    i    (x) =
[A(x)]2 : ,
A(x) = (1 4x) 2
1

,

(k 2 )(1)k 4k xk =
X 1
(1 4x) 2 =
1

k=0
( 21 )( 32 ) : : : ( 2k2+1 )

1 3 : : : (2k 1) k k
(1)k 4k xk =
X X
= 2 x =
1 2 ::: k 1 2:::k
k=0 k=0

X 1 2 : : : (2k ) k X (2k )! k X 2k k
= x = x = (k )x
(k !)2 k !k !
k=0 k=0 k=0
,
(x) = [A(x)]2 = [(1 4x) 2 ]2 = (1 4x)1 =
1

k k k 4k xk
X X
= k )(1) 4 x =
(1
k=0 k=0
,
t
t2i ) = 4t
(i2i )(2t
X
i
i=0

24
 2.10   ,
nX
1
(n k )(n k )(nn1
k ):
k=2

 ak = k 2 bk = (nn1
k ): ,

n
X n
X
bk ak = ak bnk = ank bk =
k=0 k=0
nX
1 nX
1
= an b0 + an1 b1 + ank bk + a0 bn = (n 1) + 2
ank bk =
k=2 k=2
nX
1
ank bk = bk ak (n 1)2
k=2
 2.6 ,
A(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + : : : = 02 + 12 x + 22 x2 + : : : =
x(1 + x)
= ;
(1 x)3

B (x) = b0 + b1 x + b2 x2 + : : : = (nn1 ) + (nn1 n1 2

1 )x + (n2 )x + : : : =

= x[(nn1 n1 n1 ) + (n1 )x + : : :] = x(1 + x)n1

1 ) + (n2 )x + : : :] = x[(0 1

n
X
ank bk
k=0
 ,
x(1 + x) x2 (1 + x)n
A(x) B (x) = x(1 + x)n1 = =
(1 x)3 (1 x)3
n n
(k + 1)(k + 2)
(nm )xm k k (nm )xm xk =
X X X X
= x2 k )(1) x = x
(3 2

m=0 m=0
2
k=0 k=0
n X

(k + 1)(k + 2) m+k+2
(nm )
X
= x
m=0 k=0
2

  xn ,
n nX
2
(n m 1)(n m)
(nm )
X
ank bk =
m=0
2
k=0

 ,
nX
1 nX
2
(n m 1)(n m)
ank bk = (nm ) (n 1)2 =
m=0
2
k=2
n2
n(n 1) X n2
= (m ) (n 1)2 = n(n 1)2n3 (n 1)2
2 m=0

25
 2.11   ,   0; 1; 2; : : : 
 X
x0 ; x1 ; : : : ; (xi 0 xi = 1):
i
 X (s) = k
k=0 xk s    .   ,
P
n    X.  y0 ; y1 ; : : :  P

y   0; 1; 2; : : : .     Y (s) = k yk sk
[X (s)]n :
    X1 ; X2 ; : : : ; Xn   Y = X1 + X2 +
: : : + Xn :   yk  Y   k   
xi1 xi2 : : : xin  i1 ; i2 ; : : : ; in   i1 + i2 + : : : + in = k:
     xk  ,
Y (s) = (x0 s0 + x1 s + x2 s2 + : : :)(x0 s0 + x1 s + x2 s2 + : : :) : : :
: : : (x0 s0 + x1 s + x2 s2 + : : :) =
= (x0 + x1 s + x2 s2 + : : :)n = [X (s)]n
,
yk sk = [X (s)]n
X
Y (s) =
k

2.12      a0 ; a1 ;: : : ar
  ( ) r    {0; 1; 2} 
  0 .    
 ar :
 ,     ,
,
A(x) = (1 + x2 + x4 + : : :)(1 + x + x2 + : : :)(1 + x + x2 + : : :) =
1 1 1 1
= =
1 x2 (1 x)2 1 + x (1 x)3
,
1 1 A B C D
A(x) = = + + + =
1 + x (1 x)3 1 + x 1 x (1 x)2 (1 x)3

1 = A(1 x)3 + B (1 + x)(1 x)2 + C (1 x)(1 + x) + D(1 + x) =

1 = A + 3Ax2 3Ax Ax3 + Bx3 Bx2 Bx + B + C Cx2 + D + Dx =


AB =0

A=B

3A B C = 0 C = 2A

= =

3A B + D = 0
D = 4A


A+B+C +D =1
A + A + 2A + 4A = 1


A = 18


B = 18

C = 14


D = 12
,
1 1 1 1
A(x) = (1 + x)1 + (1 x)1 + (1 x)2 + (1 x)3 =
8 8 4 2

1 X 1 k 1 X 1
= (k )x + (k )(1)k xk +
8 8
k=0 k=0

26

1 X 2 1 X 3
+ (k )(1)k xk + (k )(1)k xk =
4 2
k=0 k=0

1X 1X k
= (1)k xk + x +
8 8
k=0 k=0

1X 1 X (k + 1)(k + 2) k
+ (k + 1)xk + x =
4 2 2
k=0 k=0

1 1 r + 1 (r + 1)(r + 2)
ar = (1)r + + + =
8 8 4 4
1 (r + 1)(r + 3)
= [1 + (1)r ] +
8 4

2.13     a0 ; a1 ;a2 ;: : : :
1.    a1 ; a4 ;a7 ;: : : : (: w = e 3 i 
2

w0 + w1 + w2 = 0:)
2.     , a0 ;a2 ;a4 ;: : : :
1.  A(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + : : : : ,

w0 = 1; w1 = e
2
3 i = cos 2 + i sin 2 = 1 + i 3
3 3 2 2

i 1 3
w2 = e = ( + i
4
3 )
2 2
    

w0 + w1 + w2 = 0 w12 = w2 ; w22 = w1
,
A(x) a0
= a1 + a2 x + a3 x2 + : : : =
x
A(w x)a
= A(xx)a0 = a1 + a2 w0 x + a3 w02 x2 + : : :

0 0

w0 x (+)
z}|{
A(w1 x)a0
w x = a1 + a2 w1 x + a3 w12 x2 + : : : =
A(w2 x1 )a0

= a1 + a2 w2 x + a3 w22 x2 + : : :

w2 x

A(w0 x) a0 A(w1 x) a0 A(w2 x) a0

+ + =
w0 x w1 x w2 x
= 3a1 + (w0 + w1 + w2 )a2 x + (w0 + w1 + w2 )a3 x2 + : : : =

A(w0 x) + w2 A(w1 x) + w1 A(w2 x)

= a1 + a4 x3 + a7 x6 + : : : =
3x

A(w0 3 x) + w2 A(w1 3 x) + w1 A(w2 3 x)
= a1 + a4 x + a7 x2 + : : : :
33x
   a1 ; a4 ; a7 ; : : : ,

A(w0 3 x) + w2 A(w1 3 x) + w1 A(w2 3 x)
A3k2 (x) =
33x

27
 2.  A(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + : : : :  A(x) = a0 a1 x + a2 x2 : : : ;  
 ,
A(x) + A(x) = 2a0 + 2a2 x2 + : : : =
A(x) + A(x)
= a0 + a2 x2 + a4 x4 + : : :
2
,
A( x) + A( x)
a0 + a2 x + a4 x2 + : : : = :
2
     ,

A( x) + A( x)
Z (x) =
2

2.14    a0 ; a1 ;a2 ;: : : ; ar
    r  10
,      , 
      .
    ,
A(z ) = (1 + z + z 2 )(1 + z + z 2 + z 3 )(1 + z )8
   z r    A(z )  
 z r   1 + z + z 2 ; 1 + z + z 2 + z 3    1 + z:
  1 + z + z 2 1; z z 2  
 X , .   1 + z + z 2 + z 3
1; z; z 2 z 3    , ,  .
   1 + z 1 z 
    .
2.15     r
  n .
  A(x)   ,
A(x) = (1 + x + x2 + : : :)n
   , , , : : : 
,   (  n- )  
   n  .  ,
1 n
A(x) = (1 + x + x2 + : : :)n = ( ) = (1 x)n =
1x

(n)(n 1) : : : (n k + 1)
(kn )(1)k xk = (1)k xk =
X X
=
k=0 k=0
k!

X n(n + 1) : : : (n + k 1) k X (n + k 1)! k
= x = x =
k=0
k! k=0
k !(n 1)!

(nk +k1 )xk
X
=
k=0
  r  n 
  xr  , (nr +r1 ):

28
 2.16    r  n 
(r n);  ,   .
  r  , , , : : : , 
 ,
1 11+x n
A(x) = (x + x2 + x3 + : : :)n = ( 1)n = ( ) =
1x 1x

x
)n = xn (1 x)n = xn (kn )(1)k xk = (nk +k1 )xn+k
X X
=(
1x
k=0 k=0
   r   n  ,
   ,     xr ;
k = r n (rr1
n ):

2.17   ,
r
X r!
i=0
(r i + 1)!(i + 1)!
r r
X r! X r!(r + 1)(r + 2) 1
= =
i=0
(r i + 1)!(i + 1)! i=0
(r i + 1)!(i + 1)! (r + 1)(r + 2)
r r
1 1
(ri+1 (r+2 ) =
X X
+2
= ) =
i=0
(r + 1)(r + 2) (r + 1)(r + 2) i=0 i+1
1
= [(r+2 ) + (r2+2 ) + : : : + (rr+2
+1 )] =
(r + 1)(r + 2) 1
1
= [2r+2 (r0+2 ) (rr+2+2 )] =
(r + 1)(r + 2)
1 2r+2 2
= (2r+2 1 1) =
(r + 1)(r + 2) (r + 1)(r + 2)
2.18  ,  2t+1
 3 ,    
t .
       2t+1 ,
A(x) = (1 + x + x2 + : : : + xt )(1 + x + x2 + : : : + xt )(1 + x + x2 + : : : + xt )
   
0 t ,     
 3  (     x2t+1    A(x)). ,
1 xt+1 3
A(x) = (1 + x + x2 + : : : + xt )3 = ( ) =
1x

= (1 xt+1 )3 (1 x)3 = (1 3xt+1 + 3x2t+2 x3t+3 ) k k
X
k )(1) x =
(3
k=0

= (1 3xt+1 + 3x2t+2 x3t+3 ) (k2 +2 )xk =
X

k=0

(k2 +2 )xk 3 (k2 +2 )xt+k+1 + 3 (k2 +2 )x2t+2+k (2k+2 )x3t+3+k
X X X X
=
k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0
 ,   x2t+1  , (22t+3 )
3(t2+2 ) .

29
 2.19 2 . 1 p   2
q .   r ;
m = min{p; r} n = min{q; r};   A(x)  

1 xm+1 1 xn+1
A(x) = (1 + x + x2 + : : : + xm )(1 + x + x2 + : : : + xn ) = =
1x 1x

= (1 xm+1 xn+1 + xm+n+2 )(1 x)2 =

= (1 xm+1 xn+1 + xm+n+2 ) (k + 1)xk
X

k=0
  :
1. p + q < r;    0.
2. p + q > r
p > r; q > r; ,

A(x) = (1 2xr+1 + x2r+2 ) (k + 1)xk
X

k=0
  xr r+1.
p > r; q < r; ,

(x) = (1 xr+1 xq+1 + xr+q+2 ) (k + 1)xk ;
X

k=0

  xr (r + 1) (r q ) = q + 1:
p < q; q > r;    p + 1:

2.20    x15    f (x) = (x2 + x3 +

x4 + : : :)4 :
,
(x2 + x3 + x4 + : : :)4 = [x2 (1 + x + x2 + : : :)]4 =
x2 x8
=( )4 = ;
1x (1 x)4
  x 15
   f (x)   x7   
(1 x)4 ; ,
(4 7 ) = 120:
7 7 4+71
7 )(1) = (1) (7 )(1)7 = (10

2.21   24 
    
 .
    
x3 + x4 + : : : + x8 :      , 
, A(x) = (x3 + x4 + : : : + x8 )4 :
    x24    A(x): ,
(x3 + x4 + : : : + x8 )4 = x12 (1 + x + x2 + : : : + x5 )4 =

1 x6 4
= x12 ( )
1x

30
     x12   ,
(1 x6 )4 (1 x)4 =

= [1 (41 )x6 + (42 )x12 : : : + x24 ][(4

0 ) + (1 )(x) + (2 )(x) + : : :]
4 4 2

,
[(4 6 )(1) + (2 )(0 )] = [(12 ) (1 )(6 ) + (2 )] = 125:
(41 )(4
12 6 4 4 15 4 9 4
12 )(1)

2.22    25 7 
,       10 ;
      r 7 , 
  10   , ,
f (x) = (1 + x + x2 + : : : + x10 )(1 + x + x2 + : : :)6 =
1 x11 1 6
=( )( ) = (1 x)7 (1 x11 ) =
1x 1x
= (1 + (71 )x + (82 )x2 + : : : + (rr+71 )xr + : : :)(1 x11 )
    x25  ,   , 4
(25+71
25 ) 1 + (14+71
14 ) (1) = (31 20
25 ) (14 ) = 697521

2.23   25 7 ,
  ;
   ar ;    
r 7  , 
, ,
f (x) = (x2 + x3 + : : : + x6 )7 =
= [x2 (1 + x + : : : + x4 )]7 = x14 (1 + x + : : : + x4 )7
    x25    f (x):    x11
 ,
(1 + x + : : : + x4 )7
,
1 x5 7
(1 + x + : : : + x4 )7 = ( ) = (1 x)7 (1 x5 )7 =
1x
= (1 + (1+71
1 )x + : : : + (rr+71 )xr + : : :)
(1 (71 )x5 + : : : + (1)r (7r )x5r : : : (77 )x35 )
  x11  ,
(11+71
11 ) 1 + (66+71 ) ((71 )) + (1+71
1 ) (72 ) =

= (17 12 7 7 7
11 ) (6 )(1 ) + (1 )(2 ) = 6055

2.24      
 S = {1; 2; : : : ; 15} .
4     :
    25 7  ' 
 .  (25+71
25 ) = (31
25 );  
   11  25     
(2511)+71
 ,   , (2511 ) = (20
14 );
  .

31
  A = {a; b; ; d}   S,
.  ,    ,
 1 a < b < < d 15:    
 ,
1 = a 1 0; 2 = b a 2; 3 = b 2
4 = d 2; 5 = 15 d 0
,  ,
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 14
,  1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 5   1 ; 5 0; 2 ; 3 ; 4
2 1 + 2 + : : : + 5 = 14  
 S,
A = {1 + 1 ; 1 + 1 + 2 ; : : : ; 1 + 1 + : : : + 4 }
    .
      
 S, ,  
,  .   
  ,
f (x) = (1 + x + x2 + : : :)(x2 + x3 + : : :)3 (1 + x + x2 + : : :) =
= x6 (1 x)5
    x14    f (x)    
x8    (1 x)5 :  ,
(5 8 5+81
8 )(1) = (8 ) = (12
8 ) = 495

2.25      ar ;   
 r  .
   ,
g (x) = (1 + x)(1 + x2 )(1 + x3 ) : : : (1 + xk ) : : : :
 1+xk   
 k '   
r.  r   , 
.
2.26      
    2.
   ar    
r   2 ,
k
g (x) = (1 + x)(1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) : : : (1 + x2 ) : : : :
    
 2,    x  g (x) .
,
1
g (x) = 1 + x + x2 + : : : = =
1x
(1 x)g (x) = 1

32
     ,
(1 x)g (x) = (1 x)(1 + x)(1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) : : : =

= (1 x2 )(1 + x2 )(1 + x4 ) : : : = (1 x4 )(1 + x4 ) : : : =

= ::: = 1
k k k+1
  (1 x2 )(1 + x2 )  1 x2
   g (x)     ,
(1 x)g (x) = 1 = g (x) = 1 + x + x2 + : : :

2.27  do (n)  n 
 . do (0) = 1:
1.   Do (x)  do (0); do (1); : : : :
2. dd (n)  n 
 ,   Dd(x) Do (x);
1.    do (0); do (1); do (2); : : : ,
Do (x) = (1 + x + x2 + x3 + : : :)(1 + x3 + x6 + : : :)(1 + x5 + x10 + : : :) : : : =
1 1 1
= :::
1 x 1 x3 1 x5

2. ,
Dd (x) = (1 + x)(1 + x2 )(1 + x3 ) : : : =
1 x2 1 x4 1 x6
= ::: =
1 x 1 x2 1 x3
1 1 1
= : : : = Do (x)
1 x 1 x3 1 x5

2.28       ar ;   
r  n  .
   ,
f (x) = (1 + x)n

    
 n    r . 
    
r
 .   ar   xr! 
  f (x); ,
n n
n! xk
(nk )xk =
X X
f (x) =
(n k )! k !
k=0 k=0
n! :
, ar = (n r)!

2.29       ar ;   
 r ,     ,
      
 .

33
     r  ei   i-
 e1 !e2r!e! 3 !e4 ! :     , 
r
 ,    xr!   ,
x2 x3 x4 x5
( + + + )4
2! 3! 4! 5!
     , ,
     .  
     
  r .
2.30         
r ()   
.     
.
       ,
x2 x3
f (x) = (x + + + : : :)3
2! 3!
     , , 
   .   
   ,  .
        
,
x2 x4
g (x) = (1 + + + : : :)3
2! 4!
2.31      r  
  n  .
     ,
x2 x3
f (x) = (1 + x + + + : : :)n =
2! 3!
= (ex )n = enx
    , , 
  n  .  
 r    .
     xr!    f (x):  nr :
2.32    25  
3     .
 2.30     
r   ,
x2 x3
f (x) = (x + + + : : :)3 = (ex 1)3
2! 3!
r
    xr!    (ex 1)3  
  ex : ,
(ex 1)3 = e3x 3e2x + 3ex 1 =

xr
xr
xr
3r 2r
X X X
= 3 +3 1=
r=0
r! r=0
r! r=0
r!

34
 xr

(3r 3 2r + 3)
X
= 1
r=0
r!

  x25! 325 3 225 + 3:

25

2.33       
r , .
    ,
x2 x4 x3 x5 x2
f (x) = (1 + + + : : :)(x + + + : : :)(1 + x + + : : :)2 =
2! 4! 3! 5! 2!
1 x 1
(e + ex ) (ex ex ) ex ex =
=
2 2
1 1
= (e2x e0 + e0 e2x )e2x = (e4x 1)
4 4
r
  r   xr!    f (x) 14 4r = 4r1 :
2.34     , 
r   r 
  n ,  
.
'      
r r    n ,
  .  ,
x x2 x3
A(x) = (1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + : : :)n =
1! 2! 3!
1 n
= (1 + x + x2 + x3 + : : :)n = ( ) = (1 x)n =
1x

n k k (n)(n 1) : : : (n k + 1)
(1)k xk =
X X
= k )(1) x =
(
k!
k=0 k=0

(n + k 1)! xk

(n + k 1)!
xk =
X X
=
(n 1)!k ! (n 1)! k!
k=0 k=0
   r   n
(n(+ r1)!
n1)! :  r   r
   n ,
r
(n + k 1)!
(rk )
X
(n 1)!
k=0

  ,
r
(n + k 1)! xr
X
(rk )
X
A(x) =
r=0 k=0
(n 1)! r!

2.35  48 ,  12 , 12 , 12
12 . '     
  .  '   
;

35
   ,
x2 x3 x2 x4 x3 x5
f (x) = (1 + x + + + : : :)2 (1 + + + : : :)(x + + + : : :)
2! 3! 2! 4! 3! 5!
   n , n 1: 
    
. ,
ex + ex ex ex 1 2x 2x
f (x) = (ex )2 ( )( )= e (e e2x ) =
2 2 4
(4x)i 1 X (4x)i

1 4x 1 X
= (e 1) = ( 1) =
4 4 i=0 i! 4 i=1 i!

  x12!   ,
12

1 12
4 = 411 = 4194304
4
2.36  11 . 
      
 .   
 ;
 A, B, C D    . 
     11   {A; B; C; D};
  . 5   
    ,
x2 x3
f (x) = (x + + + : : :)4 = (ex 1)4 =
2! 3!
= e4x 4e3x + 6e2x 4ex + 1
   x11!    f (x):  ,
11

4
(1)i (4i )(4 i)11 :
X
411 4 311 + 6 211 4 111 =
i=0
2.37   r 
n  (r n):  
r  n .
    ar   
r  n  ,
x2 x3
f (x) = (x + + + : : :)n
2! 3!
 n    
 n       
.       
  r .
    xr!    f (x),
n
f (x) = (ex 1)n = (nk )(1)k e(nk)x =
X

k=0
5      g : X Y ; |X | = 11 |Y | = 4:
  3.4.

36
 n
[(n k )x]i

(nk )(1)k
X X
=
k=0 i=0
i!
   ,
n
(nk )(1)k (n k )r :
X
ar =
k=0

        .

37
38
 3

I saw a man down on lonely street

A broken man who looked like me
And no one knows the pain that he's been living
He lost his love and still hasn't forgiven
He said: I've been through some hanges
But one thing always stays the same
Whithout love,there's nothing whithout love
Nothing else an get you through the night
Nothing else feels right whithout love
There's nothing whithout love
Nothing else but love an burn as bright
And nothing would mean nothing without love
Without Love
BON JOVI

39
40
 3.1  :
1.
1
an + an1 + an2 = 0; a0 = 0; a1 = 1
4
2.
an 4an1 + 4an2 = n + 2; a0 = 6; a1 = 7

3.
an = 2an1 + 1; a0 = 1

4.
an = 2an1 + n; a1 = 1

5.
an + 6an1 + 12an2 + 8an3 = 0; a0 = 1; a1 = 2; a2 = 8

6.
an + 2an1 + an2 = 2n ; a0 = 1; a1 = 1

1. 1 :
 an = Axn :     ,
x2 + x + 41 = 0;  x1 = x2 = 12 ( ). an =
(An + B )( 21 )n  a0 = B = 0 a1 = 12 (A + B ) = 12 A =
1 = A = 2;  
1
an = 2n( )n ; n N
2

2 :
,

1 1
[ak xk + ak1 xk + ak2 xk ] = 0
X
an + an1 + an2 = 0
4 4
k=2
A(x)   an
1 X
ak xk + x ak1 xk1 + x2 ak2 xk2 = 0
X X z}|{

4
k=2 k=2 k=2
a0 =0;a1 =1
1
A(x) a0 a1 x + x[A(x) a0 ] + x2 A(x) = 0
z}|{

4
1
A(x) x + xA(x) + x2 A(x) = 0
4
x 4x
A(x) = =
x + x + 1 x2 + 4x + 4
1 2
4

4x x X x k
A(x) = = x =x (2
k )( 2 ) =
(x + 2)2 (1 + 2 )2
k=0

X 1 k k+1
= k )( 2 ) x
(2
k=0
,
1 n1 1
an = (2
n1 )( ) = 2n( )n ; n N
2 2

41
2. 1 :
   , an 4an1 + 4an2 = 0
     :
x2 4x + 4 = 0 (x 2)2 = 0 x = 2; :
,
a(nh) = (An + B )2n :
   .  a(np) = Cn+D
,
Cn + D 4(Cn C + D) + 4(Cn 2C + D) = n + 2

Cn + D 4C = n + 2 (C = 1; D = 6)
a(np) = n + 6: ,
n=0;n=1    
B+6=6 B=0
an = (An + B )2n + n + 6 = :
z}|{
=
2A + 2B + 7 = 7 A=0
 ,
an = n + 6; n N

2 :

an 4an1 + 4an2 = n + 2

ak xk 4x ak1 xk1 + 4x2 ak2 xk2 = (k + 2)xk
X X X X

k=2 k=2 k=2 k=2

2x
A(x) a0 a1 x 4x[A(x) a0 ] + 4x2 A(x) = (2 + 3x)
(1 x)2
2x
(4x2 4x + 1)A(x) 6 7x + 24x = (2 + 3x)
(1 x)2
2x 4 20x 5x + 6
A(x) = + = =
(1 x) (2x 1)
2 2 (2x 1)2 (1 x)2

5 1
)(1)k xk + k k
X X
A(x) = + =5 (1
k k )(1) x
(2
1 x (1 x)2
k=0 k=0
,
an = 5(1 n n
n )(1) + (n )(1) = 5 + n + 1 = n + 6; n N:
2

3. 1 :
     
  . ,
an 2an1 = 0

 x 2 = 0 = x = 2;  a(nh) = A2n : 
  .  a(np) = C: ,
C 2C = 1 = C = 1 = C = 1

42
  ,
n=0
n
an = A2 1 = A 1 = 1 = A = 2
z}|{

,
an = 2n+1 1; n N
2 :

ak xk 2 ak1 xk = 1 xk =
X X X
an = 2an1 + 1 =
k=1 k=1 k=1
1 1
A(x) a0 2xA(x) = 1 = A(x) = =
1x (1 x)(1 2x)

1 2
)(1)k xk + 2 k k
X X
A(x) = + = (1
k k )(2) x :
(1
1 x 1 2x
k=0 k=0
,
an = 2n+1 1; n N
4. 1 :
an = 2an1 + n; a1 = 1:  a0 = 0  n N:
an 2an1 = 0    ,
x 2 = 0 = x = 2
 a(nh) = A2n :    a(np) = Cn + D ,
Cn + D 2[C (n 1) + D] = n = Cn + 2C D = n =
(C = 1; D = 2)
,
a(np) = n 2
 ,
n=0
an = A2n n 2 = A 2 = 0 = A = 2
z}|{

,
an = 2n+1 n 2; n N
2 :

ak xk 2x ak1 xk1 = kxk =
X X X
an = 2an1 + n =
k=1 k=1 k=1
x
A(x) a0 2xA(x) = =
(1 x)2
x 1 2 1
A(x) = = + =
(1 x)2 (1 2x) 1 x 1 2x (1 x)2

xk + 2 k k k k
X X X
A(x) = k )(2) x
(1 k )(1) x
(2
k=0 k=0 k=0
,
an = 1 + 2n+1 (n + 1) = 2n+1 n 2; n N

43
5. 1 :
  ,
x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8 = 0 =
x3 + 2x2 + 4x2 + 8x + 4x + 8 = 0 =
x2 (x + 2) + 4x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) = 0 = (x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 4) = 0 =
(x + 2)3 = 0 = x = 2;  ;
,

C =1 n=0;1;2
an = (An2 + Bn + C )(2)n = (A + B + C )(2) = 2
z}|{
=
(4A + 2B + C )(2)2 = 8

C=1 C=1 A = 12
A+B+C = 1 = A+B =0 = B = 21
4A + 2B + C = 2 4A 2A = 1 C=1

,
1 1
an = ( n2 n + 1)(2)n ; n N
2 2
2 :

an + 6an1 + 12an2 + 8an3 = 0 =

ak xk + 6 x ak1 xk1 + 12x2 ak2 xk2 + 8x3 ak3 xk3 = 0 =
X X X X

k=3 k=3 k=3 k=3

A(x) a0 a1 x a2 x + 6x[A(x) a0 a1 x]+
2

+12x2 [A(x) a0 ] + 8x3 A(x) = 0 =

(8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1)A(x) 12x2 6x + 12x2 8x2 + 2x 1 = 0 =
8x2 + 4x + 1 8x2 + 4x + 1
A(x) = = =
8x + 12x + 6x + 1
3 2 (2x + 1)3
2 2 1
= + + =
2x + 1 (2x + 1)2 (2x + 1)3

k k k k (k3 )2k xk
X X X
A(x) = 2 k )2 x 2
(1 k )2 x +
(2
k=0 k=0 k=0
,
(k + 1)(k + 2) k
ak = 2(1)k 2k 2(1)k (k + 1)2k + (1)k 2 =
2
1 1
an = ( n2 n + 1)(2)n ; n N
2 2
6. 1 :
  ,
an + 2an1 + an2 = 0
 ,
x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 = x = 1 :

44
 a(nh) = (An + B )(1)n :   
 a(np) = C 2n : ,
C 2n + 2C 2n1 + C 2n2 = 2n = 4C + 4C + C = 4 =
4
9C = 4 = C =
9
2n+2
a(np) = 9 : ,
n=0;1 
2n+2 z}|{

n B + 49 = 1
an = (An + B )(1) + = =
9 A B + 8
9 =1
 
B = 59
A = 23
,
2n 5 2n+2
an = ( + )(1)n + ; n N
3 9 9
2 :

an + 2an1 + an2 = 2n =

ak xk + 2x ak1 xk1 + x2 ak2 xk2 = 2k xk =
X X X X

k=2 k=2 k=2 k=2

1
A(x) a0 a1 x + 2x[A(x) a0 ] + x2 A(x) = 1 2x =
1 2x
4x2
(x2 + 2x + 1)A(x) 1 x 2x = =
1 2x
4x2 3x + 1
A(x) = =
(1 2x)(x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
4 1 16 1 4 1 3 2
A(x) = + ( ) + + =
9 1 2x 9 x + 1 3 (x + 1)2 x + 1 (x + 1)2
4 1 11 1 2 1
= + =
9 1 2x 9 x + 1 3 (x + 1)2

4 X 1 11 X 1 k 2 X 2 k
= (k )(2)k xk + (k )x (k )x
9 9 3
k=0 k=0 k=0
,
4
11 2
an = 2n + (1)n (n + 1)(1)n =
9
9 3
2n 5 2n+2
an = ( + )(1)n + ; n N
3 9 9
3.2   nn   :
1.  

 1 1 0 0 : : : 0 0 0 0 

 1 1 1 0 : : : 0 0 0 0 
 0 1 1 1 : : : 0 0 0 0 
..

 

 . 


 0 0 0 0 ::: 1 1 1 0 

 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 1 1 
 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 1 

45
2.  

 2 1 0 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 


 1 2 1 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 

 0 1 2 1 ::: 0 0 0 0 
..
 
 

 . 


 0 0 0 0 ::: 1 2 1 0 

 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 2 1 
 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 2 
3.  
 1 + a2 a 0 ::: 0 0 0 
 

 a 1 + a2 a ::: 0 0 0 

 0 a 1 + a2 ::: 0 0 0 
..
 
 

 . 


 0 0 0 : : : 1 + a2 a 0 


 0 0 0 ::: a 1 + a2 a 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 a 1 + a2 
1.  

 1 1 0 0 : : : 0 0 0 0 

 1 1 1 0 : : : 0 0 0 0 
 0 1 1 1 : : : 0 0 0 0  1
..
 z}|{
 

 . 

=

 0 0 0 0 ::: 1 1 1 0 

 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 1 1 
 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 1 
 

 1 1 0 : : : 0 0 0 0 
 1 1 1 : : : 0 0 0 0 
..

 

= . 


 0 0 0 ::: 1 1 1 0 

 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 1 1 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 1 
 

 1 1 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 

 0 1 1 ::: 0 0 0 0 
 
..
 1
 

 . 

z}|{
=

 0 0 0 ::: 1 1 1 0 


 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 1 1 

 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 1 
 
 1 1 0 : : : 0 0 0 0   
  1 1 : : : 0 0 0 0 
 1 1 1 : : : 0 0 0 0  
..
..
  
   . 

= .  


0 0 ::: 1 1 1 0 
 0 0 0 ::: 1 1 1 0  
 0 0 ::: 0 1 1 1 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 1 1  
 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 1 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 1 
an = an1 an2 ; a1 = 1 a2 = 0:  .
  x2 x + 1 = 0; ,

1 3 1 3
x1 = + i ; x 2 = i
2 2 2 2
,
1 3 n 1 3
an = A( + i ) + B ( i )n =
2 2 2 2

46
     n
= A(cos + i sin )n + B (cos + i sin ) =
3 3 3 3
n n n n
= A cos + Ai sin + B cos Bi sin =
3 3 3 3
n n
= (A + B ) cos
+ (A B )i sin
3 3
A + B = C (A B )i = D ,
n=1;2
n n z}|{
an = C cos + D sin =
3 3
( )
C + 3D = 1 
C =1

2 2 =
C2 + 23 D = 0 D = 13
   , n n , ,
n 1 n
an = cos + sin
3 3 3

2.  

 2 1 0 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 


 1 2 1 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 

 0 1 2 1 ::: 0 0 0 0  1
..
  z}|{
 

 . 

=

 0 0 0 0 ::: 1 2 1 0 

 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 2 1 
 0 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 2 
 

 2 1 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 
 1 2 1 ::: 0 0 0 0 
..

 

= 2 . 


 0 0 0 ::: 1 2 1 0 

 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 2 1 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 2 
 

 1 1 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 
 0 2 1 ::: 0 0 0 0 
..   1



 . 

z}|{
=

 0 0 0 ::: 1 2 1 0 

 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 2 1 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 2 
 
 2 1 0 ::: 0 0 0 0   
 2 1 ::: 0 0 0 0 
 1 2 1 ::: 0 0 0 0   ..
..
 
   . 

= 2 .  


0 0 ::: 1 2 1 0 
 0 0 0 ::: 1 2 1 0  
 0 0 ::: 0 1 2 1 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 1 2 1  
 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 2 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 0 1 2 
an = 2an1 an2 ; a1 = 2 a2 = 3: 
 x2 2x + 1 = 0;  x1 = x2 = 1:
 ,
an = (An + B )(1)n = An + B
 n = 1; 2 ,
   
a1 = A + B = 2 A=1
=
a2 = 2A + B = 3 B=1

47
 ,
an = n + 1; n N

3.  
 1 + a2 a 0 ::: 0 0 0 
 

 a 1 + a2 a ::: 0 0 0 

 0 a 1 + a2 ::: 0 0 0  1
..
  z}|{
 

 . 

=

 0 0 0 ::: 1 + a 2
a 0 


 0 0 0 ::: a 1 + a2 a 
 0 0 0 ::: 0 a 1 + a2 
 
 1 + a2 a ::: 0 0 0 
 
 a 1+ a :::2
0 0 0 
.
 
 .. 
= (1 + a ) 
2  


 0 0 : : : 1 + a 2
a 0 


 0 0 : : : a 1 + a 2
a 

 0 0 ::: 0 a 1 + a2 
 
 a a ::: 0 0 0 
 
 0 1 + a2 : : : 0 0 0 
  1
 ..


 .
a 
 z}|{
 =
 0
 0 ::: 1 + a 2
a 0 

 0
 0 ::: a 1 + a2 a 
 0 0 ::: 0 a 1 + a2 
 
 1 + a2 a ::: 0 0 0 
 
 a 1+ a :::2
0 0 0 
..
 
 
= (1 + a ) 
2  . 


 0 0 ::: 1+ a 2
a 0 


 0 0 ::: a 1+a 2
a 
 0 0 ::: 0 a 1 + a2 
 
 1 + a2 : : : 0 0 0 
.
 

 .. 

a 
2 
 0 : : : 1 + a 2
a 0 


 0 : : : a 1 + a 2
a 

 0 ::: 0 a 1 + a2 
bn = (1 + a2 )bn1 a2 bn2 ; b1 = 1 + a2 b2 = a4 + a2 + 1: 
 ,
x2 (1 + a2 )x + a2 = 0 = (x1 = 1 x2 = a2 )
,
n=1;2
bn = A1n + Ba2n = A + Ba2n =
z}|{
 
A + Ba2 = 1 + a2
=
A + Ba4 = a4 + a2 + 1
B = 1+a2a aA2
 2 
=
A + a2 (1 + a2 ) a2 A = a4 + a2 + 1
( )
B = a2 (aa2 +1)
4

A = 11a2

48
 ,
1 a2(n+2)
bn = + =
1 a2 a2 (a2 1)
1 a2(n+1)
bn = ; n N
1 a2 1 a2

3.3    n . 2n
.    ,  
 \" () ;
 n  . 
   \ ".  an
 n,  K, 
:  n, , ,   1 n-1
n-1,  ,
 n ,   n-1  ,
 1 n-2. '  n-2
.   an = an1 + an2 ;
a1 = 2 a2 = 3:
  ,

1 5 1 5
x x 1 = 0 = (x1 = +
2
x2 = )
2 2 2 2
,
n=1;2
1+ 5 n 1 5 n z}|{
an = A( ) + B( ) =
2 2
( ) ( )
2 A + 2 B = 2 A = 5+3
1+ 5 1 5 5
= 10
2 A+ 2 B = 3 B = 53
3+ 5 3 5 5
10

,
5+3 5 1+ 5 n 53 5 1 5 n
an = ( ) + ( ) ; n N :
10 2 10 2
3.4   
n, .
 n 0,  an  n,
. a(0)
n    an 
(1)

 .  an = a(0)n + an : ,
(1)

an = 2a(1)
n1 + 1an1
(0)

n-1  ,
 n    ,
n-1 ,  , 
n    . ,

an = a(1)
n1 + [an1 + an1 ] =
(1) (0)

= an1 + an1 = an1 + an2

(1)

 an = an1 + an2 ; n 2
a0 = 1; a1 = 2:   
x2 x 1 = 0:

49

 3.3 (x = 1 5
2 x = 1+ 5
2 ) : 
 ,
1 5 n 1 5 n
an = A( ) + B( )
2 2
a0 = 1 a1 = 2 ,
( )
A+ B=1
 
A = 53
10
5
=
2 A+ 2 B = 2 B = 5+3
1 5 1+ 5 5
10

 n
,
53 5 1 5 n 5+3 5 1+ 5 n
an = ( ) + ( )
10 10 10 2
3.5  :
1. n
T (n) = 8T ( ) + n3 ; T (1) = 1
2
2. n
T (n) = T ( ) + 1; T (1) = 1
2
3. n
T (n) = 2T ( ) + n; T (1) = 1
2
4.
n
T (n) = 3T ( ) + 2n1:5 ; T (1) = 1
2
5. n
T (n) = 2T ( ) + n log n; T (1) = 1
2
6. n
T (n) = 2T ( ) + log n; T (1) = 1
2
1.
n n n
T (n) = 8T ( ) + n3 = 8[8T ( 2 ) + ( )3 ] + n3 =
2 2 2
n n n n n
= 82 T ( ) + 8( )3 + n3 = 82 [8T ( 3 ) + ( 2 )3 ] + 8( )3 + n3 =
22 2 2 2 2
n n n
= 83 T ( ) + 82 ( )3 + 8( )3 + n3 = : : : =
23 22 2
i1
n n
= 8i T ( i ) + 8k ( k )3
X
2 2
k=0
 n = 2i ,
i1
n n
T (n) = (23 )i T ( i ) + (23 )k ( k )3 =
X
2 2
k=0

i1
X
n3 + n3 = T (n) = T (n) = n3 + n3 log n
k=0
T (n) = O(n log n):
3

50
2. n n n
T (n) = T ( ) + 1 = T ( 2 ) + 1 + 1 = T ( 3 ) + 3 = : : : =
2 2 2
n
= T( i) + i
2
  n = 2i : ,
T (n) = log n + 1 = T (n) = O(log n)

3. n n n
T (n) = 2T ( ) + n = 2[2T ( 2 ) + ] + n =
2 2 2
n n n
= 2 T(
2
) + 2n = 2 [2T ( 2
)+ ] + 2n =
22 23 22
n n
= 23 T ( ) + 3n = : : : = 2i T ( i ) + in
23 2
n = 2i ; ,
T (n) = n + n log n = T (n) = O(n log n)

4. n n n
T (n) = 3T ( ) + 2n1:5 = 3[3T ( 2 ) + 2( )1:5 ] + 2n1:5 =
2 2 2
nn
= 3 T ( 2 ) + 3 2( )1:5 + 2n1:5 =
2
2 2
n n n
= 3 [3T ( 3 ) + 2( 2 )1:5 ] + 3 2( )1:5 + 2n1:5 =
2
2 2 2
n n n
= 3 T ( 3 ) + 3 2( 2 )1:5 + 3 2( )1:5 + 2n1:5 = : : : =
3 2
2 2 2
i1
n n
= 3i T ( i ) + 3k 2( k )1:5
X
2 2
k=0
n = 2i ,
i1 i1
n 3k
T (n) = 3i + 3k 2( k )1:5 = 3i + 2n1:5
X X
=
2 (21:5 )k
k=0 k=0

( 213:5 )i 1 (1:06)i 1 1:5

= 3i + 2n1:5 = 3i + 2n =
3
21:5 1
0:06
T (n) = O(33n1:5 (1:06)log n ) = O(n1:5 (1:06)log n )
5. n n n n
T (n) = 2T ( ) + n log n = 2[2T ( 2 ) + log ] + n log n =
2 2 2 2
n n n
= 2 T( 2
)+2 log + n log n =
22 2 2
n n n n n
= 22 [2T ( )+ log ]+2 log + n log n =
23 22 22 2 2
n n n
= 23 T ( ) + n log + n log + n log n = : : : =
23 22 2
i1
n n
= 2i T ( i ) +
X
n log k
2 2
k=0
2i = n; ,
n n
T (n) = n + n[log n + log + : : : + log i1 ] =
2 2

51
 ni ni
= n + n log = n + n log i(i1) =
20 21 : : : 2i1 2 2
(log n)2 log n
= n(log n)2 + + n = O(n(log n)2 )
2 2
6. n n n
T (n) = 2T ( ) + log n = 2[2T ( 2 ) + log ] + log n =
2 2 2
n n
= 2 T( 2
) + 2 log + log n =
22 2
n n n
= 22 [2T ( ) + log ] + 2 log + log n =
23 22 2
n n n
= 23 T ( ) + 22 log + 2 log + log n = : : : =
23 22 2
i1
n n
= 2i T ( i ) + 2k log k
X
2 2
k=0
2i = n ,
i1 i1
[2k log n] 2k log 2k =
X X
T (n) = n +
k=0 k=0
i1 i1
2k k 2k =
X X
= n + log n
k=0 k=0
= n + (2 1) log n (i2 2i+1 + 2) =
i i

= n + n log n log n (n log n 2n + 2) = 3n log n 2

T (n) = O(n):
3.6  ar  ,  (
) r    {0; 1; 2},    0
.    .(
2   )
 ar  .     r
   {0; 1; 2}, , ,
(r + 1)(r + 2)
(r2+2 ) = :
2
 r ,    
 r-1   , 
,  r  , 
.  
(r + 1)(r + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)
ar1 + ar = an + an1 =
2 2
  ,
an + an1 = 0
 x + 1 = 0 x = 1:
 a(nh) = A(1)n :    a(np) =
Bn2 + Cn + D: ,
n2 3n 2
Bn2 + Cn + D + Bn2 2Bn + B + Cn C + D = + + =
2 2 2

52

2B = 12 B = 14
2B + 2C = 32 = C=1

B C + 2D = 1
D = 87
a(np) = 14 n2 + n + 78 ; ,
n=1
1 7 z}|{
an = A(1)n + n2 + n + =
4 8
1 7 1
+ 1 + A = 2 = A = :
4 8 8
,
2n2 + 8n + 7 + (1)n
an = ; n N
8
3.7    n .  
 :
 :
1. 1 (:1000 .)
2. 10  (:2000 .)
3. 1 (:1000 .)
     ; (
 2 .  
1 ,  ).
1  2 :
 an    n .
       
 n-1    
n-2 . ,
an = 2an1 + an2

2 .  x2 2x 1 = 0;
x1 = 1 + 2 x2 = 1 2: ,

an = A(1 + 2)n + B (1 2)n
a0 = 1; a1 = 2 ,
A+B =1
   
A+B = 1
= A B = 12 =
A + B + 2(A B ) = 2
( )
A = 12 + 21 2
B = 21 21 2
,
1 1
an = (1 + 2)n+1 (1 2)n+1 ; n N
2 2 2 2
2  1 :
  :
a0 = 1; a1 = 2; a2 = 5; a3 = 12; : : : ;

53

an+1 = (1 + 2)an + (1 2)n+1 : 


1 ,   . a(nh) = A(1 + 2)n : 
a(np) = B (1 2)n : ,

B (1 2)n+1 = B (1 + 2)(1 2)n + (1 2)n+1 =

B (1 2) = B (1 + 2) + 1 = B B 2 = B + B 2 + 1 2 =

1 2
B=
2 2
,
1
an = A(1 + 2)n (1 2)n+1
2 2
 a0 = 1; ,

1 2 1+ 2
A = 1 = A =
2 2 2 2

 ,
1 1
an = (1 + 2)n+1 (1 2)n+1 ; n N
2 2 2 2

3.8    n , 
;
 an   n .   an = an1 + an2 ;
   n-1 an1 ,
 2  n 2 an2 .
a0 = 1; a1 = 1:   (an ) 
Fibona i ,
1 1 + 5 n+1 1 1 5 n+1
an = ( ) ( ) ; n N
5 2 5 2

3.9   n 
  0,1,2,: : : ;9   +; =:
  n  an   
n,     .
 a1 = 10 1  10 .
a2 = 100  00,01,: : : ;99.
   \+"   .
 n 3    an :
x  n-1 ,  
.   
10an1  n   
.
 y n-2 .  n (
  )    y  29
+1;: : : ;+9;+0; 1;: : : ;9;0; =1;: : : ;=9:
   ,
an = 10an1 + 29an2

54
 r

T
i

T
n-i-1

3.1:  3.10.

n 2 a1 = 10; a2 = 100: 2
 ,

x2 10x 29 = 0 = (x = 5 3 6 x = 5 + 3 6)
 ,

an = A(5 3 6)n + B (5 + 3 6)n
a1 = 10; a2 = 100  ,
( )
A = 35 6
 
(5 3 6)
A + (5 + 3 6)B= 10
=
(79 30 6)A + (79 + 30 6)B = 100 B = 35 6

  ,  
  , ,
5 5
an = (5 3 6)n + (5 + 3 6)n :
3 6 3 6

3.10 n  , n = 0;  
r ( ), Ti
(Ti ; r; Tni1 );
i Tni1 n-i-1 (
.).  n ;
E an   n . ,
nX
1
an = ai ani1
i=0

 an     0; 1; 2; : : : ; n
1     
, n 1; n 2; : : : ; 1; 0: 
n n
X
an+1 xn = ai ani xn =
X X X
an+1 = ai ani =
i=0 n=0 n=0 i=0

55
 n
X A(x)   an
1X
an+1 xn+1 = ai ani xn
X z}|{
=
x n=0 n=0 i=0
1
[A(x) a0 ] = [A(x)]2 = xA2 (x) A(x) + 1 = 0 =
x

1 1 4x 1 1 1
(2k )xk ]
X
A(x) = = [1
2x 2x 2x 2k 1 k
k=1
an 0  \-"

1 X 1 1
(2kk )xk = (2k+2 )xk
X
A(x) =
2x 2k 1 2(2k + 1) k+1
k=1 k=0
,
1 1 2n
an = (2n+2 ) an = ( ); n 0
2(2n + 1) n+1 n+1 n
  Catalan.
3.11     
r  n  .
 n  .  r 0;  an;r   r 
n  .  n 0; {b1 ; b2 ; : : : ; bn } 
     b1 : :
 b1  .   r   
{b2 ; : : : ; bn }:  an1;r .
 b1   .  r-1 
 {b1 ; b2 ; : : : ; bn }     b1 :
an;r1   .
  r 
   ,
an;r = an1;r + an;r1

an;r xr
X
fn =
r=0
   an;0 ; an;1 ; : : : :  n 1; r
1 ,
an;r xr = an1;r xr + an;r1 xr =

an;r xr = an1;r xr + an;r1 xr
X X X

r=1 r=1 r=1

  an;0 = 1 n 0 a0;r = 0 r > 0
,

an;r1 xr1 =
X
fn an;0 = fn1 an1;0 + x
r=1
fn 1 = fn1 1 + xfn = fn xfn = fn1 =
f 1
fn = n1 = fn = = (1 x)n
1x (1 x)n
an;r   xr    fn an;r = ( n r
r )(1) =
(nr +r1 )1
1       ,
 .

56
 3.12  n   a,b, ,d 
   a,b  .
 an  n  {a; b; ; d},   a,b
 , a b.  bn  
, d. ,
 
an = 2bn1 + an1
=
bn = 2bn1 + 2an1
 P n P n1 + x P a n1  a0 =0;b0 =1
Pn=1 an xn = 2x P n=1 bn1 x =1 n1 x
n z}|{
n1 + 2x P n1 =
n=1 bn x = 2x n=1 bn1 x n=1 an1 x
 
A(x) = 2xB (x) + xA(x)
=
B (x) 1 = 2xB (x) + 2xA(x)
x [B (x)]
( )
A(x) = x21
4x2 =
B (x) 1 = 2xB (x) + 1 x B (x)
x1 1
2( x 1)
B (x) = = B (x) = =
2x + 3x 1
2
(x + 3+ 17
)( x+ 3 17
)
4 4

17+7
177

B (x) = 4 17
+ 4 17
=
x + 3+4 17 x + 34 17

17 + 7 4x 17 7 4x
B (x) = (1 + )1 + (1 + )1 =
3 17 + 17 3 + 17 3 17 17 3 17

17 + 7 X 4 k k 17 7 X 4
B (x) = ( ) x + ( )k xk
3 17 + 17 k=0 3 + 17 3 17 17 k=0 3 17
,
17 + 7 4 17 7 4
bn = ( )n + ( )n n N:
3 17 + 17 3 + 17 3 17 17 3 17
,
b
bn = 2bn1 + 2an1 = an + bn = n+1 =
2

1 17 + 7 4 17 7 4
an + bn = [ ( )n+1 + ( )n+1 ]
2 3 17 + 17 3 + 17 3 17 17 3 17
n N

3.13    x1 x2
: : : xn   ,   
.
an     n .
 x1 x2 : : : xnr xnr+1 xnr+2 : : : xn : anr 
 1 ar   2 ,
ar anr   ,  
,    .
  r 1 n-1  ,
an = an1 a1 + an2 a2 + : : : + a2 an2 + a1 an1 ;
a1 = 1  a0 = 0  ,
n n
X
an xn = ai ani xn =
X X X
an = ai ani =
i=0 n=2 n=2 i=0

57
 1 2

(1)
A

(3)
(2)
(3)

n-2
K-1

n-3

3.2:  n-  3.14.

A(x) a1 x a0 = A2 (x) a20 (a1 a0 + a0 a1 )x =

1 1 4x
A2 (x) A(x) + x = 0 = A(x) =
2
   \-",    x.  ,

2 2 n
[ (2nn1
X
1 4x = (1 4x) 2 = 1 + )x ]
1

n=1
n
,

1 1 1 X 2 2n2 n X 1 2n2 n
A(x) = + [ (n1 )x ] = A(x) = (n1 )x
2 2 n=1 n n=1
n
, 
0 n=0
an = 1 2n2
n (n1 ) n = 1; 2; 3; : : :
3.14 dn    n-.
n-3 , '     
n-.
  n-,   A,B, 1; 2; : : : ; n2
n-2  n-,    n- 
 .    ,  Tn ,   
(n-1)-,     n-,   
(n-1)-,  B    n-, , , 
nX
2
Tk Tn+1k ;
k=3
 k   2  n-3,   k-,
; 1; : : : ; k 1; (n+1-k)-, k 1; k; : : : ; n 2; B; (k = 3; 4; : : : ; n 2):
 ,
nX
2 T2 =1 nX
1 Tk =Sk2
Tn = Tk Tnk+1 + 2Tn1 = Tn = Tk Tn+1k =
z}|{ z}|{
k=3 k=2

58
 nX
1 nX
3
Sn2 = Sk2 Sn1k = Sn2 = Sk Sn3k =
k=2 k=0
n3
1
Sn2 xn3 = Sk Sn3k xn3 = [S (x) s0 ] = S 2 (x) =
X X X

n=3 n=3 k=0

x

1 1 4x
xS (x) S (x) + 1 = 0 = S (x) =
2
2x
( 3.10) Sn Catalan, ,
1 2n
Sn = ( );
n+1 n
n 0: ,
1
Tn = Sn2 = Tn = (2n4 ); n 3
n 1 n2
3.15

1.  n  0,1,2,3 0;
2.  n  0,1   010
  n{ .
1.  an1  (n-1)- , 0. 
 (n-1)-, 0, 4n1 an1 :
 an1 0,  1,2,3 ,
n 0.  4n1 an1
0  0 
n 0. ,
an = 3an1 + 4n1 an1 ;
a1 = 1;   a0 = 0 ,
an 2an1 = 4n1 ; a0 = 0
  an 2an1 = 0
 x = 2,  a(nh) = A2n : a(np) = B 4n ,
1
B 4n 2B 4n1 = 4n1 = 4B 2B = 1 = B =
2
,
n=0
1 1 1
an = A2n + 4n = A + = 0 = A =
z}|{
2 2 2
,
1 1
an = 4n 2n ; n N:
2 2
2.  an  .   n
2n3 ,  010   .
: ,  010   n-
,   010   n- .  
an ,   
010  (n-2) ,  ,   
 010    .  an2 ,
,
2n3 = an + an2 ; n 5; a3 = 1; a4 = 2

59
 ,
an + an2 = 0 = x2 + 1 = 0 = x = i
,
a(nh) = Ain + B (i)n =
    n
= A(cos + i sin )n + B (cos + i sin ) =
2 2 2 2
n n
= (A + B ) cos + i(A B ) sin =
2 2
n n
= C cos + D sin
2 2
( p)
an = F 2n ;
1
F 2n + F 2n2 = 2n3 = 8F + 2F = 1 = F =
10
,
n=3;4
n 1 n
an = C cos + D sin + 2n =
z}|{
2 2 10
   
D + 45 = 1 D = 51
=
C + 85 = 2 C = 25
,
2 n 1 n 2n
an = cos sin + ; n N:
5 2 5 2 10
3.16 an = 10a2n1 ; n 1; a0 = 1:
 bn = log an b0 = log 1 = 0 ,
log an = log 10 + log a2n1 = log an = 2 log an1 + log 10 =

bn = 2bn1 + 1
 ( 3.1) bn = 2n+1 1; n N;
n+11
an = 10bn = an = 102 ; n N:

60
 4

 P
olya

The old Ro ker wore his hair too long,wore his trouser us too tight.
Unfashionable to the end-drank his ale too light.
Death's head belt bu kle-yesterday's dreams-
The transport af'prophet of doom
Ringing no hange in his double-sewn seams,in his post-war-babe gloom.
Now he's too old to Ro k'n'Roll but he's too young to die
Yes, he's too old to Ro k'n'Roll but he's too young to die...
He on e owned a Harley Davidson and a Triumph Bonneville.
Counted his friends in burned out spark plugs And prays that he always will.
But he's the last of the blue blood greaser boys All his mates are doing time
Married with three kids up by the ring road Sold their souls straight down the line
And some of them own little sports ars and meet at the tennis lub do's For drinks
on a Sunday-work on Monday They've thrown away their blue suede shoes.
Now they're too old to Ro k'n'Roll but they're too young to die
Yes, they're too old to Ro k'n'Roll but they're too yoyng to die...
So the old Ro ker gets out his bike to make a ton before he takes his leave
Upon the A1 by S ot h Corner just like it used to be.
And as he ies-tears in his eyes-his wind-whipped words e ho the nal take
As he hits the trunk road doing around 120 with no room left to brake
And he was too old to Ro k'n'Roll
And he was too young to die...
Too Old To Ro k'n'Roll:Too Young To Die
JETHRO TULL

61
62
 4.1  pk  , k .
p0 = 1:  
n
(ni )pi :
X
pn+1 =
i=0

 S |S | = n + 1  .
  n+1     .  
 n   n (nn )  
 nn = 0 ,   n-1 
 n (nn1 )    1 ,  : : :, , ,
n k  (nnk )   k  
pk .      ,
.    , 
   .  :
pn+1 = (nn )p0 + (nn1 )p1 + (nn2 )p2 + : : : + (nnn )pn =

= (n0 )p0 + (n1 )p1 + : : : + (nn )pn =

n
(ni )pi
X
=
i=0

4.2  S , n .
1.    S ;
2.  '  ;
3.  '  ;
4.  '     ;
5.  '  ;
1.      
  S S: |S S | = n2 : 
   S S 2n 1:
2

2.    S  
 (x; x); x S x S:  n  . 
S S  .  
2n n = 2n(n1) :
2

3.   S   n2 n
 (x; y ) S 2 ; x 6= y;  (y; x).   
 (x; y )   ,  (n  ) 
(x; x); x S;   .  
,
n2 n n(n+1)
2n 2 2 1=2 2 1

4.   -   ,
n(n+1) n2 n n2 +n n2 n
2n 1 2n(n1) 2 = 2n 2n n
2 2 2
2 +1+2 2 2 2 +2 2 1+1=
n2 + n n2 n
= 2n 2n n
2 2
2 2 +2 2

63
 (2)

(3)

(1)

4.1:  4.3  .

5.  S ,
    
 S .   4.1,
nX
1
pn = (ni 1 )pi
i=0

4.3  6  ,
 .  ;
  x, x  , 
    ,  
  G  .   Burnside ,
1 X
x= ( )
|G|
G

|G| 24     24:
 ( ) = 6!

 ,   180 ,
  , ( ) = 0
,   90o , 
  , ( ) = 0
,   180o , 
 , ( ) = 0; 
 ,   120o ,
 , ( ) = 0

64
,
1 X 1 6!
x= ( ) = 6! = = 30
|G| 24 4!
G
4.4    ,
, .     .
(     .)
 S  ,   35 = 243  ,  
.  G = {1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 } ,
1  , 2 , ' ,
    , 3 ; 4 ; 5 ,
' ' ,    ,
   .
   S, ,
 1 243
 2 3     
   
 3 ; 4 ; 5 3
   Burnside    
,
1
(243 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3) = 51
5
4.5     5 
, .  105  . (
  10.000 ,   .) ,
 0,1,6,8 9  0,1,9,8 6 ,   ,
,    ,  
. ..    
89.166 99.168.      '   
 105  ;
 S  ,   105 , G 
 S,    1 ; 2 ; 1   2
,  S    ,
 ,   ,  '    .
   S,   1 105 ,
   S,   2 105 55 + 3 52 ; 
105 55 ,    2,3,4,5 7, 
, 352 ,    .
   ,   ,
1 1 3
(105 + 105 55 + 3 52 ) = 105 55 + 52 = 98475
2 2 2
4.6   ,  3 ,
.
 D = {1; 2; 3}    R = {b; y } 
  .  w(b) = b w(y ) = y;    
R. G = {(123
123 ); (321 )};   ,  
123

    .
  G ,
1
PG (x1 ; x2 ) = (x31 + x1 x2 )
2

65
 ,
1
[(b + y )3 + (b + y )(b2 + y 2 )] = b3 + 2b2 y + 2by 2 + y 3
2
 ,  , 3
, 2 , 2  1  ...  w(b) = w(y ) = 1
    6.
4.7

1.  1  6  .
 ;
2. '   6  .     
      .
1.  G ,      .
24   ,   5 ,
   x61
3 ,   180o ,
   (),  x21 x22
6 ,   90o , 
  ,  x21 x4
6 ,   180o ,
  ,  x32 
8 ,   120o ,
 ,  x23
  PG  G ,
1 6
PG = (x + 3x21 x22 + 6x21 x4 + 6x32 + 8x23 )
24 1
  ,
1
[(x + y + z + r + s + t)6 + 3(x + y + z + r + s + t)2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 + r2 + s2 + t2 )2 +
24
+6(x2 + y 2 + z 2 + r2 + s2 + t2 )3 + 6(x + y + z + r + s + t)2 (x4 + y 4 + z 4 + r4 + s4 + t4 )+
+8(x3 + y 3 + z 3 + r3 + s3 + t3 )2 ]
 x = y = z = r = s = t = 1 ,
1 6
(6 + 3 62 62 + 6 63 + 6 62 6 + 8 62 ) = 2226
24
 .
2.     (  x) 
    ,     
.     y + z + r + s + t = ; y 2 +
z 2 + r2 + s2 + t2 = ; y 3 + z 3 + r3 + s3 + t3 = ; y 4 + z 4 + r4 + s4 + t4 = ,
1
[(x + )6 + 3(x + )2 (x2 + )2 + 6(x2 + )3 + 6(x + )2 (x4 + ) + 8(x3 + )2 ] =
24
6
1 X 6 k 6k
= [ (k )x + 3(x2 + 2x + 2 )(x4 + 2x2 + 2 )+
24
k=0

66
 +6(x6 + 3x4 + 3x2 2 + 3 )+
+6(x2 + 2x + 2 )(x4 + ) + 8(x6 + 2x3 + 2 )]
  x3 ,
1 6 3 3
[( ) x + 3 4x3 + 8 2x3 ] =
24 3
1
= [20(y + z + r + s + t)3 x3 + 12(y + z + r + s + t)(y 2 + z 2 + r2 + s2 + t2 )x3 +
24
+16(y 3 + z 3 + r3 + s3 + t3 )x3 ]
  x = y = z = r = s = t = 1 ,
1
(20 53 + 12 5 5 + 16 5) = 120
24
   ,      .
4.8  4   A,B,C
D.   ,    
 , B, C D.
  ,   
4.7,
1
[(x + y + z + r)6 + 3(x + y + z + r)2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 + r2 )2 +
24
+6(x + y + z + r)2 (x4 + y 4 + z 4 + r4 ) + 6(x2 + y 2 + z 2 + r2 )3 + 8(x3 + y 3 + z 3 + r3 )2 ];
     ,
1
[(x + y + z + r)6 + 3(x + y + z + r)2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 + r2 )2 ]
24
(x + y + z + r)6    x2 y 2 zr (62 ) (42 ) 2 1 = 180 
3(x + y + z + r)2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 + r2 )2   x2 y 2 zr 3 2 2 = 12;  
 ,
180 + 12
=8
24
4.9 , 6   1 
 .   ;
 G ,      .
  G:
 ,   x61
   ,     , 
180o,  x32
 PG  G ,
1
PG = (x61 + x32 )
2
y1 ; y2 ; : : : ; yn   , 
,
1
[(y1 + y2 + : : : + yn )6 + (y12 + y22 + : : : + yn2 )3 ]
2
 y1 = y2 = : : : = yn = 1     ,
1 6 n3 (n3 + 1)
(n + n3 ) =
2 2

67
 4.2:  4.8  
.

(2) (1)

(3)

4.3: 2 4  4.10  .

68
 4.10     2 4, 
,     3 
5. (  .)
 G ,      .
|G| = 4;   G ,
   x81
,    , 
    ,  180o ;  x42
,    180o   ,
  ,  x42
,     , 
 4   ,  180o ,  x42
   G ,
1 8
(x + 3x42 )
4 1
 ,
8 4
1 1X
[(x + y )8 + 3(x2 + y 2 )4 ] = [ (8k )xk y 8k + 3 (k4 )x2k y 82k ]
X
4 4
k=0 k=0
   x3 y 5 ;  ,
1 8
[( ) + 3 0]x3 y 5 = 14x3 y 5
4 3
4.11   , , 
, 45o 45o ,    
 8 .
1.   8   
3 ,  ( ) 
 ;
2.    3 , 4
 ;

1.  G ,     
. ,
4 ,    180o,
 x42
    x81
3       90o ; 180o; 270o
 ,  x24 ; x42 ; x24 
  PG  G ,
1 1
PG = (x81 + 4x42 + 2x24 + x42 ) = (x81 + 5x42 + 2x24 )
8 8
 3  ,
x=y=z=1
1
[(x + y + z )8 + 5(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 + 2(x4 + y 4 + z 4 )2 ]
z}|{
=
8
1
= (38 + 5 34 + 2 32 ) = 873
8

69
 (3)

(2)
D

(4)

(1)

4.4:  4.11   .

2.   ,   8 
4,
   45o ; 135o; 225o 315o     
,  x8
  PG ,
1 8
PG = (x + 5x42 + 2x24 + 4x8 )
12 1
 ,
x=y=z=1
1
[(x + y + z )8 + 5(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )4 + 2(x4 + y 4 + z 4 )2 + 4(x8 + y 8 + z 8 )]
z}|{
=
12
1 8
= (3 + 5 34 + 2 32 + 4 3) = 583
12
4.12       
 x y.
 D  8  ,  R = {x; y }  2 
w(x) = x w(y ) = y: G ,   
  , |G| = 24 , ,
 ,  x81

3 ,   180o , 
  ,  x42
6 ,   90o , 
  ,  x24
6 ,   , 
 ,  x42

70
 8 ,   120 , 
,  x21 x23
 PG  G ,
1 8
PG = (x + 9x42 + 6x24 + 8x21 x23 )
24 1
,
1
[(x + y )8 + 9(x2 + y 2 )4 + 6(x4 + y 4 )2 + 8(x + y )2 (x3 + y 3 )2 ]
24
 x = y = 1    
1 8
(2 + 9 24 + 6 22 + 8 22 22 ) = 23
24
 .
4.13    
X
|
X C X
|
X
C     CH3 (),C2 H5
(), H () Cl ().  
        
 .     .
     
 D      
R    CH3 ; C2 H5 ; H Cl;  G 
  ,     .  ,
   x41
8 ,   120o ,
    ,  x1 x3
3 ,   180o ,
 ,  x22
  PG ,
1 4
PG = (x + 8x1 x3 + 3x22 )
12 1
,
1
[(x + y + z + w)4 + 8(x + y + z + w)(x3 + y 3 + z 3 + w3 ) + 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 + w2 )2 ]
12
 x = y = z = w = 1   ,
1 4
(4 + 8 4 4 + 3 42 ) = 36
12
4.14       5  8
 3 .

71
  G ,      .
24  ,
  x81
3  180o ,   , 
x42
6  90o  ,  x24
6  180o ,   , 
x42 
8  120o ,  , 
x21 x23
  PG  G ,
1 8
PG = (x + 9x42 + 6x24 + 8x21 x23 )
24 1
 x,y ,
1
[(x + y )8 + 9(x2 + y 2 )4 + 6(x4 + y 4 )2 + 8(x + y )2 (x3 + y 3 )2 ] =
24
8 4
1 X 8 k 8k
(4k )x2k y 82k +
X
= [ (k )x y +9
24
k=0 k=0
+6(x + 2x y + y ) + 8(x + 2xy + y 2 )(x6 + 2x3 y 3 + y 6 )]:
8 4 4 8 2

   x5 y 3 ,
1 8 1 678
[(5 ) + 8 2] = ( + 16) = 3:
24 24 6
  3.
4.15   n8 + 17n4 + 6n2   24  n.
    
 n  a1 ; a2 ; : : : ; an ,
1
[(a1 + a2 + : : : + an )8 + 9(a21 + a22 + : : : + a2n )4 +
24
+6(a41 + : : : + a4n )2 + 8(a1 + a2 + : : : + an )2 (a31 + a32 + : : : + a3n )2 ]
  a1 = a2 = : : : = an = 1     
 1  n  , ,
n8 + 9n4 + 6n2 + 8n2 n2 n8 + 17n4 + 6n2
=
24 24
,     .
4.16  D   4 G 
 D,     .
1.    PG  G.
2.  4 , , , 
  .     .

72
 4.5:   .

1.  G   D. |G| = 3   G ,
   x41
,    120o   ,
    ,  x1 x3 
,    120o  ,
 x1 x3
 PG  G ,
1
PG = (x41 + 2x1 x3 )
3

2.  4  4 ,  x,y,z,t,
 ,
x=y=z=t=1
1
[(x + y + z + t)4 + 2(x + y + z + t)(x3 + y 3 + z 3 + t3 )]
z}|{
=
3
1 4
= (4 + 2 4 4) = 96
3
 .
4.17      6 , 3 , 2
1 ,    .
 D   6 , D = {a; b; ; d; e; f }; a,b, , d,e
f .  R    R = { 1 ; 2 ; 3 };
w( 1 ) = 1 ; w( 2 ) = 2 w( 3 ) = 3 :
   G  D    
.  12 , 3!  

73
 a,b, , 2!    d,e  1    e,
3! 2! 1 = 12 . ,
1
PG = [(x3 + 3x1 x2 + 2x3 )(x21 + x2 )x1 ] =
12 1

1 6
= (x + 4x41 x2 + 2x31 x3 + 3x21 x22 + 2x1 x2 x3 )
12 1
  ,
1
[( 1 + 2 + 3 )6 + 4( 1 + 2 + 3 )4 ( 21 + 22 + 23 ) + 2( 1 + 2 + 3 )3 ( 31 + 32 + 33 )+
12

+3( 1 + 2 + 3 )2 ( 21 + 22 + 23 )2 + 2( 1 + 2 + 3 )( 21 + 22 + 23 )( 31 + 32 + 33 )]
 1 = 2 = 3 = 1 ,
1 6
(3 + 4 35 + 2 34 + 3 34 + 2 33 ) = 180
12
4.18    22 ,
    
  . (    ,
, ,   .)
 D = {a; b; ; d}   4   R = {x; y } 
 2 , . 
G = {(ab d ab d ab d ab d
ab d ); (b da ); ( dab ); (dab )}

     . 
   ,  ,
H = {(xy xy
xy ); (yx )}

 R  ,     2
 x y.      Polya,  
,
1 4 2 
( 4 + 2 +2 )[e2(z1 +z2 +z3 +z4 ) + e2(z2 +z4 ) ]z1 =z2 =z3 =z4 =0 =
8 z1 z2 z4

1 4 2(z1 +z2 +z3 +z4 )

= [2 e + 22 e2(z1 +z2 +z3 +z4 ) +
8
+22 e2(z2 +z4 ) + 2 2e2(z1 +z2 +z3 +z4 ) + 2 2e2(z2 +z4 ) ]z1 =:::=z4 =0 =
1 4
= (2 + 22 + 22 + 2 2 + 2 2) = 4
8

4.19  
n 4  .  
0,1,2 3, ,   ,  
  .     2 3
       
.   4n n-
 4n  .    
n, .

74
  D = {a1 ; a2 ; : : : ; an }   n  n  4
{0; 1; 2; 3}:  R = {0; 1; 2; 3}   4  . ,

G = {(aa11 aa22 :::a n

:::an )}

 G  D
H = {(0123
0123 ); (0132 )}
0123

  R.   ,
       D  R
     Polya  ,
1 1  
PG ( ; ; : : :)PH (ez1 +z2 +::: ; e2(z2 +z4 +:::) ; : : :) =
|G| |H | z1 z2

1 n
= ( )(e4z1 + e2z1 )z1 =0 =
2 z1n
1 n 4z1 1
= (4 e + 2n e2z1 )z1 =0 = (4n + 2n )
2 2

4.20  5 , 2  , 
4   .
 D = {a; b; ; d; e}   5 ,  a,b . 2 
    
a,b ,
G = {(ab de ab de
ab de ); (ba de )}
   D.  R = {u; v; x; y }     u,v
. 2    u,v
   , ,
H = {(uvxy uvxy
uvxy ); (vuxy )}

   R.
     5  4
    Polya,
1 1  
PG ( ; ; : : :)PH (ez1 +z2 +::: ; e2(z2 +z4 +:::) ; : : :) =
|G| |H | z1 z2

1 1 5 3 
= ( 5+ 3 )[e4(z1 +z2 ) + e2(z1 +z2 ) e2z2 ]z1 =z2 =0 =
2 2 z1 z1 z2
1 5 4(z1 +z2 )
= [4 e + 44 e4(z1 +z2 ) + 25 e2(z1 +z2 ) e2z2 +
4
+4 23 e2(z1 +z2 ) e2z2 ]z1 =z2 =0 =
1 5 1
= (4 + 44 + 25 + 4 23 ) = 1:344 = 336
4 4

4.21    . 
     
/   .     
.

75
 4.6:   4.21  .

 D = {a; b ; d}     G 
 D ,
G = {(ab d ab d ab d ab d ab d ab d ab d ab d
ab d ); (dab ); (b da ); ( dab ); (bad ); (d ba ); ( bad ); (ad b )}:
 R = {x; y; z }       R ,
H = {(xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz
xyz ); (xzy ); (zyx ); (yxz ); (yzx ); (zxy )}:

,
1
PG = (x41 + 2x21 x2 + 3x22 + 2x4 )
8

1
PH = (x31 + 3x1 x2 + 2x3 )
6
      Polya 
   ,
1 1  
PG ( ; ; : : :) PH (ez1 +z2 +::: ; e2(z2 +z4 +:::) ; : : :) =
|G| |H | z1 z2
1 1 4 2  2 
= ( 4 +2 2 +3 2 +2 )
8 6 z1 z1 z2 z2 z4
[e3(z1 +z2 +z3 +z4 ) + 3ez1 +z2 +z3 +z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) + 2e3z3 ]z1 =z2 =z3 =z4 =0 =
1 4 3(z1 +:::+z4 )
= [3 e + 3ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) +
48
+2(33 e3(z1 +:::+z4 ) + 3ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) + 6ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) )+
+3(32 e3(z1 +:::+z4 ) + 3ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) + 6ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) +
+6ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) + 12ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) )+
+2(3e3(z1 +:::+z4 ) + 3ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) + 6ez1 +:::+z4 e2(z2 +z4 ) )] =
1 4
= [3 + 3 + 2(33 + 3 + 6) + 3(32 + 3 + 6 + 6 + 12) + 2(3 + 3 + 6) =
48
1
= 288 = 6
48

76
 4.22

1.  4 4  . 
 ,  
;
2.      (
   ),  
;
( , ,  ,
. )
1.  D = {a1 ; a2 ; : : : ; a16 }   16   4 4 G =
{1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 }   D 1   ,
 x16 1 ; 2  ,    
 90o ,    , 
x44 ; 3 ; 4 ,    180o 270o, ,
 ,  x82 ; x44 ; .  
 G ,
1
PG = (x161 + x2 + 2x4 )
8 4
4
 R = {x; y }   2 , .  w(x) = x
w(y ) = y:   ,
1
[(x + y )16 + (x2 + y 2 )8 + 2(x4 + y 4 )4 ]
4
 x = y = 1   ,
1 16
(2 + 28 + 2 24 ) = 16456
4

2.  
H = {(xy xy
xy ); (yx )}

 R  PH = x21 + x2 :  
 Polya   ,
1 1  
PG ( ; ; : : :) PH (ez1 +z2 +::: ; e2(z2 +z4 +:::) ; : : :)z1 =z2 =:::=0 =
|G| |H | z1 z2
1 1  16 8 4
= ( 16 + 8 + 2 4 )[e2(z1 +z2 +z3 +z4 ) + e2(z2 +z4 ) ]z1 =:::=z4 =0 =
4 2 z1 z2 z4
1 16
= (2 + 28 + 28 + 2 24 + 2 24 ) = 8264
8

77
78
 5

I an see that your head has been twisted and fed

with worthless foam from the mouth
I an tell you are torn between staying and
returning ba k to the South
You' ve been fooled into thinking that
the nishing end is at hand
Yet there' s no one to beat you, no one to defeat you
' ept the thoughts of yourself feeling bad
I' d forever talk to you, but soon my words
would turn into a meaningless ring
For deep in my heart I know there' s
no help I an bring
Everything passes, everything hanges just do
what you thing you should do
And someday, maybe, who knows, baby,
I'll ome and be rying to you
To Ramona
BOB DYLAN

79
80
 5.1    0; 1; 2; : : : ; 9 ,   
  1     8 ;
 N = 10!   0; 1; : : : ; 9:  1  
     1 2   
  8.    N ( 1 2 ) ,
N ( 1 2 ) = N N ( 1 ) N ( 2 ) + N ( 1 2 ) =

= 10! 2 9! 2 9! + 4 8! = 2338560

5.2    70    70; ( 
   )
70 = 2 5 7:  S = {1; 2; 3; : : : ; 70} N = |S | = 70 i ; (1 i 3) 
k S   2,  5  7 .  k S 
  70  2,5,7,  ,
N ( 1 2 3 ) =

= N [N ( 1 ) + N ( 2 ) + N ( 3 )] + [N ( 1 2 ) + N ( 1 3 ) + N ( 2 3 )] N ( 1 2 3 ) =
= 70 (35 + 14 + 10) + (7 + 5 + 2) 1 = 24

5.3  n   {0; 1; 2} ,  0,
 1  2;
 S   n   {0; 1; 2} N = |S | = 3n : 
i 0 i 2  n  S  i. 
  N ( 0 1 2 ) ,
N ( 0 1 2 ) =
= N N ( 0 ) N ( 1 ) N ( 2 ) + N ( 0 1 ) + N ( 0 2 ) + N ( 1 2 ) N ( 0 1 2 ) =
= 3n 2n 2n 2n + 1 + 1 + 1 0 =
= 3n 3 2n + 3 = 3(3n1 2n + 1)

5.4 1000 . '  400 ,

300  200 . 200 ,  2
100 ,  3 , ,
;
 S    N = |S | = 1000:  F,I,G  
 ,   .   N (F I G)
 - ,
N (F I G) =

= N N (F ) N (I ) N (G) + N (F I ) + N (F G) + N (IG) N (F IG) =

= 1000 400 300 200 + 200 100 = 200

5.5  12   7
    5 .    
  35 ,   16 , 
8 ,  4 ,  2 , 1 ,
   .    
 84  ,    ;

81
  {1; 2; : : : ; 7}       
 . i ; 1 i 7;       
i.    N ( 1 2 : : : 7 ): , ,
N ( 1 2 : : : 7 ) = N (71 )N ( i ) + (72 )N ( i j ) (73 )N ( i j k )+

+(74 )N ( i j k l ) (75 )N ( i j k l m ) + (76 )N ( i j k l m n ) N ( 1 2 : : : 7 ) =

= 84 7 35 + 21 16 35 8 + 35 4 21 2 + 7 1 0 = 0
     .
5.6  n Z + ; (n) o   m, 1 m < n
(m; n) = 1; m,n  .    
 Euler. ,  (n).
 n 2  n n = pe11 p2e2 : : : pet t ; p1 ; p2 ; : : : ; pt
 ei 1; 1 i t:  S = {1; 2; : : : ; n} N = |S | = n
1 i t,   k S  i ;  k 
pi .  1 k n; (k; n) = 1  k  pi ; 1 i t:
(n) = N ( 1 2 : : : t ): ,
(n) = N ( 1 2 : : : t ) =

= N N ( 1 ) N ( 2 ) : : : N ( t )
+N ( 1 2 ) + N ( 1 3 ) + : : : + N ( t1 t )
N ( 1 2 3 ) N ( 1 2 4 ) : : : N ( t2 t1 t )
+ : : : + (1)t N ( 1 2 : : : t ) =
n n n n
= n[ + :::+ ]+ [ + :::+ ]
p1 pt p1 p2 pt1 pt
n n n
[ + ::: + ] + : : : + (1)t =
p1 p2 p3 pt2 pt1 pt p1 p2 : : : pt
n
= [p p : : : pt (p2 p3 : : : pt + : : : + p1 p2 : : : pt1 )+
p1 p2 : : : pt 1 2
+(p3 p4 : : : pt + : : : + p1 p2 : : : pt2 ) : : : + (1)t ] =
n p1 1 p2 1 p 1
= (p 1)(p2 1) : : : (pt 1) == n ::: t =
p1 p2 : : : pt 1 p1 p2 pt
Y pi 1 Y 1
=n =n (1 )
p \n
p i p \n
p i
i i

5.7  n Z + :
1.   (2n )
2.   (2n p); p .
(   Euler (n)   m 1 m < n;
   n.)
  5.6 
Y 1
(n) = n (1 )
p\n
p

82
 1.  n  2n :     2n 2, 
1
(2n ) = 2n (1 ) = 2n1
2

2.  n  2n p:    2 p. 
1 1
(2n p) = 2n p(1 )(1 ) = 2n1 (p 1)
2 p

5.8   n,1 n 100 n 

 2,3 5.
 S = {1; 2; 3; : : : ; 100} N = |S | = 100 i 1 i 3  k
1 k 100 (k S )    2,3 5.   N ( 1 2 3 )
,
N ( 1 2 3 ) =
= N N ( 1 ) N ( 2 ) N ( 3 ) + N ( 1 2 ) + N ( 2 3 ) + N ( 1 3 ) N ( 1 2 3 ) =
= 100 50 33 20 + 16 + 10 + 6 3 = 26

5.9   7 ,
   .  , ,
.   .
   7 ,  
 {; ; ; },  
  1 .  S   7 
.  N = |S | = 47 = 16:384:  i ; 1 i 4;   ,,,
  S .
,
N ( 1 2 3 4 ) = N [N ( 1 ) + N ( 2 ) + N ( 3 ) + N ( 4 )]+
+[N ( 1 2 ) + N ( 1 3 ) + : : : + N ( 3 4 )]
[N ( 1 2 3 ) + N ( 1 2 4 ) + N ( 1 3 4 ) + N ( 2 3 4 )]+
+N ( 1 2 3 4 ) =
= 16:384 4 37 + 6 27 4 + 0 = 8400

5.10   5 ,
, ;
S    {a;b; ;d;e};
.  N = |S | = 210 ; (52 ) = 10 ,  
  '   
    .
  i ; 1 i 5;     a,b, ,d
e , .    ,
N ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) = N (51 )N ( i ) + (52 )N ( i j )

(53 )N ( i j k ) + (54 )N ( i j k l ) (55 )N ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) =

= 210 5 26 + 10 23 10 2 + 5 1 1 = 768:

5.11   ,  
  .

83
 5.1:  ,   5.10.

 i ; 1 i 6;   i.   
N ( 1 2 : : : 6 ): ,
N = 68 ; N ( i ) = 58 ; N ( i j ) = 48
N ( i j k ) = 38 ; N ( i j k l ) = 28 ; N ( i j k l m ) = 1
,
N ( 1 2 : : : 6 ) = 0
,
N ( 1 2 : : : 6 ) = N (61 )58 + (62 )48 (63 )38 + (64 )28 (65 ) + 0 = 191520:

     P = N ( 1 N 2 ::: 6 ) =
191520
68 = 0:114

5.12 8   .   
  6 , 3 , 6
5 .      
    .
        
 .
 N      .
 N = 48 = 65536: i    
   i (1 i 4): 
 ,  N ( 1 2 3 4 ): ,
N ( 1 2 3 4 ) = N (N ( 1 ) + N ( 2 ) + N ( 3 ) + N ( 4 )) + (42 )N ( i j )

(43 )N ( i j k ) + (44 )N ( 1 2 3 4 ) =
= 48 ((87 ) 4 + (84 ) 44 + (87 ) 4 + (86 ) 42 ) + 0 0 + 0 = 47104
   - 
      
, ,     ,
    . 
( 1 2 3 4 ) = 65536 47104 = 18432

5.13    x1 + x2 +
x3 + x4 = 18; xi 7; 1 i 4:

84
  S    x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 18; 0 xi 1 i 4:
|S | = N = (4+181
18 18 ):
) = (21
 (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4 )  i ; 1 i 4; xi > 7 xi 8:
   N ( 1 2 3 4 ):
 , , N ( 1 ) = N ( 2 ) = N ( 3 ) = N ( 4 ):
 N ( 1 ) :   
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 10; xi 0; 1 i 4:   8    x1
  ,  1 : N ( i ) = (4+101 10 10 );
) = (13
1 i 4:  N ( 1 2 ) 
 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 2 xi 0; 1 i 4: N ( 1 2 ) = (4+21
2 ) = (52 ):
 N ( i j k ) = 0   , N ( 1 2 3 4 ) = 0:
 -  
 ,  ,
N ( 1 2 3 4 ) = N (41 )N ( 1 ) + (42 )N ( 1 2 ) (43 )N ( 1 2 3 ) + (44 )N ( 1 2 3 4 ) =
= (21 4 13 4 5
18 ) (1 )(10 ) + (2 )(2 ) 0 + 0 = 246

5.14     x   x 9999999
    31.
 x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; x7   x,   
.       
 ,
x1 + x2 + : : : + x7 = 31
0 xi 9 1 i 7: i   (x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; x7 ) 
 xi   9.    N ( 1 2 : : : 7 ):
( 5.13) ,
N = (31+71
31 31 ); N ( i ) = (21
) = (37 21+71
21 ); N ( i j ) = (11
) = (27 11+71
) = (17
11 )

N ( i j k ) = (1+71
1 ) = (71 ); N ( i j k l ) = 0; N ( i j k l m ) = 0
N ( i j k l m n ) = 0; N ( 1 2 : : : 7 ) = 0
  - ,
N ( 1 2 : : : 7 ) = (37 7 27 7 17 7 7
31 ) (1 )(21 ) + (2 )(11 ) (3 )(1 ) = 512365

5.15  9 
12 ,   ,  ,  
.
     
,
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 9
0 xi 3 1 i 4: ,  5.14, i 
(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4 )   xi   3. 
 N ( 1 2 3 4 ):
,   , ,
N = (9+41
9 9 ); N ( i ) = (5
) = (12 5+41
) = (85 ); N ( i j ) = (1+41
1 ) = (41 )

N ( i j k ) = 0; N ( 1 2 3 4 ) = 0
,
N ( 1 2 3 4 ) = (12 4 8 4 4
9 ) (1 )(5 ) + (2 )(1 ) 0 + 0 = 20

85
 5.16   
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 = 20; 0 xi 8
    20 6  ,
  8.  
    20 6
    8 . , i    i
8 N ( i )   20  6 
  i.    N ( 1 2 : : : 6 ) ,
X X X
N ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) = N N ( i ) + N ( i j ) N ( i j k )+
i i;j i;j;k
X X
+ N ( i j k l ) N ( i j k l m ) + N ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) =
i;j;k;l i;j;k;l;m
= N 6N ( i ) + (62 )N ( i j ) =
25! (11 + 5)! (2 + 5)!
= 6 + (62 ) =
20!5! 11!5! 2!5!
= 53:130 6 4368 + 15 21 = 27237

5.17       
a; b; ; : : : ; x; y; z     spin,game,path net.
 S    . N = |S | = 26!: Av i ; 1 i 4;
   spin,game,path net , 
 N ( 1 2 3 4 ); ,
N ( 1 2 3 4 ) = N N ( 1 ) N ( 2 ) N ( 3 ) N ( 4 )+
+N ( 1 2 ) + N ( 1 3 ) + : : : + N ( 3 4 )
N ( 1 2 3 ) N ( 1 2 4 ) N ( 1 3 4 ) N ( 2 3 4 )+
+N ( 1 2 3 4 ) =
= 26! 23! 23! 23! 24! + 20! + 20! 0 + 0 = 4; 02593 1026

5.18   , |A| = m; |B | = n m n:
A = {a1 ; a2 ; : : : ; am }; = {b1 ; b2 ; : : : ; bn } S=    f : A B:
 N = |S | = nm :  1 i n; i  S,  
 f : A B     bi . N ( 1 2 : : : n ):

N ( 1 2 : : : n ) = N (n1 )N ( i ) + (n2 )N ( i j )
(n3 )N ( i j k ) + : : : + (1)n N ( 1 2 : : : n ) =
= nm (n1 )(n 1)m + (n2 )(n 2)m : : : + (1)n1 (nn1 )1m =
n
(nk )(1)k (n k )m
X
=
k=0

86


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