May Pha Cafe Tu Dong'

N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Li ni u. .......................................................................................................4
Chng 1: Khi qut v my pha c ph t ng
1.1: Nhim v............................................................................................7
1.2: Nhim v c th.................................................................................7
1.3: Cc chuyn ng c bn....................................................................7
1.3.1: Cc loi ng c thng dng trong my pha c ph t.................7
1.4: Cc yu cu i vi my pha c ph..................................................8
1.4.1: Yu cu v an ton..........................................................................8
1.4.2: Yu cu chnh xc tng cng on.................................................8
1.4.3: Yu cu khc...................................................................................8
1.5: Hot ng chung ca my pha c ph................................................8
1.6: Thit b c kh ca my pha c ph....................................................9
Chng 2: Tm hiu vi iu khin PIC 16F877A v chun truyn thng RS

485
2.1: Gii thiu chung v vi iu khin PIC.............................................10
2.1.1: Khi nim c bn v vi iu khin PIC.........................................10
2.1.2: Kin trc ca vi iu khin PIC....................................................12
2.1.3: Cc dng PIC v cch la ch vi iu khin.................................13
2.1.4: Ngn ng lp trnh cho PIC..........................................................13
2.1.5: Mch np PIC................................................................................13
2.2: Vi iu khin PIC 16F877A.............................................................15
2.2.1: S chn VK PIC 16F877A....................................................15
2.2.2: Mt vi thng s v vi iu khin PIC16F877A...........................16
2.2.3: S khi vi iu khin PIC16F877A.........................................16
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SVTH: HONG VN NGHA 1 GVHD: NGUYN TUN
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
2.2.4: T chc b nh..............................................................................17
2.2.5: Cc cng xut nhp ca PIC 16F877A.........................................21
2.2.6: TIMER..........................................................................................24
2.2.7: Cc ng dng VK PIC................................................................30
2.3: Tng quan v LM35.........................................................................32
Chng 3: Kho st v thit k lp rp...........................................................39
3.1: Cu to m hnh...............................................................................39
3.2: Cc mch s dng trong m hnh.....................................................40
3.2.1: Mch o chiu ............................................................................40
3.2.2: Mch tng......................................................................................43
3.2.3: Mch iu khin ng c..............................................................45
3.3: Linh kin s dng trong mch..........................................................47
3.3.1: CTHT s dng trong m hnh.......................................................47
3.3.2: R le..............................................................................................47
3.3.3: FET................................................................................................48
3.3.4:Transistor........................................................................................48
3.3.5: T in...........................................................................................50
3.3.6: LM35.............................................................................................50
Chng 4: Thit k chng trnh iu khin my pha c ph
4.1: Bng phn cng vo ra.....................................................................51
4.1.1: Bng phn cng vo ra mch tng................................................51
4.1.2: Bng phn cng vo ra mch o chiu........................................51
4.2: Nguyn l hot ng........................................................................53
Kt lun v ngh..................................................................................54
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Motor in 1 chiu............................................................................7
Hnh 2.1: Vi iu khin PIC 16F877A............................................................11

Hnh 2.2: Kin trc Havard v kin trc Von-Neuman...................................12
Hnh 2.3: Mch np VK...............................................................................14
Hnh 2.4:Vi iu khin PIC16F877A/PIC16F874A v cc dng s
chn.16
Hnh 2.5: S khi PIC 16F877A................................................................18
Hnh 2.6: B nh chng trnh PIC16F877A.................................................19
Hnh 2.7: S b nh d liu PIC16F877A.................................................21

Hnh 2.8: S khi ca Timer0. ..................................................................25
Hnh 2.9: S khi ca Timer1....................................................................27
Hnh 2.10: S khi Timer2. .......................................................................29
Hnh 2.11: S nguyn l khi cm bin nhit LM35............................33
Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l o di nhit m trn LM35................................33
Hnh 2.13: c nhit o c t LM35.....................................................34
Hnh 3.1: Mt trc my.................................................................................39
Hnh 3.2: Nhn t trn xung..........................................................................39
Hnh 3.3: Mch nguyn l o chiu ng c.................................................41

Hnh 3.4: Mch in o chiu ng c.............................................................41
Hnh 3.5: Mch o chiu...............................................................................42
Hnh 3.6: mch nguyn l mch tng..............................................................43
Hnh 3.7: Mch in mch tng..........................................................................44
Hnh 3.8: Mch tng........................................................................................44
Hnh 3.9: Mch nguyn l iu khin ng c...............................................45
Hnh 3.10: Mch in mch iu khin ng c................................................46
Hnh 3.11: Mch iu khin ng c..............................................................46
Hnh 3.12: FET (IRF 540)...............................................................................48
Hnh 3.13: Transistor.......................................................................................48
Hnh 3.14:Ch lm vic ca tranzitor.........................................................49
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 3.15:T in............................................................................................50
LI NI U
Ngay t th k th 9 sau khi c khm ph ra ti vng cao nguyn

Ethiopia , Caf nhanh chng tr thnh mt thc ung ph bin trn ton
cu . Khc vi cc loi thc ung khc , chc nng chnh ca caf khng
phi l gii kht , nhiu ngi ung n vi mc ch to cm gic hng
phn . Mt ly caf vo bui sng gip tnh to hn trong cng vic.
Pha c ph khng phi l mt vic kh. Ch cn bn c mt hn hp

bt c ph m bn thch, mt s thit b v vi pht rnh ri. C nhiu
phng php pha c ph khc nhau tha mn th hiu khc nhau. C ph
Espresso m y tnh cch, c ph Th nh k (Turkish) nhiu hng
thm, c ph kiu M (Americano) nh, nhiu nc. Tt c cc phng
php ny c mt im chung, bt c ph c x l trong nc nng sau
dung dch c ph c lc ra y hng v v. Ti Vit Nam , c hai
kiu pha caf : pha luc (kinh t, d lm) v pha phin ( kh, i hi tinh
t ) .
C ph phin ngon hn, nhng kh lm, bi v nhiu yu t. Tri

lnh, nc si rt vo phin ngui nhanh. Trng phin trc l mt cch,
nc vo lm 2-3 ln l mt cch khc tng nng, nhng u ch tng
hiu sut ln mt cht thi. Nu nn c ph cht, nh git lu mi xong, c
ph hi nhiu cafeine v b ngm nc lu, hi ngui mt cht khi ung.
Nu nn khng cht, c ph chy xung c pha ln bt c ph, hng thm
chit ra cha c ht. Phin pha c ph nu dng loi bng inox, l phin
kh nh, c ren xoy l hay nht v c th chnh cht, lng cho va. Nu
dng phin nhm, l phin to lt c bt c ph xung, li khng th no
chnh c cht, th e rng c ph kh ngon.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu hng ch to my caf cho

nhiu phng php pha caf khc nhau . Nhng cc loi my pha caf k
trn mang li phng php pha khng ph hp vi th hiu ngi Vit hin
nay . Sau khi thc hin mt s kho st v nhm c th hiu ca ngi
Vit , Nhm thc hin : n thit k v ch to my pha caf dng
phin nhm p ng cc yu cu tin li v m bo hng v ca caf Vit
truyn thng .
Ngy nay cc lnh vc v k thut v t ng ha ang i su vo

cc ngnh cng ngh thc phm cng nh dn dng mang li nhiu tin b
vt bc trong lnh vc sn xut hng in t tiu dng . Nhm c xu
th v k thut thut tin tin ca vi x l v di s tr gip ca h thng
my CNC hin i mang li nhiu hiu qu v kinh t v thi gian gip
nhm hon thnh ng tng ca nhm t ra .
Qua y em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong khoa in,

trng H ng Nng, gip to iu kin v cung cp ti liu
em hon thnh ti tt nghip ny. ng thi, em mun gi li cm n su
sc ti thy gio hng dn NGUYN TUN, ngi thy trc tip giao
ti v rt nhit tnh hng dn nhm chng em hon thnh c ti
tt nghip ny!
ti ny chng em c gng rt nhiu nhng chc chn n s

cn nhng thiu st nht nh. Vy chng em mong tip tc c s gip
ca Thy c, v s gp chn thnh ca bn b!
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!
Nng, ngy.....thng.....nm 2015
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
CHNG 1: KHI QUT V MY PHA C PH T NG
1.1. NHIM V:
Thit k v ch to my pha caf kiu truyn thng theo cc yu cu sau:
- My thc hin ng chu trnh pha caf v m bo v v sinh thc phm
v hng v caf c trng
- ng dng mn hnh tng tc, to s gn gi vi ngi dng.
1.2. NHIM V C TH :
- Gia cng phn cng ca mch v cc chi tit ca my
- Gia cng v my v cc chi tit ca my
- Lp trnh cho hot ng ca my
- Thit k cc b phn chnh trong my
- Thit k v gia cng cc chi tit ca my
- Nghin cu th trng v nh hng pht trin ca my
- Lp rp cc chi tit ca my
1.3: CC CHUYN NG C BN
1.3.1: Cc loi ng c thng dng trong my pha c ph
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 1.1: Motor in 1 chiu
Motor gim tc mt chiu

ng c c t tnh iu chnh tc ng c ph hp vi mc ich s
dng, do nhng cng on cn s chnh xc v tc chm th motor
gim tc 1 chiu l mt gii php ti u
iu chnh tc ng c bng cch iu chnh in p cp cho mch
kch in ng c.
1.4. Cc yu cu i vi my pha c ph
1.4.1: Yu cu v an ton
i vi my p do ngi vn hnh, yu cu an ton l yu t quan

trng, v nu xy ra s c c th tr gi bng c tnh mng ngi vn hnh.
m bo cho my p hot ng an ton tuyt i th mi b phn ca my
phi c chnh xc cao
1.4.2: Yu cu chnh xc tng cng on
Cc cng on hot ng ca my pha c ph yu cu phi hot ng

v dng chnh xc, khi cng on dng khng chnh xc s dn n vic
khng hot ng hoc s gim nng sut lm vic.
1.4.3: Yu cu khc
V my pha c ph hot ng lin tc nn cn phi c ngun cp in

lin tc m bo cho qu trnh hot ng. V khu vn hnh cng kh n
gin, hu ht l t ng nn cc yu cu v s dng n gin v d hiu.
1.5: Hot ng chung ca my pha c ph
Nhng loi my pha c ph hin i c cu to phc tp, an ton v

tin cy cao. Cc thit b in c a v mt mch tng trn my pha c ph
nhm m bo bn cho mch. Cc dy in c i t ng c theo cch
thanh st v mch tng. Khi hot ng, bnh un s un sa si t 0- 150C,
khi van s m c ph chy xung ly c ph, ti y ty vo yu cu ca
ngi cn ung c ph s bm cho sa hoc cho ng ty vo kh nng
ung nhiu hay t sa hay ng ngi ta s bm 1 ln b va, hoc bm 2
ln tng ng vi b nhiu . 2 nt n bt v dng phng cho trng hp dng
pha c ph khi c s c bt ng xy ra
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
1.6: Thit b c kh ca my pha c ph
- H thng thit b c kh dng ch to my pha c ph bao gm :

khung st, cc bnh cha, v bng chuyn.
- Bnh un: vi b un nc ca m diu tc ta c th un si c ph.
- Van x: khi LM35 ti 95-100C, dng in 220V s kch cho van x.
- H thng trn quay trn hn hp c ph, ng, sa.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
CHNG 2:
TM HIU VI IU KHIN PIC 16F877A
V CHUN TRUYN THNG RS485
2.1. Gii thiu chung v VK PIC:
2.1.1. Khi nim c bn v VK PIC:
PIC l mt h vi iu khin RISC c sn xut bi cng ty Microchip

Technology. Dng PIC u tin l PIC1650 c pht trin bi
Microelectronics Division thuc General Instrument.
PIC bt ngun l ch vit tt ca "Programmable Intelligent Computer"
(My tnh kh trnh thng minh) l mt sn phm ca hng General
Instrument t cho dng sn phm u tin ca h l PIC1650. Lc
ny, PIC1650 c dng giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi cho my ch
16bit CP1600, v vy, ngi ta cng gi PIC vi ci tn "Peripheral Interface
Controller" (B iu khin giao tip ngoi vi). CP1600 l mt CPU tt, nhng
li km v cc hot ng xut nhp, v v vy PIC 8-bit c pht trin vo
khong nm 1975 h tr hot ng xut nhp cho CP1600. PIC s dng
microcode n gin t trong
ROM, v mc d, cm t RISC cha c s dng thi by gi, nhng

PIC thc s l mt vi iu khin vi kin trc RISC, chy mt lnh mt chu
k my (4 chu k ca b dao ng).
Nm 1985 General Instrument bn b phn vi in t ca h, v ch s
hu mi hy b hu ht cc d n - lc qu li thi. Tuy nhin PIC
c b sung EEPROM to thnh 1 b iu khin vo ra kh trnh. Ngy
nay rt nhiu dng PIC c xut xng vi hng lot cc module ngoi vi
tch hp sn (nh USART, PWM, ADC...), vi b nh chng trnh t 512
Word n 32K Word.
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Hnh 2.1: Vi iu khin PIC 16F877A

Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu h vi iu khin nh 8051,
Motorola 68HC, AVR, ARM,... Ngoi h 8051 c hng dn mt cch cn
bn mi trng i hc, bn thn ngi vit chn h vi iu khin PIC
m rng vn kin thc v pht trin cc ng dng trn cng c ny v cc
nguyn nhn sau: H vi iu khin ny c th tm mua d dng ti th trng
Vit Nam. Gi thnh khng qu t. C y cc tnh nng ca mt vi iu
khin khi hot ng c lp. L mt s b sung rt tt v kin thc cng nh
v ng dng cho h vi iu khin mang tnh truyn thng: h vi iu khin
8051. S lng ngi s dng h vi iu khin PIC. Hin nay ti Vit Nam
cng nh trn th gii, h vi iu khin ny c s dng kh rng ri. iu
ny to nhiu thun li trong qu trnh tm hiu v pht trin cc ng dng
nh: s lng ti liu, s lng cc ng dng m c pht trin thnh
cng, d dng trao i, hc tp, d dng tm c s ch dn khi gp kh
khn, S h tr ca nh sn xut v trnh bin dch, cc cng c lp trnh,
np chng trnh t n gin n phc tp, Cc tnh nng a dng ca vi
iu khin PIC, v cc tnh nng ny khng ngng c pht trin.
PIC s dng tp lnh RISC, vi dng PIC low-end ( di m lnh 12
Bit v d PIC12Cxxx) v mid-range ( di m lnh 14 bit , v d
PIC16Fxxx), tp lnh bao gm khong 35 lnh, v 70 lnh i vi dng PIC
high-end( c di m lnh 16bit PIC18Fxxxx). Tp lnh bao gm cc lnh
tnh ton trn cc thanh ghi, v cc hng s, hoc cc v tr nh, cng nh c
cc lnh iu kin, nhy/ gi hm, v cc lnh quay tr v, n cng c cc
chc nng phn cng khc nh ngt hoc sleep( ch hot ng tit kim
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in ). Microchip cung cp mi trng lp trnh MPLAB0, n bao gm phn

mm m phng v trnh dch ASM
+ ng dng ca VK
VK thng c s dng iu khin cc thit b in t, thng
c dng xy dng cc h thng nhng. N xut hin kh nhiu trong cc
dng c in t, thit b in, my git, l vi sng, in thoi, u c DVD,
thit b a phng tin, dy chuyn t ng, v.v.
2.1.2 Kin trc ca VK PIC
Cu trc phn cng ca mt vi iu khin c thit k theo hai dng
kin trc: kin trc Von Neuman v kin trc Havard.
Hnh 2.2: Kin trc Havard v kin trc Von-Neuman

T chc phn cng ca PIC c thit k theo kin trc Havard. im
khc bit gia kin trc Havard v kin trc Von-Neuman l cu trc b nh
d liu v b nh chng trnh.
i vi kin trc Von-Neuman, b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh
nm chung trong mt b nh, do ta c th t chc, cn i mt cch linh
hot b nh chng trnh v b nh d liu. Tuy nhin iu ny ch c
ngha khi tc x l ca CPU phi rt cao, v vi cu trc , trong cng
mt thi im CPU ch c th tng tc vi b nh d liu hoc b nh
chng trnh. Nh vy c th ni kin trc Von-Neuman khng thch hp vi
cu trc ca mt vi iu khin.
i vi kin trc Havard, b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh tch ra
thnh hai b nh ring bit. Do trong cng mt thi im CPU c th
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tng tc vi c hai b nh, nh vy tc x l ca vi iu khin c ci

thin ng k.
Mt im cn ch na l tp lnh trong kin trc Havard c th

c ti u ty theo yu cu kin trc ca vi iu khin m khng ph thuc
vo cu trc d liu. V d, i vi vi iu khin dng 16F, di lnh lun
l 14 bit (trong khi d liu c t chc thnh tng byte), cn i vi kin
trc Von-Neuman, di lnh lun l bi s ca 1 byte (do d liu c t
chc thnh tng byte). c im ny c minh ha c th trong hnh 2.1.
2.1.3 Cc dng PIC v cch la chn VK
Cc k hiu ca vi iu khin PIC:
PIC12xxxx: di lnh 12 bit
C: PIC c b nh EPROM (ch c 16C84 l EEPROM)
F: PIC c b nh flash
LF: PIC c b nh flash hot ng in p thp
LV: tng t nh LF, y l k hiu c

Bn cnh mt s vi iu khin c k hiu xxFxxx l EEPROM, nu
c thm ch A cui l flash (v d PIC16F877 l EEPROM, cn
PIC16F877A l flash).
Ngoi ra cn c thm mt dng vi iu khin PIC mi l dsPIC.
Vit Nam ph bin nht l cc h vi iu khin PIC do hng Microchip sn
xut.
Cch la chn mt vi iu khin PIC ph hp:
Trc ht cn ch n s chn ca vi iu khin cn thit cho ng
dng. C nhiu vi iu khin PIC vi s lng chn khc nhau, thm ch c
vi iu khin ch c 8 chn, ngoi ra cn c cc vi iu khin 28, 40, 44,
chn. Cn chn vi iu khin PIC c b nh flash c th np xa chng
trnh c nhiu ln hn. Tip theo cn ch n cc khi chc nng c
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tch hp sn trong vi iu khin, cc chun giao tip bn trong. Sau cng cn

ch n b nh chng trnh m vi iu khin cho php. Ngoi ra mi
thng tin v cch la chn vi iu khin PIC c th c tm thy trong cun
sch Select PIC guide do nh sn xut Microchip cung cp.
2.1.4 Ngn ng lp trnh cho PIC
Ngn ng lp trnh cho PIC rt a dng. Ngn ng lp trnh cp thp
c MPLAB (c cung cp min ph bi nh sn xut Microchip), cc ngn
ng lp trnh cp cao hn bao gm C, Basic, Pascal, Ngoi ra cn c mt
s ngn ng lp trnh c pht trin dnh ring cho PIC nh PICBasic,
MikroBasic,
2.1.5 Mch np PIC
Hnh 2.3: Mch np VK

y cng l mt dng sn phm rt a dng dnh cho vi iu khin
PIC. C th s dng cc mch np c cung cp bi nh sn xut l hng
Microchip nh: PICSTART plus, MPLAB ICD 2, MPLAB PM 3, PRO
MATE II. C th dng cc sn phm ny np cho vi iu khin khc thng
qua chng trnh MPLAB. Dng sn phm chnh thng ny c u th l
np c cho tt c cc vi iu khin PIC, tuy nhin gi thnh rt cao v
thng gp rt nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh mua sn phm. Ngoi ra do
tnh nng cho php nhiu ch np khc nhau, cn c rt nhiu mch np
c thit k dnh cho vi iu khin PIC. C th s lc mt s mch np
cho PIC nh sau: JDM programmer: mch np ny dng chng trnh np
Icprog cho php np cc vi iu khin PIC c h tr tnh nng np chng
trnh in p thp ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming). Hu ht cc mch
np u h tr tnh nng np chng trnh ny. WARP-13A v MCP-USB: hai
mch np ny ging vi mch np PICSTART PLUS do nh sn xut
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Microchip cung cp, tng thch vi trnh bin dch MPLAB, ngha l ta c
th trc tip dng chng trnh MPLAB np cho vi iu khin PIC m
khng cn s dng mt chng trnh np khc, chng hn nh ICprog.
P16PRO40: mch np ny do Nigel thit k v cng kh ni ting. ng cn
thit k c chng trnh np, tuy nhin ta cng c th s dng chng trnh
np Icprog. Mch np Universal ca Williem: y khng phi l mch np
chuyn dng dnh cho PIC nh P16PRO40. Cc mch np k trn c u im
rt ln l n gin, r tin, hon ton c th t lp rp mt cch d dng, v
mi thng tin v s mch np, cch thit k, thi cng, kim tra v chng
trnh np u d dng tm c v download min ph thng qua mng
Internet. Tuy nhin cc mch np trn c nhc im l hn ch v s vi iu
khin c h tr, bn cnh mi mch np cn c s dng vi mt
chng trnh np thch hp.
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2.2 VK PIC 16F877A

2.2.1 S chn VK PIC 16F877A
Hnh 2.4:Vi iu khin PIC16F877A/PIC16F874A v cc dng s

chn
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2.2.2 Mt vi thng s v vi iu khin PIC16F877A

y l vi iu khin thuc h PIC16Fxxx vi tp lnh gm 35 lnh c
di 14 bit. Mi lnh u c thc thi trong mt chu k xung clock. Tc
hot ng ti a cho php l 20 MHz vi mt chu k lnh l 200ns. B nh
chng trnh 8Kx14 bit, b nh d liu 368x8 byte RAM v b nh d liu
EEPROM vi dung lng 256x8 byte. S PORT I/O l 5 vi 33 pin I/O.
Cc c tnh ngoi vi bao gmcc khi chc nng sau:
Timer0: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s 8 bit.
Timer1: b m 16 bit vi b chia tn s, c th thc hin chc
nng m da vo xung clock ngoi vi ngay khi vi iu khin hot ng ch
sleep.
Timer2: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s, b postcaler. Hai b
Capture/so snh/iu ch rng xung. Cc chun giao tip ni tip SSP
(Synchronous Serial Port), SPI v I2C. Chun giao tip ni tip USART vi 9
bit a ch.
Cng giao tip song song PSP (Parallel Slave Port) vi cc chn iu
khin RD, WR, CS bn ngoi.
Cc c tnh Analog:
8 knh chuyn i ADC 10 bit.
Hai b so snh.
Bn cnh l mt vi c tnh khc ca vi iu khin nh:
B nh flash vi kh nng ghi xa c 100.000 ln.
B nh EEPROM vi kh nng ghi xa c 1.000.000 ln.
D liu b nh EEPROM c th lu tr trn 40 nm.
Kh nng t np chng trnh vi s iu khin ca phn mm.
Np c chng trnh ngay trn mch in ICSP (In Circuit
Serial Programming) thng qua 2 chn.
Watchdog Timer vi b dao ng trong.
Chc nng bo mt m chng trnh.
Ch Sleep.
C th hot ng vi nhiu dng Oscillator khc nhau.
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2.2.3 S khi vi iu khin PIC16F877A
Hnh 2.5: S khi PIC 16F877A

2.2.4 T chc b nh
Cu trc b nh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A bao gm b nh chng
trnh (Program memory) v b nh d liu (Data Memory).
+ B nh chng trnh
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Hnh 2.6: B nh chng trnh PIC16F877A
B nh chng trnh ca vi iu khin PIC16F877A l b nh flash,

dung lng b nh 8K word (1 word = 14 bit) v c phn thnh nhiu
trang (t page0 n page 3) . Nh vy b nh chng trnh c kh nng cha
c 8*1024 = 8192 lnh (v mt lnh sau khi m ha s c dung lng 1
word (14 bit).
m ha c a ch ca 8K word b nh chng trnh, b m
chng trnh c dung lng 13 bit (PC<12:0>).
Khi vi iu khin c reset, b m chng trnh s ch n a ch
0000h (Reset vector). Khi c ngt xy ra, b m chng trnh s ch n a
ch 0004h (Interrupt vector).
B nh chng trnh khng bao gm b nh stack v khng c a
ch ha bi b m chng trnh
+ B nh d liu
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
B nh d liu ca PIC l b nh EEPROM c chia ra lm

nhiu bank. i vi PIC16F877A b nh d liu c chia ra lm 4 bank.
Mi bank c dung lng 128 byte, bao gm cc thanh ghi c chc nng c
bit SFG (Special Function Register) nm cc vng a ch thp v cc
thanh ghi mc ch chung GPR (General Purpose Register) nm vng a
ch cn li trong bank. Cc thanh ghi SFR thng xuyn c s dng (v d
nh thanh ghi STATUS) s c t tt c cc bank ca b nh d liu gip
thun tin trong qu trnh truy xut v lm gim bt lnh ca chng trnh. S
c th ca b nh d liu PIC16F877A
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 2.7: S b nh d liu PIC16F877A

+ Stack
Stack khng nm trong b nh chng trnh hay b nh d liu m l
mt vng nh c bit khng cho php c hay ghi. Khi lnh CALL c
thc hin hay khi mt ngt xy ra lm chng trnh b r nhnh, gi tr ca b
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
m chng trnh PC t ng c vi iu khin ct vo trong stack. Khi mt

trong cc lnh RETURN, RETLW hat RETFIE c thc thi, gi tr PC s t
ng c ly ra t trong stack, vi iu khin s thc hin tip chng trnh
theo ng qui trnh nh trc.
B nh Stack trong vi iu khin PIC h 16F87xA c kh nng cha
c 8 a ch v hot ng theo c ch xoay vng. Ngha l gi tr ct vo b
nh Stack ln th 9 s ghi ln gi tr ct vo Stack ln u tin v gi tr
ct vo b nh Stack ln th 10 s ghi ln gi tri6 ct vo Stack ln th 2.
Cn ch l khng c c hiu no cho bit trng thi stack, do ta
khng bit c khi no stack trn. Bn cnh tp lnh ca vi iu khin
dng PIC cng khng c lnh POP hay PUSH, cc thao tc vi b nh stack
s hon ton c iu khin bi CPU.
2.2.5 Cc cng xut nhp ca PIC 16F877A
Cng xut nhp (I/O port) chnh l phng tin m vi iu khin dng
tng tc vi th gii bn ngoi. S tng tc ny rt a dng v thng qua
qu trnh tng tc , chc nng ca vi iu khin c th hin mt cch r
rng.
Mt cng xut nhp ca vi iu khin bao gm nhiu chn (I/O pin), ty
theo cch b tr v chc nng ca vi iu khin m s lng cng xut nhp
v s lng chn trong mi cng c th khc nhau. Bn cnh , do vi iu
khin c tch hp sn bn trong cc c tnh giao tip ngoi vi nn bn
cnh chc nng l cng xut nhp thng thng, mt s chn xut nhp cn
c thm cc chc nng khc th hin s tc ng ca cc c tnh ngoi vi
nu trn i vi th gii bn ngoi. Chc nng ca tng chn xut nhp trong
mi cng hon ton c th c xc lp v iu khin c thng qua cc
thanh ghi SFR lin quan n chn xut nhp .
Vi iu khin PIC16F877A c 5 cng xut nhp, bao gm PORTA,
PORTB, PORTC, PORTD v PORTE
+ PORT A
PORTA (RPA) bao gm 6 I/O pin. y l cc chn hai chiu

(bidirectional pin), ngha l c th xut v nhp c. Chc nng I/O ny
c iu khin bi thanh ghi TRISA (a ch 85h). Mun xc lp chc nng
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
ca mt chn trong PORTA l input, ta set bit iu khin tng ng vi

chn trong thanh ghi TRISA v ngc li, mun xc lp chc nng ca
mt chn trong PORTA l output, ta clear bit iu khin tng ng vi chn
trong thanh ghi TRISA. Thao tc ny hon ton tng t i vi cc PORT
v cc thanh ghi iu khin tng ng TRIS (i vi PORTA l TRISA, i
vi PORTB l TRISB, i vi PORTC l TRISC, i vi PORTD l TRISD
vi vi PORTE l TRISE). Bn cnh PORTA cn l ng ra ca b ADC,
b so snh, ng vo analog ng vo xung clock ca Timer0 v ng vo ca b
giao tip MSSP (Master Synchronous Serial Port)
Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n PORTA bao gm:
PORTA (a ch 05h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTA.
TRISA (a ch 85h) : iu khin xut nhp.
CMCON (a ch 9Ch) : thanh ghi iu khin b so snh.
CVRCON (a ch 9Dh) : thanh ghi iu khin b so snh in

p.
ADCON1 (a ch 9Fh) : thanh ghi iu khin b ADC.
+ PORT B
PORTB (RPB) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng
ng l TRISB. Bn cnh mt s chn ca PORTB cn c s dng trong
qu trnh np chng trnh cho vi iu khin vi cc ch np khc nhau.
PORTB cn lin quan n ngt ngoi vi v b Timer0. PORTB cn c tch
hp chc nng in tr ko ln c iu khin bi chng trnh.
Cu trc bn trong v chc nng c th ca tng chn trong PORTB s

c trnh by c th trong Ph lc 1.
Cc thanh ghi SFR lin quan n PORTB bao gm:
PORTB (a ch 06h,106h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTB
TRISB (a ch 86h,186h) : iu khin xut nhp
OPTION_REG (a ch 81h,181h) : iu khin ngt ngoi vi v b

Timer0.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
+ PORT C
PORTC (RPC) gm 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng
ng l TRISC. Bn cnh PORTC cn cha cc chn chc nng ca b so
snh, b Timer1, b PWM v cc chun giao tip ni tip I2C, SPI, SSP,
USART.
Cu trc bn trong v chc nng c th ca tng chn trong PORTC s

Cc thanh ghi iu khin lin quan n PORTC:
PORTC (a ch 07h) : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTC TRISC

(a ch 87h) : iu khin xut nhp.
+ PORT D
PORTD (RPD) gm 8 chn I/O, thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng
ng l TRISD. PORTD cn l cng xut d liu ca chun giao tip PSP
(Parallel Slave Port).
Cu trc bn trong v chc nng c th ca tng chn trong PORTD s
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n PORTD bao gm:
Thanh ghi PORTD : cha gi tr cc pin trong PORTD.
Thanh ghi TRISD : iu khin xut nhp.
Thanh ghi TRISE : iu khin xut nhp PORTE v chun giao
tip PSP.
+ PORT E
PORTE (RPE) gm 3 chn I/O. Thanh ghi iu khin xut nhp tng
ng l TRISE. Cc chn ca PORTE c ng vo analog. Bn cnh PORTE
cn l cc chn iu khin ca chun giao tip PSP.
Cu trc bn trong v chc nng c th ca tng chn trong PORTE s
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n PORTE bao gm:
PORTE : cha gi tr cc chn trong PORTE.
TRISE : iu khin xut nhp v xc lp cc thng s cho chun giao
tip PSP.
ADCON1 : thanh ghi iu khin khi ADC.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
2.2.6 TIMER
+ TIMER 0
y l mt trong ba b m hoc b nh thi ca vi iu khin
PIC16F877A. Timer0 l b m 8 bit c kt ni vi b chia tn s
(prescaler) 8 bit. Cu trc ca Timer0 cho php ta la chn xung clock tc
ng v cnh tch cc ca xung clock. Ngt Timer0 s xut hin khi Timer0 b
trn. Bit TMR0IE (INTCON<5>) l bit iu khin ca Timer0. TMR0IE=1
cho php ngt Timer0 tc ng, TMR0IF= 0 khng cho php ngt Timer0 tc
ng. S khi ca Timer0 nh sau:
Hnh 2.8: S khi ca Timer0.

Mun Timer0 hot ng ch Timer ta clear bit TOSC
(OPTION_REG<5>), khi gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s tng theo tng chu k
xung ng h (tn s vo Timer0 bng tn s oscillator). Khi gi tr thanh
ghi TMR0 t FFh tr v 00h, ngt Timer0 s xut hin. Thanh ghi TMR0 cho
php ghi v xa c gip ta n nh thi im ngt Timer0 xut hin mt
cch linh ng.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Mun Timer0 hot ng ch counter ta set bit TOSC

(OPTION_REG<5>). Khi xung tc ng ln b m c ly t chn
RA4/TOCK1. Bit TOSE (OPTION_REG<4>) cho php la chn cnh tc
ng vo bt m. Cnh tc ng s l cnh ln nu TOSE=0 v cnh tc
ng s l cnh xung nu TOSE=1.
Khi thanh ghi TMR0 b trn, bit TMR0IF (INTCON<2>) s c set.
y chnh l c ngt ca Timer0. C ngt ny phi c xa bng chng
trnh trc khi b m bt u thc hin li qu trnh m. Ngt Timer0
khng th nh thc vi iu khin t ch sleep.
B chia tn s (prescaler) c chia s gia Timer0 v WDT (Watchdog
Timer). iu c ngha l nu prescaler c s dng cho Timer0 th WDT
s khng c c h tr ca prescaler v ngc li. Prescaler c iu khin
bi thanh ghi OPTION_REG. Bit PSA (OPTION_REG<3>) xc nh i
tng tc ng ca prescaler. Cc bit PS2:PS0 (OPTION_REG<2:0>) xc
nh t s chia tn s ca prescaler. Xem li thanh ghi OPTION_REG xc
nh li mt cch chi tit v cc bit iu khin trn.
Cc lnh tc ng ln gi tr thanh ghi TMR0 s xa ch hot ng
ca prescaler. Khi i tng tc ng l Timer0, tc ng ln gi tr thanh ghi
TMR0 s xa prescaler nhng khng lm thay i i tng tc ng ca
prescaler. Khi i tng tc ng l WDT, lnh CLRWDT s xa prescaler,
ng thi prescaler s ngng tc v h tr cho WDT.
Cc thanh ghi iu khin lin quan n Timer0 bao gm:
TMR0 (a ch 01h, 101h) : cha gi tr m ca Timer0.
INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ngt hot ng
(GIE v PEIE).
OPTION_REG (a ch 81h, 181h): iu khin prescaler.
+ TIMER 1
Timer1 l b nh thi 16 bit, gi tr ca Timer1 s c lu trong hai
thanh ghi (TMR1H:TMR1L). C ngt ca Timer1 l bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>).
Bit iu khin ca Timer1 s l TMR1IE (PIE<0>).
Tng t nh Timer0, Timer1 cng c hai ch hot ng: ch nh
thi (timer) vi xung kch l xung clock ca oscillator (tn s ca timer bng
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
tn s ca oscillator) v ch m (counter) vi xung kch l xung phn

nh cc s kin cn m ly t bn ngoi thng qua chn
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (cnh tc ng l cnh ln). Vic la chn xung tc ng
(tng ng vi vic la chn ch hot ng l timer hay counter) c
iu khin bi bit TMR1CS (T1CON<1>). Sau y l s khi ca Timer1:
Hnh 2.9: S khi ca Timer1.

Ngoi ra Timer1 cn c chc nng reset input bn trong c iu
khin bi mt trong hai khi CCP (Capture/Compare/PWM).
Khi bit T1OSCEN (T1CON<3>) c set, Timer1 s ly xung clock
t hai chn RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 v RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI lm xung m. Timer1
s bt u m sau cnh xung u tin ca xung ng vo. Khi PORTC s
b qua s tc ng ca hai bit TRISC<1:0> v PORTC<2:1> c gn gi tr
0. Khi clear bit T1OSCEN Timer1 s ly xung m t oscillator hoc t chn
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI.
Timer1 c hai ch m l ng b (Synchronous) v bt ng b
(Asynchronous). Ch m c quyt nh bi bit iu khin
(T1CON<2>).
Khi =1 xung m ly t bn ngoi s khng c ng b ha
vi xung clock bn trong, Timer1 s tip tc qu trnh m khi vi iu khin
ang ch sleep v ngt do Timer1 to ra khi b trn c kh nng nh
thc vi iu khin. ch m bt ng b, Timer1 khng th c s
dng lm ngun xung clock cho khi CCP (Capture/Compare/Pulse width
modulation).
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Khi =0 xung m vo Timer1 s c ng b ha vi xung

clock bn trong. ch ny Timer1 s khng hot ng khi vi iu khin
ang ch sleep.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Timer1 bao gm:
INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ngt hot
ng (GIE v PEIE).
PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c ngt Timer1 (TMR1IF).
PIE1( a ch 8Ch): cho php ngt Timer1 (TMR1IE).
TMR1L (a ch 0Eh): cha gi tr 8 bit thp ca b m Timer1.
TMR1H (a ch 0Eh): cha gi tr 8 bit cao ca b m Timer1.
T1CON (a ch 10h): xc lp cc thng s cho Timer1.
+ TIMER 2
Timer2 l b nh thi 8 bit v c h tr bi hai b chia tn s
prescaler va postscaler. Thanh ghi cha gi tr m ca Timer2 l TMR2. Bit
cho php ngt Timer2 tc ng l TMR2ON (T2CON<2>). C ngt ca
Timer2 l bit TMR2IF (PIR1<1>). Xung ng vo (tn s bng tn s
oscillator) c a qua b chia tn s prescaler 4 bit (vi cc t s chia tn
s l 1:1, 1:4 hoc 1:16 v c iu khin bi cc bit T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0
(T2CON<1:0>)).
Hnh 2.10: S khi Timer2.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Timer2 cn c h tr bi thanh ghi PR2. Gi tr m trong thanh

ghi TMR2 s tng t 00h n gi tr cha trong thanh ghi PR2, sau c
reset v 00h. Kh I reset thanh ghi PR2 c nhn gi tr mc nh FFh.
Ng ra ca Timer2 c a qua b chia tn s postscaler vi cc
mc chia t 1:1 n 1:16. Postscaler c iu khin bi 4 bit
T2OUTPS3:T2OUTPS0. Ng ra ca postscaler ng vai tr quyt nh trong
vic iu khin c ngt.
Ngoi ra ng ra ca Timer2 cn c kt ni vi khi SSP, do
Timer2 cn ng vai tr to ra xung clock ng b cho khi giao tip SSP.
Cc thanh ghi lin quan n Timer2 bao gm:
INTCON (a ch 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh): cho php ton b cc
ngt (GIE v PEIE).
PIR1 (a ch 0Ch): cha c ngt Timer2 (TMR2IF).
PIE1 (a ch 8Ch): cha bit iu khin Timer2 (TMR2IE).
TMR2 (a ch 11h): cha gi tr m ca Timer2.
T2CON (a ch 12h): xc lp cc thng s cho Timer2.
PR2 (a ch 92h): thanh ghi h tr cho Timer2.
Ta c mt vi nhn xt v Timer0, Timer1 v Timer2 nh sau:
Timer0 v Timer2 l b m 8 bit (gi tr m ti a l FFh),

trong khi Timer1 l b m 16 bit (gi tr m ti a l FFFFh).
Timer0, Timer1 v Timer2 u c hai ch hot ng l timer v

counter. Xung clock c tn s bng tn s ca oscillator.
Xung tc ng ln Timer0 c h tr bi prescaler v c th

c thit lp nhiu ch khc nhau (tn s tc ng, cnh tc ng) trong
khi cc thng s ca xung tc ng ln Timer1 l c nh. Timer2 c h tr
bi hai b chia tn s prescaler v postcaler c lp, tuy nhin cnh tc ng
vn c c nh l cnh ln. Timer1 c quan h vi khi CCP, trong khi
Timer2 c kt ni vi khi SSP.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
2.2.7 Cc ng dng VK PIC
a. iu khin PORT I/O
y l mt trong nhng ng dng n gin nht gip ta lm quen vi

vi iu khin.Trong ng dng ny ta s xut mt gi tr no ra mt PORT
ca vi iu khin, chng hnnh PORTB. Gi tr ny s c kim tra bng
cch gn vo cc pin ca PORTB cc LED.Khi pin mang gi tr mc logic
1 s lm cho LED sng v pin mang gi tr mc logic 0 slm cho LED tt.
Sau y l mt vi im cn ch cho ng dng ny:
LED sng bnh thng th in p t ln LED vo khong 1.8 n

2.2V ty theo mu sc ca LED, trong khi in p ti ng ra ca 1 pin trong
PORTB nu mc logic 1 thng l 5 volt. Do ta cn c thm in tr mc
ni tip vi LED hndng (c th dng in tr 0.33 K). xut c gi
tr ra PORTB, trc ht ta cn khi to cc pin ca PORTBl output. iu
ny c thc hin bng cch clear cc bit trong thanh ghi TRISB. Tuy
nhinhai thanh ghi PORTB v TRISB nm hai bank khc nhau trong b nh
d liu. Do trckhi mun truy xut gi tr trong mt thanh ghi no cn
chn bank d liu cha thanh ghi bng cch a cc gi tr thch hp vo 2
bit RP1:RP0 ca thanh ghi
Do trong tp lnh ca vi iu khin PIC khng c lnh no cho php a

mt byte vo mt thanh ghi cho trc, do cn s dung mt thanh ghi trung
gian (thanh ghi W)v dng hai lnh MOVLW (a byte vo thanh ghi W) v
lnh MOVWF (a gi tr trongthanh ghi W vo thanh ghi f no m ta
mun).
Ngoi ra cn dng lnh ORG ch ra a ch bt u chng trnh

khi vi iukhin c reset. Thng thng a ch bt u chng trnh s l
a ch 0000h.Trong trng hp cn dng n ch reset ca pin MCLR, ta
c th thit k thm mt mch reset ngoi vi (vi iu khin s c reset khi
pin MCLR chuyn t mc logic 1xung mc logic 0).trnh bin dch
Assembly dnh cho vi iu khin PIC (trnh bin dch MPLAB chng hn),
Cc bc tip theo hon tt ng dng trn l bin dch chng trnh trn
bng mt sau dng mch np np chng trnh vo vi iu khin PIC
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
v kim tra kt qu. Nu khng c li no xy ra, LED gn vo cc pin RB7,

RB3, RB2, RB1, RB0 s sng, LED gnvo cc pin cn li s tt (do gi tr ta
a ra PORTB l 8Fh).Hon ton tng t ta c th vit chng trnh a
mt gi tr bt k vo cc PORTca vi iu khin PIC16F877A. Tuy nhin c
mt iu cn ch l i vi PORTA, do pin RA4 c cc thu h nn mun
PORTA hin th kt qu mt cch chnh xcta cn dng mt in tr ko ln
gn thm vo bn ngoi pin RA4.
Chng trnh mu:

;chng trnh 1
;PORTBTEST.ASM
processor 16f877a ; khai bo vdk
include <p16f877a.inc> ;
CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _BODEN_OFF &
_PWRTE_ON &
_XT_OSC & _WRT_OFF & _LVP_OFF & _CPD_OFF // khai bo cc
Configuration bits
ORG 0x000 ; // a ch bt u
GOTO start
Start // chng trnh chnh bt u ti y
BCF STATUS,RP1
BCF STATUS,RP0 ;
CLRF PORTB ;
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;
MOVLW 0x00
MOVWF TRISB ; PORTB <- outputs
BCF STATUS,RP0 ;
MOVLW 0x8F ;
MOVWF PORTB ; PORTB <- 8Fh
loop GOTO loop ;
END ;
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
b. Chng trnh delay

Chng trnh trn gip ta a gi tr ra cc PORT ca vi iu khin v
cc LED ssng hay tt ty theo mc logic a ra cc PORT. By gi ta li
mun cc LED s chp ttsau mt khong thi gian nh trc. Mun vy ta
dng thm mt on chng trnhDELAY. Thc cht ca chng trnh
DELAY l cho vi iu khin lm mt cng vic vngha no trong mt
khong thi gian nh trc. Khong thi gian ny c tnh ton datrn qu
trnh thc thi lnh, hay c th hn l da vo thi gian ca mt chu k lnh.
Nu dng on chng trnh ny th thi gian delay c tnh gn ng nh
sau:
td = 3(1+tv)ti
Trong td l thi gian delay, tv l gi tr a vo thanh ghi delay-reg
v ti l thi
gian ca mt chu k lnh v c tnh theo cng thc:
ti = 4/f0
Vi f0 l tn s ca oscillator. S d c cng thc ny l v mt chu
k lnh bao gm 4xung clock. Cng thc ny ch gn ng v ta b qua
thi gian thc thi cc lnh trc labelloop v mt chu k lnh pht sinh khi
thanh ghi delay-reg mang gi tr 0 (trng hp nycn hai chu k lnh thc
thi lnh DECFSZ
2.3: Tng quan v LM35.
Cm bin nhit LM35 l mt loi cm bin tng t tt hay c ng
dng trong cc ng dng o nhit thi gian thc. V n hot ng kh
chnh xc vi sai s nh, ng thi vi kch thc nh v gi thnh r l mt
trong nhn u im ca no. V y l cm bin tng t (analog sensor) nn
ta c th d dng c c gi tr ca n bng hm analog.
c im k thut ca LM35:
- Di in p hot ng 4V 30V.
- Di nhit o c -55oC 150oC.
- LM35 s chuyn i gi tr nhit o c thnh gi tr in p, quan h
in p xut ra ti chn Out v nhit : 10mV/oC (nhit tng thm 1oC
th in p out tng 10mV).Kit AVR V2 cung cp cho cc bn khi cm bin
nhit LM35 c s nguyn l nh hnh :
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 2.11: S nguyn l khi cm bin nhit LM35
Trong KIT AVR V2, giao tip vi LM35, cn cm Jump ADC/LM35

v pha LM35, khi chn data ca cm bin c kt ni vi PORTC_0 ca
Atmega8. o c c nhit m nm trong di -55*C 150*C, ta mc
LM35 nh hnh 3:
Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l o di nhit m trn LM35
Ta c:
Vout = (V+) (V-)
Trong :
- Vout = -550mV(-55*C); +25mV (25*C); +1500mV (150*C).
- V+: in p u vo b ADC.
- V-: bng in p ri trn 2 diode (=1.4V).
Vy c nhit o c t LM35 ta thc hin nh hnh 4:
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 2.13: c nhit o c t LM35
B chuyn i tng t s ADC:

c c gi tr in p chng ta s dng b chuyn i tng t s ADC.
C 2 khi nim c bn v b ADC cn bit:
- phn gii: s bit cn thit cha ht cc gi tr s u ra b

ADC. B ADC c phn gii n bit C (2n-1) mc gi tr s u ra.
phn gii cng cao gi tr s u ra cng mn (gn hn vi tn hiu tng
t u vo).
- in p tham chiu (VREF): gi tr in p ln nht m b ADC c th

chuyn i.
Chn gi tr VREF khng c thp hn gi tr in p u vo.
B ADC trong Atmega8:

B ADC ca Atmega8 c:
- 6 knh (dng cm: PC0 PC5) hoc 8 knh (dng dn: PC0 PC7) u vo
tng t cho b ADC (in p u vo c so snh vi 0V).
- phn gii 8 bit, 10 bit.
- c nui bng ngun in p ring trn chn AVCC.
- C 3 ngun in p tham chiu:
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Ngun in p trn chn AVCC.
Ngun in p trn chn VREF.
Ngun in p tham chiu ni 2.56V.
Ch : khi s dng b ADC cn:

- Mc chn AVCC ln ngun (c th chung ngun vi vi iu khin).
- cn mc t chng nhiu cho 2 chn AVCC, VREF.
Cc thanh ghi qun l b ADC:
- ADMUX (8 bit):
Chn in p tham chiu cho b ADC.
Chn knh u vo cho b ADC.
Chn ch hot ng cho b ADC.
- ADCSRA (8 bit):
iu khin hot ng ca b ADC.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Cha trng thi ca b ADC.
- ADCL, ADCH (8 bit):
Cha gi tr ca qu trnh chuyn i ADC.
LP TRNH PHN MM
- Cc bc o gi tr ADC:
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
- Cng thc quy i gi tr nhit t gi tr in p:
Trong :
Temp: gi tr nhit LM35 o c.
Vref: in p tham chiu ca b ADC.
n: phn gii ca b ADC.
Adc: gi tr ADC o c.
- Th vin code driver LM35 cung cp cho cc bn 2 hm:
uint16_t Read_Adc(uint8_t adc_input): Hm chuyn i ADC.
float32_t LM35_ReadTemp(uint8_t channel): Hm quy i nhit .
Sai s php o:
- in p tham chiu ca b ADC: Vref
- Gi tr ln nht phn gii ca b ADC: N
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Sai s php o LM35:
Bin php tng chnh xc:
- Tng phn gii ca b ADC.
- Gim in p tham chiu ca b ADC (khng c thp hn in p

u vo b ADC).
- Tng in p u vo b ADC (khuch i in p ra trn chn VOUT

ca LM35).
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
CHNG 3 :
KHO ST V THIT K LP RP
3.1 Cu to m hnh
Hnh 3.1: Mt trc my
Hnh 3.2: Nhn t trn xung
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
3.2 Cc mch s dng trong m hnh.
Cc mch o chiu v iu khin 220V s nhn tin hiu t nt

bm v cc cng tc hnh trnh (CTHT). ng thi cng ghi nhn trng
thi ca cm bin nhit LM35 v qu trnh hot ng cc khu hot
ng, hin th ln mn hnh LCD.
3.2.1 Mch o chiu.
CTHT 2 chn Katot ca 2

con OpTo cch ly
VK PIC 16F877A
BJT
IRF250
ng c DC
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 3.3: Mch nguyn l o chiu ng c.
Hnh 3.4: Mch in o chiu ng c
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 3.5: Mch o chiu.

+ Cu to mch o chiu:
Mch o chiu l mt nhnh ca mch tng. Trong mch gm c 2 con
opto cch ly o chiu, 2 con BJT kch in v IRF540 ng ct in. Vaf1
con role nhy in o chiu ng c.
+ Nguyn l hot ng
Khi opto1 nhn c dng in t VK th BJT s c kch khin dng
in i qua IRF, chy qua rolo lm motor chy thun.
Khi opto 1 nhn c dng in t Vk th BJT c kch in khin cun
dy rolo ht lm cho motor nhn dng in ngc li v chy ngc.
Sau khi c tn hiu t VK t mch x k trung tm Vk s nhn v khin
ng c quay theo yu cu.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
3.2.2 Mch tng

24VDC
Ng ra ngun
Ngun 5V
220V
CTHT ng c
VK PIC 16F877A
LCD
LM35
Nt bm
Hnh 3.6: mch nguyn l mch tng.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 3.7: Mch in mch tng.
Hnh 3.8: Mch tng.

+ Cu to mch tng
Mch tng l mch trung tm iu khin ton b my pha c ph. Trong
mch gm c mch ngun cp 5V, cm bin nhit LM35, PIC16F877A, mn
hnh LCD, ng c DC, v 2 ng ra 220V AC.
+ Nguyn l hot ng.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Cp ngun 5V cho Vk, Vk hot ng. Khi n nt khi ng, LM35

s nhn truyn tn hiu cho VK cp in cho ng ra 220V. VK s hot ng theo
chng trnh ci t nhn tn hiu t CTHT iu khin cc ng c DC cn li.
3.2.3 Mch iu khin ng c
Ngun 5V
Opto Cch ly
VK PIC16F877A BJT
RLe
ng c
Hnh 3.9: Mch nguyn l iu khin ng c.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 3.10: Mch in mch iu khin ng c.
Hnh 3.11: Mch iu khin ng c.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
+ Cu to mch iu khin ng c BC v ng c khuy.

Mch iu khin ng c l 1 nhnh ca mch tng. Trong mch gm c 1
opto cch ly, 1 BJT v 1 role.
+ Nguyn l hot ng.
Khi VK kch mc 0 cho opto khin opto dn in qua BJT lm cho
cun dy role ht v ng c hot ng.
3.3. Linh kin s dng trong mch.
3.3.1 CTHT s dng trong m hnh
Cng tc hnh trnh l kh c in dng ng ct mch dng li

in h p. N c tc dng ging nh nt n, ng tc n bng tay c thay
th bng ng tc va chm ca cc b phn c kh, lm cho qu trnh chuyn
ng c kh thnh tn hiu in. m bo an ton cho ngi s dng v
cc thit b trong mch iu khin, ngi ta b tr cc thit b bo v lin ng
, cc tip im hnh trnh m bo cho my p dng chnh xc, khng
vt khi phm vi gii hn ( cc loi cng tc hn ch hnh quay , cng tc
o chiu ).
3.3.2. ROLE
R le (relay) l mt cng tc chuyn i hot ng bng in. Ni l

mt cng tc v r le c 2 trng thi ON v OFF. R le trng thi ON hay
OFF ph thuc vo c dng in chy qua r le hay khng. Khi c dng in
chy qua r le, dng in ny s chy qua cun dy bn trong v to ra mt t
trng ht. T trng ht ny tc ng ln mt n by bn trong lm ng
hoc m cc tip im in v nh th s lm thay i trng thi ca r le. S
tip im in b thay i c th l 1 hoc nhiu, ty vo thit k.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
3.3.3 FET
FET dng in th in trng
kch hot chn Cng Gate to vng dn
gia hai cng Drain v Source . Mi FET
u c ba chn Cng (Gate), (Drain) ,
(Source) . FET c in n , t n vi in
Khng nhp rt cao, in Khng xut thp
cho nn. Dng tnng lng hn cng
c Lng Cc Vng nh Transistor
Hnh 3.12: FET (IRF 540)
3.3.4 Transistor
Hnh 3.13: Transistor

C 2 im tip gip P-N
Tranzitor thun P-N-P
J2c (-) J2c (+)
J1 (+) J1 (-)
B B
(+) E (-) E
thun ngc
J1 tip gip pht (lun c phn cc thun)
J2 tip gip gp, lun c phn cc ngc.
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N TT NGHIP I HC NG
(+) (-) (-) (+)
B B
Xung m (m) Xung dng (m)

i
UB = UBS
d?n IB = IBS
b?o ha
UB = 0, IB = 0
kha
UCE
Hnh 3.14:Ch lm vic ca tranzitor

in t cng sut, tranzitor lm vic ch dn bo ho v ch kho.
Khi BJT kho: h mch in ngoi.
Khi BJT m: ng mch in ngoi.
Transistor cng sut c s dng nh cng tc in t ng ct dng DC
tng i ln.
Thng dung lm kho in t iu p v nghch lu vi cng sut trung
bnh.
iu kin m Transistor cng sut UCE 0,UBE 0, IB IBS-Ic/ ( l h s
khuych i dng)
Transistor cng sut = 2530 Transistor cng sut iu khin theo dng
in.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Hnh 3.15:T in
3.3.5 T in
T in l mt linh kin in t th ng to bi hai b mt dn

in c ngn cch bi in mi. Khi c chnh lch in th ti hai b mt,
ti cc b mt s xut hin in tch cng cng , nhng tri du.
S tch t ca in tch trn hai b mt to ra kh nng tch tr nng
lng in trng ca t in. Khi chnh lch in th trn hai b mt l in
th xoay chiu, s tch lu in tch b chm pha so vi in p, to nn tr
khng ca t in trong mch in xoay chiu.
V mt lu tr nng lng, t in c phn ging vi c qui.
3.3.6 LM35.
- LM35 l cm bin c mch tch hp cm bin nhit chnh xc cao.
- Hot ng tt trong di nhit t -55*C n +150*C.
- chnh xc cao vi sai s +-1/4*C nhit phng v +-3/4*C
trong khong nhit t -55*C n +150*C.
- LM35 lafIC cm bin c mch tch hp bn
trong.
Cu to bn ngoi gm:
- B phn chnh l u cm bin , c lm t cht bn
dn, khi o nhit th b phn ny s tip sc trc tip
vi mi trng.
- Chn gm 3 chn:
Chn 1 l chn c cp ngun (4-20V).
Out l chn in th ra.
GND l chn mass (ni t).
CHNG 4:
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
THIT K CHNG TRNH IU KHIN MY PHA C PH
4.1 Bng phn cng vo ra.

Thit b vo Thit b ra
STT Thit b a ch M t STT Thit b a ch M t
1 LM35 RA0 RB0
2 NUT1 RA1 RB1
3 NUT2 RA2 RB2
4 NUT3 RA3 RB3
1 LCD
5 NUT4 RA4 RB4
6 HT1 RC3 RB5
7 HT2 RC2 RB6
8 HT3 RC1 RB7
9 HT4 RC0 2 VAN1 RC7
HT5 RC4 3 VAN2 RD4
HT6 RC5 4 R1 RD0
HT7 RC6 5 T1 RD1
6 R2 RC4
7 T2 RC5
4.1.1 Bng phn cng vo ra mch tng.
4.1.2 Bng phn cng vo ra mch o chiu.

Thit b vo Thit B ra
STT Thit b a ch M t STT Thit b a ch M t
1 HT1 RC3 1 R1 RD0
2 HT2 RC2 2 T1 RD1
3 HT3 RC1 3 R2 RC4
4 HT4 RC0 4 T2 RC5
5 HT5 RC4 5 BC1 RD7
6 HT6 RC5
7 HT7 RC6
Bt u
Khai bo tin x l
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Khai bo a ch
Khai bo chc nng I/O
S
VAN1=0
S T1=0
HT1=1
T1=1
Delay 3s
T1=0
S
R1=0
HT2=1
T1=1 R1=1
Kt thc
4.2 . Nguyn l hot ng :
Khi bm nt Start :
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Bt u bng chuyn chy, sau ta b ly vo bng chuyn ly bt u c

a ti khu vc 1 l khu vc c ca ng c ph c pha sn vi t l sn c
(cha c ng v sa).
Ti y ci ly chm CTHT1, sau bng chuyn dng , VAN1 x c ph

xung (trong vng 2 giy), sau 2 giy VAN1 tt, Bng chuyn hot ng tr
li y ly c ph khu vc ca cha sa v chm CTHT2, bng chuyn dng li
VAN2 ca ca cha sa m trong vng 1 hoc 2 giy ( Ty thuc vo tn hiu
nhn vo t nt bm tng ng : nu nh bm 1 ln VAN2 s x 1 giy, cn
nu nh bm 2 ln VAN2 s x 2 giy, cn nu nh khng bm VAN2 s ko
x).
Sau thi gian ch khu vc ca sa, Bng chuyn tip tc hot ng tip
ti khu vc ng khi bng bng chuyn dng li trong vng 2 giy ti 3
giy (Ty thuc tn hiu nhn vo t nt bm : Bm 1 ln l x trong 2 giy,
Bm 2 ln l x 3 giy hoc khng bm l khng x).
Sau thi gian ch khu vc ng bng chuyn li tip tc hot ng

a ly ti khu vc c ng c khuy ti ti y bng chuyn s dng li, ng
c s y ng c khuy xung ci ly sau ng c khuy s hot ng sau
4 giy ng c khuy s ngt ng c mi y ng c khuy xung s o
chiu y ng c khuy ln cho ti khi chm CTHT3. Ti y ng c y
ln xung s dng li bng chuyn tip tc a ly c ph ra.
Ti y khu vc c cn gt y ly c ph sa ra khi bng chuyn

a ly sa ra l mt ly c ph thm ngon theo yu cu ca ngi c phc v.
Khi cn gt y c ph ra v t ng thu cn li cho ti khi chm CTHT4 th

mi h thng s ngng li ht, a my v ch ci t ban u.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
KT LUN V NGH
KT LUN:
Sau mt thi gian tin hnh nghin cu v thc hin ti tt ngip,

trong khong thi gian ngn v gp nhiu kh khn nhng vi s n lc ca
bn thn v s gip tn tnh ca thy gio Nguyn Tun cng cc thy c
trong b mn, cc thy c trong khoa in-in t ca trng i hc ng
cho n nay ti ca ti c bn hon thnh. T nhng kt qu nghin
cu t c trong ti: ng dng Vi iu Khin iu khin my pha
c ph t ng thu c cc kt qu sau:
- Tm hiu h thng in, c kh s dng trong my p v nguyn l
hot ng ca my pha c ph.
- Vai tr ca my pha c ph t ng trong cuc sng v gip tit kim
thi gian.
NGH :
- Tip tc nghin cu v hon thin hn.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Trn Vn Thnh, 2005, Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng sut. Nh

xut bn Gio Dc. Trong ti ny c k hiu tt l TLTK1.
2. L Vn Doanh v cc tc gi, 2007, in t cng sut l thuyt-thit k-

ng dng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut.
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
Chng trnh vi iu khin:

#include <main.h>
#define LCD_ENABLE_PIN PIN_B4
#define LCD_RS_PIN PIN_B6
#define LCD_RW_PIN PIN_B5
#define LCD_DATA4 PIN_B3
#define RA 0x05
#define RB 0x06
#define RC 0x07
#define RD 0x08
#define RE 0x09
#use fast_IO(A)
#use fast_IO(B)
#use fast_IO(C)
#use fast_IO(D)
#use fast_IO(E)
#bit NUT1 = RA.2
#bit NUT2 = RA.1
#bit HT1 = RC.3
#bit HT2 = RC.2
#bit HT3 = RC.1
#bit HT4 = RC.0
#bit HT5 = RA.3
#bit HT6 = RA.4
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
#bit HT7 = RA.5
#bit VAN1 = RC.7
#bit VAN2 = RD.4
#bit T1 = RD.1
#bit R1 = RD.0
#bit T2 = RC.5
#bit R2 = RC.4
#bit BC = RD.7
#bit Khuay= RD.2
#bit DUONG= RD.3
#include <lcd.c>
void main()
set_tris_A(0xFF);
set_tris_B(0x00);
set_tris_C(0xF0);
set_tris_D(0x00);
set_tris_E(0x00);
output_A(0xFF);
output_B(0xFF);
output_C(0xFF);
output_D(0xFF);
output_E(0xFF);
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_init();
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
lcd_putc("MAY PHA CAFE");
while(TRUE)
if(NUT1==0)
BC=0;
delay_ms(250);
while(NUT1==0){}
if(HT1==0)
BC=1;
VAN1=0;
delay_ms(5000);
VAN1=1;
BC=0;
while(HT1==0){}
if(HT2==0)
BC=1;
VAN2=0;
delay_ms(5000);
BC=0;
VAN2=1;
if(HT3==0)
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
BC=1;
duong=0;
delay_ms(2000);
BC=0;
duong=1;
if(HT4==0)
BC=1;
T1=0;
Khuay=0;
delay_ms(5000);
T1=0;
R1=0;
if(HT5==0)
T1=1;
R1=1;
T2=0;
delay_ms(250);
while(HT5==0){}
if(HT6==0)
T2=0;
Trang
N TT NGHIP I HC NG
R2=0;
delay_ms(250);
while(HT6==0){}
if(HT7==0)
T1=1;
T2=1;
R1=1;
R2=1;
BC=1;
VAN1=1;
VAN2=1;
DUONG=1;
KHUAY=1;
delay_ms(250);
while(HT7==0){}
Trang

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N TT NGHIP I HC NG

1.1: Nhim v............................................................................................7

1.2: Nhim v c th.................................................................................7

1.3: Cc chuyn ng c bn....................................................................7

1.3.1: Cc loi ng c thng dng trong my pha c ph t.................7

1.4: Cc yu cu i vi my pha c ph..................................................8

1.4.2: Yu cu chnh xc tng cng on.................................................8

1.5: Hot ng chung ca my pha c ph................................................8

1.6: Thit b c kh ca my pha c ph....................................................9

Chng 2: Tm hiu vi iu khin PIC 16F877A v chun truyn thng RS

2.1: Gii thiu chung v vi iu khin PIC.............................................10

2.1.1: Khi nim c bn v vi iu khin PIC.........................................10

2.1.2: Kin trc ca vi iu khin PIC....................................................12

2.1.3: Cc dng PIC v cch la ch vi iu khin.................................13

2.1.4: Ngn ng lp trnh cho PIC..........................................................13

2.1.5: Mch np PIC................................................................................13

2.2: Vi iu khin PIC 16F877A.............................................................15

2.2.1: S chn VK PIC 16F877A....................................................15

2.2.2: Mt vi thng s v vi iu khin PIC16F877A...........................16

2.2.3: S khi vi iu khin PIC16F877A.........................................16

2.2.4: T chc b nh..............................................................................17

2.2.5: Cc cng xut nhp ca PIC 16F877A.........................................21

2.2.7: Cc ng dng VK PIC................................................................30

2.3: Tng quan v LM35.........................................................................32

Chng 3: Kho st v thit k lp rp...........................................................39

3.2: Cc mch s dng trong m hnh.....................................................40

3.2.1: Mch o chiu ............................................................................40

3.2.2: Mch tng......................................................................................43

3.2.3: Mch iu khin ng c..............................................................45

3.3: Linh kin s dng trong mch..........................................................47

3.3.1: CTHT s dng trong m hnh.......................................................47

Chng 4: Thit k chng trnh iu khin my pha c ph

4.1: Bng phn cng vo ra.....................................................................51

4.1.1: Bng phn cng vo ra mch tng................................................51

4.1.2: Bng phn cng vo ra mch o chiu........................................51

4.2: Nguyn l hot ng........................................................................53

Hnh 1.1: Motor in 1 chiu............................................................................7

Hnh 2.1: Vi iu khin PIC 16F877A............................................................11

Hnh 2.7: S b nh d liu PIC16F877A.................................................21

Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l o di nhit m trn LM35................................33

Hnh 2.13: c nhit o c t LM35.....................................................34

Hnh 3.1: Mt trc my.................................................................................39

Hnh 3.2: Nhn t trn xung..........................................................................39

Hnh 3.3: Mch nguyn l o chiu ng c.................................................41

Hnh 3.15:T in............................................................................................50

Ngay t th k th 9 sau khi c khm ph ra ti vng cao nguyn

Pha c ph khng phi l mt vic kh. Ch cn bn c mt hn hp

C ph phin ngon hn, nhng kh lm, bi v nhiu yu t. Tri

Trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu hng ch to my caf cho

Ngy nay cc lnh vc v k thut v t ng ha ang i su vo

Qua y em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong khoa in,

ti ny chng em c gng rt nhiu nhng chc chn n s

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

Nng, ngy.....thng.....nm 2015

CHNG 1: KHI QUT V MY PHA C PH T NG

1.3.1: Cc loi ng c thng dng trong my pha c ph

Hnh 1.1: Motor in 1 chiu

Motor gim tc mt chiu

i vi my p do ngi vn hnh, yu cu an ton l yu t quan

1.4.2: Yu cu chnh xc tng cng on

Cc cng on hot ng ca my pha c ph yu cu phi hot ng

V my pha c ph hot ng lin tc nn cn phi c ngun cp in

1.5: Hot ng chung ca my pha c ph

Nhng loi my pha c ph hin i c cu to phc tp, an ton v

May Pha Cafe Tu Dong'

May Pha Cafe Tu Dong'