section 8000 How to Read Symbols in a Hydraulic Schematic ‘CASE CORPORATION 700 State Swoet Facine, wi 53408 USA CASE CANADA CORPORATION (©1994 Case Corporation {450 Sherman Ave page Corporation Harntton, OM CANADA LAN 4c ac6-24372 September, 1987 (Revised November, 1996)8000-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC. Introduction Circuit Diagrams ‘Symbol Systems Using Schematic Symbols, Reservoirs Lines, Tubes and Hoses Crossing oF Joining Lines Pump Symbols Hydraulic Motor Symbols yfinder Symbols Pressure Control Symbols Normally Closed Normally Open Reiiel Vaive Pressure Reducing Valve Sequence Valve Directional Control Symbo's Simpltied Symbols One Way Vave By Pass Valve Composite Symbols ‘One Way Valves ‘Two Position Valves ‘Three Position Valves ‘Actuating Controls Flow Controt Symbcis Resticors Accessories NOTES SIMPLE SCHEMATIC COMMON SYMBOLS Lines and Line Functions Mechanical Devices Pumps and Motors Reservoirs ylnders Valves Valve Actuators ‘Accessories NOTE: Case Corporation reserves the right to make improve seeofeatons a any tine witho mcing any ebgtion Yo sala Rac 84572 1m design oebanget in all hem on is previoly Revised 1.95, 12 14 4 14 “4 8 18 8 17 1” Pinned in USA8000-3, HOW TO READ SYMBOLS IN A HYDRAULIC SCHEMATIC. Introduction Accurate diagrams of hydraulic circuits are essential to the ‘man who must repair them The diagram shows how the ‘components will interact It shows the fied technician how it works, what each component should be doing and where the cil should be going so that he can diagnose and repair the system The purpose ofthis section is to show you how to find your way around schematic circuit diagrams Circuit Diagrams ‘There are two types of circuit diagrams 1, Cutaway Circuit Diagrams show the internal construction of the components as well as the flow paths By using colors, shades of various patterns in the lines and Passages, they are able to show many different Conditions of flow and pressure Cutaway diagrams take considerably longer to produce because of their ‘complexity 2 Schematic Circuit Diagrams the “shorthand” system of the industry, are usvally preferred for troubleshooting A schematic diagram is made up of simple geometric symbols for the components and their controls and connections Symbol Systems There are several systems of symbols used when making schematic diagrams They are as follows 1S O = International Standards Organization ANS | = American National Standards Insitute A S A = American Standards Association J1 © = Joint industry Conference ‘A combination of these symbols are shown in this section There are differences between the symbols but there is enough similarity so that if you understand the symbols inthis section you will be able to interpret other symbols as well Rac 8.94972 Using Schematic Symbols Reservoirs VENTED RESERVOIR PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR ‘710.88 710180 A rectangle with the top removed represents a vented reservoir A rectangle with the top in place represents a pressurized reservoir Cc CC) PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR 71018 T1018 There are other schematic diagrams that show a slightly different version of a pressurized reservoir, but the symbols are similar and easily recognized An oval with a short line on top of a rectangle with curved sides represents a reservoir that is pressurized Li RETURN LINE ABOVE ‘THE OIL LEVEL, Paae Lines connected to the reservoir usually are drawn from the top, regardless of where the actual connection is ‘SUCTION LINE OR RETURN LINE ‘BELOW THE OIL LEVEL TH0L8F It the hydraulic line terminates below the fluid level, itis drawn all the way to the bottom of the symbol Revised 1-96 Printed in USA8000-4 [RESERVOIR WITH SUCTION LINE ATTACHED AT THE BOTTOM T1086 ‘A hydraulic line connected to the bottom of the reservoir may be drawn from the bottom of the symbol if the bottom connection is essential tothe systems operation PuMP 749108 tthe pump inlet must be charged or flooded with a positive head of oil above the inlet port, we would position the reservoir symbol above the pump symbol, and draw the suction line out ofthe bottom of the reservoir symbol Every vehicle or system reservoir has at least two hydraulic lines connected to it, and some may have many more Often the components that are connected to the reservoir are spread all over the schematic Rather than having a lot of ‘confusing lines al over the schematic, itis customary to draw individual reservoir symbols close to the components The reservoir is usually the only component symbol pictured more than once ac 0-94572 Lines, Tubes and Hoses ‘A nydraulic line, tube, hose or any conductor that carries the fiuid between components is shown as a line rou ‘A working line, such as an inlet pressure or return, is shown as a solid line >_> (lL FLOWS ONE WAY ONLY mad 4 7r0t8K (lL CAN FLOW EITHER WAY Working lines with arrows show direction of flow ro.aK Pilot or contro lines are broken into long dashes 70188 Drain lines for leakage oil are broken into short dashes Nr ‘flexible line is shown as an arc between two dots and is. always represented by a solid ine aa \ \ 1 ! I ao Quite often you will see an enclosure outline that indicates that there are several symbols that make up a component assembly such as a valve or a valve stack The enclosure outline appears like a box and is broken with dashes on all sides rouac eves 11-96 Prinedin USACrossing or Joining Lines — LINES THAT ARE NOT CONNECTED TUBE rote. rote The shortest distance between two components that are connect is a straight line There are lines that cross other lines but are not connected There are several ways to show crossing lines DOT CONNECTION ‘TEE CONNECTION faut LUNES THAT ARE CONNECTED rio. rio. rus Lines that are connected are shown with a dot that represents the connection or shown as a tee connection The dot connection is the most commonly used when drawing schematic diagrams Pump Symbols counter er FPXED DISPLACEMENT ‘FIXED DISPLACEMENT C7 ris tak There are many basic pump designs A simple fixed displacement pump is shown as a circle with a black triangle that is pointing outwards The black triangle is like an arrow hhead and points in the direction that the oil will flow If the pump is reversible or designed to pump in either direction, it will have two black triangles in it and they will be opposite each other Fac 894572 8000-5 a vanwoteoisrtacenewt —_SABMRLEISPACEMENT mols inst A vatable displacement pump is designated by drawing an arrow tough the pump symbol at 48 degrees. To ncaa variable csplacement pressure compensated pump, a smal box wih an arow nit wil be added the side othe pump symbol AD HD PEDAL OR TREADLE LEVER CONTROLLED PEDAL Of TRE nov rro.wu I the pump is controlled by a lever or a pedal, it wll be shown (onthe side of the pump Oe OK PUMP WITH ORIVE SHAFT PUMP WITH DRIVE SHAFT {AND DIRECTIONAL ARROW Tro.8W mite A drive shaft is shown as two short parallel lines extending ‘rom the side of the pump Ifa curved arrow is shown on the ‘rive shat, it wil indicate the direction of rotation Revised 11.98 Printedin US8000-6 Hydraulic Motor Symbols LJ NONREVERSIBLE MOTOR 7118 mien Hydraulic motor symbols are circles with black triangles, but ‘opposite @ pump the triangles point inward to show the motor is a receiver of oil One triangle is used in a nonreversible ‘motor and two tangles are used for a reversible motor REVERSIBLE MOTOR why LI THF AA simple schematic diagram is shown with a hydraulic motor connected to a hydraulic pump Cylinder Symbols RECTANGLE Tee \ rue A cylinder symbol is a simple rectangle representing the barrel The piston and rod are represented by a tee that is inserted into the rectangle The symbol can be drawn in any position Rac 894572 PoRT a SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER rue Ports: a ‘DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER 7180 If the cylinder is single acting there is only one port shown on the symbol The port is shown on the end of the cylinder that receives pressurized fluid and the opposite end of the cylinder is lett open A double acting cylinder symiol has both tends closed and has two ports on the symbol DOUBLE ROD ENO CYLINDER. miata ‘A double rod end cylinder has a rod extending from each end ofthe rectangle ‘SINGLE ROD END FIXED CUSHION BOTH ENDS 7OLBE “SINGLE ROD END ADJUSTABLE ‘CUSHION ROD END ONLY’ 7308 ‘Some cylinders have cushions built into them The cushion ‘slows down the movement ofthe piston as it nears the end of its stroke Cylinder cushions are shown as a smaller rectangle on the piston Ifthe cushion has an adjustable orifice, a slanted arrow is drawn at 45 degrees across the symbol Revised 1-96, Prntegin SAPressure Control Symbols The basic symbol is a square (which is called an envelope) with external port connections and an arrow inside to show the oil passage and direction of flow Usually this type of valve operates by balancing the oll pressure against a spring, ‘30 a spring is shown on one side of the symbol and 2 pilot pressure line on the other side Normally Closed Annow oFFser sanow acne Fron pons ‘in rons ter — puor : the sean j i | ouruet MENTALLY VISUALIZE SQUARE NORMALLY CLOSED MOVING TOWARD SPRING ria, riatsc ‘A normally closed valve, such as a relit or sequence valve, is shown with the arrow offset from the port and toward the pilot pressure line side ofthe square The spring holds the valve closed unt the plotline ol pressure is greater than the spring pressure Mentally visualize a build up of pressure in the plotline and the square moving over, compressing the spring The ol can now flow through the valve Normally Open met WH our MENTALLY VISUALIZE SQUARE NORMALLY OPEN ‘MOVING TOWARD SPRING rae Tae ‘A normally open vaive is shown with the arrow connecting the two ports It closes when pressure overcomes spring force Mentally visualize a build up of pressure in the pilot line and the square moving over, compressing the spring The oil ow through the valve is now blocked Race-o4s72 8000-7 Relief Valve PRESSURE LINE mall | pwr RELIEF VALVE rrasF A relief vaive is shown as a normally closed symbol connected between the pressure line and the reservoir The tow direction arrow points away from the pressure line port and toward the reservoir This shows very graphically how a reliet valve operates When pressure in the system ‘overcomes the valve spring, flow is from the pressure line through the relief valve tothe reservoir Pressure Reducing Valve NIGH PRESSURE INLET prot UNE | 1 DRAIN LINE TO, ue (7 ~ sesenvort ‘REDUCED OUTLET PRESSURE eee A pressure reducing valve is shown as a normally open symbol in a pressure line This valve works opposite of a relief valve, sine it senses outlet pressure versus inlet pressure As the outlet pressure bulls, it works against a Predetermined spring fore AS the spring force is overcome, flow through the valve is modulated or shut off Revised 11-96 Printed in US8000-8 Sequence Valve SUPPLY LINE To PRIMARY CYLINDER, RELIEF ‘10 SECONDARY CYLINDER, 712.06 ‘The normally closed symbol is also used for a sequence valve The inlet port is connected to a primary cylinder and the outlet port tothe secondary cylinder line When the piston in the primary cylinder reaches the end of its stroke, the pressure in the supply line increases The sequence valve is, ‘also connected to the supply line and also feels the increase in pressure As pressure increases, the square and directional flow arrow moves over, connecting the inlet and ‘outlet ports allowing lid to flow to the secondary cylinder Directional Control Symbols Composite Symbols One Way Valves nh 1 .. ipa rm \ Flow 44 He— —+ Ft no > ' —! now [tt eNTALLY VISUALIZE A 1 Up OF PRESSURE On TH =! Rigi SIDE OF THE VALVE ‘ONE Wa VALVE SHOWN IN ‘TWe CLOseD PosmTiON Tuten ‘A more complex one way valve is now shown This directional Control symiol uses a multiple envelope (square) system that has a separate square for each position Remember all of the ‘port connections are made to the envelope that shows the neutral condition of the valve Within each envelope are arrows showing the flow paths when the valve is shifted to that position RODEN. common Simplified Symbols ave XR ‘One Way Valve PuMey ir wortow Pe | Ww b—__ Snow reoL8P Titec FLEXIBLE UNE Rac o94s72 Mechanical Devices MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS. TWO PARALLEL UNE Fan (SHAFTS, LEVERS, ECT) VARIABLE COMPONENT (RUN ARROW ‘THROUGH SYMBOL AT 45 DEGREES 73018H 73018) Pumps and Motors HYDRAULIC PUMP FIXED DISPLACEMENT HYDRAULIC PUMP VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE COMPENSATED ‘VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP © @ ay) rea.8F FXKED DISPLACEMENT [HYDRAULIC PUMP (Two DIRECTIONAL FLOW) mek Revised 11-96 Pritesin USAHyDRAULIC MOTOR FFXED DISPLACEMENT rien HYDRAULIC MOTOR ‘VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT 78 GR srousecsuses 0.80 Reservoirs RESERVOIR ‘BENTO ATMOSPERER To PRESSURIZED RESERVOIR Titan LUNE To RESERVOIR BELOW FLUID LEVEL 701s LUNE TO RESERVOIR ‘ABOVE FLUID LEVEL [- THOL8E Rac 894972 8000-15 Cylinders -— SINGLE ACTING rae 1 1 ‘DouBLE ACTING SINGLE ROD END Tuer 1 1 ouBLe ACTING DOUBLE ROD END 74g L L SINGLE ROD END o—_+ FIED CUSMON BOTH ENDS asec 1 L sniete nD END 7} _taivsrastecusmon ROD ENO ONLY L DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER TF Valves —O— ‘CHECK VALVE rae —-{ > bt PILOT OPERATED CHECK. 7tlaa ON OFF MANUAL SHUT OFF 7a1188 Revised 11-96 Pantedin USA8000-16 t + T WY NON - ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR co N ADJUSTABLE RESTRICTOR (Hx reson wav vate ras = LL soustaeresrmeron TT bres Sse | + {POSTION «WAY VALVE + asc ran sowstgu esracTon | GreuPenaTUne AND 2p0smioN- war PRESSURE COMP 2POETION- AWAY ESSURE COMPENSATED) Fe.a0 ua. VALVE CAPABLE oF WRITE Postion (moiaTED BY HORIZONTAL LES Dea PARALLEL YO THE ENVELOPE Teac 4 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE ra rac -0a72 Revise 1-96, Prntadin USAValve Actuators q } orate 7298 WM 72018 ae 729A EL L 7a94ec AL TiaLeF 729186 ac 8-94572 SOLENOID erent SPRING MANUAL PUSH BUTTON PUSH PULLLEVER MECHANICAL, FA 8000-17 PRESSURE COMPENSATED Testa _ PlLOT PRESSURE EMOTE SUPPLY ToILaF my 7ai0ah Accessories TreL8e Tear ra1tas rata 716.86 Revised 1-96 ‘au suPpLY FILTER, coer HEATER ‘TEMPERATURE ‘CONTROLLER ‘ACCUMULATOR HYDRO PNEUMATIC. Pentedin USA8000-18 REVERSING MOTOR PRESSURE SWITCH 7a018K x STATION OR TEST POINT ‘uiex oisconnects 730164, (OISCONNECTED) PRESSURE INDICATOR ‘uick oisconnects (CONNECTED) 7a0LeM 73118 TEMPERATURE INDICATOR Rac 894572 Revised 1-96 Prmtedin USA