Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun

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Chng
XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI
LIN QUAN N CC CH S THIT K CNG TRNH
--- oOo ---

2.1 NC THI SINH HOT

2.1.1 Khi lng
Nc thi sinh hot thng khng c nh lng x ra theo thi gian trong ngy
v theo thng hoc ma. Lng nc thi sinh hot thng c tnh gn ng
da vo kinh nghim nh gi qua qui m khu vc sinh sng (thnh th, ngoi ,
nng thn), cht lng cuc sng (cao, trung bnh, thp), ... Vic o lu lng
lng nc thi cng rt cn thit nu c iu kin. Trong ngy, vic o lu
lng c th thc hin vo cc thi im t 6:00 - 8:00, 11:00 - 13:00 v 17:00 -
19:00. Trong nm, nn chn vic o nc thi vo ma h (thng 3, 4, 5).

S b trong 1 ngy m, c th ly lng nc thi khong 200 - 250 l/ngi cho

khu vc c dn s P < 10.000 ngi. Khu vc c P > 10.000 ngi c th ly vo
khong 300 - 380 l/ngi. Trong hon cnh hin ti khu vc ng bng sng
Cu Long c th ly lng nc thi khong 150 - 200 l/ngi.

Lng nc thi sinh hot v tnh cht tp trung nhim thng bin ng cao.
Nu lng nc cp gim, th tp trung nhim gia tng.

Lu lng dng chy nh nht cho h thng x l nc thi c th ly vo

khong 25% lu lng dng chy trung bnh.

i vi nc thi sinh hot, c th ly theo cc bng sau:

Bng 2.1 Khi lng cht bn c trong 1 m3 nc thi sinh hot

Cht Cht bn (g/m3)
Khong Hu c Tng cng BOD5
Lng 50 150 200 100
Khng lng 25 50 75 50
Ha tan 375 250 625 150
Cng ton b 450 450 900 300
Ngun: Imhoffk, 1972

Bng 2.2 Khi lng cht bn c trong nc thi sinh hot cho 1 ngi
Cht Cht bn (g/ngi/ngy-m)
Khong Hu c Tng cng BOD5
Lng 10 30 40 20
Khng lng 5 10 15 10
Ha tan 75 50 125 30
Cng ton b 90 90 180 60
Ngun: Imhoffk, 1972

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Bng 2.3 Lng nc thi hng ngy cc cng trnh sinh hot v thng mi
Loi cng trnh n v Lng BOD5
(v) nc thi (kg/ v. ngy)
(l/ v. ngy)
Phi trng khch 20 0.01
Nh th ch ngi 20 0.01
Cu lc b ng qu hi vin 100 0.03
Xng (khng cht thi cng nghip) cng nhn 135 0.04
Bnh vin gng 950 0.24
Tim git i my git 2200 bin i
Nh tr (khng km nh hng) gng 190 0.06
Vn phng (khng km cn tin) nhn vin 60 0.02
Cng vin ngi 20 0.01
Nh hng mn 20 0.01
Trng ni tr hc sinh 380 0.08
Trng tiu hc hc sinh 60 0.02
Trng trung hc hc sinh 75 0.02
Siu th ngi 60 0.02
H bi ngi 40 0.01
Sn vn ng ngi 20 0.01
Nh ht ch ngi 20 0.01
Ngun: S.N. Goldstein, W.J. Woberg, Wastewater Treatment Systems for Rural
Communities, 1973

Bng 2.3 Lng nc thi v BOD5 gn ng Hoa K v Chu u

Ni thi n v Mc thi Trung bnh BOD5
(l/ngy) (l/ngy) (kg/ngy)
Nh
- Hoa K ngi 250 - 1100 630 0.1
- Chu u ngi - 225 0.1
Trng hc
- Ni tr hc sinh 180 - 370 280 0.1
- Trng c cn tin hc sinh 40 - 80 60 0.03
- Trng khng c cn tin hc sinh 20 - 60 40 0.02
Nh hng khch 20 - 40 30 0.03
Khch sn khch 160 - 240 200 0.1
Bnh vin bnh nhn 300 - 1000 600 0.14
Vn phng nhn vin 30 - 80 60 0.02
Ca hng tp phm nhn vin 30 - 50 40 002

Ngun: nh mc ca Benefield v Randall, 1980 (trch on)

2.1.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht

Nc thi sinh hot thng khng c xem mt cch phc tp nh l ngun
nc thi cng nghip v n khng c nhiu thnh phn c hi nh phenol, v
cc cht hu c c hi. Trong thit k cc trm x l nc thi, cc thng s v
lng cht rn l lng (suspended solids, SS) v BOD5, ... thng c s dng
gii hn. Tng cht rn (total solids, TS) c th ly theo hnh 2.1 hoc chng 225
l/ngi/ngy m hoc xp x 800 mg/l. Lng cht rn l lng c th ly chng
40% tng lng rn, hoc chng 350 mg/l. Trong s ny, khong 200 mg/l l

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lng rn l lng c th lng ng chng 60% sau khong 1 gi yn nc,
c ly ra khi nc v x l vt l nh mt bin php lng s cp (primary
settling). Phn cn li, chng 100 mg/l l nhng cht khng th lng ng v c
th dng cc bin php x l ha hc hoc sinh hc loi thi. Hu ht bin
php x l th cp (secondary treatment process) l sinh hc. Phn cn li cui
cng phn ln l vi cht v c ca cht rn khng lng ng c, mun loi b
hon ton phi dng nhng bin php x l trit .

Tng cht rn
720 mg/L

Cht rn l lng Cht rn lc c

220 mg/L 500 mg/L
khng th lng c

Cht khng ha tan

C th lng c
Cht rn l lng

Cht rn l lng
160 mg/L

450 mg/L
Cht keo
50 mg/L
60 mg/L
Cht khong

Cht khong

Cht khong

Cht khong
Cht hu c

Cht hu c

Cht hu c

Cht hu c
120 mg/L

160 mg/L

290 mg/L
40 mg/L

40 mg/L

15 mg/L

40 mg/L

10 mg/L

Hnh 2.1. Phn loi cht rn trong nc thi loi va

Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1991

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Bng 2.4: Thnh phn c trng ca cc loi nc thi sinh hot

Cht nhim trong nc thi Nng (mg/lt)
Loi mnh* Loi yu* Trung bnh*
Tng cht rn (TS) 1 200 350 700
Cht rn l lng (SS) 350 100 250
Nit tng s 85 20 40
Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5) 300 100 200
Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) 1 500 250 500
Pht pht tng s 20 6 10
Du, m 100
150 50
Nitrt NO2- 0
0 0
Nitrt NO3- 0
0 0
Ngun: Ng.Th Kim Thi, L Hin Tho, 1999
*: c th phn theo nhim cao (mnh), va (trung bnh) v nh (yu)

V d 2.1: Xc nh lu lng nc thi trung bnh ngy v lng BOD5 cho

mt khu c dn th vi cc s liu sau:
(a) Dn s : 150 000 ngi
(b) Bnh vin : 1 000 ging
(c) Nh hng : 40 tim n, s thc khch trung bnh 40 ngi/tim
(d) i hc v cao ng : 1 trng vi 15 000 sinh vin, c cn tin.
(e) Trung tiu hc : 30 000 hc sinh, khng c cn tin.

Gii: S dng bng 2.3, ta c:

Ngun thi Mc thi Lu lng BOD5 BOD5

(m3/ngy) (m3/ngy) (kg/ngy) (kg/ngy)
Dn c 150 000 x 0.225 33 750 150 000 x 0.10 15 000
Bnh vin 1 000 x 0.6 600 1 000 x 0.14 40
Nh hng 1 600 x 0.03 48 1 600 x 0.03 48
i hc 15 000 x 0.06 900 15 000 x 0.03 450
Trung hc 30 000 x 0.04 1 200 30 000 x 0.02 600
= 36 498 = 16 238

V d 2.2: Xc nh lng tp trung BOD5 trung bnh ca lng nc thi th

o c trong lin tip 12 ngy m nh sau:

Ngy th BOD5 (mg/l) Ngy th BOD5 (mg/l)

1 525 7 300
2 350 8 375
3 475 9 425
4 200 10 525
5 250 11 475
6 300 12 400

Xc nh thm lch chun, tp trung mc 90% v 50%.

Gii: Sp xp chui s liu o BOD5 t nh n ln. Tnh xc sut xut hin nh

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hn hoc bng gi tr quan trc c (v tr im) theo cng thc, trong m
khong th t gi tr v n l tng s quan trc. Bng tnh nh sau:

Th t BOD5 V tr im Th t BOD5 V tr im
1 200 4.17 7 400 54.20
2 250 12.50 8 425 62.50
3 300 20.80 9 475 70.80
4 300 29.20 10 475 79.20
5 350 37.50 11 525 87.50
6 375 45.80 12 525 95.80

Hnh 2.2 Quan h

BOD5 ~ P (x xi) %

Ly kt qu tnh
chm im ln giy
bn logarit (giy tn
sut, trc honh v
theo logarit).

Trc tung ch lng

BOD5, trc honh l
P (x xi) %.

V ng thng i
qua trung tm cc
im, sao cho
khong lch l nh
nht.

Trung bnh = 383 mg/l

Tr 90% = 510 mg/l
Tr 50% = 380 mg/l
Tr 10% = 255 mg/l
lch chun=(2/3).(90% - 10%) = 2/3 (510 - 255) = 170 mg/l

*Ghi ch: Phng php ny tng t cch xc nh tn sut l xut hin trong
thy vn.

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2.2 NC THI SN XUT
2.2.1 Khi lng
Chng ta cn phn bit 2 loi:
nc thi cng nghip (industrial wastewater) l nc thi ca qu trnh
sn xut cng nghip.
nc thi khu cng nghip (industrial zone wastewater) l nc thi sn
xut cng thm lng nc thi sinh hot t cc nh v sinh, nh n, ... v
lng nc ma ri trong khu vc.

so snh gia nc thi sn xut cng nghip (nu nc thi c kh nng b

phn hy do vi sinh vt) v nc thi sinh hot, ngi ta a ra khi nim "s
dn tng ng" (the population equivalent, PE) qua c trng ch tiu nhu
cu oxy sinh ha BOD5 ch nhu cu oxy ca vi sinh vt trong mu nc thi
trong 5 ngy, 20C. Gi tr BOD5 tnh trn ton b lng nc thi cho 1 ngi
trong 1 ngy m l 60 - 100 gram (nu ly gi tr BOD20 th thng tnh 140
gr/ngi/ngy m). em chia ton b khi lng nc thi ca c s sn xut
cng nghip cho gi tr trn tnh ra s dn tng ng.

Tng qut, PE (mt s sch dng k hiu Np) tnh theo:

C cn Q cn
PE = (2-1)
Tp
vi Ccn v Qcn l nng v lu lng nc thi cng nghip.
Tp lng nc thi trn mi u ngi.

V d 2.3: Mt x nghip cng nghip thi ra 2 500 m3 nc thi/ngy vi lng

BOD5 l 200 mg/l. Xc nh s dn tng ng PE ng vi ch tiu BOD5 n v
l 95 g/ngi/ngy.

Gii:
3
200 . mg 1g 2500 . m 1000 . l 1 . nguoi . ngay
PE = = 5263 ngi
l 1000 . mg ngay 1m 3 95 .g

Ta c th da vo bng qui s dn tng ng ng vi qui m sn xut sau:

Bng 2.5: S dn tng ng (PE) ng vi qui m sn xut ca cc nh my

Nh my Qui m sn xut PE
Nh my sa khng sn xut pho-mt x 1 000 lt sa 30 - 80
Nh my sa c sn xut pho-mt x 1 000 lt sa 50 - 250
L st sinh x 1 con b (=2,5 con heo) 70 - 200
L st sinh x 1 tn tht 150 - 450
Nh my bia x 1 000 lt bia 150 - 400
Nh my sn xut tinh bt x 1 tn bp hoc la m 500 - 1 000
Nh my thuc da x 1 tn da 1 000 - 4 000
Nh my ch bin len x 1 tn len 2 000 - 5 000
Phn xng ty x 1 tn sn phm 1 000 - 4 000
Nh my nhum (c cha lu hunh) x 1 tn vt liu 2 000 - 3 500
Nh my git x 1 tn vi git 370 - 1 000
S r r du khong x 1 tn du 12 000
Ngun: I. Grulo, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, 1980.

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2.2.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht
Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi cng nghip rt a dng v ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t ca sn xut cng nghip gm nh lnh vc, nguyn liu tiu th,
loi cng ngh p dng, qui m hot ng, ... Mt s ti liu nc ngoi cho bit
khi lng nc thi cng nghip thng chim 30 - 35% tng lng nc thi
th. Khi tnh ton cng trnh x l chung nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, ta
cn c vo cht nhim bn sinh hot. Cht bn cng nghip phi gi li x l
cc b nhm bo m tnh an ton cho h thng dn v x l nc thi th.
Tnh cht ca nc thi thng c xc nh bng phn tch ha hc thnh
phn nhim bn. tuy nhin c y cc s liu thng gp nhiu kh khn
v thi gian, thit b v kinh ph. n gin, ngi ta thng da vo mt s ch
tiu nh nhit , mu sc, mi v, trong, pH, cht tro v khng tro, hm lng
cht l lng, cht lng ng, BOD, COD v mt s ch tiu khc do yu cu.

Vic xc nh hm lng BOD hoc SS chng hn, thng dn n vic xc nh

biu hm lng theo dng chy v tn sut nh hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3 Quan h Q ~ BOD ~ SS ~ P (x xi)

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2.3 CC V D C BN XC NH CH S THIT K THY LC
2.3.1 Phng trnh Manning v phng trnh Hazen-Williams

Phng trnh Manning Phng trnh Hazen-Williams

TRONG NG C P TRONG NG C P
H SI H SI
V = 0,849.CR 0, 63 S 0,54 0,397 2 / 3 1 / 2
V = D S
(2-3) n
Q = 0,278.CD 2,63 S 0,54 (2 -5)
0,312 8 / 3 1 / 2
--------------------------------- Q= D S
H US n
-----------------------------------
V = 1,318.CR 0, 63 S 0,54 H US
(2-4) 0,590 2 / 3 1 / 2
Q = 0,432.CD 2, 63 S 0,54 V = D S
n
(2-6)
0,463 8 / 3 1 / 2
Q= D S
n
TRONG KNH H trong cc cng thc trn:
H SI
1 V - vn tc, Q/A, m/s (ft/s)
V = R 2 / 3 .S 1 / 2 (2-7)
C - h s Chezy
n R - bn knh thy lc, D/4, m (ft)
------------------------------------------------- S - dc ng th nng = hf/L
H US Q - lu lng, m3/s (ft3/s)
D - ng knh ng dn
1,468 2 / 3 1 / 2
V = R .S (2-8)
n - h s nhm (tra bng cc sch Thy
n lc)

Phng trnh Manning v Hazen - Williams u c s dng trong tnh ton vn

tc v lu lng dng chy trong lng dn. T phng trnh ny ta c th xc
nh tn tht ct nc trong mt on dng chy no .

V d 2.4: Tnh tn tht ct nc trn ng ng di 1.000 m, ng knh trong

50 mm. Bit lng nc thi chy qua ng vi lu lng 0,25 m3/s, h s C =
130.

Gii: T cng thc (2-3):

Q
V = 0 . 849 C ( D / 4 ) 0 . 63 ( h f / L ) 0 .54 =
( . D 2 / 4 )
suy ra tn tht ct nc
10 , 7 Q 1 , 85 L 10 , 7 ( 0 , 25 ) 1 , 85 1000
hf = = 2 , 96 m
C 1 , 85 D 4 , 87 130 1 , 85 ( 0 , 5 ) 4 , 87

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V d 2.5: Thit k mt knh dn hnh ch nht bng btng vi:
Lu lng nc thi Q = 2 m3/s
dc y knh S = 0,001
H s nhm knh dn n = 0,012

Gii: Theo l thuyt, knh hnh ch nht c mt ct thy lc tt nht khi:

Qmax khi d = b/2 vi d l su dng chy, b l b rng knh
1 2/3
Q = A.V = AR .S 1 / 2
n
vi A = b.d = (2d).d = 2.d2 d (m)

2/3 b (m)
Q max =
1
0,012
(
d
2.d 2 . ) (0,001)
1/ 2
=2
2

d = 0,8 m b = 1,6 m

2.3.2 Xc nh ng knh ti u cho my bm

ung knh ti u l ng knh tha mn ng thi 2 yu cu:

Chi ph tng nng lng bm nh nht S1.

Chi ph u t trang b my bm va S2.

Nu gi T l tng chi ph /nm th T = S1 + S2 th ng knh ti u l ng knh

dT
c = 0 , Kriengsak Udomsinrot, 1989, a ra cng thc sau:
d (d )
(511,4 a1 T Q 2,8519 ) 0,17
ng knh ti u: d opt = (2-9)
(u r a 2 C 1,8519 ) 0,17

trong : a1 - chi ph nng lng bm (ng/KWh)

T - thi gian bm vn hnh trong 1 nm, gi
Q - lu lng trung bnh nc thi, m3/s
u - hiu sut my bm (gm ng c v my bm), %
a2 - chi ph ng ng (ng/mt di x mt ng knh ng)
C - h s Hazen-Williams
r - h s hi phc

V d 2.6: Xc nh ng knh my bm ti u cho vic ht x mt lu lng

nc thi Q l 0,20 m3/s. Thi gian chy my l 20 gi/ngy. Gi s hiu sut ca
c ng c v my bm l 60%, ng dn c C = 100. Cho h s hi phc r =
0,0991. Gi thnh ng dn l 500 000 /(1m di x 1m ng knh), chi ph bm l
150 /kWh.

Gii: Thi gian chy my trong 1 nm:

T = 20 gi/ngy x 365 ngy/nm = 7 300 gi

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ng knh ti u:
(511,4 a1 T Q 2,8519 ) 0,17 (511,4 150 7300 0,2 2,8519 ) 0,17
d opt = =
(u r a 2 C 1,8519 ) 0,17 (0,60 0,0991 500000 1001,8519 ) 0,17

dopt = 0.57391 m

Chn bm trn th trng c ng knh ng x l 600 mm.

Nhiu trng hp ta phi dng nhiu my bm thot nc, vic tnh ton mt
h thng nhiu my bm tr nn phc tp hn, ( ngh xem li cc Gio trnh v
sch v Bm v Trm bm).

2.3.3 p trn thnh mng

Ngi ta c th s dng p trn thnh mng c mt ct hnh ch nht hoc p
trn thnh mng hnh tam gic khng ch mc nc trong knh dn hoc
dng n o lu lng dng chy.

Cng thc c bn tnh cho tt c cc loi p trn l:

v2
Q = mb . 2 g . H 2/3
vi Ho = H + (2-10)
o
2g

vi b l b rng p trn, m l h s i vi p trn chy khng ngp, s b:

p trn thnh mng, m = 0,42
p trn c mt ct thc dng khng c chn khng, m = 0,45
p trn c mt ct thc dng c chn khng, m = 0,50
p trn nh rng, m = 0,35

v2/2g
Ho H

P
Q

Hnh 2.4: Cc thng s c bn xc nh lu lng qua p trn thnh mng

2.3.4 o lu lng nc thi

Lu lng nc thi l lng nc thi qua
mt mt ct trong mt n v thi gian, thng
ta c 2 cch: o bng lu tc k (hnh 2.6), o
mt ct t v o bng p trn thnh mng.
Phng php o, ngh xem trong cc sch
thy lc v thy vn.

Hnh 2.5: Mt kiu lu tc k trc ng

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2.3.5 Cn bng dng chy
Vic loi thi cht rn, c bit l bn ct, s lm thay i nhanh chng lng
dng chy cht thi. Trong mt h thng x l x l nc thi thng c mt khu
tr tm thi hoc mt b iu lu nhm loi b mt phn ln cht rn l lng
trong nc. Kch thc hoc th tch ca b iu lu thng c xc nh theo
thy nc thi hng ngy (the daily wastewater hydrograph).

C 2 phng php n gin:

1. M hnh sng vung (square-wave model): Dng chy nc thi thng c

biu hnh dn sng theo thi gian, tuy nhin nu ta xp x cc gi tr thi on
so vi tr trung bnh theo hnh vung nh mt th ta c th cn bng dng chy
theo hnh hc.

Ta cn c 3 gi tr lu lng nc thi theo thi on:

Qmax : Lng nc thi ln nht
Qmin : Lng nc thi nh nht
Qave : Lng nc thi trung bnh,

n
1
Q ave =
n
Q
i =1
i (2-11)

Qavg Qmin
Q b= x(1 ngay)
Qmax Qmin
Qma

Vs
a = Qmax - Qavg

Qavg
b

Qmin

6:00 6:00 Gi
18:00

Hnh 2.5: M hnh sng vung cho dng nc thi trong 1 ngy

V d 2.7:
Hnh 2.5 cho dng nc thi trong 1 ngy (t 6:00 sng hm nay n 6:00 sng
ngy hm sau) theo m hnh ny. Vng din tch c gch sc th hin s thay i
ca lng chy thi trong 24 gi so vi tr trung bnh Qavg. Theo s cn bng khi
lng, ta c:

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Qavg(1 ngy) = Qmin (1 ngy) + (Qmax - Qmin)(b ngy)
Q avg Q min
b= (2-12)
Q max Q min

Theo Hnh 2.5 , ta c a = Qmax - Qavg (2-13)

Nh vy dung tch b tr /lng s l : Vs = a.b (2-14)

2. ng cong ly tch (cumulative curve) xc nh th tch b cha ti thiu.

V d 2.8: Mt khu cng nghip x nc thi (tnh bng m3/h) nh sau:

Gi o 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00

3
Qthi (m /h) 518.4 445.6 359.2 475.2 604.8 864.0
Gi o 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:0 24:00
Qthi (m3/h) 907.2 820.8 777.6 691.2 429.0 418.0
Yu cu xc nh th tch b cha ti thiu cn bng lng nc thi hng
ngy.

Gii: Lp bng tnh ton sau:

Gi o Lu lng thi Th tch thi Ly tch th tch
(gi) (m3/h) (m3) (m3)
(1) (2) (3) = (2) x 2 (5)
0:00 - - 0.0
2:00 518.4 1036.8 1036.8
4:00 445.6 891.2 1728.0
6:00 359.2 718.4 2246.4
8:00 475.2 950.4 3196.8
10:00 604.8 1209.6 4406.4
12:00 864.0 1728.0 6134.4
14:00 907.2 1814.4 7948.8
16:00 820.8 1641.6 9590.4
18:00 777.6 1555.2 11145.6
20:00 691.2 1382.4 12528.0
22:00 429.0 958.0 13489.0
24:00 418.0 836.0 14325.0

Ly trc honh l thi gian trong ngy (ct 1), trc tung l lu lng nc thi ly
tch (ct 5). Chm cc im tng ng t bng tnh. V ng cong ni lin cc
im ly tch vi nhau. Ni im 0 vi im tch ly trong 24 gi, ta c ng
trung bnh, v 2 ng thng x-x' v y-y' song song vi vi ng trung bnh v
tip xc vi im lm v im li ca ng ly tch ln lt ti A v B (hnh 2.7).

Khong cch thng ng gia x-x' v y-y' l th tch b cha cn c.

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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 23
 Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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16000
y'
14000 Lng nc B
thai luy tch
12000 (m3)

10000
y Th tch b
8000

6000 x'

4000
A
2000
x Gi
0
0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

0:00
10:00

12:00

14:00

16:00

18:00

20:00

22:00
Hnh 2.7: ng cong ly tch th tch lng nc thi trong ngy

Theo hnh 2.7, th tch b ti thiu cn xy dng V = 2 000 m3.

Trong thc t, ngi ta thng gia tng th tch b khi xy dng khong 10% n
20% so vi tnh ton d phng cc trng hp gia tng lng nc thi bt
thng, i khi cn phi cng thm mt lng th tch nc cht no ty theo
nh hng ca cao trnh cng thot.

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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 24