Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh bin T12 (2012). S 2.

Tr 11 - 18

KT QU NGHIN CU V HM LNG V KH NNG X L KIM LOI

NNG NC THI CNG NGHIP CH BIN THY SN TRN AEROTANK

NGUYN PHC HA

Trng i hc Nha trang

Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by kt qu nghin cu v s bin ng hm lng v hiu qu

x l sinh hc 7 kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) c trong nc thi cng nghip
ch bin thy sn trn Aerotank khong ti trng ti u t 2.52- 5.87 (KgCOD/
m3.ngy.m) v thi gian lu thu lc ti u l 18 gi.

I. T VN

Vn v sinh, an ton thc phm ni chung v v sinh, an ton thc phm thy sn
ni ring ang l mi quan tm to ln, thng trc i vi cc nh sn xut thc phm v
ngi tiu dng trong, ngoi nc v li ch bo v sc khe v nng cao tui th cho
cng ng trong tng lai.
Cc thnh phn gy khng an ton v v sinh cho ngi s dng thc phm rt a
dng, trong thnh phn cc kim loi nng (in tch ht nhn nguyn t ln) hin nay
c cng ng s dng thc phm ch .
Nhiu nghin cu cho thy, cc kim loi nng l mt trong nhng ngun gy
nhim cho mi trng, c kh nng tch ly v rt kh phn hy, c kh nng gy c cho
hu ht cc sinh vt trn cn, di nc, trong c c con ngi bi s nhim bn v
hp th. Theo con ng tch ly thc phm qua chui thc n, cc kim loi nng tn ti
trong mi trng kh, rn v lng c th tch ly cc m c, xng, tim, b phn sinh
dc, c quan tiu ha ca cc ng, thc vt thy sn v vn chuyn qua cho ngi. c
bit l As, Cd, Pb khng c chc nng sinh hc trong c th ngi v chng rt c ngay
c lng vt [2].
C nhiu loi vi sinh vt (VSV), thc vt thu sinh v nhuyn th 2 v c kh nng
hp th kim loi nng. Cc Thiobacillus nh Thiobacillus ferrooxidans; Thiobacillus
thiooxidans; Thiobacillus acidophilus; Thiobacillus organoporus l nhng chng vi khun
c kh nng tch kim loi nng tt nht [5]. Nhiu loi chim bin, nhuyn th 2 v, rong
bin, ... c nghin cu, s dng rng ri vi vai tr l mt ch th sinh vt nh
gi mc nhim bin v kim loi nng.

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 Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, nc thi cng nghip ch bin thy sn (CBTS) c
hm lng cht bn hu c cao, l ngun gy nhim trm trng cho cc thy vc tip
nhn ngun thi. Cc cht bn hu c c nh gi qua cc ch tiu (BOD5/ Biochemical
Oxigen Demand; COD/ Chemical Oxigen Demand; tng N; tng P; ...) c trong loi nc
thi ny d dng c lm sch bng cc VSV k kh v hiu kh c trong bn hot tnh
dng bng hoc dng ht v nc thi sau khi i qua thit b x l UASB (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), kt hp Aerotank L (Load) v HRT (Hydraulic Retention
Time) ti u [3], lun lun t tiu chun x thi ra mi trng loi B (TCVN 5945-
2005) [1].
Cc kim loi nng, chng tn ti khp ni v c mt hu ht trong cc cht thi rn,
kh, lng cng nghip v i sng sinh hot con ngi. Hm lng ca chng nhiu
thy vc, khu dn c, ... nm k gn cc khu cng nghip khng ngng tng ln v c ni
n mc bo ng. Cc kim loi nng c trong nc thi cng nghip CBTS s lm
nhim cc vng thy vc tip nhn ngun thi.
Tuy nhin, vic nghin cu v hm lng v kh nng x l kim loi nng nc thi
cng nghip CBTS bng VSV c trong bn hot tnh hiu kh trn Aerotank L v HRT
ti u, cha thy c ti liu no cng b.
Bi bo ny, trnh by kt qu nghin cu v s bin ng hm lng (mg/l) v hiu
qu x l sinh hc 7 kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) c trong nc thi cng
nghip CBTS trn Aerotank khong L ti u t 2.52- 5.87 (KgCOD/ m3.ngy.m) v
HRT ti u l 18 gi [3].

II. VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

1. i tng nghin cu
- Nc thi cng nghip CBTS hn hp sau qu trnh sn xut, vi cc sn phm
c ch bin ch yu t c, cc loi gip xc, mt s loi nhuyn th dng cho xut khu
v tiu dng ni a.
- 7 kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) c trong nc thi hn hp t cc
mt hng thu sn ng lnh nh tm S, c Thu, cua, gh, mc v mt s mt hng kh,
ng hp, sn phm n lin thy sn.

2. Phng php nghin cu v x l s liu thc nghim

- Bnh ng mu nc thi hn hp l cc can nha bng Polyetylen, dung tch 20
lt c nt vn cht, c ra sch bng dung dch ra (hn hp K2Cr2O7 v H2SO4 m

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c) trc khi ng mu. Dng nc thi hn hp (mu) trng can nha qua vi ln. Mc
nc thi vo y can, vn cht nt v vn chuyn ngay v phng th nghim phn tch
lp tc cc kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn).
- Mu nc thi nguyn khai c ly l mu trn vi tn sut 3 ln/ ngy, c dung
lng cho mi m th nghim l 50 - 100 lt.
- Mi ln th nghim, cc ch tiu c xc nh 3 ln/ ch tiu v ly gi tr trung
bnh.
- S bin ng hm lng (mg/l) cc kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn)
theo thi gian 0, 3, 6, 9 (h) mi L (KgCOD/ m3.ng.) th nghim c xc nh bng
phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t trn my AAS (Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer) Thermo Elemental- Model Solaar M6 Dualzeeman.
- Cc th nghim tin hnh vi HRT ti u l 18 h [3] c tnh bi cng thc:
V
HRT 24h
Q

- Cc th nghim tin hnh khong L ti u t 2.52- 5.87 (Kg COD/ m3.ng.) [3]
theo lu lng Q (m3/ ng.), nng cht bn C (KgCOD/ m3) v th tch thit b x l V
QC
(m3) c tnh bi cng thc: L
V
- Hiu sut x l (%) cc kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) c hm
lng Svo v Sra (mg/l) nh VSV c trong bn hot tnh c tnh bi cng thc:
Svo Sra
100%
Svo
- Ngun VSV s dng x l c trong bn hot tnh hiu kh dng bng, mu vng
nu, d lng (Alkaligenes- Achromobacter; Pseudomonas; Enterobacteriaeae;
Athrobacter baccillus; Cytophaga- Flavobacterium; Pseudomonas- Vibrio aeromonas;
Achrobacter; Hn hp cc vi khun khc: Ecoli, Micrococus) [4] c ly t Aerotank
ca h thng x l nc thi cng nghip CBTS qua k thut thch nghi [3].
- Nghin cu s dng phng php thng k sinh hc, quy hoch thc nghim v
hm ho s liu thc nghim bng phng php tng bnh phng cc tiu vi chng
trnh Microsoft Excel. Cc thng s ti u c xc nh bng phng php o hm hay
phng php th.
3. M hnh nghin cu v vn hnh
M hnh x l Aerotank hot ng theo nguyn l ng tng m c m t hnh 1

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l mt hnh tr vung bng nha PolyAcrylic, c th tch hu dng 8.8 lt. Kch thc c
thit b: di x rng x cao = 160 mm x 160 mm x 510 mm. y thit b hnh nn c chiu
cao 170 mm, y ln c kch thc 160 mm x 160 mm, y nh c kch thc 40 mm x
40 mm. Bn trong thit b c mt ngn sc kh v mt ngn lng.
Sinh khi bn hot tnh dng bng c thch nghi c MLSS (Mixed Liquor
Suspended Solid) khong 4.500- 5.000 (mg/l) c khuy trn bng khng kh nh my
thi kh vi hm lng DO (Dissolved Oxigen) t 3- 5 (mg/l). Cc th nghim c tin
hnh vi HRT ti u l 18 h, vi cc mu nc thi c cc L t 3.852- 5.212 (KgCOD/
m3.ng.) thuc khong L ti u t 2.52- 5.87 (KgCOD/ m3.ng.) [3].
Theo di s bin ng hm lng (mg/l) cc kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3;
Cu; Zn) v COD trong nc thi trc v sau x l theo thi gian (h) v th nghim s kt
thc mi L khi hiu sut kh COD n nh. Tip tc tng L ln cao bng cch tng nng
COD u vo v th nghim s kt thc khi hiu sut kh COD nh hn 50%.

Ngn sc kh (5) Ngn lng (8)

Thng ng nc Van
thi nguyn khai (1) tit
lu
(4) Bn
hot Thng
My tnh ng nc
bm (3) dng thi sau x
bng l (9)
(7)

My Van tit lu (10)

Van tit lu (2)
nn kh
(6) X l bn (11)

Hnh 1: M hnh Aerotank

III. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

1. Bin ng hm lng 7 kim loi nng trong nc thi CBTS trn Aerotank
Cc kim loi nng c bo tn v hu nh kh b phn hy trong t nhin. Chng
c th bin i di nhiu dng khc nhau vi tnh nng mnh m hn v nguy him hn

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cc cht ban u. Theo chu trnh tch t sinh hc, cc kim loi nng nh Pb, Hg, As, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Se, Ag, Sn, Ba ... trong nc, trong t xm nhp vo cc m ng vt
hoc thc vt v theo chui thc n, chng c tch t li trong c th con ngi ngy
cng nhiu s nh hng n sc khe v cht lng sng ca chng ta.
Kt qu nghin cu xc nh s bin ng hm lng (mg/l) ca 7 kim loi nng
(Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) 5 ti trng, trong khong ti trng ti u t 2.52- 5.87
(KgCOD/ m3.ng.) theo thi gian 0, 3, 6, 9 (h) c m t trn bng 1 cho thy:
- S bin ng hm lng (mg/l) 3 kim loi nng (Pb, Hg, As) trong nc thi cng
nghip CBTS, mi ti trng th nghim theo thi gian x l trong Aerotank lun nh
hn 10 -4 (mg/l). y l nng rt nh so vi nng (mg/l) cho php (Pb, Hg, As) c
trong nc thi cng nghip loi B theo TCVN 5945- 2005 v bng gii hn nng
(mg/l) cho php cc cht c trong x l sinh hc (As: 0.1; Hg: 0.01; Pb: 0.5) [1]; [5].
Nh vy, 3 kim loi nng (Pb, Hg, As) c trong nc thi cng nghip CBTS c
coi nh l khng gy nhim cho thy vc tip nhn ngun thi.
- Hm lng (mg/l) 3 kim loi nng (Cr+3; Cu; Zn) l khng ln hn nng (mg/l)
cho php chng c trong nc thi cng nghip loi B theo TCVN 5945- 2005 v bng
gii hn nng (mg/l) cho php cht c trong x l sinh hc (Cd: 0.01; Cr+3: 1.00; Cu:
1.00; Zn: 2.00) [1]; [5].
Nh vy, 3 kim loi nng (Cr+3; Cu; Zn) c trong nc thi cng nghip CBTS c
nng nm trong gii hn nng cho php theo TCVN 5945- 2005 c x thi ra mi
trng. Ring Cd c hm lng ln hn cht t.
Tuy nhin, chng ta cng cn nn nhc li rng: As, Cd, Pb khng c chc nng
sinh hc trong c th ngi v chng rt c ngay c lng vt. Cc kim loi Pb; Cd;
As; Cu lun c s gia tng tch ly trong cc i tng nui (c Hng; Vm; Hi sm;
rong Sn) t ngun thc n (tm Tt, cua, gh, c tp) v mi trng nui trong m hnh
nui bin kt hp [2].
V vy, s c mt ca 7 kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) trong nc
thi cng nghip CBTS c th l nguy c tim nng, gy nhim cho thy vc tip nhn
ngun thi v theo con ng tch ly thc phm qua chui thc n s nh hng v gy
nguy him cho sc khe chng ta.

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 Bng 1: Bin ng hm lng 7 kim loi nng theo thi gian x l
khong ti trng ti u
Th Ti trng Thi gian Pb Hg As Cd Cr+3 Cu Zn
t (KgCOD/ m3.ng.) x l (h) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1 3.852 0 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0134 0.6328 0.0682 0.1918
2 3 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0127 0.5629 0.066 0.1896
3 6 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0114 0.5566 0.0606 0.1847
4 9 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0107 0.5063 0.057 0.1668
1 4.248 0 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0146 0.6975 0.0756 0.2113
2 3 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0137 0.6071 0.071 0.2032
3 6 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0122 0.598 0.0655 0.1864
4 9 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0113 0.545 0.0615 0.1721
1 4.576 0 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0159 0.7515 0.0812 0.2271
2 3 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.015 0.6491 0.0759 0.2162
3 6 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0132 0.6417 0.0698 0.1985
4 9 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0124 0.5806 0.0658 0.1832
1 4.705 0 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0162 0.7728 0.0837 0.2336
2 3 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0154 0.6737 0.0783 0.1556
3 6 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0137 0.665 0.0722 0.2079
4 9 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0127 0.6013 0.0682 0.1921
1 5.212 0 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0182 0.8556 0.0929 0.2588
2 3 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0177 0.7535 0.0881 0.2557
3 6 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0158 0.7457 0.0813 0.2354
4 9 <10-4 <10-4 <10-4 0.0148 0.6715 0.0769 0.2187
2. Hiu sut x l Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn khong ti trng ti u trn Aerotank
Mc d cc kim loi nng nghin cu (Pb; Hg; As; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) c nng nm
trong vng gii hn nng cho php theo TCVN 5945- 2005 c x thi ra mi trng
(Ring Cd c hm lng ln hn cht t). Nhng s c mt ca cc kim loi ny trong
nc thi cng nghip CBTS vn c th l nguy c tim nng gy nhim cho thy vc
tip nhn ngun thi.
V vy, nghin cu tin hnh xc nh hiu qu x l 4 kim loi nng (Cd; Cr+3;
Cu; Zn) c hm lng cao hn trong nc thi cng nghip CBTS bng VSV c trong bn
hot tnh trn Aerotank. Vi 3 kim loi nng (Pb, Hg, As) do c nng lun nh hn
10-4 (mg/l) nn nghin cu khng t vn xc nh hiu qu x l sinh hc ca chng.
Kt qu nghin cu c m t v biu th trn bng 2 v hnh 2 v hiu sut kh 4
kim loi nng (Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) 5 ti trng, trong khong ti trng cht bn ti u t
2.52- 5.87 (KgCOD/ m3.ng.) theo thi gian x l 0, 3, 6, 9 (h) [3] cho thy, hiu sut x
l trung bnh 4 kim loi nng (Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) trong Aerotank ti ti trng ti u 4.576
(KgCOD/ m3.ng.) th hiu sut x l Cr+3 l cao nht ( 17%). Tip l Cd ( 15.1%),

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Cu ( 13.2%) v cui cng l Zn ( 12.3%).
Bng 2: Hiu sut x l (%) Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn trung bnh trong khong ti trng ti u

Th Ti trng Cd ra % Cr+3 ra % tr.b Cu ra % tr.b Zn ra % tr.b

t (KgCOD/ m3.ng.) tr.b tr.b Cd tr.b Cr+3 tr.b Cu tr.bnh Zn
1 3.852 0.0116 13.43 0.5419 14.36 0.0612 10.26 0.1777 7.35
2 4.248 0.0124 15.07 0.6238 16.36 0.0660 12.69 0.1873 11.38
3 4.576 0.0135 15.09 0.6467 16.99 0.0705 13.18 0.1993 12.24
4 4.705 0.0139 14.20 0.5834 16.32 0.0729 12.90 0.2086 10.70
5 5.212 0.0161 11.54 0.7236 15.43 0.0821 11.63 0.2366 8.58

Hiu sut kh cc kim loi nng theo ti trng

18
16.5
iusut(%)

15 %Cd

13.5 %Cr+3
12
H

%Cu
10.5 %Zn
9
7.5
6
1 2 3 4 5
Ti trng (KgCOD/m3.ng.))

Hnh 2: Biu so snh hiu sut x l 4 kim loi nng (Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) theo ti trng
Nu so vi hiu sut x l sinh ha COD trn Aerotank, cng thi gian lu thy
lc ti u 18 h, ti ti trng cht bn ti u 4.51 (KgCOD/m3.ng.) l 98.96% [3] th hiu
sut x l cc kim loi nng trn l qu nh. V vy, vi cc kim loi nng ny cn phi
nghin cu cc phng php x l khc nh phng php ho hc, phng php ho l,
phng php k kh, ao h sinh hc t nhin, cho hiu sut x l c cao hn.

IV. KT LUN V KIN NGH

T cc kt qu nghin cu trn, cho php rt ra mt s kt lun v hm lng v
hiu qu x l sinh hc 7 kim loi nng (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) c trong nc thi
cng nghip CBTS trn Aerotank nh sau:
1. Nng ca Pb, Hg, As l rt nh so vi nng cho php c trong nc thi cng
nghip loi B theo TCVN 5945- 2005 v bng gii hn nng cho php cc cht c
trong x l sinh hc.
2. Nng ca Cd ln hn cht t so vi nng cho php c trong nc thi cng
nghip loi B theo TCVN 5945- 2005 v bng gii hn nng cho php cc cht c
trong x l sinh hc.

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3. Nng ca Cr+3; Cu; Zn nm trong gii hn nng cho php c trong nc thi
cng nghip loi B theo TCVN 5945- 2005 v bng gii hn nng cho php cc cht
c trong x l sinh hc.
4. Hiu sut x l sinh hc 4 kim loi nng (Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) trong Aerotank l rt
thp v gim theo th t: Cr+3 > Cd > Cu > Zn.
5. Cn phi nghin cu cc phng php x l khc hiu sut x l cc kim loi
nng c cao hn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cc tiu chun Nh nc Vit Nam v mi trng, 2005. Tp 1: Cht lng
nc TCVN 5945- 2005. Nc thi cng nghip- Tiu chun thi. Industrial
wastewater- Discharge standards.
2. ng Thy Bnh; Nguyn Thanh Sn; Nguyn Th Thu Nga, 2006. Nghin cu
s tch ly kim loi nng trong c Hng v mt s i tng thy sn (Vm, Hi
sm, rong Sn) ti o ip sn, vnh Vn phong, Khnh ha. Tp ch khoa hc
cng ngh Thy sn s 03- 04/2006, trang 44- 52.
3. Nguyn Phc Ha, 2007. Lun n Tin s k thut, chuyn ngnh cng ngh
CBTS. M s: 62.54.10.05: Nghin cu bin ng cc thnh phn hu c trong
nc thi cng nghip ch bin Thy sn v m hnh x l. B gio dc v o to,
i hc Nha trang.
4. Nguyn Tc An, 1996. Phng php qun l cht lng nc phc v nui trng
Thy hi sn. Vin hi dng hc Nha trang- i hc Thy sn Nha trang.
5. Trn Hiu Nhu, 1999. Thot nc v x l nc thi cng nghip. NXB KHKT,
H Ni.

RESULT OF RESEARCH ON THE CONTENT AND THE HEAVY METAL

TREATMENT POSSIBILITY IN WASTEWATER FROM SEAFOOD
PROCESSING INDUSTRIES ON THE AEROTANK

NGUYEN PHUOC HOA

Summary: The report presents the results of studies on the variation of content and
effective of biological treatment of seven heavy metals (Pb; Hg; As; Cd; Cr+3; Cu; Zn) in
wastewater from seafood processing industries on the Aerotank at optimum load around 2.52-
5.87 (KgCOD/m3.24hours) and optimum hydraulic retention time about 18 hours.

Ngy nhn bi: 07 - 05 - 2011

Ngi nhn xt: PGS. TSKH. Nguyn Tc An

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