BI M U

I/ V tr mn hc trong o to:`
II/ Lch s pht trin ca in t cng sut:
+ Mn k thut bin i cng sut ln
AC
CL
DC -Truyn ti bng DC
-Truyn ng in DC
-in phn - m in
-Giao thng
DC AC (nghch lu)
AC (fe,Ue) DAXC
AC (fe,Ue)
DC (U1) DA
X DC (U2)
AC (fe,Ue)
BT
A (f1 thay i,U1thay i) bin tn
T CS l in t trong lnh vc dng in ln.
Cn nm: yu cud k thut v bin php thc hin cc b bin i.
Lch s pht trin:
S ra i ca cc linh kin in t.
* 1902 n in t, thyratron: tn tht nnglng ln, in p lm vic cao, tnh dn
cng lm vic thp.
* 1948 transitor ra i: khc phc c cc nhc im ca thyristor, in in t.
* 1956 Thyristor = Thyratron + Tranzitor
Tranzitor: iu khin theo dng (tn s lm vic thp)
Tranzitor trn: iu khin theo p (tn s lm vic cao)
IGBT (tranzitor c cng cch ly): iu khin theo p c dng ln.
Chng 1 NGUYN L CU TO V LM VIC CA CC LINH KIN
BN DN CNG SUT
Tip gip P.N l c s ch to cc linh kin.
1.1 Tip gip P.N
Cht bn dn P: l loi bn dn m ht in t c bn (a s) l l, in tch thiu
s (phi c bn) l in t (-) (ch yu l silic,Ge).
Cht bn dn N: ngc vi P.

Trang 1
 S dch chuyn ca cc in tch c bn to nn dng in thun, s dch chuyn
ca cc in tch phi c bn to nn dng in r.
Silic + nhm III: bn dn P
Silic + nhm IV: bn dn N
Ghp P.N hnh thnh tip gip P-N
B
P Ei n

-a 0 a

Ti tip gip: mt in t t do l t nht to nn vng cch in.

0 a+ : min khng gian in tch dng.
0 a- : min khng gian in tch m.
0,6 0,7 (V) : barie in th.

E i=

Tip gip ny khng cho dng qua nu Engo nh hn Ei .
Phn cc:
* (+) Eng t vo P, (-) Eng t vo N: vng cch in b thu hp do tc dng ca E
ngoi. Gi l phn cc thun. Eng > Ei : c dng qua tip gip.
* t Eng ngc li, lm cho vng cch in m rng ra. Gi l phn cc ngc.
2.2 Dit
C 1 tip gip P-N
K hiu :
Dit cng sut, P-N l tip gip mt c vi chc cm2, mt 107/mm2
Do c t k sinh; tn s ln (10KHz) diot khng cn trng thi kho.
Diot cng sut ch lm vic tn s thp.
t tnh V-A:

Trang 2
 i

Uz U
I
2

Ud

2
1
2 Ud d
0
T

Utb =

1.3 Tranzitor
C 2 im tip gip P-N
Tranzitor thun P-N-P

J2c (-) J2c (+)

J1 (+) J1 (-)
B B
(+) E (-) E
thun ngc
J1 tip gip pht (lun c phn cc thun)
J2 tip gip gp, lun c phn cc ngc.

(+) (-) (-) (+)

B B

Xung m (m) Xung dng (m)

Trang 3
 i

UB = UBS
d?n IB = IBS
b?o ha

UB = 0, IB = 0

kha

UCE

Hnh 1. Ch lm vic ca tranzitor

in t cng sut, tranzitor lm vic ch dn bo ho v ch kho.
Khi BJT kho: h mch in ngoi.
Khi BJT m: ng mch in ngoi.
Transistor cng sut c s dng nh cng tc in t ng ct dng DC
tng i ln.
Thng dung lm kho in t iu p v nghch lu vi cng sut trung bnh.
iu kin m Transistor cng sut UCE 0,UBE 0, IB IBS-Ic/ ( l h s
khuych i dng)
Transistor cng sut = 2530 Transistor cng sut iu khin theo dng in.
1.4. THYRISTOR
Gm cc bn dn P1, N1, P2,N2 c mt in tch v dng khc nhau, c 3 tip
gip P-N, J1, J2, J3.

J
1 J
2 J 3

P 1 N 1 P 2 P 2

K
A CT
1/ Nguyn l lm vic:
C th xem nh 2 Transistor ghp nhau .

Trang 4
 Gi h s truyn in tch :
TR1: 1, TR2: 2
2

E1
Ic1 TRc1

Ic1 = IB2 Ic2 = IB1

IG
G (+)
TR2

E2 (-)

Nu t ngun vo E1: TR1 c Ip

Mt phn trung ho N1: 1-1Ip
Mt phn qua P2: 1Ip
Ti E1:
Mt phn qua N1: 2Ic
Mt phn qua P1 : 1- 2Ic
Gi dng qua J2 l IJ2:
IJ2= 1Ip + 2Ic + Io
IJ2= Ip=Ic=I
Io
I= 1 (1 2) (1)

H s truyn in tch ph thuc vo Ie theo quan nim.

Ie

+ Theo biu thc (1)

Trang 5
 * Nu 1+ 2 <<< 1: I = Io : Thyristor trng thi kho.
* 1 + 2 1: dng I1 tng nhanh thyristor trng thi dn.
+ Gi s Ie1 tng lng Ie1 Ie1 tng IB2 tng Ie2 tng = IB1 Ie1 tng: Gi l
phng phn hi dng 1 + 2 tng 1 + 2 1 thyristor dn (TR1 v
TR2 dn bo ho).
i
+ Mun vy gn vo cc G vo B2.
+ iu kin Thyistor m:
* UAK 0 m bng cc iu khin t

* UGK 0 m bng cc iu khin.

G
t

U
Rd
t

Thyristor m bng cc khin G xung dng (dng DC hoc xung).

Trong mch in xoay chiu mt na chu k dng thyristor s m.
Trong mch in DC, thyristor lm vic nh kho in t. Khi c kho ngli,khng c
xung kho m ra Thyristor c th lm vic nh chnh lu, nghch lu, iu p xoay
chiu, iu p DC.
i

U
t

2/ c tnh V-A ca thyristor:

Trang 6
 I
III

II
Idt IK = 0

I0

Ung

I Uch
UAK

IV

- on I: Tng ng trng thi kho ca THY

* 1 + 2 <<< 1
* I = Io in p tng nhiu, dng thay i t.
* J1, J3 phn cc thun.
* J2 phn cc ngc
* UAK = UCB bt u giai on J2 phn cc thun.
in trng E ln xut hin hin tng pht x in t th cp E E i E cng chiu
Ei
- on II: Tng ng vi J1, J2, J3 phn cc thun. Dng in tng t in p gim nhanh
on in tr m
- on III: Tng ng vi trng thi dn ca Thyristor
Dng tng rt nhanh v c hn ch nh R mch ngoi thyristor gi nguyn dn chng
no I > It. in p trn thyristor rt nh 0,5-1V
- on IV: Tng ng trng hp t Ung ln thyristor . Tip gip J1, J3 phn cc ngc,
J2 phn cc thun.
Do J3 c dy bn dn nh v mt in tch t do ln Kh nng cch in ca J3
ln J1 quyt nh tnh cht cch in ca thyristor on IV ging on ngc (V-
A) ca it
1.3. Mt s thng s c bn ca thyristor
a) in p

Trang 7
 * Uthmax l gi tr U ln nht c th tlu di trn thyristor m thyristor vn trng
thi kha (lin ng)
* Ungmax: Gi tr U ln nht t ln Thyristor theo chiu ngc m thyristor khng b
hng. Di gi tr ca Ung th Ing = 10 20 mA.
- Khi t Ung phi gim nh IG ( iu khin )
* Um: U cho php t lu di ln thyristor c theo chiu thun v theo chiu ngc.
2
U m .U th max
3

* Uch (in p chuyn trng thi ): Gi tr U m khng cn IG, thyristor vn

chuyn trng thi dn.
1.1.2.2 Dng in
- Im ( nh mc ca thyristor): I c gi tr trung bnh ln nht cho php i qua
thyristor.
- IK, UK: L gi tr dng, p iu khin nh nht m bo thyristor m (IKST,
UKST )
1.1.2.3 Mt s thng s khc
* Thi gian m ( ton, tm): thi gian tnh t sn trc ca xung iu khiin cho n
khi I qua thyristor t n 0,9Im.
I

0,9 Idm

t
tm

tm tng ng 30 in ( f = 50 Hz )
0,02
tm = .3
360

* Thi gian kha ca thyristor (tkh) thi gian tnh t thi im dng qua n bng 0
cho n thi im xut hin li in p thun trn thyristor m thyristor khng chuyn

Trang 8
sang trng thi m (thi gian phc hi kh nng iu khin ca thyristor)
I

t1 t2

I
tkh

- Thi gian ny d xy ra qu p do xung gy nn thng lp thm C vo

sang bng qu p khi chuyn mch.
R 1 C
1

tkh = 8 10 tm
Tc tng in p thun cho php:
dUth
cp
dt

L gi tr ln nht ca tc tng in p thun trn THY m THY khng chuyn

sang trng thi dn.
+

P1

N1/2 N1/2
C1/2
P2/2 P1/2

C2/2
N2

Trang 9
 A

T1

Ic2

C2

T2

IC2 ng thi l dng IB/ T2 , n gi vai tr nh IK, khi tc tng dng ln th IC2
cng ln lm cho T1 v T2 dn bo ho THY chuyn sang trng thi dn.
Tc tng dng in thun cho php: gi tr ln nht ca tc tng Ibh trong
qu trnh m ca THY m khng gy t nng cc bn mc lm hng vng tip xc
ca cc iu khin.
V J2 khi dn n qua vng nh trn . Vng dn c lan ra ton mt vi tc
gii hn, nu tc tng dng Ith > tc lan vng dn in th ti mt dng in
tng ln lm t nng, to > 200 oC hng cht liu silic.
Ni them in cm gim tc tng dng in thun.
4.Cc bin php m THY:
M bng cc iu khin :
Dng in DC
Xung
Uth > Uch.
dUth dUth cp
dt

dt

a/ M THY trong mch DC:

Trang 10
 Ucc
Ucc

U
I = R1 R1 Rt

M R
G G

R2 D1

(a) (b)
Ucc

Rt

D2 R
G

D1

BAX

(c)
* S (a): M bng dng mt chiu: n nt M sao cho
U
I I KST 1 1,2 .I KST
R1

U CC
R1
1,1 1,2 .I KST
R2 100 1000 : Cho php tng Uthmax t ln thyristor
- Nh R2 cho dng t G sang K gim in trng trong thyristor tng Uthmax.
* S b: M bng xung
C = (0,01 0,05)F
- T C lm nhim v vi phn c gc m chnh xc. C chnh xc thi im M
- D1 lm ngn mch xung m. C mt s trng hp khng cn D1, ty theo xung
lng ca xung.
* S c: M bng xung v c dng bin p xung.

Trang 11
 - Bin p xung: Do tn hiu xung c thi gian tn ti nh nn phi dng bin p
xung c ng t tnh t ha l tng. Dng loi Phe- rit hoc thp k thut in c
nng 32% 320%
B
Bs

-Bs

ng t tnh t ha ca bin p xung

- Ti sao dng bin p xung:
+ Cch ly v in gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin, an ton cho ngi
v thit b.
+ Dng phi hp tr khng gia u vo ca cc G thyristor c in tr nh
100 1000 vi tng khch i in t c in tr kh ln 10k . Khi iu xung
khng b st u.
+ D1 gim xung m, D2 chn xung dng
+ R gim dng in iu khin
1.1.2.4 Cc bin php m Thyristor trong mch xoay chiu
- Trong mch mt pha xung m phi ng pha vi in p trn ant v katt ca
thyristor cn iu khin.
U

Ti
t

R1
U
t R2
D1

G
t

Trang 12
 (a) (b)
U

R1 UT
U D2

R2
t
D1 IK

G
C
IK

t
Utai

IKST
t
U
-Um ng np t

Ut
Idkst
R1 R 2

Mun thay i thay i gi tr R2 R2 nh ln ; R2 ln nh

Xc nh R1:
0,05Um Udkst
R1= (1,1 1,2) Idkst

Um: in p xoay chiu ngun.

Khi R2 = 0 = 5o in.
Um
Khi R2 max tho mn =Idkmin th =90o in.
R1 R 2 max

Thay i R2 = 0 Rmax cng sut ti t 100% 50%.

S C :
Dng mch R C to gc lch pha gia Udk v UAK ca THY.
Na chu k m t C c np qua R2 cho n gi tr Um.
Na chu k dng t C vj np qua R1, R2 t Um n gi tr in p dng
m THY.
Nu R1, R2 c chn nh trn th = 0 75o in thay i cng sut t
25%100%

Trang 13
 y l phng php iu khin THY theo nguyn tc bin pha, ph thuc vo
s thay i ca U, f li . y l phng php iu khin khng chnh xc, thng c
dung trong gia dng, sinh hot. Dng trong cng nghip phi dung phng php xung pha
( gc pha thay i nh thi im pht xung).
5.Kho Thyristor:
L tr n v trng thi nh trckhi m, mun vy ta phi tm cch tiu tn cc
in tch cc in tch phi c bn trong cc lp baz (P2, N1). C 2 phng php :
Gim dng in thun nh hn dng duy tr hoc ct ngun.
t in p ngc ln THY.
a/ Qu trnh kho:

P1 N1 P2 N2

Khi t in p Ungc ln THY J1 chuyn dch ngc, J2 chuyn dch thun nh tc

dng Eng m cc in tch phi c bn trong P2 l cc in t vt qua J3 v K3, cc l trong
N1 vt qua J1 v A. Chng to nn dng in ngc vi dng in ti. Giai on ny
xut hin t to t1 . Khi cc in tch phi c bn trung ho ht th trn J1 v J3 (ch yu
l J1) s ngn cn khng cho cc in tch tip tc chy. Dng in bt u gim t t 1 t2
. Khong thi gian t to t2 gi l thi gian kho .
I
Nu trc t2 khng cho php t Uth ln THY v nu t
Ith
th THY tip tc m, ngha l cha phc hi c tnh
cht cch in THY. Thi gian kho 8 10 thi gian
t2
m. t0 t1 t

b/ Cc phng php kho THY trong mch DC :

Trang 14
 tai tai tai R1

C
k
tai

G G

Hnh a Hnh b Hnh c Hnh d

S a, b, c dng phng php I

S d dng phng php II
a, c: cho I=0
b : I < Idt
d : khi THY dn,C c np . n K t Ung ln kho.
Xem thm Tric: 2 THY mc song song ngc.
+ Linh kin bn dn cng sut :
iu khin khng hon ton: THY ( f gim)
iu khin hon ton : TRAN , Mostfet,IGBT ( f tng)

Trang 15
 CHNG II: THIT B CHNH LU.

2.1I.Khi nim chung:

2.1.1 Chnh lu: da vo hin tng dn in 1 chiu ca Diod hoc THY bin
AC thnh DC.
Cc yu cu k thut ca thit b chnh lu:
Ed (s chnh lu) phi thay i c v n nh theo yu cu ca ti.
Gi tr nhp nh ca Id, Ud phi nm trong phm vi cho php ca ti ( cho php)
Thng c Ksbcp : Ksb < Ksbcp
Thit b chnh lu phi m bo cung cp P cho ti.
2/ S khi ca mt thit b chnh lu:

Tai

Luoi

Cam
Bien

Udk

Khi 1: ng ct v bo v, thng b tr pha xoay chiu . Bo v qu p, qu dng.

Khi 2: bin p lc ( c 5 tc dng )
Trang 16
 _ Bin i in p cho ph hp ti, trong 1 s trng hp n c nhim v cch ly
an ton cho ngi v thit b.
_ Bin i s pha cho cc chnh lu nhiu pha .
_ To trung tnh cho chnh lu hnh tia.
_ Hn ch dng ngn mch v tc tng dng in thun (Uth)
_Gp phn ci thin dng in v in p li .
Khi 3: b van gi chc nng ch yu ca chnh lu, s lng van ph thuc vo s
chnh lu.( ph thuc vo s pha v s chu k). S chu k cng ln s van cng nhiu, s
pha ph thuc cng sut ti ti cng ln chnh lu cng nhiu pha.
1 pha na chu k : S= 3,09 Pd ( m=1 pha)
1 pha c chu k : S= 1,48 Pd ( m=2 pha)
3 pha na chu k : S=1,34 Pd ( m=3 pha)
` 3 pha c chu k : S= 1,04 Pd ( m= 6 pha)
Khi cn in p v dng ln, tin hnh ghp van. Cn in p cao ghp ni tip cc
van .Khi ghp ni tip cn ch n phn p ca van. Dng in tr phn p. Khi cn
dng ln mc song song, lc ny phi ch n phn dong ca van bng in tr hoc
khuych i t ( ghp thyristor).

R R R

Khi 4: khi lc, dung mch lc L-C, dung gim thnh phn xoay chiu trong I,U
chnh lu, bin ca thnh phn AC l cho bit trc hay yu cu ca ti.
Khi 5: ti DC.
Khi 6: cm bin. o thong s iu khin u ra ca b chnh lu (U,I) to mch
phn hi a v iu khin thng s theo quy lut cho trc ca ti hoc n nh n.
Khi 7: b iu khin dung van THY. To ra dy xung c hnh dng v cng sut nht
nh m THY cn iu khin.(200 V/1o in)

Trang 17
Dch pha xung iu khin so vi UA, UK ca THY nh in p iu khin1 chiu (thay i
gc )
3/ Cc quan h v i lng c bn ca mt b chnh lu:
Khi thit k tnh ton chnh lu ta phi quan tm n cc quan h v i lng sau
chnh lu m bo lm vic ch bnh thng hay s c .
a/ Cc quan h i vi mch ph ti :
_i vi ti quan tm n thnh phn mt chiu ca in p chnh lu, n l thnh
phn sinh cng hu ch cho ti.
Thng biu din bng gi tr S chnh lu ( Ed, ed ) hay in p chnh lu (Ud , ud
)
Ed = Edo.f( ) (chnh lu iu khin)
Edo gi tr trung bnh ca Ed .
Gc = 0 (diot_ khng iu khin )
Edo = Ku E2f
Ku h s ph thuc vo s chnh lu.
m = 1 Ku = 0,45
m = 2 Ku = 0.9
m = 3 Ku = 1,77
m = 6 Ku = 2,34
E2f gi tr hiu dng ca S pha th cp ca mba.
e2f = 2 E2f sin t
tnh ton chnh lu ta da vo thng s nh mc ca ti Pdm, Udm, Idm
Cho Udm = Edo = Ku.E2f
T da vo cc quy lut trn tm ra quy lut iu khin cn thit (, Uk) v tnh
ra S ca mba (E2f ) thit k mba lc.
, U k: dung thi k b iu khin .
b/ Cc thng s lin quan n van:
Ch lm vic ca van c quyt nh bi U,I t ln n. i vi van iu
khin THY c 2 loi in p cn ch l Uth khi ngt (Uth max ), Ung khi ngt (Ung max)
Utb = Ung max =Kng1.Edo = Kng1.Udm = Kng1. Ku. E2f

Trang 18
 t Kng1.Ku = Kng2
Utb= Ung max = Kng2.E2f
Gi tr trung bnh v gi tr hiu dng ca dng in:
T
1
Ia =
T i.dt
0
( gi tr trung bnh )

2
1
=
2 i.d
0
= Ki.Id ( t )

Tr hiu dng:

2
1
Ia hd =
2 id
0
= Khd.Id

Vi Id cho, Ia hd ph thuc vo hnh dng dng IAK (qua anod). Khi dng hon
ton phng (Ld = ) th Ia hd s nh nht. Khi chn van th tu theo thng s danh nh ca
tng hang m da theo Ia hoc Iahd. Tuy vy chn theo Iahd hiu qu hn

U ng U ng max
Chn van ( s )
I m I atb
1.2.5 Cc thng s lin quang n my bin p
- i vi my bin p ngoi i lng B2f tnh, cn quang tm n Ihd ca s cp
v th cp, cng sut tnh ton ca my bin p.
I2 = ki2.Id ( th cp)
U2
I1 = ki1. .I ( s cp )
U1 d

- Tnh cng sut biu kin ca my bin p

S1 S 2 m1 .I1 .U1 m 2 .U 2 I 2
S
2 2
* Mt thit b chnh lu
- V mch ng lc
- Dng sng ca in p v dng chnh lu, lm vic
- Tnh ton

Trang 19
 Udtb = ?, Ungmax = ? Chn van
Id = ?, I1, I2 tnh chn cng sut ca my bin p
- Tnh ton lc
1.2 Chnh lu it (khng iu khin)
1.2.1 Chnh lu it mt pha (m = 1)
1.2.1.1Chnh lu it mt pha na chu k
* Ti thun tr
U2f

Ud
D Ud
id

Ud
U1 U2f Rd i1

BAX

U 2f 2.U 2 f . sin

+ 0 : Mt phn cc thun, dit cho dng chy qua, coi st p trn it bng
0
Ud = U2f = 2 .U 2 f . sin

Ud 2 .U 2
id . sin
Rd Rd

2 : Diod phn cc ngc, diod kho gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh

lu.
2
1 1
Ud =
2 U d.d =
0
2
0
2U 2f.sin .d

2U 2
= (cos0-cos) = U2f = 0.45 U2f
2

2
Ku = 0,45 =

Trang 20
 in p ngc t ln van chnh l gi tr cc i ca in p th cp mba.
Ung max = U2m = 2U 2fd

Ud 2U
Id = =
Rd .Rd
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in th cp mba.
2
1 U
I2 =
2 id
0
=
2 Rd

S1 S 2
Cng sut mba: S=
2

S1= U1.I1
Ud Id
S2= U2.I2 = . = 3,49.Pd
2 2 Rd
Ud U1 n1
U1 = Kba.U2 = Kba. =
2 U 2 n2

Dng I2 th cp mba bao gm 2 thnh phn :

i2 = Id +i~ (song hi bc cao)
Thnh phn Id khng cm ng c sang s cp nn ta vit c phng trnh cn
bng sc t ng mba.
n1.i1 = -n2.i2 = - n2.(i2-Id)
1
i1 = - (i2-Id)
Kba

Gi s Kba = 1:
I1 = 1,2Id
Nu Kba 0 I1 = 1,21.Id / Kba
Ud 1,21
S1 = Kba. . . Id = 2,69.Pd
2 Kba
3,49 2,69
S = ( )Pd = 3,09Pd
2

Cng sut mba ln gp 3 ln cng sut ti.Nguyn nhn l do s tn ti ca song hi bc

cao trong dng in th cp mba. Do mba khng c s dng tt, ngoi ra trong cun
dy th cp mba cn c c dng 1 chiu nn li thp mba b t ho khin cho mch t b
bo ho, dng khng ti tng nn dng s cp v cng sut cng tng ln.
Ti tr khng :
Trang 21
Do cun dy sinh ra S t cm khi c s bin thin ca dng in.
di di di
e=-L = - L = - x.
dt dt d

V vy phng trnh cn bng in p cun dy th cp mba.

U2f + e = Ri
di
x - Ri2 = 2 U2f sin (1)
d

(1) l phng trnh vi phn bc nht c v phi i vi dng in.

i2 = i2r + i2tq
2U
i2r = sin( )
Rd x

i2tq = Ae-R /X

xc nh * ta da vo iu kin ban u 0 i 2 0
Rd
2 .U 2 b . 2 .U 2 b
i2 sin A.e xd
sin A 0
R d2 x d2 Zd

2 .U 2 b
A sin
Zd

2.U 2 b
R
d
.
i2 id sin sin .e x d
(2)
R d x d
2 2

Trang 22
 U2f

Ud
Ud
id

Ud
i 2 3
1

1
ex

- Biu thc (2) cho thy trong dng chnh lu c hai thnh phn dng xc lp v
dng qu . V dng in id
- Do c in khng m dng chnh lu khng cng dng in p chnh lu, gc
dn ca van l , ta c th xc nh khi = , dng chnh l bng 0 diod kha
id 0
Rd

sin sin .e xd

xd x
Trong tg arctg d
Rd Rd
1

sin sin .e tg

- y l phng trnh siu vit. Khi bit Rd, xd bit c tg bit c

- Xt trong khong sut in ng sinh ra trong cun khng c gi tr m trong
khong 0 1 khi id tng
- Trong khong 0 1 ; cng sut my bin p
SBA U 2 .I 2 0

Sk e x .I 2 0

- Li in va cung cp in nng tiu tn trn in tr ti v mt phn tch ly

vo cun khng
- on 1 2 : SBA > 0, Sk > 0

Trang 23
 + in tr nhn nng lng t li v cun khng b thm c tch ly ban
u.
- on 2 3 : SBA < 0, Sk >0
+ Cun khng va cung cp nng lng cho in tr v mt phn tr v li.
+ Nh nng lng trong L m van vn dn thm mt khong t 2 3 trong khi
in p ngun m.
1
U 2 e x d trong 1 chu k
2 0 e x .d 0
Ud
0

1 2.U 2 0
U d 2U 2 sin .d cos
2. 0 2.
2.U 2 f 1 cos 2 .U 2 f 1 cos
.
2. 2
1 cos
0,45.U 2 f
2

1 cos
Khi ti thun tr 1
2
U d 0,45.U 2 f

U ng max 2 .U 2 f

Thnh phn mt chiu ca dng chnh lu

U d 0,45.U 2f 1 cos
Id
Rd Rd 2

Dng chn van v thit k my bin p

- Nu nh cng sut ca my bin p b qua in khng- tnh nh trng hp
thun tr.
* Ti sc pht in ng: ( ti acquy, ng c mt chiu )
(R v E)

Trang 24
 U2f

D
E
id
U1 U2f Rd
1 1

E
2U 2 E
- Diod D ch dn khi U 2 E dng id ch tn ti trong khong 1 2
1 v 2 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh:
u2f = E = 2 U2f.sin
E
sin =
2U
E
1 = arcsin
2U

2=1+
2

Bit c E, U2f 1, 2

Ta c biu thc id :
2U sin E
id =
R

Khi diod cho dng qua thi in p trn n 2U, khi diod kho :
U2 = E + U D
in p ngc t trn Diod:
UD = U2 E
Ung max = 2 U2f + E
Gi tr trung bnh Id xc nh:
2
1 2U .sin E 1 2U .sin E
Id =
2
0
R
d =
2
1
R
d

Trang 25
 (2cos 1 - sin 1)
2U
2R

Cc gi tr dng Id v Ung max l cc thng s dng chn van. Tuy nhin trong
thc t chn van c d tr dng 20% v d tr p 60%.
2/ Chnh lu diod 1 pha 2 na chu k( chnh lu 2 pha m =2)
C 2 loi: hnh tia v hnh cu.
a/ Chnh lu 2 pha hnh tia:
D1

Iv1

U21

Rd

U22

Iv2
D2

u21 = 2 U2f sin

u22 = - 2 U2f sin
* Ti thun tr:
- Trong khong 0 : U21 > 0, U22 < 0 D1 dn D2 kha. Dng in qua D1
U2
U21 U22

Ungmaxx
2.U 2f
i 21 i D1 i d sin
Rd

+ in p t ln D2 D2 = U22 U21 = -2 2U 2f sin

U ng max 2 2 U 2f

Trang 26
 - Trong khong 2 : U21 < 0, U22 > 0 D2 dn, D1 kha. Dng in I v Ung
nh trn
- Gi tr trung bnh ca Ud
1 1
2 0 0
Ud = U d .d 2 U 2 f sin .d

2 2 k u 0,9
U 2 f 0,9.U 2 f

U d 2 2 .U 2 f U
Id 0,9. 2 f
Rd R d . Rd

- Tm dng in trung bnh chy qua van

1 2 2 .U 2 f . sin
2 0
ID
Rd

Ud I
d ( chn van)
2.R d 2

- Trong chnh lu hnh tia U trn van l gp i, dng trn van cn 1/2
- Chnh lu hnh tia thng dng cho ti c in p nh v dng in ln.
* Tnh cng sut ca my bin p
- Gi tr hiu dng ca dng th cp my bin p

1 2 .U 2 f
2. 0
I 21 I 22 ( sin ) 2 .d
Rd

2.U 2f 1 cos 2 U 2f
2
.d .I d
2..R d 0 2 2R d 4

I21= I22 = Id.

4

S2 = m2.I2.U2
U
= 2.I21.U2f = 2. Id. = 1,74Pd
4 2 2

Vit phng trnh cn bng sc t ng mba(ptcb sc t ng tng qut)

n1.i1 = -n2.i2 = -n2( iv1 Id ) + n2(iv2 Id ) = n2(iv2-iv1)
1
i1 = (iv2 iv1)
K

Trang 27
 U I
I1 = =
K .R 2 2 K

S1 = U1.I1 = U I
= 1,23Pd
2 2 2 2
S1 S 2 1,74 1,23
S= =( )Pd =1.48Pd
2 2

Cc na cun dy mba cng vi diod tng ng ch lm vic na thi gian ca chu

k mba vn cn s dng khng tt ( cng sut my phi tng 48% so vi cng sut ti)
0 : Ud = U21
2 : Ud = U22
Biu thc in p l hm c chu k, nu ta dch chuyn gc ta n th in
p c biu din di dng hm cos:
Ud = 2 U2f.cos.
Ud
Ch s p mch p=2 (m=2)
Ta c th khai trin thnh chui Furi. Iv1 Iv2
1 0 0'
Ud = a0 + a1.cos + a2.cos
2 L

2 n
+ +an.cos
L L

Trong :
L
2 n
an=
L0 Ud().cos
L
.d (n=0,1,2,3)

Khi n=0 (thay L= )
2

4 2 4 4
a0 = 2 U2f.cos.d= U2f.sin|0/2 = 2 U2f

0
2

1
a0 =
2 2
U2f = Ud0
2

Khi n=1:

4 2 4 2
a1 = 2 U2f.cos.cos2.d= 3 U2f

0

Trang 28
 4 2
a2= U2f
15

4 2
a3= U2f
35 D1
A
in p chnh lu:
2 2 2
Ud = U2f(1+ cos2 ) = Ud0+U2 U21
3 Rd

Thnh phn cn lc l : U2 (lc theo tn)

xd
Ti tr khng: U22

B
D2

i vi chnh lu diod 2 pha ti tr khng, chc nng ca xd l tch lu nng lng,

khi id tng v hon li nng lng khi id gim. xc nh id ta vit phng trnh cn
bng:
di
Ud = U21 = L + Rd.id (0 )
dt
di
2
= xL d + Rd.id = U2f.sin
x
= arctg
R

xd = Ld (in cm nh, in khng ln)

Ti bt c thi im no, lun c in th ca im A , hoc B ln hn in th im M.
Do vy khng cn s dng diod hon nng lng.

D1
U2

V21 V22
U21
Ud E Rd E

1 2

U22

D2

Trang 29
 Trong khong 0 :dng in id ch xut hin khi U21 > E.
Trong khong 2 : dng id ch xut hin khi U22 > E.
Tr s trung bnh ca dng in ti Id:
2 1
1 2U 1 1
Id = .2 Esin.d = 2 U2t.E. sin .d
2 1
R R 1

2
Thay -21 = = 2f. =
T

2 2 cos 1
Id = U2t( - )sin1
R T

Trang 25 khng c

1.2.3 Chnh lu ba pha ( 3 pha hnh tia, chu k) vi m = 3

i

1 2 3
e2A e2B e2C
ed

V1 e2A e2A

iN2
A Id
3
V2
B
iA
IA
iB Ia = - (iv1 - Id
3)
V3
C
ic
C iB

A A
Id
iB

iA - iA

im chuyn mch t nhin
Trang 30
 Dng ng cong in p, dng in khi ti thun R
- Chnh l ba pha gm my bin p ba pha ng lc, ba diod ba pha, ti thun tr
hoc c Xd
1.2.3.1 Ti thun tr
Sut in ng th cp my bin p
eA 2 .E 2 f . sin

2
eB 2 .E 2 f . sin
3

4
eC 2 .E 2 f . sin
3

+ 1 2 : eA > 0 v ln nht th Ant ca V1(+) v catt (-) V1 dn th

im C l e2A V2 v V3 kha ed = e2A
+ 2 3 : ed = e2B
+ 3 4 : ed = e2c
.1,2,3: laf nhng im chuyn mch t nhin.
Mi van c dn khon 2/3 ( )
Tm c gi tr trung bnh ca Id:
3 6
Id = Ud / Rd = E2t / Rd
2

in p ngc t ln van l hiu s in th gia A v K ca van, ngha l hiu gia K

ca van thng v A ca van kho .
Ungc = U2a U2c = U2ac =U2d (th cp mba)
Dng in trong cun dy th cp mba c dng xung i xng qua trc tung nn ngoi
thnh phn DC cn c thnh phn AC dng cos, bin ca n c xc nh theo biu
thc Furie:

2
2
f( c)= a0/2 + a k.cos k + b k sin k
i 1 T i 1 T

khai trin Furie: hm sin = 0 khi i xng qua trc tung :

2
T /2
4
ak =
T
0
f ( ) cos k
T
.d

Trang 31
Thnh phn DC ca dng in th cp mba bng nhau v gi tr v tc dng cng chiu
nn u ti v hnh thnh nn thnh phn DC l Id ca dng chnh lu id. Cc dng Id (DC)
to nn t thng 0 tc dng ngc chiu nhau trong mt mch t .Cc t thng 0 khp
kn qua khng kh v v mba lm cho li st ca chng b bo ho.
Cc song hi bc 3 v bc ca chng trng pha vi nhau:
iv1(3) = I3Cos3
2
iv2(3)= I3 Cos3(- ) = I3Cos3
3
4
iv3(3)= I3Cos3(- ) = I3Cos3
3

Nu chng cng chy qua ti Rd cn cc thnh phn sng hi khc hnh thnh nn
h thng 3 pha i xng th t thun hoc ngc, nn ti C ( chung cc K ) tng
cc thnh phn ngc bng khng. Do chng khng tn ti trong dng chnh
lu.
id =Id + id(3) + id(6)+
id(6) tr ln rt nh
id(3) l rt ln
Ch ch lc thnh phn bc 3 cn cc thnh phn cn li nh.
Do thnh phn 1 chiu khng cm ng sang s cp mba nn theo phng trnh cn
bng sc t ng mba.
iA = -(iv1-Id/3)/KBA
iB = -(iv2-Id/3)/KBA
iC = -(iv3-Id/3)/KBA

iLA iC - iA

iLB iA - iB
iLC iB - iC

Khi pha s cp mba u tam gic, cc dng bc 3 v bi s khp kn trong tam
gic cun dy ch khng chy ra li ci thin dng song li.

Trang 32
 Trong trng hp nu mba u sao khng trung tnh th cc dng bc 3 v bi
khng cm ng c sang pha s cp, t thng do chng sinh ra khp qua khng kh v
v mba sinh nhit cc b (dng Fuc) lm gim hiu sut mba.
a/ Ti thun tr:
Gi s Ld = dng chnh lu c san phng hon ton id =Id
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng qua van:
2
1 3
Id1 = Id.d = Id/3
2 0

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng th cp mba:

2
3
I2 = 1 = Id/
2 Id
0
3

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in s cp mba :

2
1 2
I1 =
2 id
0
=
3
Id ( kBA = 1)

KBA 1 : I1 = 2 Id / 3KBA
1 1
S2 = 3. Ud. 3 Id = 1,48Pd
1.17
1 2
S1 = 3KBA.Ud. . Id/KBA = 1,21Pd
1.17 3
1 1,48 1,21
S= (S1 + S2) = ( )Pd = 1,34Pd
2 2

Cng sut mba gp 34% cng sut ti mba s dng tt hn chnh lu 1pha, 2pha.
Nhn xt:
i vi chnh lu 3 pha, dng ti bao gi cng xut hin t im chuyn mch t
nhin.
Mi diod cho dng qua trong 1/3 chu k.
Trong mi cun th cp mba cho dng chy qua 2 ln 1/3 chu k, trong 1/3 chu
k vi diod trn v 1/3 chu k vi diod di
- in p ra ca chnh lu hnh tia thp, n thng c dng cho ti c in p thp,
dng ln.

Trang 33
1.2.4 Chnh lu (m = 6) ba pha hai na chu k ( Ba pha hnh cu)
v1 v3 v5

U2a iv1
A xd
U2b iv4 iv3
B
iv6 iv5
U2c
C
iv2 Rd

v4 v4 v4 v4

- Gm 6 van chia lm hai nhm

+ K chung: V1, V3, V5
+ A chung: V2, V4, V6
- Hai nhm ny lm vic khc nhau
+ K chung: Van no c in th A dng v ln nht th dn
+ A chung: Van no c in th K m nht dn
U2
U2A U2B U2C
ed
v1 v3 v5 v1 v2

v6 v2 v4 v6 v2
Ud
U2ab U2bc U2ba U2ca Ucb
U2ac

i1
150 330

Ung

240


1 < <2: ( 6 2 )
V1 dn (K chung )
V6 dn ( A chung)
Ud = U2a-U2b = U2ab

Trang 34
 2 < < 3:
V1 dn, V2 dn :
Ud = U2a- U2c = U2ac
tip tc nh trn:
Ud = U2bc U2ba U2ca U2cb
in p chnh lu cc i :

Ud = U2ab = U2a U2b = 6 U2fSin(+ )
6

Udmax = 6 U2f
Xt in p ngc trn V1:
Ngc khi V3, V5 m .
Khi V3 m:
UngV1= U2b U2a = U2ba = 6 U2f.Sin(-1200)
UngV1max = 6 U2f
Khi V5 m: UngV1 = U2c-U2a = U2ac= 6 U2fSin(-2100)
UngV1max = 6 U2f
in p chnh lu c dng xung v c 6 ln trong mt chu k:

6
6
Ud = 6 U2fCos.d = 3 6 U2f
2
6

3 6
Ud1 = U2f
2

3 6
Ud2 = - U2f
2

3 6 3 6 3 6
Ud = Ud1-Ud2 = U2f + U2f = U2f = 2,34U2f Ku = 2,34
2 2
Dng in qua cun dy th cp mba:
i2a = i1-i4
i2b = i3-i6
i2c = i5-i2
Dng i1 v i4 dng xung i xng qua trc tng ngoi thnh phn mt chiu cn
cha dng dng cosin:

Trang 35
 n
i1 = Id1+ a k.i1().cosk
k 1

Nu dch trc tung ta vit i1 di dng hm cos. ( dch 900 )

i1(1+2) = I1m.cos(+ )
6

i1(2+3) = I1m.cos(- )
6

Trong I1m c xc nh nu xd=0:

6
I1m = Udm/Rd = 2,34
Ud/Rd = 1,045Id

Bin ca thnh phn sng hi ak:

3
1
ak =
i 1().cosk.d

3

0

=
1
( I 1mcos(+ ).cosk.d +
3

I cos(-
1m ).cosk.d)

6 6
3 0

Trong k bin thin k=1,2,3

ak = -0,333Id(1+cos k -k 3 sin k )/(k2-1)
3 3

ak = 0 khi k = 3,9,15,21
ak 0 khi k=6:
Tng t vi dng i4:
i4 = Id4 + a k.i4() cos k
2 k k 2
a'k = -0,333Id (1-cosk+cosk -cos k + k 3 (sin k - sin -sin ))/(k2-1)
3 3 3 3

a'k 0 khi k=7,13,19

Nhn xt: dng i1 v i4 c cha thnh phn mt chiu cn ia = i1-i4 coi nh khng
cha thnh phn 1 chiuv trong mt chu k dng mt chiu xut hin 2 ln nhng ngc
du nhau.
Cc dng sng hi bc 6 v bc bng nhau v gi tr v cng chiu chy qua ti R d
hnh thnh nn dng xoay chiu qua chnh lu:
id = Id +i(6) + i(12) +

Trang 36
 cc sng hi khc khng ti im A v K, cc sng hi khc ny to nn cc thnh
phn th t thun, th t ngc.
Tnh cng sut mba:
Coi xd v cng ln (xd = ) id=Id.
Do gi tr hiu dng ca dng in th cp mba:
2
1 2
I2 =
2 i 2.d
0
=
3
Id

Dng in i qua cun s cp mba:

2
I1 = I2/Kba = Id/Kba
3

S1= m1.U1.I1
S2= m2.U2f.I2
S1=S2 = 1,045Pd
Cng sut mba tng khng ng k so vi ph ti mba c s dng tt hn,
chnh lu 6 pha c s xung gp i, s lng van gp i. Thnh phn xoay chiu trong
dng, p chnh lu nh, nn trong nhiu trng hp khng cn lc, s c dng cho
ti in p ln, dng nh.
2.3 Chnh lu iu khin (Thyristor)
2.3.1 Vn iu chnh U, I chnh lu:
- Trong thc t cc ti C thng c yu cu v iu chnh gi tr U, I chnh lu
* i vi chnh lu khng iu khin Udo = kU.U2f
2
m = 1 ku = 0,45 =

2. 2
m = 2 ku = 0,9 =

3. 6
m = 3 ku = 1,17 =
2.

3. 6
m = 6 ku = 2,34 =

- Mun iu chnh th phi thay i U2f in p th cp my bin p iu ch

c cp in p th cp my bin p. Khi dng in ln khng thc hin c

Trang 37
 * i vi chnh lu iu chnh: U v I chnh lu c thay i bng cch thay i
thi im t xung iu khin ln thyristor, n c thc hin mt cch v cp, thyristor
l phn t khng c tip im nn thch hp vi dng in ln.
2.3.2 Chnh lu mt pha iu khin
UAK
B iu xung

Rf U U2f

xd

BA ng pha

U2 f

t
UGK

Ud t

UA K t

- B iu khin xung nhn ngun AC ng pha U ngun t ln AK ca thyristor

cn iu khin. Dng bin p ng pha c tc dng gim p v thc hin cch ly gia
mch ng lc v mch iu khin. Bin p ny to s chm pha (gc tr) i vi chnh
lu 3 pha v 6 pha.
- Khi ti tr khng, do c xd tch ly nng lng khi dng cha tng v hon tr
nng lng khi dng chnh lu gim. Do dng chnh lu cn ko di khong thi gian
ngoi i khi in p ngun m.
2 .U 2 f
- Nu chuyn gc ta sang 0, ta vit phng trnh cn bng in p

Trang 38
 t
U2f

t
UGK

Ud
i d
t

o
o / / U d t

d.i
x d . d R d .I d 2 .U 2f sin
dt
Gii phng trnh ta c

2 .U 2f
t

id sin sin .e tg
R d2 x d2

/ (tnh c trong chnh lu diod)

+ Khi 0 trong biu thc trn (ti gc o/) khi / tnh t gc o/ Id = 0
/

sin sin .e
/ tg

- thun tin cho vic v ng cong Ud, ngi ta thng tnh dng t gc ta
o


sin sin .e tg

+ Xc nh gi tr trung bnh Ud v Id

1 2.U 2f
U d 2.U 2f sin .d .cos
2 2.


2.U 2 f cos cos /
.

2

Id
Ud
Rd

2 .U 2 b
2..R d

cos cos /

Trang 39
 Pha ca chnh lu l s on hnh sin ca ng cong Ud trong mt chu k in p
ngun
2.3.3 Chnh lu hai pha (m = 2)
i

t
T1

A i21
I0
U21

I1
t
Ud

U22
I0

B
T2
i22
t
Xt s chnh lu m = 2 hnh tia
a) Ti tr khng
U 21 2 .U 2f . sin

U 22 2 .U 2f . sin

Thc t x d .L d R d dng in chnh lu lin tc

V vy khi bit gc m s bit c gc tt ca dng
( gc tt )
+ Xc nh Ud
0 U 21 0 : Ti 1 .t 1 c xung iu khin T1 dn
U d U 21

2 U 22 0 : Ti .t 2 c xung iu khin T2 dn
Ud = U22

2 2. 2.U 2f
U d 2.U 2f .sin .d cos
2. 2.

Trang 40
 2. 2.U 2 f
cos cos 2 2.U 2f .U d 0 . cos k u .U 2f . cos
2.
+ Ti trung bnh ca Id
Ud
Id
Rd

Dng qua Thyristor

1 2 .U 2 f . sin .d I d
2
IT
Rd 2

in p ngc t ln Thyristor
U T 2 U 21 U 22 2. 2U 2 f sin

U ng max 2. 2 U 2 f U m

i vi chnh lu tia s dng cho ti dng ln, p thp

* i vi chnh lu cu
1
I d I T , U ng U ng max
2
Dng vi ti dng nh p cao
2.4 Chuyn mch c im ca chnh lu nhiu pha
S lm vic ca chnh lu nhiu pha tng t 1 pha, ch khc l trong mt chu k
ngun cc van ln lt dn dng qua ti. Hnh thnh qu trnh chuyn giao dng in ti
t van ny sang van khc, qu trnh gi l qu trnh chuyn mch.
Tnh cht ca qu trnh chuyn mch ph thuc vo hai yu t:
+ Tnh cht ca mch in phi xoay chiu
+ Mch in Anot (Lng = 0, Lng 0)
+ Tnh cht ca van (khng iu khin, iu khin)
2.4.1. Chuyn mch t nhin, thc t
i
Xt mt chnh lu tia n pha c ni vi ngun n pha l tng (Lngun = 0)
e2a e2b e2c

1 2 3 4 e2a

e2b
id
e2c
iv1 iv2 iv3 Trang 41


Tng qut: m pha

e2a= 2 E2f sin
2
e2b= 2 E2f sin(- )
m
4
e2c = 2 E2f sin(- )
m

1 < < 2: e2a >0 v ln nht V1 dn, V2 v V3 kho .

ud = e2a, id = iv1
2 : e2a = e2b, e2b>e2c V2 dn V1 kho
Ud = e2b, id= iv3
3: e2b = e2c, e2c > e2b V3 dn , V1 v V2 kho
id = iv3,
Qu trnh chuyn mch xy ra ti 1, 2, 3.Ti s pha ca ngun bng nhau. 1, 2, 3
gi l im chuyn mch t nhin mt cch tc thi.
Dng in ti 2, iv1 gim v khng v iv2 tng tc thi nn qu trnh ny gi l qu
trnh t nhin tc thi (chnh lu khng iu khin)
S.. chnh lu l ng bao ca cc chp hnh sin chnh lu m pha c m chp
hnh sin.

2 m
m m
id = 2 E2f sin .d = 2 E2f.cos .d = m 2 E2f sin = ku.E2f
2 1
2 m

m

Trang 42
 m 2
ku = sin
m

Chnh lu 3 pha :
3 2 3 6
Ku(m=3)= sin = =1,17
3 2

Edo= 1,17E2f = Ed
+ Chnh lu 6 pha
6 2 3 6
k u ( m 6) sin 3
6
U d 0 U d 2,34 E 2b

Nhn xt:
m 2
+ ku sin ph thuc s chnh lu (s pha chnh lu)
m

Nu s pha cng ln ku tng h s khch i p cng ln

2
+ Gc dn ca van: khi m tng, gim nh hn gi tr quy c
m

theo khi nim v dng nh mc ca van. ( quy c = ). y l iu mong mun (

< )
+ in p ngc cc van ang kha l tng vect ca upha ni vi n v ca Upha
ca van ang thng
2.4.2. Chuyn mch t nhin c qu trnh

U2
a b c
ed

(e2a - e2c)
2
t

Id
Id
Iv1 Iv2

/ 2 / 2 t

Trang 43
 Trong thc t chnh lu lun c my bin p, nu chnh lu khng c my bin p
th phi c in cm ni pha ant m bo iod khng b thng khi phn cc ngc
d ich d ich
cp
dt dt
Trong xmba
xBA = x2 + x1
U N % U 2 m
LBA = L2 + L1 = .
100. I 2 m

UN %: l in p ngn mch ca mba.

U2m, I2m : pha s cp mba (gi tr pha)
L'1 : in cm th cp mba quy i v pha s cp.
Xt trng hp thng gp l chnh lu c mba m pha hnh tia nh hnh v. Do
in khng pha ngun (LBA 0 ), nn khng cho php dng in trong cc van tng
gim t ngt.
V d ti thi im 2, van 2 bt u dn nhng dng in i qua van tng dn t 0
n Id ng thi van 1 bt u kho nhng dng gim v khng mt thi gian T, tng
ng gc chuyn mch = T th qu trnh chuyn mch kt thc.
Quy lut bin thin ca dng in trong qu trnh chuyn mch :
Kho st qu trnh chuen mch t van V1 sang V2:
vit phng trnh cn bng in p theo chiu nh hnh v:
icm =iv2
iv1= Id-iv2
E2b-e2a = 2xBA.dicm/dt
Thay e2a v e2b vo, ta c : 2
2
m
2 E2fsin( - )- 2 E2fsin -2xbadiv2/dt
m

2 E2fsin .sin( )= 2xbadiV2/dt
m 2 m

div2/dt = 2 2f sin sin( )/ xba
m 2 m

Trang 44


iv2 = 2 E2fsin .
1
sin( 2 m )d
m x

2 m

1
= 2 E2fsin (1-cos( )
m x 2 m

t phng trnh trn ta c th suy ra gc chuyn mch .

Khi .c dng iv2=Id (chuyn mch)
2 m
1
Id = 2 E2fsin (1-cos )
m x

cos = 1-Idxba/ 2 E2fsin
m

=arcos(1-Idxba/
2 E2fsin )
m

Gc chuyn mch ph thuc vo xba v dng ti Id, khi Id v xbacng ln th

cng ln .
Quy lut bin thin Ud trong chuyn mch (Ud )
vit phng trnh i vi ta (cn bng in p)
Ud = xba.div2/dt + E2b (1)
e2a-e2b = 2xbadiv2/dt
2Ud -2e2b = 2xbadiv2/dt (2)
ly (2)-(1) ta c :
2Ud -2e2b- e2a+e2b=0
Do qu trnh chuyn mch m in p chnh lu st i mt lng.(Xt ti 2)
U =e2b-(e2a+e2b)/2 = (e2b-e2a)/2
Trong mt chu k chnh lu c mch st in p . tnh gi tr trung bnh in p st
ca m mch trong ton chu k.


m 2 m
e 2b e 2 a m 2 E 2t
U
2
2
d sin (1 cos )
m

2 m

Thay cos trn vo

m.x BA .I d
U R .I d
2

Trang 45
 mx BA
R (in tr ngun c .)
2
U d E d U E d 0 U k u .E 2 f R .I d

Ud

Ed0

Ud c dc m

Ie

Trong thc t xem st p ny rt nh

2.4.3. Chuyn mch trong chnh lu iu khin
Trong chnh lu iu khin hin tng chuyn mch tng t chnh lu khng
iu khin, ch khc im chuyn mch khng phi l t nhin m l im t xung iu
khin. tin cho kho st th gc ly thi gian t xung iu khin khng ly im 0
ca in p ngun m ly t im chuyn mch t nhin.

U2
V1 V2 V3

0
t

0' t

0 Chnh lu iu khin ging chnh lu khng iu khin

0 Ch lm vic cng nh c tnh chuyn mch khng nhng ph thuc
vo tnh cht ti, in cm ngun m cn lin quan n gc iu khin

Trang 46
 V1
e2a

V2
e2b

e2c V3

Rd
xd

a) Xt dng in ti gin on
L dng chnh lu Id c cha on Id = 0, iu khin dng ti gin on

Nu ti l thun tr v gc m ca van ln hn gh (xd = 0, gh ) gh
2 m

( mba /Y _ 11 lch gc 300)

m 2 3 6 12

gh 0 (30 0 ) 600 750
6

1 1
(T= 2
f

50
0,02s trang 44 .khng r

Vi mi gi tr ca xBA, k c khi xBA = 0 s Ud c

ed id
nhng im gin on
- Nu ti tr khng, xd tng i nh trong
khi gc m tng i ln t
- Do c in khng nn dng chnh lu i
id
thm mt khong khi p m nhng Thyristor vn
kha, khi c xung iu khin k tip. Trong t
Ud
trng hp ny khng c chuyn mch, mi van
lm mm cho mi pha khng c hin tng
chuyn mch. t
b) Khi dng lin tc: xBA=0
cho dng ti lin tc c hai iu khin
+ gh dng khng ph thuc vo xd k c khi xd = 0
+ Nu gh th dng Jd ch t c lin tc khi xd c gi tr ln

Trang 47
 x d dng lin tc
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh Ud lu
2 Ud Id

2 m m
m
Ed
2
2 E 2b sin .d

2 m
t
m 2
sin E 2 b cos E d 0 cos
m
Ud Ud
m 2
Trong sin E 2b k u E 2 b
m id
c) Khi dng ti lin tc v xBA 0
Do c in khng ca my bin p nn
qu trnh chuyn mch ca dng in khng xy
ra t trc v phi mt thi gian tng ng Ud
e2a e2b e2c
.tag
m
U x BA I d (St p do chuyn mch)
2

Ud t
Udk
Ed0
3
2
Ed 0
0 Id t
30
Ed0
2 Id

60
Id
t
U d E d U E d 0 cos U

E d 0 cos R I d

2.5. Chnh lu 3 pha (m=3):

2.6. Chnh lu 6 pha (m=6):
2.7. Ch nghich lu trong thit bi bin i ( chnh lu iu khin):
Chnh lu dng thyristor c th lm vic 2 ch :
- Bin in nng AC thnh DC: chnh lu
- Bin in nng DC thnh AC c tn s bng tn s li: nghch lu ph thuc.

Trang 48
Ch nghch lu ph thuc: thay i hng ca dng nng lng th thay i du
ca cng sut thit b bin i nhng thyristor ch dn dng theo 1 chiu, v vy thay
i du ta thay i du ca in p 1 chiu Ed
2.7.1. Nguyn ly lm vic ca nghich lu phu thuc:
Chnh lu 3 pha hnh tia cung cp ti cho ng c in 1 chiu ( ph ti l sc
phn in ng ). Bnh thng b chnh lu lm vic ch chnh lu cung cp in
DC cho ng c, ng c bin in nng thnh c nng.

+
udk T3 T1 T2
v1 v2 v3
_
i3 i1 i2

uv3

Trong iu kin nht nh no h bin i lm vic ch nghch lu ph

thuc.
ch chnh lu:
Id= ( Edocos -E)/Rd
Rd=in tr phn ng ca my in mt chiu. Lc ny E, nu tng , ng thi
gim E bng cch gim t thng 1 cch nhp nhng th Id s khng thay i. n khi
>90o sc in ng ca b bin i cc tnh .
Ed= Edo.cos
V tr nn ngc chiu vi chiu ca van.Nu ta ng thi thay i cc tnh ca E
bng cch thay i chiu ca dng kch t E tr nen thun chiu vi van.
E Ed E Edo cos
Id= = (2)
Rd Rd

Trang 49
 Theo (2) ta c E > E do cos
Vy khi > 90o th cc van trng thi dn khi phn ln s.. ca ngun xoay
chiu c gi tr m nh sc phn in ng c gi tr m hn:
Vy c 2 iu kin :

1/
2

2/ E > E do cos (E = k , phi ln)

2.Chuyn mch trong b nghch lu ph thuc :
a/ Chuyn mch tc thi: LBA=0
Gi s van V3 ang dn, ti thi im 1 , t xung iu khin ln van V1
tng ng vi >90o. Lc ny nh s.. E ca ng c ln m bo cho van V1
anod dng v V1 m. Khi van V1 dn th AK ca V3 xut hin s.. E2ac, in p ny c
gi tr m t 1 2 , tng ng gc ,Chnh in p m ny kho van V3 v l iu kin
c bn ca chuyn mch.
Nh trn hnh v, t T2 tr i trn V3 xut hin in p dng, do nn trc 2
,V3 cha c kho ( cha phc hi c tnh cht cch in ) n s dn tr li v
Chuyn mch khng thc hin c. Lc E2c cng tc dng vi E to nn dng in
ln qua V3 gi l trng thi s c -> gi l s c t bin nghch lu.
+ Gc m sm (gc vt trc) k hiu :
+ = .
in p ca b chnh lu.
Ed = Edocos = Edocos(- )
= -Edocos ( Ed ch nghch lu)
b. Chuyn mch c qu trnh ( LBA 0 ):

= > kha (4)

Khi xt n in cm ngun xoay chiu ( LBA 0 )
qu trnh chuyn mch se ko di thm 1 khong udk T3 T1 T2

i3 i1 i2

uv 3
Trang 50
 tng ng gc chuyn mch . Tng t nh trng thi chnh lu gi tr trunh bnh ca
in p chuyn mch
m
Ur = xBA.Id
2

Trn hnh v loi tr hin tng t bin nghch lu cn m bo iu kin (4) trong
gc kha kd = 30 in.
Theo biu thc 4 : Id tng tng iu kin 4 b ph v v vy khi ph ti tng ta
phi tng gim gc m bo iu kin chuyn mch.
2.8. S o chiu ca thit bi bin i:
Trong thc t c nhu cu phi thay i cc tnh ca in p chnh lu. Nh trong truyn
ng in 1 chiu phi o chiu in p 1 chiu.
Trong thc t c 2 cch:
- Dng b bin i n v cu tip im cng
tc t.
- Dng b bin i kp.
Ck1 Ck3

Ck2 Ck4

Ck Ck

Ckt Ckt

iu khin chung: tt c cc van u c xung iu khin ,BB 1 c 1 , BB 2 c

2 , nu 1 + 2 = , 1 + 1 = , 2 + 2 = . gi l iu khin chung phi

hp tuyn tnh.
Do cc van u c xung iu khin nn lun c dng cn bng i t BB ny sang
BB kia (nhm ny qua nhm kia)
Ngoi ra hn ch dng in cn bng ngi ta dng 1 + 2 >180o gi l iu
khin chung phi hp phi tuyn.

Trang 51
 iu khin ring ch c b no lm vic th cp xung cho b .V vy n loi tr
c dng cn bng BB khng cn c cun khng cn bng .Tuy nhin m bo
vic cp v ct xung 1 cch chnh xc th b iu khin phi yu cu cc mch logic phc
tp v hot ng mt cch nghim ngt v chc chn.
Kho st b chnh lu nh hnh v. Thay i c tc theo chiu thun v chiu
ngc , cho php ng c lm vic ch hm ti sinh ( nghch lu ph thuc). Bin c
nng trn ng c thnh in nng tr tr v li. Dng iu khin chung phi hp tuyn
tnh.

Ud1=Ud2 = 0
Udk=0: 1 = 2 =
2 2 1
ng c cha quay 1 = 2 = gi l gc ho.
2

1
Udk>0: 1 < , 2 > 2
2 2 0

1 <
2
: lm vic ch chnh lu. 2
2 >

2
: lm vic ch ch nghch lu.
ng c quay theo chiu thun theo hng b chuyn i 1.
Tng Udk tc ng c tng
Gim Udk 0
Ud1 gim nhanh = Udo Cos 1
Ud2 gim nhanh = Udo Cos 2
E Ud 2

BB 2 lm vic ch nghch lu ph thuc ng c hm ti sinh (tr in

nng v li 2 )
2

Ngc li gim theoi chiu m th ngc li.

Trang 52
 CHNG III CC B IU P

3.1. Khi nim chung:

Trong thc t c yu cu:
ACf1,U1 ACf2=f1, U2 thay i c (v gi tr hiu dng ) nh iu chnh tc
ng c khng ng b B iu p xoay chiu. Truyn ng in oay chiu .

Trang 53
 DCU1=const DCU2 thay i .Truyn ng in mt chiu nh giao thng thnh ph ,
bc d hng bn cng, nh my(in p mt chiu)
3.2 iu p mt chiu (iu p xung)
Thay i c gi tr trung bnh ca in p 1 chiu: DC ( U1 = const) DC
DAX (U2
thay i)

iu p xung ni tip, song song, hn hp(o dng)

3.2.1 B iu p mt chiu ni tip :
Nguyn l:
U2

Rd
Us U2 Us

xd

T1
T2 t
T

Khi H ng :U2=Us
Khi H h: U2=0
T T1 T2
T1
U2= 1 U 2 dt = 1 ( U dt 0dt
s ) = Us
T 0 T 0 T1 T

U2 = T1 Us
T
T1
t = l t s xung hay cn gi l rng ca xung.
T
mun thay i U2 thay i .c 3 cch:
T= const, thay i T1, (T2) phng php iu rng.
1
T1=const, thay i T( T2= const), T= f
thay i f phng php iu

tn.
Thay i T1, T phng php iu chnh theo thi gian.
Trang 54
 Trong thc t hay dng phng php iu rng.Hay dng bng transistor, thyristor,
b phn chuyn mch (mch kho THY)
Transistor ch dng cho cng sut nh ,thyristor dng cho cng sut ln.
V d:
T P

T P

U R
C
s
T a
d

C T a

U s
x d

D c D c

D c

L c
E
L c

Nguyn l lm vic ca iu p xung dng THY.

Tp: Thyristor chnh dn dng in ca ph ti.
C,Dc,Lc cc phn t ca mch kho (cc phn t chuyn mch)
Dr: diod hon nng lng( diod m)
trng thi ban u Tp, Ta kho , t C c np nh dng r vi cc tnh nh hnh
v .
Cho xung vo Tp, Tp m, dng t ngun Us qua Tp v cung cp cho ti , t C s
phng in qua Tp, Lc, Dc v np theo cc tnh ngc li.
Lc Uti= Us
Dng ti mt phn cung cp cho Rd v mt phn tch lu nng lng vo xd vi
nng lng W.
U
Ld id2
W= U2 U1
2
Nu cho xung vo Ta , Ta m (vo thi im T1)
UTp
t in p ngc t C ln Tp lm cho Tp kho . Lc
Uti=0. Nng lng tch lu trong xd phng qua Dr
duy tr dng qua ti id= iDr
UTa
I

I1
Dng ng cong dng in ti I2
Trang 55
t
 Sau mt vi pha qu Id dao ng qua 2 gi tr I1 v I2.

b/ Xt ti tr khng:
dit
khi H ng : Ld dt + Rd.it=Us (1)
Dng in ti tng trng t gi tr I2 n gi I1. Mt phn nng lng tch lu vo
cun khng di dng nng lng in t W.
Ld it2
W=
2
dit
Khi H m: : Ld dt + Rd.it = 0 (2)
Dng it gim t I1 n I2, nng lng tch lu trong Ld phng qua ti duy tr
dng it nh van m Dr.
c/ Ti sc phn in ng :
Khi H ng:
dit
Ld dt + Rd.it + E = Us (3)
Khi H m :
dit
Ld dt + Rd.it + E = 0 (4)
T m gi tr trung bnh ca dng in ti :
T T T T
1 1 1 1
T 0 Ld dit T 0 Rd it dt T 0 Edt = T 0 U t dt
T1
= 0 + RdId + E = Us = Us
T
U s E
It = (5)
Ra

Theo (5) khi Us > E th dng in l lin tc.

Trang 56
d/ Tnh gi tr I1 v I2:
tnh I1 v I2 mt cch n gin vi sai s chp nhn c , ta xem:
Rdit RdIt
i vi phng trnh (3) c th vit:
dit
Ld dt + Rd.It + E = Us
dit
Ld dt = Us (Rd.It + E )
LUs E
m I1 = RdIt = Us E
Rd
RdIt + E = U s
dit
Ld U s (1 )
dt
Ly tch phn 2 v
U s (1 )
it t t (A hng s tch phn)
Ld

A c xc nh theo iu kin ban u (A = I2)

* Khi H ng:
U s (1 )t
it I2
Rd

Khi t T1 T th i f I1

U s T (1 )
I1 I2
Ld

* Khi H m
dit
Ld R d .I t E 0
dt
dit
Ld ( Rd I f E ) U s
dt
Ly tch phn 2 v ( t l bin tch phn mi t/ = t T1)
2U s / 2U (t t )
t ' t T1 t T it t B s I1
Ld Ld

(B hng s tch phn B = I1 (t/ = 0 It = I1)

Trang 57
 Khi t = T (It = I2)
TU s (1 )
I2 I1 (7)
Ld

Cn c vo phng trnh (6) v (7) gii c I1 v I2

Quan h I1, I2, It: Dng ti It tc thi bin thin gia I1 v I2 do
I1 I 2
It theo phng trnh (5)
2
U s E I 1 I 2
It
Rd 2

* nhp nh ca dng in ti
nhp nh ti quyt nh
I

It

I 1 I 2 (1 )U s T
I t
2 2 Ld
I f I tchophep

* C hai phng php gim nhp nh:

- Tng Ld (a thm in khng lc)
- Gim T = 1/f tng tn s bm (tn s chuyn mch)
+ Yu cu ca b iu p mt chiu
- UDC iu chnh c
- I t I tcp

- Chn Tp theo ti
f) Cng sut:
Gi tr trong ca dng in c ly t ngun J, c xc nh

Trang 58
 T1
I I t I t
T
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng qua iod
T2 T T
ID It I t (1 ) I t
T T
Cng sut ly t ngun nui:

P = UsI = Us I t
Cng sut ti tiu th
Pt = Uf. It = UsIf
P = Pt khng c tn hao Z. y xem l l tng (b chuyn mch khng
tn hao nng lng)
Trong thc t tn hao do chuyn mch thng rt nh. Ni chung b chuyn mch
ny thng hiu sut rt ln 1 rt c ng dng
Ch :
- Tn s chuyn mch 200-400Hz
- Cc thyristor s dng trong s l thyristor tc ng nhanh thi gian kha nh
10-50 s
3.2.2. B iu p o dng

T P

U s

H
C T a

D c

L c

- B H2 (mt song song) cho php ng Dr2

c lm vic ch hm ti sinh tr nng

lng v li H1
x d

0-T1 H2 m, DR2 kha (H2 ng mch) H2

R d
U d

Dr1

T1-T H kha, DR2 m (DR2 dn) E

Trang 59
 + B iu p o dng cho php truyn nng lng theo hai chiu, khi ti l mmc
n c th cho ng c lm vic hai ch .
- ng c Wli ti
- My pht : Hm ti sinh (Wti li)
- ch ng c, cho H1 dn H2 kha trong khong thi gian T chu k. in p
t trn ti
Ut = U d = 1 Us
Ta c phng trnh cn bng s ca ng c.
E = Ud - RdId
Ud = Us1
=> E = 1Us RdId vi Id > 0.
=> Pd > 0: cng sut nhn t ngun
=> ng c lm vic ch ng c
ch my pht: H1 kha, H2 dn ( Hm ti sinh).
Trong khoang thi gian 2T chu k, lc \
Ud = Ut = (1-2)Us
Ta c phng trnh cn bng in p
E = Ud - RdId
= (1- 2)Us - RdId
=> Id < 0 Pd < 0: Cng sut tr v li ng c lm vic ch my pht.
Ta c quan h
1 + 2 = 1

0,25

0,5
1

0,75
0,75

1 0,5

0,25
I d

Trang 60
3.3. iu p xoay chiu:
1. B iu p xoay chiu 1 pha
U1

L
u1
R

T1 T2

T1

T1

a) Ti thun tr
B iu p gm 2 Thyristor T1 v T2 mc song song ngc
in p vo U1 = 2U 1 sin

Khi ti thun trT1

1/2 chu k dng s m mt phn
1/2 chu k m T2 s m mt phn (khi bt u c xung iu khin)
Gc c tnh t thi im in p ngun U = 0 ( 2 xung cch nhau 180o)
Trong mch iu khin thng dng bin p xung c 2 cun dy iu khin 2
thyristor

Tr hiu dng ca dng qua ti.

Trang 61
 U1 2 2 sin 2
I=
R 2

2 2 sin
P = (U12/R).
2

Vy khi thay i = 0 => U2 = U10 , P = (U12/R)0

Vy bng cch thay i ta thay i c in p cng nh cng sut trn ti t cc
i0. nhng khi cng ln thi cc thnh phn sng hi bc
cao cng lniu khng mong mun v ch tiu cht
lng li in thp = 0300 l tt nht.
b. khi ti tr khng:
Do c in khng nn dng qua T1, T2 ko di thm 1
U1
khong nh s cm ng E b thm, khi in p ngun
v m. U1
U2
di U1
Ex = -x
dt

b iu p lm vic ta phi lm sao cho T1 kha trc khi

m T2 nu khng th khng th m c T2.
2. B iu p xoay chiu 3 pha:
iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b
CHNG 4: BIN TN-NGHCH LU

4.1 Khi nim chung:

4.1.1 Bin tn: l b chuyn i in nng 1 chiu hay xoay chiu c tn s n nh
thnh dng AC c tn s iu khin c nh cc kha in t:
Thyristor BJT (MOSFET, IBGT)

-iu khin khng hon ton ngha l -Kha iu khin hon ton iu khin
iu khin tip im m. bng cc iu khin.
-Khi kha phi c mch kha. -Tn s lm vic cao.
-Tn s ng ct thp.
Trang 62
4.1.2 Phn loi:
Ty theo cch to ra tn s m chia ra lm 2 loi:
+Theo cch to tn s dng in AC.
-Bin tn trc tip: Tn s ca dng v p AC c to ra bng cch ng ct tng on
thch hp ca dng in AC c tn s cao hn.
fbin tn < fli
- bin tn gin tip: dng in xoay chiu c tn s iu khin c nh ng ct
ngun DC (dng nghch lu), fbin tn khng phh thuc vo li nn cn gi l bin
tn c lp, nh khu trung gian.
- Theo tnh cht (bin tn gin tip) ca ngun DC.
- Ngun dng:bin tn ngun dng, c dng in khng i (ni tr v cng ln)
nh hnh dng in trn ti l
hnh sin ch nht cn quy lut
bin thin ca in p v gc C luu N luu
pha th ty thuc vo tnh cht
ca ti.
Dng DC l ngun p (Rngun =0) bin tn ngun p. nh hnh in p trn ti l sin
ch nht cn nh hnh ng cong dng l gc pha ty thuc ti.
Dng b chnh lu ngun p th th u ra ca b chnh lu phi ni song song vi
t C0.
Dng b chnh lu lm ngun dng th u ra ca b chnh lu phi ni tip vi
cun khng c gi tr in cm tng i ln.

Co

Trang 63
Ty theo loi kha in t dng trong nghch lu m c bin tn ngun p (hay ngun
dng) nghch lu tranzitor (hay thyristor)
Thyristor Tranzitor

Co Co

Ud = Udocos Udo = KuE2f = const

ud u d0

u dA

iu chnh gc PWM: Phng php iu bin rng

Dng cho cng sut ln xung
Dng cho cng sut nh v trung bnh

Da vo b iu khin nghch lu thay i tn s.

4.2. Bin tn trc tip:
Nguyn l lm vic:
T1 T2

u 1
X
R
u 2

Trang 64
 U2

Ud
U2(1)

U2

Ud
U2(1)

U2

Cho xung m ln lc 2 nhm chnh lu trn, ta s c dng xoay chiu trn ti (I 1, I2)
f1 < f2
Ta c th bin i trong chu k ca in p ngc (T1/2) k tip nhau th khng
nhng iu chnh c t s ca U2 m c dng ca U2 lm cho n gn hnh sin hn
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu trong khong m 1 van c xc nh nh
sau
2
m

2 m Trang 65
 2
k sd k sd
U1
2U1 sin d 2U1 cos
2 m

1
2 m

k sd k
2U 1 sin cos 1 sd 2U 1 sin cos
2 2 m 2 m 2

ksd = 1 khi s l chnh lu hnh tia

m1 2
ksd = 2 cos khi s l chnh lu hnh cu (m1 l s pha ngun AC)
2m1

T biu thc (1) c th lm thay i c gi tr v hnh dng ca chnh lu bng

cch tc ng vo gc .

2 ksd
*= : Ud = 2 U1sin cos
m 2 / m m

Nu bin thin theo qui lut arcos

=> = arcos(Udk/U1max) = arcos(Udk/ 2 U1 )

=> Ud = (mKsd/2 )sin( )Udk
m
=> in p chnh lu c qui lut vi Uk
=> Ap ra sin Uk c hnh sin v c tn s bng tn s f2.
2. Tn s in p ra ca bin tn trc tip:
Gi s xt 1 b bin tn 1 pha gm 2 nhm chnh lu nh hnh v. Mun to ra
sng in p ra ta phi ln lt chuyn mch ca ti t pha ny sang pha khc.
Gi l l chu k in p ra, N l s on hnh sin trong chu k l
2
=> l = N + 2( - )= (2N + m 2)
m 2 m m

Trang 66
 L
R

Lp t s f1/f2 = 2
l 2N m 2
=
m
m
f2=f1. (2)
2N m 2

f2 < f1 v N>1.
V f1, m l hng s, do gi tr ln nht ca Ura hon ton ph thuc vo N.
Nh vi s 3 pha hnh tia:
m=3 f2 max = =f1

Trang 67
 Nmin = 3
Chnh lu 3 pha hnh cu (6 pha)

m=6 f2 max = = 0,6 f1

Nmin = 3
Nhn xt: i vi bin tn trc tip s van ln, tn s ra thp, tuy nhin hiu sut
cao cho chc nngchnh lu v nghch lu u nm trn mt thit b thng dng cho
truyn ng cng sut ln, tc thp.
4.3. Bin tn gin tip:
2. Bin tn ngun p mt pha:
thng dng cho cng sut nh, theo hai kiu: nghch lu THY v nghch lu
Transistor:

C luu N luu

a) Nghch lu p mt pha

Trang 68
 + L1

T1 T2

C0
D5 D5

D1 D2

D3 D4

D7 D5

T3 T4
-

L2

- T1 + T4 ni theo kiu iu khin tng cp ( T1, T4 ) ( T2, T3 )

C1 , C2 : nhim v chuyn mch kho thy
+ T1 , T4 m : Dng ngun T1 , D1 D4 T4 m ngun , C1 C2 c np in
nh hnh v n gi tr Ungun .
Mun ( T1 T4 ) kho , (T2 T3 ) m , cho xung vo ( T2 , T3 ) o chiu in p cho
xung m vo thi im 1 ( T2 , T3 ) m t in p ngc ln T4 (T1, T4 ) kho .
Sau t Cc np theo chiu ngc la chun b kho T2, T3 .
Ti thi im 2 , cho xung kch vo , T1 , T4 m t C1, 2 li t in p ngc
kho T2, T3
Cc diod D1 D4 ngn cch t chuyn mch vo ti , loi tr nh hng ca t
chuyn mch n vi ti v gim dung lng t C .
D5 D8 : cu diod ngc dn dng in phn khng np cho t C . V d
Khi T1, T2 m ( dng t tri sang phi it ), ti 1, kha T1, T4 nhng dng in khng gim
v 0 ( ti c tnh cht tr khng) n duy tr thm 1 khong 11 : dng qua D6 np C0
D7v ti: lm np t C0.
L1, L2 : dng hn ch dng phng ca C1, C2 khng qua THY cn kha:
(+ C1) D1D5L1T2(-C1)

Trang 69
Nu khng c L dng s ln nng lng s khng dn vo kha T1.
(+ C2) T3L2D8D4(-C2):
Khi T1, T4 dn Ic s tha mn:
Ldic
+ Ric = Ud.
dt
Gii phng trnh vi phn ny ta c:
4U d
ic (t) = .Sin (- ) (a)
R2 x2

U d 1 e k -k
- .e (b)
R 1 e k

(a): nghim ring.

(b): nghim t do.
R
Trong : k =
x
x x
: gc ti tg = = arctg
R R

= t
= 2f
Dng in p ca bin tn l sin ch nht ngoi sng hi bc 1 cn cc sng hi bc cao.
Mun iu chnh gi tr Ura thay i Ud:

Ud = Udo Cos cn phi thay i gc , thc hin theo hai cch:

iu chnh tn s:

1 1
f1 = T = 2T
1 x

1
f1 = 2 fx ( s 1 pha)

thay i tn s xung thay i tn s ra cho b iu khin nghch lu.

B iu khin nghch lu gm:

Trang 70
 - 1 b pht xung (c tn s thay i)

- 1 b phn phi xung.

- 1 b khuych i xung, to xung.

FX PP K
X X

Pht xung Phn phi xung khch i xung

4.3.3 Nghich lu mt pha dng Tranristor
+

C0
D5 D5

T1 T2

T3 D7 T4 D5

Xung ln iu chnh tn s
Xung nh (xung chm) iu chnh in p
Bin tn iu chnh U1, f1 nh th no?

Trang 71
 UBT1

UBT1

UBT1

4.3.2 Bin tn ngun p ba pha

a) Dng nghich lu triristor
Lf L1

T1 T3 T5

D5 D5 D5

D1 D2 D2

Cf

C0
D3 D4 D4

D7 D7 D7

T4 T6 T2

L2

. Lf , Cf : lc tn s cao .
. C0: lc , kho cha nng lng .
. CL2 : np dng phn khng cho C0 .
B nghch lu c lp cho 3 pha ngoi giai an trung dn , lc no cng c 3 thy
lm vic , mi thy m cho dng chy qua trong thi gian = 1800 hnh thnh hai
nhm thy
+ Nhm Anod m ( T1 , T3 , T5 ) . Dng i t ngun vo ti .
+ Nhm Katod m ( T2, T4 , T6 ) . Cho dng t ti v cc m ca ngun
Gin lm vic ca cc thysitor :

Trang 72
 U2

0
t

0+60: 1, 6, 5
1 1 1
60+120: 1, 6 ,2
4 4 4
120+180: 1, 3, 2

180 240: 4, 3, 2
3 3 3

6 6 6

240 300: 4, 3, 5
300 360: 4, 6, 5

5 5 5
2 2 2

1 1 1

2 2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4

5 5 5

6 6 6

Trang 73
in p trn t
0-600: 1, 5, 6 m

T1 T5 1
Ud U A UC Ud
ZA ZC 3
2
UB Ud
3

ZB

- T6

0-1200: 1, 2, 6 m

+ 1
UB UC Ud
T1 3
2
ZA U A Ud
3

T2
T6

120-1800: 1, 2, 3 m
+
1
T1 T3
UB U A Ud
Ud 3
ZA ZB 2
UC Ud
3

ZC

Trang 74
 UA

1
3 Ud

UB

Uc

Mun iu chnh Ura, U1 thay i Ud

Ud = Ud 0 . cos thay i
1
T1 = 6Txung f 1 f xung
6
Mun thay i f1 thay i tn s pht xung
B/ Bin tn 3 pha ngun p dng tranzitor

Nghich luu

T1 T3 T5

C0

T4 T6 T2

Trang 75
 Khi dng xung rng in p ra nh s dng thyristor nhng khng iu khin
c
IB > IB3 Transitor m, dn bo ha
Mun thay i in p phi pht xung chm dng in p cng c dng xung
chm khi in p s thay i c do tng xung chm

UBT1

2 2 2
UBT2

3 3 3
UBT3

4 4 4
UBT4

5 5 5
UB5

6 6 6
UBT6

Xung bao dng thay i tn s

Thay i in p bng thyristor hm
T1
Ud U d0
T
T1 thi gian m tranzistor
T thi gian mt chu k hm
Vic thay i ny ch dng cho cc b c cng sut nh

Trang 76
UA

UA

UB

Uc

Trang 77