273.

15

,

,

,

, ,

1.38 10 / ,

8.31 / . ,

6.022 10 /

1
 n

3 T 3RT
m M

M /

1 1.013 10

1 10

28 /

28 28 10
6.02 10
4.7 10
.

3.2g 76cmHg
27oc

O2

n = PV RT

M M
RT
V=
MP
M = 32g/mol; =3.2g ; R=8.31J/mol.K; T= 27oC =300K;P= 76 cmHg =1atm=105Pa
3.2 8.31 300
0.0025
32x10

0.0025

2
 M=28g/mol 300K

RT
R=8.31J/molK;
M
T=300K; M=28g/mol=28 10-3kg/mol
3 8.31 300
561.8m/s
28 10

561.8m/s

331m/s?
= 2g/mol

( )

3RT 3RT M. V
V V T
M M 3R
=2g/mol=2 10-3kg/mol; 331m/s R=8.31J/mol.K
T= 8.79K
.
T=8.79K

727

R=8.32J/mol.K NA=6.022 1023/mol

R
K T R= NA
NA
RT
K T=727oC=1000K
NA
.
K 2.07 10
.

(-
)

300K

1.38 10 ; 300
3
1.38 10 300
2
6.21 10
1 1.6 10
.
0.039
.

Vi = V f V

Pi = Pf = P

J
W = P (V f Vi )

Vf V
Vi

P
Pf

W2
Pi


W1

Vi Vf
1

P
( )

Vi Vf V

J ,

J ,
J

J ,

,


,
8.31 / .

3 3

2 2

P-V ?
? P=2atm P
A B

2l 4l V

6



2 2 10
= 4 2 2 2 10
2 10 2 10 4 10
A B ()

2 2 10 ; 4 10 ;
2 10
2 10 4 10 2 10 4 10

AB

ABC?

P A
2 atm

1atm C B

2m 3 5m 3 V

ABC
WABC = WAB + WBC + WCA
WAB
WAB = PA(VB VA) + (PB PA)(VB VA)
PA= 2atm 2 105Pa
PB = 1atm = 105Pa
VB = 5m3, VA = 2m3
2 105(5 2) + (105 2 105) (5 2)
= 4.5 105 J
WBC
WBC = PB (VC VB) = 105(2 5) = 3 105J
WCA ()
WCA = 0
WABC = (4.5 105J) (3 105J) +0 = 1.5 105J

7
 A B C

D A
.AB, BC, CD, DA

.
P(atm) A B
.() 2

1
D C

1 2.5 V (l )

. AB, BC, CD, DA

AB()

WAB= PA(VB-VA) PA=2 105Pa;

VB=2.5 10-3m3; VA=10-3m3
WAB=2 105(2.5 10-3-10-3) = 3 102 J

WBC= 0

CD()

WCD= PC(VD-VC) VD=10-3m3,

VC =2.5 10-3m3; PC=1atm=10-5Pa
WAB=105(10-3-2.5 10-3) = -1.5 102 J

DA ()
WDA= 0

.
WABCD=WAB+WBC+WCD+WDA
= 3 102 + 0 1.5 102 + 0 = 150 J
WABCD= 150 J
.
0
150

8
 25kJ 1 5kcal

( 1 4.186

1
1.5 62.7 10 ;
W= -25kJ = -25 103J
62.7 10 25 10
37.7 10
37.7 10

O2 ( )
. T=300K Vi=12 Vf=19


.T=310K Vi=19 Vf= 12

.
T=

8.31
n=1mol, T=310K, 19 , 12
19
1 8.31 310 1183
12
.

8.31
n=1mol, T=310K, 19 , 12
12
1 8.31 310 1183
19

200J500J

1

Q=+500J
W= 200J

500 200 700
700

Qh W

QC

:

()
J

:
()
J

: (
)
J

1 1

10
 Qh WM WU

QC Q

WM WU

J ,
J ,
(

)
J
( )

WM


eC
Q

WU


eM
WM

WU WU WM
e eM eC
Q WM Q

200J160J

11
 1 160 ; 200
160
1 0.2 20%
200

35%

.
150J

. ?

150J; 0.35
0.35 150 52.5
. QC

150 52.5 97.5

500K 300K

.
. 200J

.
1
TC=300K; Th=500K
0.4 40%

.

Qh=200kJ; = 0.4
0.4 200 80

500K 300K

500kJ 150kJ ?

150 ; 500
0.3 = 30%

12

1

7 50%
70%
?

( )

1 1

7 =280 , =0.5
560
.

1
0.7
933.33
.
= 933.33 560=373.33

0.43
4MJ
.

.
. 0.82

4 4 10 ; 0.43
0.43 4 10 1.72 10

4 10 1.72 10 2.28 10
.

0.82; 1.72 10
0.82 1.72 10 1.41 10
13


: ; :

:
; : / ; :

:
A

a
: O (t + )

:
O

A2 A1 A2 A1
A1
(t + + )
(t + + ) 2
(t + ) (t + ) (t + )
O O O
A2

( = 0 ) ( = ) ( = )
2

, ,

14
 1 2

M n
,

y1 = a1 sin ( t + 1 )
y2 = a2 sin ( t + 2 )


yn = an sin ( t + n )

1 2 3

15

2
2

Antinode (A) Node (N)

16

2
1
3 5
, , ,
2 2 2
3 5
, , ,
1,3,5,7
4 4 4 4

2 0
0
0, , 2 , 3

3
0, , , ,
0,1,2,3,4,
2 2 2

0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1 ,
0.1/ ,

20 , 20
. .

1 /

0.6 2
.

.

` .
.

1100 /
/ .

4 5
6 5
7 10
8 10
9 10

17

.

4 6 2 4 6cos 8.71
6 2
2.3
2.3 66.50
.

7 0 8 9 cos 7
7 0 8 9 1

7 1 7.07

1
8.13
7

4.0 3.0 2.0
4.0 3.0 2.0 , (cm),

.
2.3

. 2.3

2

y 2 2 4 sin 3 2.3 4.6

3 5 2 6 10
, , ,. , , ,
4 4 4 12 12 12
0, , , ,. 0, , , ,

18


(N)
(S)

( )

( )

4 10 . /

( )

19
 ( 5R )

)
(

N ( )

= N d => N =

d

e

= N ( d +2e ) =>
N =
(d + 2 e )
B (T) , I (A) ,
(m)
D (m) , (m) ,
N , d (m) ,

(
4

B T, I A
m ,
N

90

20


F21 F12 F21 F12

I1 I2 I1 I2
a a

I1 , I2 (A)
a (m)

| |

| |

R (m) , v (m/s) ,
q (c) , B (T)

21
 I=0.5A

. M 2m
. N 10 N

.
M 2m

I=0.5A, d=2m , 4 10 . /

.
4 10 5 10

. N
10 )

0.1
.

O R=10cm

10A O

I =10A, R=10cm=0.1m, 4 10 . /
10 5
4 10
2 0.1
2 10 6.28 10 5

N=100 I=10A
R=20cm
1000

2
I=10A, R=20cm=0.2m, 4 10 . / , 1000, 100
10
4 10 1000 100
2 0.2
3.14

22
 =25cm I=4A

B=2T
30 , 60 , 90

=25cm=0.25m, I=4A, B=2T

30 2 4 0.25 30o 1
3
60 2 4 0.25 60o 2 3
2
90 2 4 0.25 90o 2

4 10 B=2T

| |
1.6 10 , 4 10 , 2 , 90
1.6 10 4 10 2 90 12.8 10

23


(Wb)

(T)

(Wb)
(Wb)

| |
| |

24


| |

| |

, ,

220cm MN
B=0.02T MN
50

| |

| |

B=0.02T, 50 , 20cm=0.2cm, 2
| | 0.02 50 0.2 0.2
.
0.1
25
 N=30

U B=0.2T
a=20cm, b=10cm
0.01
.
.
R=10

.
| |
| |

N=30, 0.2 0.1 0.02

0, 0.2 , 0.01
. | . |
| | 30 12
.

(
| |
1.2 R=10

1.6
3.2

95 0.07

1.6 , 3.2 32 10 , 0.07 , 1.58

3.14 32 10 3.21 10
.
8 2 2 3.14 1.58 10 /
.
8 0.07 3.21 10 10 0.018

26


(Wb)

; (Wb)

,
,

27
 ,

cos
0

28


1 /

cos

cos

2 2

, 0 0,

= 1m D = 4cm
N = 100 o = 410-7Tm/A
. ?
. i = 5t + 2
?

. .
4 10 , 100, 1.256 10
1
.
4 3.14 10 1.57 10
29
 .
i = 5t + 2

5 2
0.181 1.81 10 , 5 /
5 5
1.57 10 5 7.8 10

. 300

25cm 4

50 /

4 10 . / , 300, 4 4 10 ,
25 0.25
4 10 4 10 0.181
.

0.181 1.81 10 , 50 /

1.81 10 50 9.05

. 1

2
.
0.1

1 10 2
10 2 2 10

6.32 10
.

30

6

2 10

6 2 10
0.003 6 0.018

120
8 8 10

120 8 8 10
0.22 220
.

31


sin

; ,

sin

32


33


1
1

, 0

1

( )

(
)

(
)

34
 200

100

200 141

1.41

25 150

60

25 60
2 600 25 10 9.42
15.9
.

60 150

8 10 60 377 /
332
0.452

425, 1.25 , 3.5 , 377 /

150

. , ,

. , ,

, ,

425, 1.25 , 3.5 , 377 /

1.25 377 471
758
.

425 471 758 513

35
.
0.292

34

.

0.292 425 124

0.292 471 138

0.292 758 221

sin 124 sin 377

sin cos 138cos 377

sin cos 221cos 377

36