EEE of PE Shrinkage: A soil decreases in volume when it is compacted Shrinkage Shrinkage Density Volume Shrinkage%)= [7 BankDensiy 4) xT00) | Vesnsoaes™ [100% = Ye shrinkage) Veen ‘Shrinkage factor = 1 — Shrinkage (% decimal) Compacted Volume = Bank volume x Shrinkage factor The preceding can be applied to an example of an earthwork operator excavating wet clay. Assume its initial bank density to be 3,500 pounds per cubic yard and its excavated loose density to be 2,800 pounds per cubic yard. One ton of this soil (2,000 pounds) would occupy 0.57 (2000-Ib / 3500-Ib = .57) bank cubic yard in the ground while its hauled or stockpiled volume would be 0.74 (2000 / 2800 = .71) loose cubic yard. This analysis results in a swell factor of 25% (2800 / 3500 = 0.80; 0.80 “= 25%). Its related load factor would be 0.80 (remember that 0.80 x 3500 = 2800). Suppose further that this clay is used to construct a landfill cover using compaction as described above thereby reducing its volume to 0.53 cubic yard (given). The shrink factor, then, would be 0.93 (0.53 / 0.57 = 0.93). For planning purposes, the earthwork contractor will have to assume that for every 100 cubic yards he excavates he will need to haul 125 cubic yards so that he will be able to place 93 cubic yards. All of these numbers affect his bottom line. The first determines the amount of the excavation effort, the second determines his hauling requirements and the third determines the overall cost of the finished project. Thitial Converted to: Soil Type_|Soil Condition| Bank | Loose [Compacted| (Clay Bank 1001.27 0.90 Loose 0791.00 O74 ‘Compacted 711 Tat 1.00 [Common Earth Bank. 4001.25 0.90 The TABLE illustrates Loose 0.20 1.00 072 Conpaced aT 35 TOT] Soil in a variety of states. [Rock (Blasted) Bank 1001.50 7.30 Loose 0671.00 0.87 ‘Compacted O77 1.15 1.00 Sand Bank 1.00 1-12, 0.95 Loose 0.89 1.00 0.85 ‘Compacted 1051.18 7.00) Ea Chapter 1 — Surveying | ris copy is given to the flowing student as par of School af