February 2012

www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Technology Development Installation

INSIDE:
>> DEVELOPMENTS
PAGE 6

>> MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
PAGE 22

>> TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPERS
PAGE 42
A Guide to
Successful
CSP PAGE 34

SOLAR COV MARCH FINAL.indd 1 5/11/17 4:17 PM

 Big wave surfer.
SolarWorld Authorized Installer.
Work-life balance achieved.

Kohl Christensen, Oahu, Hawaii

I have been traveling to remote

locations on surf trips for years
and now, after becoming a solar
contractor and teaming up with
SolarWorld, it feels really good
to be able to travel back to these
spots and share some of my
knowledge... I am glad I can help.

Partnering with Americas largest

solar panel manufacturer allows
Kohl to chase big waves and
spread his passion for solar. Find
out how becoming a SolarWorld
Authorized Installer can help you
achieve a work-life balance at
SolarWorld.com.

SolarWorld 10-11 (solar).indd 1 2/20/12 2:53 PM

 THE FI RS T WO RD
Editorial
Advisory
Board
Lets Not Fight Amongst Ourselves
Natalie Wiener
Solectria Renewables
(Editors note: In the interests of full disclosure, SolarWorld Americas sits on Solar
Jose Gomez Power Worlds editorial advisory board.)
Ingeteam

F
or those of you who follow my blog (and if you dont, shame on you),
Raheleh Folkerts
you already know that the debate over the Coalition for American Solar
Renewable Energy
Manufacturings (CASM) trade complaint against Chinese panel manufacturers
Systems Americas
fascinates me .
Steve Hogan Not a day went by during the past five months where I didnt receive a press
Spire release from people weighing in on the conflict. It was usually from one of the
two heavyweights in the fight the Coalition for Affordable Solar Energy (CASE),
Gary Mull which opposes the action, and CASM, led by SolarWorld Americas, which filed
Westinghouse Solar the complaint last October. The volleys often arrived on successive days, as one
organization responded to a press release put out by the other the day before.
Devon Cichoski
I worry that public spats like these weaken the industry overall. I wish we could
SolarWorld
handle this internal industry dispute behind closed doors instead of taking potshots
Marcelo Gomez at each other through the media. No matter how this turns out, I worry that the trust
Unirac between these the U.S. manufacturers and installers might be irreparably harmed.
I heard Shayle Kann from GTM Research say he expects tariffs to be imposed on
Justin Barnes Chinese imports, possibly by the end of March, that will range anywhere from 10% to
North Carolina (State more than 100% as a result of the CASM trade complaint.
University) Solar He added that the Chinese producers would not stand by and let that happen
Center without consequences. China could impose tariffs on silicon imports from the
United States or move their production plants to other Southeast Asian countries to
Scott Wiater
avoid the tariffs (in some cases, this is already happening). So Kann doesnt see any
Standard Solar
huge spike in PV module prices as a result of the tariffs and therein lies the crux of
the matter for me.
CASEs main argument against the trade complaint is that the loss of inexpensive
Chinese solar panels will slow the growth of U.S. installations, thereby hurting the
downstream members of the supply chain: installers. They argue that its OK if U.S
manufacturers who cant compete with the Chinese module makers go out of
business.
But I dont agree, especially if Kanns supposition is true that the tariffs will have
no significant impact on module prices. I believe that the United States cant cede
the actual manufacturing jobs real, tangible, good-paying jobs to everyone else
in the world.
China joined the World Trade Organization in 2000 (with U.S. support, I
might add), under which they agreed to play by the rules. Thats why I support
U.S. governments efforts to require the Chinese to adhere to the World Trade
Organizations rules and regulations when it comes to fair competition.
(For a deeper examination of the pros and cons of the trade complaint so that you
What do you can make up your own mind, please see pages 26-33.)
think?

Frank Andorka
Discuss this, and
other solar issues
at www.engineering
exchange.com Editorial Director
fandorka@wtwhmedia.com

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 1

First Word 2-12 Vs3.indd 1 2/21/12 12:52 PM

 February 2012 vol 2 no 1

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800-461-4161 2 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012

Feb/Mar 12_Editorial Staff.indd 2 2/21/12 12:55 PM

 w w w. s o l a r p o w e r w o r l d o n l i n e . c o m

Febr uar y 2 0 1 2 v o l 2 n o 1
contents

18 D e pa r t m e n t s
42 F e at u r e s

01 The First Word 22
Made in the USA
05 Policy Renusol came to the United States to sell product. It stayed because of the
skills and work ethic of U.S. workers.
06 Developments
26
11 Breakthroughs
The Solar Industry Benefits from the U.S. &
14 Inverter Insider China Competition
The trade case brought against Chinese solar manufacturers could
16 Project Review undermine the solar industrys significant progress at the moment it is
poised for success.
18 Training
30
19 Racking and Mounting Lets Hold China Accountable
63 Products About the Cover:
34
This months
68 Contractors Corner A Guide To Successful CSP
cover photo was

provided by eSolar
38
of Burbank, Calif.
Keep Your PV System Well Grounded
67 Ad Index Here are the basics you must know to keep yourself and others safe The photo shows
while putting in a solar installation. its Sierra SunTower
concentrating solar
42
power (CSP) plant
Solar Goes To College
in Lancaster, Calif.
California school produces a 1 MW CPV plant and uses it to launch a
solar training program for its students.
2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 3

Table of Contents 2-12 Solar_Vs4.indd 3 2/21/12 12:58 PM

Dunkermotor 10-11 (solar).indd 4 2/20/12 2:54 PM

Solar for Everyone?
Not yet but we just might be headed in the right direction.
Discussions of state solar policy
frequently revolve around the costs
and benefits associated with particular
approaches and few would dispute that an
analysis of these broad considerations is an
essential step in the formulation of any public
policy.
However, gross costs and benefits are
not the entire picture. The distribution of
costs and benefits is an equally important
consideration, and finding the proper balance
is intensely challenging for policymakers.
Solar for everyone has a nice sound, but it is
easier said than done.
To illustrate how the equity dilemma
can play out in practice, lets consider a
hypothetical cash incentive program where
funds are raised from electricity ratepayers.
The ratepayers pay a surcharge of some type
(e.g., a societal benefits charge, an RPS rider,
etc.) on their bills, which is then used to pay
the incentive.
The presumption behind a blanket
surcharge on all customers is that these
same customers all stand to benefit from the
resultant program in some way. However, the
most tangible benefits accrue only to those
who are able to participate in the program;
for a variety of reasons, most customers are
not able to do so.
Renters or lessees, for instance, are
frequently not able to participate in solar
incentive programs. Other customers who
do own a residence or a building may not
have an appropriate site for solar as a result
of extensive shading, unfavorable roof
orientation or restrictions on how structures
may be modified (e.g., zoning rules, private
covenants, and historic structure status). Still
others may not be able to afford the cost of
Policy 2-12 Vs1.indd 5
[POLICY]
a solar installation even with an incentive. Similar
criticisms exist for other support mechanisms,
including tax incentives and net metering,
ultimately giving rise to the accusation that solar
benefits only a select few at the expense of the
larger populace.
There are, of course, counterarguments to this
assertion, as well as policy solutions that can help
rectify inequities where they do exist. For instance,
one can argue that the environmental benefits of
solar accrue to society as a whole rather than any
individual, and that economic development and job
creation benefit a diverse group of individuals and Justin Barnes is a
businesses. On the policy side, solar access laws, Senior Policy Analyst at
low-income programs, community solar programs, the North Carolina Solar
and laws that allow third-party ownership Center (NCSC), where
structures can make solar a viable option for those he has worked on the
that would not have otherwise had the opportunity. Database of State In-
Unfortunately, though, in reality there is no centives for Renewables
and Efficiency (DSIRE)
such thing as a perfect distribution of benefits and
since 2007. In addition
costs, and the scenario described earlier barely
to performing general
scratches the surface of important policy questions. updating and mainte-
For instance, should development be aligned with nance of DSIRE,
the location of ratepayer collections or focused on Justin also manages
locations where benefits are the greatest (e.g., areas D S I R E s q u a n t i t a t i v e
of grid congestion)? What is the proper balance of RPS research and the
customer-sited vs. utility-scale generation? Should N C S C s a c t i v i t i e s
utilities be able to own solar assets on customer under the Solar America
rooftops? If so, does this reduce customer-owned Communities Outreach
(SACO) partnership.
opportunities, and should non-utility solar service
providers be extended this same opportunity?
The solar policy landscape is rife with such
issues, and stakeholder consensus is hard to come
by. On the other hand, the increasing diversity of
the U.S. solar market suggests that a combination
of policy evolution and private sector innovation is
moving the industry towards more opportunities
for more stakeholders. So solar for everyone? Not
yet but we just might be headed in the right
direction. SPW
www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 5
2/21/12 1:08 PM
 [DE VELOP MENT S RESI D ENT I A L ]

K at h ie Z ip p / As s i s tan t E di to r

A Convenient Way to
Install Solar
MyGen Kits from Another Option for Small Solar
Kyocera Solar
Solar design company, PHAT Energy,
are comprehensive,
based in Los Angeles, offers a line of
convenient ways to
American-made carports with high-
install solar on a home
efficiency SunPower panels. The
or business. The pre-
PHATport is a portable and expandable
engineered systems
awning array option for homeowners and
include the modules,
business interested in integrated solar.
inverter, racking,
The company says it begins by
monitoring, grounding,
focusing on design and then making
manual, drawings and
aesthetics equal to function and
minor components
performance. The PHATport arrives on
needed to complete a
site as a complete kit and installs quickly.
grid-tied solar energy
The structure can also be outfitted with
installation.
lights, electrical outlets, vehicle chargers,
Recently, the company
security cameras and audio speakers.
has added the MyGenflex, which offers versatile installation,
However, with concealed chases in the
expansion and monitoring. The kit also includes Kyoceras KD240-W
beams, there is not a wire to be seen. SPW
modules and M215 microinverters from Enphase Energy.
The high-efficiency microinverters convert direct current Sunpower
produced by solar modules into alternating current from each us.sunpowercorp.com/homes
individual module in an array. This allows adding to a solar energy
system as needed. Furthermore, Enlighten software from Enphase PHAT Energy
monitors each microinverter and solar module in the system. www.phatenergy.com/phatport
Performance information is available via the web, allowing owners
and installers to track system performance.
MyGen Made in America kits qualify for participation in the
ARRA Buy America Program, offering the benefits of U.S.-based
manufacturing. SPW

Enphase Energy
enphase.com

Kyocera Solar
www.kyocerasolar.com

6 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Developments 2-12_Vs3.indd 6 2/21/12 1:09 PM


A Microinverter for
AC Modules
Solar modules that produce
grid-compatible AC power
have been a long-sought goal
of the PV industry. Limitations
of traditional systems with
series-wired DC modules and
failure-prone central inverters
have held back performance and
made rooftop solar impractical or
unsuitable for up to 50% of sites.
However, SolarBridge
says its AC module Pantheon
microinverter makes sites with
varied layouts or partial shading
viable for solar. Sites with
limited space or budget become
practical as well with the flexibility
of AC systems and a 25-year
warranty. The device uses film
capacitors instead of failure-prone
components such as electrolytic
capacitors, tantalum capacitors
and optoisolators. By eliminating
energy losses from variable
shading, module mismatch,
uneven soiling and costly DC
wiring, AC modules with Pantheon
microinverters produce up to 25%
Developments 2-12_Vs3.indd 7
[D EVEL O PM ENT S CO M M E R C IA L ]
data exchange
with the modules
more energy per site than alternative
and access to the
systems.
Power Manager during
The system includes the
installation and service.
SolarBridge PV-Dock, Power
The Power Manager can also
Manager and Power Portal. Yielding
communicate with the modules
one of the lowest levelized cost
before connection to the grid.
of energy of any solar system,
This enables a site crew to
SolarBridge Pantheon microinverters
identify and resolve potential installation issues
enable manufacturers to overcome
before leaving a newly built system.
limitations of traditional DC modules.
Connectivity options and user interface
Insight into module-level
allow flexibility. The RJ45 jack provides built-
operating information is a powerful
in networking to a local broadband router.
tool for maintaining high PV-
Alternatively, an optional wireless kit uses the
system performance. If shortfalls
ZigBee protocol to connect the Power Manager
in output from equipment faults,
to the router when running Ethernet cable is
installation errors or environmental
impractical. In addition, the Power Managers
factors go unnoticed, the energy
two-button hardware and LCD provide
production and resulting financial
immediate access to diagnostics. A single-site
hit can be significantespecially
version of the Power Portal is also available
with performance-based incentives.
from the Power Managers embedded web
The SolarBridge Management
server, providing graphical software for system
System closely tracks the operating
commissioning and troubleshooting even at
performance of every SolarBridge
sites with no internet access.
Pantheon-enabled AC module. A
The Power Portal is a hosted software
Power Manager and Power Portal
application that aggregates the operating data
work together to provide installers
from the modules across all sites. System
and technicians information to quickly
owners can view current and historical
identify and resolve site issues.
performance charts for their PV arrays.
The Power Manager is an on-
Module manufacturers gain direct visibility into
site gateway that communicates
their installed base, allowing monitoring field
with Pantheon-enabled AC
performance of AC modules. Installers can
modules over the sites
effectively manage all of their customer systems
electrical wiring.
through the Power Portal. Commissioning a new
Its durable NEMA-
site is also easy with the applications graphical
4X enclosure can
interface for site layout and design. SPW
mount outdoors
next to modules load
SolarBridge Technologies
center, ensuring reliable
solarbridgetech.com
2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 7
2/21/12 1:10 PM
 [DE VELOP MENT S
Composite Enclosures
Protect Components
Enclosures for utility-power PV
applications must withstand their
environment. Such enclosures protect
essential systems such as power
management and power distribution,
sensitive instrumentation such as
combiner and battery boxes, and protect
inverters and other components from
corrosion and UV damage. Though
material options for enclosures include
8 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
Developments 2-12_Vs3.indd 8
UT I LI T Y]
metals and plastics, composites offer
a few advantages over traditional
options.
Thermoset materials, such as a
polyester resin combined with glass,
create a composite FRP (Fiberglass
Reinforced Polyester) that is durable and
weather resistant. FRP provides greater
corrosion protection than painted carbon
steel, yet performs better than metal and
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
2/21/12 1:10 PM
 SOLAR ENERGY: These type of collectors utilize solar
energy by heating a fluid flow that is then used to generate
electricity. Heat is transferred by surface-to-surface radiation
from the outside shell to the pipe walls. Shown is the heat
flux vector and temperature on both surfaces.

Capture the Concept.

With COMSOL Multiphysics you are empowered to build simulations
that accurately replicate the important characteristics of your designs.
The key is the ability to include all physical effects that exist in the real
world. This multiphysics approach delivers resultstangible results that
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/booklet /reactor

2012 COMSOL. COMSOL and COMSOL Multiphysics are registered trademarks of COMSOL AB. Capture the Concept is a trademark of COMSOL AB. Other product or brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

COMSOL 2-12 Solar.indd 9 2/20/12 2:55 PM

 [DE VELOP MENT S UT I LI T Y]

plastics in harsh environments.
Strength is a measure of a
materials ability to withstand stretching
or compressing under load. Toughness
indicates how much energy a material
can absorb before rupture. Increasing
strength, tensile or compression usually
decreases toughness and vice versa.
Whereas steels often have high strength,
they exhibit low toughness so they dent
easily and are difficult to drill or penetrate.
Thermosets and thermoplastics, or
composites, exhibit average strength but
high toughness and so can withstand
sudden impacts and maintain their shape.
Composites can now be designed for
both high strength and toughness due to
additives and fiber reinforcements.
In spite of a higher initial cost than
steel or aluminum, composites have
negligible maintenance and minimal
recurring cost requiring no replacement
(due to deterioration in service).
Therefore, composites have a lower
overall cost over the products life.
Composites are also not conductive,
less likely to be affected by temperature
because of material stability, lighter and
easy to modify.
Furthermore, Stahlin non-metallic
enclosures use a non-halogenated
fiberglass known as SolarGuard. The
company says this provides chemical and
flame resistance, outperforming other
available SMC formulations by as much
as 60%. SolarGuard also retains glass
and color after exposure to concentrated
UV light, and so helps reduce the effects
of UV degradation such as surface
roughening and fiber blooming.
Stahlin developed the original
composite enclosures 50 years ago. The
company offers a warranty on all their
non-metallic enclosures, guaranteeing
the product will be free of failure due to
manufacturer defects for 10 years. SPW
Stahlin
www.stahlin.com

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10 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Developments 2-12_Vs3.indd 10 2/21/12 1:10 PM


Putting the Spotlight on
Selenium Measurement
Colnatecs Helios quartz crystal microbalance
(QCM) measurement system addresses these
selenium issues and also solves the drift
problem of emission spectography.
Breakthroughs 2-12 Vs3.indd 11
[ B REAKT HROU G H S ]
Fr a n k A n d or ka /E d it or ia l D ire c t or
T
he Copper-Indium-Gallium-
Selenium (CIGS) process is
arguably the best recipe currently
available for thin-film solar
cells. Promising efficiencies on par
with crystalline silicon and a cost to
manufacture that is significantly less
(notwithstanding the current commodity
price of silicon wafers from China), CIGS
research and production is continuing at
an accelerated pace.
The production effort is split
between the co-deposition process,
where the four CIGS components are
simultaneously vaporized onto the
substrate in a vacuum system, and the
CIG + Se furnace process, where
a sputtered CIG layer is exposed to
selenium vapor which is then driven
into the film in a rapid thermal process
step. Both methods have yielded cells
with efficiencies of more than 20% in
laboratory tests, and both have yielded
cells of less than half that in production
operations.
The discrepancy between the Lab
to Fab numbers can be traced, in part,
to the process control systems used
in the cell manufacture. Its one thing
to carefully control a research level
chamber using state of the art film
thickness measurement tools, where
Angstrom level accuracy and controlled
conditions prevail. Its quite another to
monitor a continuous production line
where the movement of substrates
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
and materials wreaks havoc on even the
most robust measurement scheme. And
therein lies one of the barriers to success in
the thin-film solar cell world: how to best
process-control the production line.
A critical metric for CIGS films is
the absolute thickness of the individual
component or compound layers. The
ratio of each material in the final product
determines in large part the efficiency of the
finished cell. Using vacuum or atmospheric
pressure deposition, the mixing ratios of the
elements can be determined by measuring
the rate, in Angstroms or nanometers, per
second. There are few instruments that can
do this real time, however. One is an optical
method called emission spectroscopy,
while the other is mass based. The latter is
referred to as a quartz crystal microbalance,
or QCM for short.
Emission systems work well when
calibrated properly but have the tendency
to drift or fall out of calibration over time.
The QCM, on the other hand, is extremely
accurate but suffers from a limited life
of the quartz crystal used in continuous
production. Further, one of the components
in CIGS, selenium, is a high vapor pressure
material that can infiltrate the housing
holding the crystal sensor, leading to short-
circuiting and ultimately failure. As a result,
QCMs have severe limitations in CIGS lines
that must be addressed by work arounds.
Fortunately, a new generation QCM
has been developed that addresses these
selenium issues and also solves the drift
2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 11
2/21/12 1:14 PM
 [ B R E A KT H RO U G H S ]
Scott Grimshaw
Grimshaw, CTO at ColnaTec, has been
involved in the development and manufacture
of film thickness measurement systems since
1987, Grimshaw is currently developing a new
class of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
His mission at Colnatec is to build thickness
sensors that will directly lead to increasing
theefficiency of thin film solar cells.
Check out their website at colnatec.com.
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Breakthroughs 2-12 Vs3.indd 12
A second generation Helios,
capable of operation at 600C is
in early stages of development.
This will allow the first real-time
problem of emission spectroscopy. measurement of the rapid ther-
Called the Colnatec Helios, this
advanced QCM features two ground
mal anneal used in the CIG+Se
breaking innovations: furnace process This is the most
critical step in controlling the cell
1) a self-cleaning mechanism
that allows the quartz sensor to be efficiency.
heated past the selenium evaporation
temperature, causing the film to re-
evaporate off the surface (effectively
bringing the crystal to like-new
condition after it has reached its Helios offers the same Angstrom
useful life); and level accuracy as traditional QCMs but
without the limitations. Further, using an
2) a high temperature (300 C) advanced-regulation system employed in
sealing mechanism that prevents the electronics which mates to the Helios,
the selenium vapor from penetrating there is no variation in absolute calibration
the housing used to hold the crystal. of the sensor.
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800 data memory, USB data output
Statistics: number of data, Max, Min, Avg
Programmable screw tightening counter and Auto Zero function
CW, CCW ratchet and fixed operation
Runs on internal NiCad batteries (8 hour use)
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1/13/12 2:39 PM
2/21/12 1:16 PM
 This surpasses the emission
spectroscopic method in ultimate
measurement accuracy and does so
at a significantly reduced cost. The
Helios system can also be calibrated to
match thickness standards, meaning
the Lab to Fab errors are significantly
reduced. Helios can operate in vacuum,
atmosphere or even overpressure
O&M Service
systems.
A second generation Helios, capable
you can trust.
of operation at 600C is in early stages
of development. This will allow the first
real-time measurement of the rapid
thermal anneal used in the CIG+Se
furnace process. This is the most critical
step in controlling the cell efficiency. A
surplus or deficit of selenium driven into
the CIG sputtered layer adversely affects
the composition and correspondingly
the phase of the CIGS film.
An additional application of this
Helios 2 unit will be the monitoring of
the selenium source and effluent lines

Photo Credit: EDF / Brandstrom Sophie

employed in a number of commercial
systems. The current lack of an in-situ
monitor in these chambers has lead to
widespread waste of selenium as well
as overly complex selenium removal or
scrubbing systems to prevent release of
Se into the environment. By reducing
the selenium usage, benefits in reducing Maximize Profitability
material cost and pollution containment
will be instantly realized. Optimize Availability
Currently in beta site testing, the
Analyze Performance
Colnatec Helios is slated for sale in the
third quarter of 2012. SPW
Optimize the return on your solar
investment with O&M service you
can trust enXco Service Corp.
As part of a global organization
with utility-scale plants across
Discuss This North America, we bring a depth
and other Solar issues at of experience and expertise to
www.engineeringexchange.com
every project.
Ensure the performance of your
investment over the long-term.
Share this online
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favorite social network

Dave Luck | Director, O&M Business Development | 503.913.6212 | Dave.Luck@enXco.com | www.enXco.com

2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 13

Breakthroughs 2-12 Vs3.indd 13 2/21/12 1:17 PM

 [I N VE RTE R INS I D ER]
RPS TL
from Bonfiglioli
B
onfiglioli is one of the worlds leading suppliers of
power conversion systems solutions within the
renewable energy market. With over 1200MWac
of solar PV installations currently in place,
including Europes largest power plant at Rovigo, Italy (70
MWp) and the 51MWp plant in Puertollano, Spain, Bonfiglioli
has proven it has the innovative know-how and technical
capability to bring utility and large-scale PV power plants to
life, including utility grid power management. DC Load Break disconnect for each inverter module to
One product in Bonfigliolis renewable energy portfolio
is the RPS TL, a uniquely-designed high-powered
photovoltaic inverter system that provides maximum
energy harvest. The scalable, modular design, already in
extensive use in Europe, provides one of the widest ranges
of inverter ratings in the market, which ensures an optimal
matching with any size array.
Compared to other single, high power inverters,
Bonfigliolis unique design, with multiple inverter modules,
ensures maximum system reliability: a single fault will affect
only one inverter module while the balance of the system
continues to operate, which minimizes loss of energy
production. Bonfiglioli RPS TL series inverters are available
in either master-slave or multi-MPPT configurations.
14 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com
The Inverter Insider 2-12 Vs2.indd 14
Technical Overview:
A wide range of inverter power ratings from 300 KWac to
1283 KWac
Modular inverter system with up to 7 MPPT inputs
Designed to UL and CSA standards (certification is
pending)
Maximum efficiency of up to 98.4%
provide isolation from the solar array
Includes main AC breaker to provide overall protection
for inverter lineup
Floating, positive-grounded and negative-grounded
arrays are possible
Bonfigliolis solar inverter system is designed to
reduce or eliminate the incidence of failures. Top-quality
electro-mechanical components and faster, more secure,
fault-free connections ensure maximum uptime, lower
maintenance costs and overall higher performance and
return on investment. SPW
More information at BonfiglioliUSA.com/PVinsider
2/21/12 1:18 PM
 20110922_Solar_World_Full_1.pdf 1 9/26/11 10:44 AM

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Solar Frontier 10-11.indd 15 2/21/12 1:19 PM

 [PROJ ECT REVI EW ]

K at h ie Z ip p /A s s is t a n t E d it or

Stimulating Schools With Solar

in California
Solar installations are helping California schools
fight budget cuts and rising energy rates.

U
tilities are often school districts
second greatest expense after staff.
Between budget cuts and rising energy
prices, many U.S. schools have found
themselves struggling. Californias San Ramon
Valley Unified School District (SRVUSD) near
Oakland, Calif., found itself in such a situation and
knew something had to be done.
After several months of studies and public
meetings, the SRVUSD board of education opted
to take advantage of a government bond program.
In May 2010, the district approved a solar project
to generate ongoing savings that would enable
paying back the loan as well as continued savings. JMC Steel Groups Atlas Tube division was able to work through PDM Steel
Installation of 3.3-MW of solar carports at five to provide 1,200 tons of large-size HSS squares and rectangles to for use
schools began about a year later. The systems in the steel columns of the solar carports. By leveraging its resources and
been in operation since last fall, generating more relationships, JMC Steel delivered the order on time, despite a tight schedule.
than 80% of the schools energy demand. The photo courtesy of SRVUSD
project is expected to save the district about
$24.4 million over the next 25 years.

Challenges for high-capacity modules on a small area. With a module efficiency

Construction, however, wasnt so easy. School
campuses with tight space, trees and among
neighborhoods can be challenging sites for solar.
Most of the districts schools roofs were not
oriented well for solar panels, says Terry Koehne
SRVUSD Community Relations Director. The
age of the roofs was also an issue because of
concerns about penetrating to anchor the panels.
The final five schools were selected because
of their open parking lots, which allowed space
for solar carports. Still, such limited space called
of 20%, SunPower Corp.s E-Series solar panels seemed like the right
choice. More than 10,000 panels in the system allow generating up
to 50% more power than with conventional panels of only 12% to 15%
efficiencies.
Parking lot structures also allow using automated panels, which
rotate with the sun to maximize exposure. Hence, Bill Kelly, managing
director at Sunpower, says the company used both fixed and tracking
shade options.
Four of the five schools have single-axis, elevated Sunpower T0
trackers, which track from east to west and generate about 25% more
energy than fixed panels, he says. One schools architecture was

16 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Project Review 2-12 Vs2.indd 16 2/21/12 1:23 PM


especially constrained, so we added
fixed rooftop panels as well.
Kelly says another challenge was
working within a tight time frame.
Because things are usually so busy
during the school year, were often
confined to working during summer
break, he says.
Work began on the project in April
2011 and completed in September.
Kelly admits it was tough to get the
work done, but the company has
experience installing on schools and so
has developed a process.
We do preconstruction planning to
make sure materials and labor are in
place so we can stay on schedule, he
says. Also, the schools in this district
were particularly modernized, so
updated electrical systems and other
technology infrastructure made things
easier.
JMC Steel Groups Atlas Tube
division provided 1,200 tons of steel
used in the solar carport supports. It
also had to meet a tight deadline.
We were asked to begin delivery
within four weeks of receipt of the
order, says Jelani Rucker, director of
marketing and business development
at JMC Steel. As one of the few
sources for this sized product in
North America, it was critical that we
delivered, or the project completion
date would have been in jeopardy.
Rucker says the company was
able to deliver on time because of its
strong relationships with steel coil
manufacturers and rail companies.
Funding
The total project cost $23 million, but
low-interest bonds enabled the district
Project Review 2-12 Vs2.indd 17
Five schools in the San Ramon School District have received solar carports, and one
also has rooftop solar panels. These schools include: California High School, Dough-
erty Valley High School, Monte Vista High School, San Ramon Valley High School and
Diablo Vista Middle School. photo courtesy of Sunpower
to afford it. Such Qualified School
Construction Bonds have been made
available for a limited time as part of
the federal 2009 American Recovery
and Reinvetment Act. SRVUSD was
approved to receive $25 million
through the program and will pay the
money back to a bank through the
energy the systems generate the
government will pay back the interest
to the bank.
Also, the current Pacific Gas &
Electric (PG&E) rebates for solar
energy are generous, and the price of
solar panels is relatively low because
of the economy, Koehne says.
Installation costs have also been
falling because of the economy, so we
felt this was an opportune time to take
advantage of the program.
Benefits
After about 16 years, the bonds
will be paid off and the district will
begin realizing an estimated $3 to
$5 million per year in energy savings
to its General Fund Budget. But the
project benefits arent all financial. The
board also realized the importance of
the district modeling environmental
stewardship and energy conservation,
so it chose a project that will offset
76.3 million lbs of CO2 emissions over
25 years. The project also helped
create local jobs, not to mention that
the teachers and students are enjoying
Discuss This
and other Solar issues at
www.engineeringexchange.com
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
the shaded parking and better lighting
at night.
SunPower has also started an
internship and renewable energy
education program, and our students,
in turn, have become ambassadors for
the solar initiative, Koehne says.
SunPower uses the systems as
educational tools to help students
understand solar power.Also, its
Solar Academy internship provides
opportunities for 16 high school
students in the district.
So far, community response to
our solar initiative has been positive,
Koehne says. People are supportive
of the district saving millions in energy
costs, particularly in these tough
economic times. The district is looking
into the possibility of combining the
remaining unused funds to provide
solar at one additional school.
Many districts in California are
turning to solar energy.
Sunpower plans to installed solar
at 90 schools in California, Kelly says.
Its really rewarding that technology
weve developed here in California is
being used by schools here to save
money and get students excited about
renewable career opportunities. SPW
Share this online
Email, Post, or share on your
favorite social network
2 2012 SOLAR power World 17
2/22/12 10:39 AM
 [TRAINING]
Solar training important as ever for
a renewable energy-fueled future
In any profession, training is as necessary as
a formal business plan or a good coffeemaker in the
employee lounge. All three improve productivity and
help the business focus on getting the job done right.
They can also give employees a boost.
Training for a career in the renewable energy
industry should take top priority as the industry
grows. There are safety issues for the installers
working in the field on solar projects, as well as local
and regional licensing requirements for renewable
projects involving industry standards and legalities.
Solar industry expert Jeff Spies, president of
SolarSpies, a solar training and consulting firm
April Clark specializing in training program development and
is a writer and events, knows the importance of education in an
marketing industry experiencing exponential grow.
communications Successful solar companies take training
coordinator for seriously, said Spies, secretary of the North American
nonprofit renewable Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP),
energy educator a photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal installation
Solar Energy certification organization. The top solar installation
International, based in companies have placed a priority on quality training
Carbondale, Colo. to ensure their employees are current on the latest
code considerations, product innovations, design
intricacies and installation procedures. of the top 10 most deadly professions in
Spies notes that the solar industry is a technical
field that requires strong knowledge of the electrical
and mechanical aspects of PV design and installation.
Capable instructors can impart their wisdom
to solar professionals helping them understand not
only the theory of how it should be done, but the
practicality of how it gets done profitably, he said.
For those who want to invest in a future in the
renewable energy field, hands-on workshops or
online trainings are available through a variety of
outlets. A quick Internet search for solar training
highlights multiple training providers who educate in
solar technologies. Non-profit training organizations
and community colleges can provide programs
geared to train solar professionals. In-person
trainings can range from one and two days to
18 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com
Training_2-12_Vs1.indd 18
week-long workshops with a hands-on
component.
Quality PV training pays for itself
within the first few jobs that you tackle,
Spies said. While many designers and
installers learn by doing, they will pay
more in this DIY learning process than if
they were to take a quality training class
and learn the best practices that increase
system and installation efficiency. Training
not only ensures quality in the field, but
it keeps staff safe and the customer safe.
Injuries can lead to lawsuits or worse
yet fatalities.
The industry moves at a blistering
pace necessitating a continuing education
mentality, Spies says. New products,
code revisions, and incentive changes
influence the continuous evolution of
training on these topics. Designers/
installers must keep abreast of these
developments if they hope to compete in
increasingly competitive environment.
Since PV employs the skill sets of two
the United States (roofing and electrical
work) training on proper PV and OSHA
safety protocols is imperative, he
continued. The exemption for fall
protection that the roofing industry
once enjoyed is now history, and OSHA
is aggressively targeting PV installation
companies for violation of these
mandates. It is incredibly important
that your design and installation staff
all receive training from instructors that
have the experience of working in this
dangerous trade to learn the practical
tactics key to creating a safe work
environment. SPW
2/22/12 10:50 AM
 [ R ACKI N G an d m o u n t ing ]

Fr a n k A n d or ka /Edi to ri al D i rec to r

Managing Municipal Budgets

Uniracs ease of assembly made it the perfect choice for this
budget-conscious project.

More municipalities than ever are looking
to lower costs in the wake of poor economic times
and slashed budgets. One of the most obvious
places to start is to provide your town with self-
generated, more efficient energy.
When the Lower Township (N.J.) Municipal
Utilities Authority (LTMUA) decided to move in that
direction, they explored adding a solar farm to their
water treatment plant. The location had good sun
exposure, and the plant had the land (four acres of
drying ponds no longer in use). They signed a 15-
year power-purchase agreement (PPA) with Calvi
Electric of Atlantic City to provide the electricity.
Now all they needed to do was find a contractor
who could do the job. Enter Mike Adkins and
Cambria Solar, an installer in Pleasantville, N.J.
They wanted to save money on their electric
bills and cut down the high rates they felt they
were being charged by Atlantic City Electric, says
Adkins, who heads up Cambrias Construction and
Installation division. They put out a request-for-
proposal (RFP), and we came back with the lowest
price.
What started as a 50-KW project
quickly morphed into a 1.3-MW
project when Cambria pointed out
that a bigger system could power the
entire plant. State grants and solar
incentives made the larger project
affordable, and LTMUA decided to
move ahead.
The problem Cambria faced was
finding a racking-and-mounting
system that would allow easy
installation to ensure the project was
finished quickly. Adkins looked at
several different options, but finally
settled on Uniracs ISYS Ground-
Mount System.
The Solution
Adkins says Cambria was looking for a
solution they knew they could count
on. The company had experience
with Unirac and knew they could
effectively handle a project from

Type: Ground-Mount PV

Size: 1.3 MW

Project Location: Villas, N.J.

Company: Unirac Partners: Cambria (project manager); Lower

Township Municipal Utilities Authority (client);

Calvi Electric of Atlantic City (N.J.) (utility)

Projected Annual Savings: $150,000 annually

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 19

Racking & Mounting 2-12_Vs4.indd 19 2/21/12 1:26 PM

 [ R A CKI N G an d
20 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
Racking & Mounting 2-12_Vs4.indd 20
m o u n t ing ]
beginning to end.
We wanted someone that could
provide us with field and engineering
support to help us through the project,
Adkins says. We knew Uniracs system is
robust.
Marcelo Gomez, director of
marketing for Unirac, says that once a
contract is signed, the company turns it
over to an internal project team that the
client can call any time.
In the solar industry, its all about
how ready you are to deal with whatever
challenges come up, Gomez says.
Once we sign an agreement once the
deal is done the project is immediately
handed off to a dedicated management
team.
We can answer any questions the
client might have, and well even go to
the site to help them out if necessary,
he continues. We make sure the client
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
has access to the best means and
methodologies to use our products.
Adkins says Uniracs support for
the Lower Township project began
six months before the first panel was
installed. Once the project began,
Cambria had questions about how
tight the racking systems collars were
supposed to be they felt Uniracs
specifications wouldnt work on this
particular job.
The company flew its engineers out
from New Mexico, examined the project
and agreed with Cambria. The tightening
specifications were adjusted, and
Cambria was able to proceed with little
interruption.
We worked closely with the
company its engineers in particular
and we were really able to get a good
read on the project before we started
work, Adkins says. We knew exactly
2/21/12 1:26 PM
 what it would cost, which allowed us to
give the municipal officials a clearer idea
of what they were purchasing.
The project itself required work
around the clock, and Adkins says the
racking system allowed them to
pre-assemble the racking. During the
day, this flexibility allowed Cambria to
place double the crews in the field,
which meant installing the panels in half
the time.
We set out tents on the property and
built the frames at night, Adkins says. It
saved us a lot of time during the actual
installation.
Gomez is convinced such flexibility
won them the contract from Cambria.
We were chosen because of our
pre-assembly capabilities, Gomez says.
That provides the installer with a certain
amount of flexibility and helps them do
their jobs more effectively.
Racking & Mounting 2-12_Vs4.indd 21
The LTMUA spent no capital dollars
for the construction of the project. The
50-KW unit produces electric at a cost to
the LTMUA of zero per KW for electrical
power generated by the unit for the next
15 years. The 750-KW unit produces
electricity for the LTMUA at a cost of
$0.0375 per KW for electrical power
generated for the first five years, with an
escalation rate to $0.05 per kW during
the 15-year term of the contract. The
LTMUA had paid Atlantic City Electric Co.
an average of $0.14 per KW of energy
used.
Discuss This
and other Solar issues at
www.engineeringexchange.com
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
Adkins says the project was
completed successfully, and the Lower
Township was just waiting for final state
approval before they flipped the switch.
Local inspections went smoothly.
They were really tickled by how
smoothly the project went, and we
couldnt have done it without using a
racking system that allowed them to
move forward quickly, Adkins said.
Theyve estimated that they will save
around $150,000 per year in electricity
costs. It really worked out well for
everyone. SPW
Share this online
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favorite social network
2 2012 SOLAR power World 21
2/21/12 1:27 PM
 Made in the

Renusol came to the

United States to sell
product. It stayed
because of the work
ethic of U.S. workers.
Fr a n k A n d o r k a / Ed ito r ia l D ir e c to r

The hottest debate in the United States solar industry revolves around
whether or not the country can keep manufacturing jobs here instead of shipping
them overseas. An examination of recent history does not provide much positive
news. Over the past 20 years, more companies are shipping jobs overseas in search of
cheaper materials and labor. That trend shows little sign of slowing.
But Renusol, a racking-and-mounting manufacturing company based in Atlanta,
has bucked this historical trend. Under the theory that the manufacturing should be
closer to the market, Refusol CEO Bart Leusink says the company decided to build its
products here in North America.
The company produced the first version of the system in the late 1970s. About 10
years ago, CentroSolar Group, a solar-glass firm, purchased Renusol. Since then, the
company has installed 1 million systems. The product has become one of the most
dominant in Europe.

22 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Manufacturing Processes 2-12 Vs3.indd 22 2/22/12 10:48 AM

 www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 23

Manufacturing Processes 2-12 Vs3.indd 23 2/21/12 2:42 PM

 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Those were European products developed for a European market,

Leusink says. But the company decided to expand beyond Europe into
the United States. Moving our production facilities closer to the new
market was the logical next step.
Renusol doesnt own the factories that produce its racking systems
it doesnt need to take on the extra expense. After all, the necessary
infrastructure already exists in the network of auto manufacturing
plants scattered throughout the United States. Workers at Renusols Wisconsin plant already have the skills to
Workers at these plants have the skills and experience to work with the materials that go into the companys plastic racking
manufacture large plastic parts, which make up Renusols product line. and-mounting systems.
The 15 companies Renusol looked at to build its products already work
for the automotive industry and are used to working with these types of
materials. producing their racking systems are made here, particularly by
The skills are really tied to the production process and not the companies within the petrochemical industry. Renusols products
product itself, Leusink says. To my knowledge, they have always done are made of 100% recycled materials (production scrap) from those
related parts and components like the ones we need to produce. industries.
What makes the United States such an attractive place to do The raw material has been used since the 1950s in the oil industry
business, Leusink says, is that so many of the materials used in for above-ground piping, Leusink says. Its also used in truck liners

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24 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Manufacturing Processes 2-12 Vs3.indd 24 2/21/12 2:43 PM


and shelters for cows, demonstrating proven
durability.
All of the materials come from the United
States, he adds. They are made by Americans
through all the steps in the process.
Leusink explains how its products are
made, starting with the engineering to the
production process, until they come out as
finished racking systems.
We decided to find ways to reduce ballast
since it is a ballasted system and interconnect
each individual panel, Leusink says. We came
up with various shapes and did wind-tunnel
tests on scale models of arrays. They have to
withstand weather and use for long periods
of time, so we want to do our due diligence
to make sure they can do what our customers
expect.
When the raw materials first come into the
factory, the different blends of plastic pellets
are no larger than rice grains. Then they are
heated and run through rollers and a weight to
flatten them out.
The newly rolled sheets are then fed into a
die-cutting machine that cuts out the shapes.
Once thats done, the Renusol mounting system
Manufacturing Processes 2-12 Vs3.indd 25
Renusol is proud that its products are
made in the United States a fact it
promotes heavily in its ads (though it
plans to be even more aggressive in the
coming year).
is ready to go.
What makes Renusol unusual is that
its one product per panel instead of having
different lengths of galvanized steel that you
have to cut on site, Leusink says. Its much
easier to budget and scale once you know
how many panels youre going to fit on the roof,
you know how much your mounting system is
going to cost you.
Leusink says hes proud Renusols products
are built in the United States a fact that the
company promotes in its ads, though he admits
it hasnt pushed it as aggressively as he should.
He says he doesnt agree with the recent trade
petition against China, arguing instead that
its up to U.S. manufacturers to fight back by
buying American. Discuss This
If the goal is to protect U.S. manufacturing, and other Solar issues at
www.engineeringexchange.com
people should look more closely at working
with companies in the United States, Leusink
says. Companies that have sold our product
for several years may not know that it was
engineered and built in the United States. More
companies need to promote their commitment Share this online
to this country. SPW Email, Post, or Share on your
favorite social network
www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 25
2/21/12 2:44 PM
Business - Dow_Vs2.indd 26 2/21/12 2:48 PM
 The Solar Industry Benefits From

U.S. & China

Competition
The trade case brought against Chinese solar manufacturers could undermine

the solar industrys significant progress at the moment it is poised for success.

Ro be rt D. Han s e n a n d S te p h a n ie A . Bu r n s

With a largely jobless recovery here at home and a Chinese

economy that is cooling down, a trade war over solar module production threatens
both nations economies and the global viability of the solar industry.
Currently, the U.S. Department of Commerce is investigating whether or not it
should impose preliminary tariffs in the case, which is occurring against the backdrop
of a growing chorus of political rhetoric. Meanwhile, Chinas Commerce Ministry is
not standing idle they are gearing up for action. It appears they are serious about
initiating their own measures in anticipation of the United States advocating for trade
remedies.
At a time of economic dislocation and discontent, it is tempting to politicize trade
disputes. But no nation or industry wins when these disputes escalate and the
unintended consequences of such an escalation will most likely outweigh the larger,
negative impact on this important relationship with our largest trading partner.
The pending case raises concerns, but resolving this issue through an adversarial
confrontation will impede both countries abilities to benefit from a growing solar
market in the United States and abroad. Such benefits are only possible through lower
prices catalyzed by healthy competition between global manufacturers. Countries
around the world realize the economic contributions the solar industry can provide
and are supporting new technologies and markets. This is not news. But to be clear:
image: istockphoto.com

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 27

Business - Dow_Vs2(2).indd 27 2/22/12 11:05 AM

 T R A D E D I S P U T E

Competition and incentives need to be fair for all
industry players.
Our companies, Dow Corning Corp. and Hemlock
Semiconductor Group, are among the worlds leading
suppliers of polysilicon and other key solar materials that
power solar innovation. Together, our common goal is
to contribute to and support a thriving solar industry.
Our recent U.S. investments of more than $5 billion
back up that statement. We are expanding research,
Burns is Dow Corning
Corp.s chairman.
And, as the solar industry continues to grow and achieve economies
of scale, it will further drive job creation in communities around
the country, up and down the value chain from manufacturing to
installation.
The world wants and needs growing, sustainable and
environmentally beneficial sources of energy. To that end, a growing
U.S. solar market is good business for everyone for our companies
and dozens of other domestic manufacturers; for distributors,
developers, and installers; and for households, small businesses and

As the solar industry continues to mature, the steep decline in

solar panel prices have made solar energy affordable, delivering
significant benefits for consumers while encouraging the
development of large-scale photovoltaic projects.

development and manufacturing capacity for materials other enterprises.

such as polysilicon to help meet growing global demand. In a down economy, the numbers help tell the tale: A recent
Our investments have made positive contributions Forbes story notes that the U.S. was a $5.6 billion gross exporter in
Hansen is president and toward getting the economy back on track creating solar-related products in 2010 exporting $1.9 billion more than it
CEO of Dow Corning thousands of high paying jobs in economically hard-hit imported including net exports of approximately $400 million to
Corp. states like Michigan and Tennessee. China.
Further, our business analyses indicate that now is The solar industry is ready for its moment in the sun: Here at
the time for Americas solar industry to take off. The home, we hope fairness prevails so that the investigatory process
amount of new solar wattage installed in the United proceeds without acrimony, political overzealousness or protectionism.
States has grown more than 70% each year since 2008. At stake are U.S. jobs, U.S. exports, and U.S. consumer benefits for a
Last year alone, the solar industry created approximately strategically important U.S industry. SPW
100,000 jobs, an increase of nearly 7 percent.
As the solar industry continues to mature, the
steep decline in solar panel prices have made solar
energy affordable, delivering significant benefits for
consumers while encouraging the development of
large-scale photovoltaic projects. These installations,
from residential rooftops to utility-scale solar farms, are
helping the economy and the environment.
Continued investments made by domestic and
foreign solar companies will allow solar to play an
increasingly pivotal role in our countrys energy mix.

Discuss This Share this online

and other Solar issues at Email, Post, or Share on your
www.engineeringexchange.com favorite social network

28 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Business - Dow_Vs2(2).indd 28 2/22/12 11:05 AM

Nook Industries 2-12.indd 29 2/21/12 2:51 PM
 Lets Hold
China
Accountable
By Gordo n B ri n se r

T
he Coalition for American Solar Manufacturing, which
SolarWorld leads, is striving to remove unfairly traded imports
from the U.S. market as a first step toward rekindling robust
international competition, growth in U.S. renewable-energy
manufacturing jobs and steady and sustainable gains in
efficiency and affordability.
Unless markets operate on principles of robust and fair trade and
competition, without the negative effects of illegal overseas subsidies, there
is no free trade. Moreover, the promises of solar energy manufacturing
energy security in a clean-energy world, growth in domestic manufacturing
jobs and their rich economic payoff, and solar made entirely according to
high environmental standards will shift beyond the United States reach.
SolarWorld and CASM believe in investing, producing and employing
in the United States, which are both environmentally friendly and cost-
effective. Why shouldnt we? The National Renewable Energy Laboratories
recently published a presentation concluding that Chinese producers face a
5% cost disadvantage, compared with U.S. producers, in manufacturing and
delivering solar products to the U.S. market, when transoceanic shipping
image: dreamstime.com

costs are included.

30 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012

Business - SolarWorld_Vs4.indd 30 2/21/12 2:55 PM

image: dreamstime.com

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 31

Business - SolarWorld_Vs4.indd 31 2/22/12 1:27 PM

 T R A D E D I S P U T E
We believe in a future where technology
and industry that American scientists and
entrepreneurs invented and developed
can thrive again on U.S. soil, employing
Americans under decent and safe working
conditions, producing solar according to
high environmental and labor standards,
and providing U.S. consumers with a
reliable, accountable and secure source
of energy. Our ability to
do so should not depend
on the actions of a foreign
governments five-year
industrial plan.
Many longtime solar-
industry participants our
coalition represents 150
employers of more than
14,500 U.S. employees
Brinser is president of fully grasp the serious
SolarWorld Industries concerns posed by Chinas
America Inc., based in
centrally planned industrial
Hillsboro, Ore. In 2008,
strategy, launched just
Brinser joined Solar-
World as vice president
as solar is poised to go
of operations for U.S.
mainstream. Others,
manufacturing facilities. especially recent entrants,
Gordon serves on the have misstated why
board of the Oregon Built SolarWorld Industries
Environment and Sustain- America filed trade petitions
able Technologies Center, Oct. 19 to hold the Chinese
or BEST. solar industry accountable
to the laws of international
trade.
They have fixated on short-term pricing
as if China, having invested billions of
dollars in mounting an export campaign
to sell product at artificially low prices to
wipe out competition, will hold prices low
after it has succeeded. This fixation persists
even as manufacturers around the world
including China struggle under the weight
of excessive manufacturing capacity that the
Chinese government sponsored in its drive
SolarWorld has deep U.S. roots and many long-tenured U.S. solar-
industry employees, together boasting industry relationships built over
more than 35 years.
32 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
Business - SolarWorld_Vs4.indd 32
to flood foreign markets. Only companies
that can count on long-term, strategic
government sponsorship can hold out at
such artificially low pricing.
It shouldnt be this way. Government
has no business intervening in foreign
marketplaces. In fact, international and
U.S. trade laws prohibit it, and we have
asked the federal government to investigate
Chinas trade practices and subsidies
and, if necessary, remove this distortive
interference.
Sustainable competition, not a
government-underwritten monopoly,
optimizes efficiency, innovation and cost
and price reduction long term.
The trade cases are founded on a core
consensus within the world trade arena:
While subsidies are not inherently improper,
it is illegal for a nation to use them to ramp
up production to grow well beyond the
needs of domestic consumption, and then
dump exports at prices below production
costs into a foreign economy and thereby
harming that foreign economys market and
industry.
This is precisely what China is doing.
Their strategy has unfolded at least since
2009, when the chief executive of a Chinese
solar producer, now the worlds largest,
acknowledged it in The New York Times in
2009.
China now has enough solar
manufacturing to produce roughly 16 times
more product than its domestic market
demand. Virtually all of its production goes
overseas. Chinas subsidies too numerous
for even its own government to count are
fueling its export drive. Further, China is
subsidizing its anticompetitive campaign
using a variety of export subsidies, including
guarantees, credit and insurance all
explicitly illegal.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
Of course,
short-lived profits
from unfair trade can
handsomely benefit a small number
of people in a targeted country but
almost never the end-user. With solar,
unfortunately, end users have not seen
anything like the 40 to 50 percent declines
in wholesale prices that have come since
2010. Moreover, neither the environment
nor the American consumer will be
long-term winners if China is allowed to
continue violating international trade law.
Those who have built their fortunes
on dumped and subsidized Chinese solar
imports argue that the future growth of
the U.S. solar industry depends on these
illegally traded products. They are wrong
from economic, environmental and rule-of-
law perspectives.
The U.S. solar market and solar
installations will continue to grow, with
or without Chinas unfairly traded goods.
Solar is here to stay. The only question is
whether U.S. solar manufacturing will be
allowed to play a role, as its invention in
the 1950s, in refining crystalline silicon
solar manufacturing, innovating its products
and leading the industry forward. In the
alternative, China will dominate a new
generation of technology that will reduce
Americas dependence on fossil fuels. We
will see our increasing dependence on our
Far East energy source eclipse our future
potential for greater energy security.
Chinese domination of this market
would pose both short and long-term
trouble. With little, if any, transparency
China has exhibited a cynical approach
to international trade in concrete ways,
including its intractable currency
manipulation, monopolistic tactics on rare
earths, woeful environmental legacy, and
2/22/12 11:08 AM
 T R A D E D I S P U T E

horrendous safety record on consumer products, from pet foods benefit the entire U.S. solar industry when they restore a
to baby formula to drywall. place for fair and legal trade, high production standards and
Until SolarWorld filed its trade cases last October, Chinas robust world competition.
strategic plans for solar unfolded precisely to plan, a testament We are willing to fight for this all-American vision. SPW
to the Chinese governments ability to execute its carefully
controlled central planning. Indeed, even as champions of
Chinese imports tout equipment and raw material exports
that, until recently, headed East in impressive volumes, Chinas
government has made strides to corner these markets as well.
Chinas plan to dominate the solar industry is Discuss This
and other Solar issues at
straightforward enough to outline. First, provide billions www.engineeringexchange.com
of dollars of domestic subsidies to build massive excess
manufacturing capacity. Then reap capital from U.S. stock
exchanges without meeting U.S. securities requirements for
transparency or accountability. Export as much product as Share this online
Email, Post, or Share on your
possible while neglecting to develop a desperately needed favorite social network
domestic solar market. Overproduce solar by employing
dirty energy and abusive environmental practices. Ship these
so-called green products to the U.S. market in a manner that
maximizes their carbon footprint. Sell them at prices so low
that they undercut U.S. producers poised to sustainably and
responsibly meet all domestic demand. Tap U.S. taxpayer
subsidies while barring non-Chinese companies from access to
M IL L ION S OF O P TI O NS
the Chinese market or its subsidies. Drive U.S. producers to go

WASHERS
out of business or stage hundreds of layoffs (at a dozen plants in
the past two years). Purchase the production equipment of the
failed manufacturers for pennies on the dollar. Finally, cement
control over the formerly robust U.S. supply chain, including
production of equipment and raw material.
These policies are as economically unsound as they are
environmentally regrettable. 'BTU
%FMJWFSZ
But in challenging Chinas illegal trade practices, SolarWorld
and its U.S. allies are on the right side of the law and history.
Solar manufacturing can and should take place in the major
FREE CATALOG
markets where it is sold. Domestic factories can and should
grow thousands of jobs for decades to come. Legal and fair  
4J[FT
international competition can and should produce sustainable
price declines. Solar manufacturing, of all things, can and  
.BUFSJBMT
should embrace sustainable environmental practices.

Call 1-888-WASHERS
Most industry participants believe these outcomes warrant
the struggle. SolarWorld has deep U.S. roots and many long-
tenured U.S. solar-industry employees, together boasting
industry relationships built over more than 35 years. For our

t
TBMFT!CPLFSTDPN
leadership on this issue, we are proud to say we have broad 
t
'"9

support from hundreds of companies and thousands of U.S.
workers, including many spread throughout the very segments
distributors and installers that the Chinese importers claim
to represent.
They, like us, are unwilling for the U.S. solar industry to
raise the white flag. We are confident our trade petitions will WWW.BOKERS.COM/SPW

2 2012 SOLAR POWER WORLD 33

Business - SolarWorld_Vs4.indd 33 2/22/12 11:08 AM

 L a r r y L . Bo u l d e n / S e n io r Ed ito r

34 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Engineering Dev 2-12_Vs3.indd 34 2/21/12 2:58 PM

 A Guide
To Successful
Most power plants use fossil
fuels as a heat source to boil water. The
steam from the boiling water spins a large
turbine, which drives a generator to produce
electricity. However, a new generation of
power plants with concentrating solar power
(CSP) systems use the sun as a heat source.
The three main types of concentrating solar
power systems are: linear concentrator, dish/
engine, and power-tower systems.
People have used solar power for
centuries, and its been prevalent in the
news for 150 years or so. But concentrated
solar power is a fairly recent development,
involving various techniques for selectively
focusing the suns rays on collectors to
increase output. It does work, and various
large CSP generating plants around the world
are now producing significant power.
CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to
concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar
thermal energy, onto a small area. Electrical
power is produced when the concentrated
light is converted to heat, which drives an
<< A solar tower rises in the desert. Power-tower systems are one of the most effective concentrated solar power
systmes on the market.
Engineering Dev 2-12_Vs3.indd 35
CSP
engine (usually a steam turbine) connected
to an electrical power generator.
CSP is being widely commercialized, with
about 740 MW of generating capacity added
between 2007 and end of 2010. More than
half (about 478 MW) was installed during
2010, bringing the global total to 1,095 MW.
Spain added 400 MW in 2010, while the
U.S. added 78 MW, including two fossil-CSP
hybrid plants. Concentrating technologies
exist in four common forms: parabolic
trough, dish Stirling, concentrating linear
Fresnel reflector, and solar-power tower.
Parabolic trough CSP consists of a
linear parabolic reflector that concentrates
light onto a receiver positioned along the
reflectors focal line. The receiver is a tube
positioned directly above the middle of the
parabolic mirror and filled with a working
fluid. The reflector follows the sun during
the daylight hours by tracking along a single
axis. A working fluid (such as molten salt) is
heated to 150350C as it flows through the
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
receiver and is then used as a heat source for
a power-generation system. Trough systems
are the most developed CSP technology.
Fresnel reflectors are made of many
thin, flat mirror strips to concentrate
sunlight onto tubes through which working
fluid is pumped. Flat mirrors allow more
reflective surface in the same amount of
space as a parabolic reflector, thus capturing
more of the available sunlight, and running
much cheaper than parabolic reflectors.
Fresnel reflectors can be used in various size
CSPs.
Dish Stirling or dish engine system
consists of a stand-alone parabolic reflector
that concentrates light onto a receiver
positioned at the reflectors focal point. The
reflector tracks the Sun along two axes. The
working fluid in the receiver is heated to
250700C and used by a Stirling engine to
generate power.
2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 35
2/21/12 2:59 PM
 Examples of CSP Applications

Solar Reserve has a large plant at Tonopah, E NG I NE E RI NG T E CHNO L O G Y D E V E L O P M E N T S

Crescent Dunes, Nev. The facility will supply
about 480,000 MWh of clean, renewable
electricity annually, enough for 75,000
Solar power tower consists of an array of experts predict the biggest growth in places
homes. The project is based on a field of
dual-axis tracking reflectors (heliostats) that like Africa, Mexico, and southwestern U.S.
mirrors, called heliostats, and power towers
concentrate light on a central receiver atop
roughly 600-ft tall. Electric utilities favor
a tower; the receiver contains a fluid such as Government subsidies: Europe leads
SolarReserves solution because the molten
sea water. The working fluid in the receiver the United States, at least in part, because
salt storage provides electricity whenever the
is heated to 5001,000C and used as a European governmental subsidies were
utility demands it. SolarReserves power plants
heat source for power generation or energy more generous and became available earlier.
can generate electricity 24 hours per day, or
storage. Power-tower development is less The United States experiences risks of
only when electricity demand is at its highest.
advanced than trough systems, but it offers politicization from subsidies, probably due
Other renewable technologies, such as wind
higher efficiency and better energy storage repercussions of Solyndras bankruptcy.
and traditional solar power, offer no or limited
capability.
thermal storage, and therefore can only generate
Cost of power generated: As of
electricity when the wind blows or the sun shines.
Several factors play into CSP September 2009, the cost of building a CSP
generation. Lets take a moment for station was typically about $2.50 to $4 per
eSolar has developed a cost-effective
a quick summary: watt, while the fuel (the suns radiation) is
utility-scale CSP power plant based on mass-
free. Thus a 250-MW CSP station would
manufactured components and designed for rapid
Location: Large CSP installations tend to have cost about $600 million to $1 billion
construction, uniform modularity and unlimited
be sited where the sun shines. Right now, the to build. That works out to $0.12 to $0.18/
scalability. The system is based on a field of
southwestern U.S. is a favored location, as is kwh. To put this in perspective, Arizona
sun-tracking heliostats that reflect solar heat to a
Spain and the sunnier parts of Europe. Public Service (APS), Arizonas largest utility
thermal receiver mounted atop a central power
Spain is a leader in concentrated solar company, purchases power from the Palo
tower. The focused heat boils water within the
power technology, with more than 50 Verde Nuclear Generating Station at a cost
thermal receiver and produces steam. The plant
government-approved projects in the works. of $0.0165/kwh. Nonetheless, new CSP
pipes the steam from each thermal receiver and
Also, it exports its technology, further stations may be economically competitive
aggregates it at the turbine, powering a generator.
increasing the technologys stake in energy with fossil fuels. Nathaniel Bullard, a solar
The steam then reverts back to water through
worldwide. Because the technology works analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance,
cooling, and the process repeats.
best with areas of high solar radiation, has calculated that the cost of electricity at a
A small and mass-manufactured heliostat is the
building block of the eSolar plant. eSolar designed
the heliostats for deployment in pre-fabricated
heliostat sticks that can install easily with
minimal training. A 46-MW eSolar power unit
consists of 12 towers (each with its own north-
south heliostat sub-field), a turbine generator set
and a steam condenser. The 250-acre project
host 46-MW units.

Novatecs modular solar steam generator uses

Fresnel collectors. It is an evolution of parabolic
trough technology, using flat glass mirrors in place
of parabolically curved mirrors. Sixteen parallel
lines of mirrors reflect solar energy onto a receiver
in which water is vaporized. The resulting steam
can be directed to a steam turbine for power
generation or used for seawater desalination, solar
cooling and other industrial heat applications.
Flat mirrors permit a simpler solar field array,
particularly compared with conventional parabolic
trough technology. Novatec Solars linear Fresnel
design offers advantages over parabolic troughs:
Lower construction cost and easier, more rapid The electroceramic coating eleminates pretreatments and typically eliminates the need for as
assembly many as two paint layers, all in one step.
Scalable production capacity (continued next page)
36 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012

Engineering Dev 2-12_Vs3.indd 36 2/22/12 9:45 AM


Concentrated solar works best in places where the solar
irradiation is high places like the southewest United States.
project under construction in Southern California will
be lower than that from photovoltaic power, and about
the same as that from natural gas.
System storage: Users demand power at hours
when the sun isnt shining. This is being addressed
through several alternative approaches, including hybrid
plants that generate electricity through other means
such as burning fossil fuels when sunlight is unavailable,
and plants that employ molten salts or other working
fluids that can store or retain heat when sunlight is
unavailable.
When the sun isnt shining, several steps can
help continue generating power. For example,
burning natural gas or coal during off hours provides
supplementary energy, or supplying from the grid to.
Such alternatives have been discussed or tested. SPW
Discuss This
and other Solar issues at
www.engineeringexchange.com
Share this online
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favorite social network
2 2012
Engineering Dev 2-12_Vs3.indd 37
Lower susceptibility to wind damage
More efficient land use
Reduced reflector shading by receiver
Automated construction of key components
Lighter construction enabling use of smaller motors
No need for receiver tracking
Low water use, a feature further enhanced by Novatec Solars
patented automated cleaning technology
BrightSources solar-field optimization software is used during
system design to determine the optimal position of each heliostat
to maximize output and meet a power production profile. The
technology also provides considerable design flexibility, allowing
building projects on sites with irregular topographies and shape.
Using actual site conditions and custom-built meteorological
datasets, the software produces precise GPS-ready mappings ready
for download to solar field installation crews.
Their proprietary heliostat control software system, the Solar Field
Integrated Control System (SFINCS), controls the heliostats arrayed in
the solar field to track the sun and aim the sunlight onto the receiver.
SFINCS performs functions including:
Solar-energy management, to focus the ideal amount of solar
energy on the receiver at various times of the day to maximize
electricity production while ensuring that the solar receivers flux
and temperature limits are not exceeded
Solar field control, to provide aiming points on the solar receiver
surface for each individual heliostat as well as facilitating start-up
and shutdown
Heliostat tracking maintenance, to calibrate the heliostats based
on three-dimensional laser scanning and other photogrammetric
methods
At the core of the SFINCS are proprietary algorithms that perform
real-time optimization of the distribution of energy across solar
receivers using real-time, heliostat-aiming and closed-loop feedback
systems. In addition, SFINCS can automatically configure the
heliostats to protect them from inclement weather.
Abengoa Solars hybrid technology integrates a combined cycle
plant and a solar field, which combines the benefits of solar energy
with the combined cycle. With this technology, solar energy is used
as an auxiliary energy supply, increasing the cycle efficiency and
reducing associated CO2 emissions. Hybrid plants can refer to new
construction as well as the addition of a solar field to an already
existing combined cycle plant. The solar field may use a parabolic
trough or tower.
One example is a solar-coal hybrid, which combines the benefits of
solar energy and coal plants. This approach can replace a significant
portion of coal consumption by the energy contribution from the
solar field.
During daylight operation, solar replaces coal for much of the
energy supply. As the radiation decreases during the late afternoon,
the coal contribution replaces the solar contribution, allowing the
boiler to operate at full load at all times. In the early morning hours,
the process is done in reverse, gradually replacing the coal energy
contribution to solar, while maintaining the technical minimum to
optimize the operation of the coal boiler. SPW
SOLAR power WORLD 37
2/22/12 9:49 AM
 Keep
Here are the basics for

staying safe during a

solar installation.

Your
PV System
Well Grounded
Of all the elements of a U.S. solar installation, the
grounding portion of the system may well be the most important.

First, it is required to ground all PV systems. Second, a properly grounded system

will help protect you and your employees from unintentional shocks and possible
deaths. Third, it can help prevent fires in the system post-installation, avoiding
Frank Andor k a / E di t o ri a l Di re ct o r
potential lawsuits from angry homeowners. In other words, properly grounding
Photos C our t e sy o f S t a n da rd S o l a r
your PV installation protects you.

Here are the basics you need to know to properly install a grounding system on
your next PV array.

Two Types of Grounding

C.J. Colavito, commercial engineering manager and North American Board of
Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) certified solar PV installer for Rockville,
Md.-based Standard Solar, says most installers are familiar with equipment
grounding (EG), which is the more traditional and visable form of grounding. He
says grounding is designed to keep installers and anyone else who has to service

38 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Installation Practices 2-12_V3.indd 38 2/21/12 3:02 PM

 Grounding: Electrical systems that
are grounded shall be connected to
earth in a manner that will limit the
voltage imposed by lightning, line
surges, or unintentional contact with
higher-voltage lines and that will
stabilize the voltage to earth during
normal operation.

Source: Article 250.4(A)(1), National Electric

Code (NEC)

Ground Fault: A ground fault in

photovoltaic (PV) arrays is an acci-
dental electrical short circuit involving
ground and one or more normally
designated current-carrying conduc-
tors. Ground-faults in PV arrays often
draw peoples safety concerns be-
cause it may generate DC arcs at the

m
fault point on the ground fault path. If
the fault is not cleared properly, the
DC arcs could sustain and cause a
fire hazard.

Source: Tech Topics: Photovoltaic Protec-

tion, Note 1, Issue 1 from Meresen, a global
electrical component producer. Written by Ye
Zha, Electrical Engineer and Robert Lyons Jr.
Product Manager

System Ground vs. Equipment

Ground: The National Electrical
Code (NEC) requires that all PV Sys-
tems over 50 V have one current-car-
rying conductor connected to ground
(690.41). The connection between
that conductor (either the positive or
negative DC conductor as well as the
neutral conductor if the system has
an AC component) and the earth is
the system ground.
The NEC requires that all ex-
posed metal parts (e.g. racking,
conduit, enclosures) of PV systems
(regardless of voltage) must also be
grounded (690.43). This equipment
ground isaccomplishedthrough the
electrical interconnection (or bonding)
of all those metal parts with the earth.

Source: Andrew Truitt, principal of Truitt Re-

newable Energy Consulting in Denver

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 39

Installation Practices 2-12_V3.indd 39 2/21/12 3:02 PM

 INSTALLATION PRACTICES

Proper grounding in combiner

boxes must use bond bushings
and ground terminals.

the system in the future from coming into contact with electrical
current. Any metal or potentially conductive materials that are likely
to be energized (having electrical current run through it) in the
system must be grounded.
If its metal, it needs to be grounded, Colavito says. That means
the racking-and-mounting, junctions, frames everything. If the steel
bonding to your conduit is a metal pole, connect a copper conductor
to it and conduct it to the ground. On PV systems, you always have to
do equipment grounding no one wants to be electrocuted.
The second type of grounding is called system grounding, Colavito
says. One of the two conductors coming out of the PV system will
be grounded normally its the negative wire. All system-grounded
conductor wires must be white and are usually inside the inverter. It
also includes a ground fault fuse to prevent fires within the system
from excessive current flowing into the ground.
The Essentials Of A Grounding System
Andrew Truitt, principal of Truitt Renewable Energy Consulting
in Denver, says a grounding system is only as strong as its weakest
link, so all components are important. There are, however, a few
components that are found in almost all PV grounding systems (as
defined in the Article 100 of the National Electric Code (NEC)):
Grounding Electrode: A conducting object through which a
direct connection to earth is established. The grounding electrode
is usually a ground rod but can also be a UFER, underground metal
water pipe, ground ring or any other means compliant with Article
250.52.

WS Family Weather stations to integrate with any

monitoring system.

Intelligent Weather Stations.

temperature :: wind direction :: wind speed :: solar radiation
805.963.7547 relative humidity :: barometric pressure :: precipitation SPI 2011
www.lufftusa.com booth #6261

4 0 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Installation Practices 2-12_V3.indd 40 2/21/12 3:03 PM

 Grounding Electrode
Conductor (GEC):
A conductor used to connect
the system-grounded conductor
or the equipment to a grounding
electrode or to a point on the
grounding electrode system.
This is typically a wire that is
sized based on the potential fault
current that could flow through
it if something went wrong in the
electrical system.PV systems have
separate requirements for both the
DC and AC components, but both
sets of requirements can often be
met with one conductor (690.47).
Equipment Grounding
Conductor (EGC): The
conductive path(s) installed to
connect normally noncurrent-
carrying metal parts of equipment
together and to the system
grounded conductor or to the
grounding electrode conductor, or
both.
Truitt adds that both the
GEC and the EGC must be sized
according to the NEC guidelines
and must be either a bare copper
conductor or an insulated conductor
with green insulation (with or
without yellow striping).
The connection between
the various components of the
grounding system are equally
as important as the items
mentioned above, which is why
it is crucial that all equipment
used in a ground system (and
throughout the entirety of the
PV system, for that matter) be
listed by a nationally recognized
testing laboratory and installed
according to themanufacturers
specifications, Truitt says.
Grounding System
Installation
As installers begin the installation
of a grounding system, Truitt
offers a few key elements to keep
in mind:
Installation Practices 2-12_V3.indd 41
Module Grounding: Like every
other exposed metal component
of a PV system, aluminum module
frames must be grounded. There
are many products available for
grounding modules and just as Here is an example
many opinions about the optimal of module and rail
method. Truitt is partial to the grounding with lugs.
most costly and time-consuming
method: the tin-plated copper
lay-in lug. He likes this method
because it is the easiest method to
install based on the first to make,
last to break mantra of grounding
(i.e. the grounding system should be
installed before any current flows
out of the PV modules and should
Discuss This Share this online
remain in place until the modules and other Solar issues at Email, Post, or Share on your
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are disconnected and all current
flow hasceased).
Array Grounding Conductor
Installation: The grounding
conductor that runs within the
array typically serves as both
ZILLA
an EGC and the DC GEC and
must be installed accordingly
(690.47(C)). In most cases this can
be accomplished with a solid bare-
copper #8 wire. As the system size
increases, it may become necessary
to increase the conductor size as
coming spring 2012
circuits are combined, and this
must be done by irreversible means
(250.64(C)) such as a copper crimp
splice. another industry game-changer
Enclosure and Conduit
Grounding: All metal enclosures
(boxes) and conduits that
contain energized conductors
must be properly grounded per
themanufacturers instructions.
This is typically done by routing the
EGC/GEC through some type of
lay-in connection that allows the
grounding conductor to maintain
its continuity. Different situations
require different equipment
grounding methods, so it is
So Simple its Scary! SM
important to consult NEC Article
250 if any questionsarise. SPW
855.670.1212 | zillarac.com
2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 41
SPW_ZillaPhantomTeaser2.indd 1 1/13/12 1:05 PM
2/22/12 2:40 PM
 Solargoes to
42 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
College
www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Technology Developers 2-12_Vs3.indd 42 2/22/12 9:53 AM

 California school produces

a 1 MW CPV plant and

uses it to launch a solar

training program for its

students.

Fr a n k A n d o r k a / Ed ito r ia l D ir e c to r

In 2006, a group of college and university presidents came together and created the
American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment. A small community college
in Victorville, Calif., signed the agreement and immediately investigated renewable energy
alternatives to produce at least 1 MW of its energy needs.
Victor Valley College originally examined the possibility of constructing a 1 MW wind
turbine, but the administrators worried about the noise it would create for the college
community. Thats when they hired gkk works, an Irvine, Calif.-based planning, design and
construction firm, to help them figure out other options.
They had a piece of land on the college campus that we determined would be perfect for a solar
array, says Al McQuilkin, a principal with gkk. We helped them hone in on building a 1 MW
solar field.
The college then put together the funding, which included block funds that had been
approved by voters and money it had left over from the aborted wind project, McQuilkin says.
It started out trying to negotiate a power purchase agreement (PPA) with a utility, but it had
concerns over the way the agreement was going to work. It quickly discovered that if they
developed their own solar array, the payback to the college would be shorter. At that point,

<< Victor Valley College in Victorville, Calif., turned to SolFocus to build its
1 MW solar farm because they were intrigued by the companys CPV technology. One
year into the project, it is outperforming expectations.

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 20112 SOLAR power WORLD 43

Technology Developers 2-12_Vs3.indd 43 2/21/12 3:05 PM

 T E C H N O L O G Y D E V E L O P E R S
SolFocus approached the college with its
concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology.
We told them we were already working
on finding the right vendor, but wed be happy
to include them on the request-for-proposal
(RFP), McQuilkin says. We were looking
for a solution that would cost us X and pay us
back in Y years. We received five proposals
from five different companies.
The more that officials at the college
looked at the different proposals, they kept
coming back to SolFocus.
We were intrigued by the CPV
technology it offered, McQuilkin says. It
turned out to have significant advantages over
its competitors.
The Technology
Nancy Hartsoch, vice president of marketing
for SolFocus, says the college had two
objectives in choosing to build this solar farm:
It wanted to provide as much of their
daytime power as possible from solar
power; and
It wanted to be able to expand its
educational offerings by teaching
students how to service solar arrays.
4 4 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
Technology Developers 2-12_Vs3.indd 44
What Hartsoch says
differentiates SolFocus from
other CPV providers is the type
of cells it uses. The cells in the
system are multijunction, III-IV
cells, which are tiny (less than
1 square centimeter) and are
40% efficient. Instead of using
an optical system to concentrate
the sunlight, it uses a series of
three mirrors (a primary mirror,
a secondary mirror and an optical rod). This
system, according to the company, allows
the system to concentrate the sun 650 times
more on to the cells.
The cells we use are much more
expensive than traditional PV they
were originally designed for space travel,
Hartsoch says. We were the only CPV
company to put in a bid on this project,
and we won it because of price and our
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
environmental footprint. Our system is 97%
recyclable, which gives us an environmental
advantage as well.
In all, the project cost $4.6 million, along with
a separate operations-and-maintenance contract
for 10 years that cost $460,000, according to
McQuilkin [For a full breakdown of where the
money came from, see sidebar on page 45].
The Results
According to school estimates, the cost
savings to the college will be nearly
$20 million over the 25-year life of the plant,
and the payback period is around five years.
We were impressed with the technology,
which was different from what everyone
else was offering, McQuilkin says. On top
of that, after its first year in operation, it is
actually performing at a higher level than we
expected.
More importantly, McQuilkin says, is
the commitment SolFocus demonstrated
in helping the college start its solar energy
associates degree program.
The educational and training aspects
of this agreement are critical to the college,
which wants to be in the forefront of
emerging technologies, McQuilkin says.
There has to be a place to train the next
generation of solar industry workers, and
2/21/12 3:05 PM
 Victor Valley Community College, in
conjunction with SolFocus, is turing its
project into a teaching facility, with a
two-year associates degree in solar
technology to be launced this fall.

this farm provides Victor Valley with an advantage.

McQuilkin says he has personally conducted several
tours of the facility with students, and theres great
interest in seeing how the system works.
It becomes a learning experience for them,
McQuilkin says. This project has really spurred the
development of the program at the school.
Hartsoch says SolFocus is committed to helping
the college develop its solar curriculum. So far, the
company has provided guest speakers and recently
engaged them in the testing of new technologies.
Were here to support them as they get the
program started, Hartsoch says. By the start of
the fall semester this year, they will have a two-year
associates degree program, and we will be involved
in that in a serious way. SPW

Discuss This
and other Solar issues at
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Share this online

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Technology Developers 2-12_Vs3.indd 45 2/21/12 3:07 PM

Upsolar 10-11.indd 46 2/21/12 3:08 PM
 2012
[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]
introduction
The U.S. solar energy market grew 140% in
third quarter 2011, according to the Solar Energy
Industries Association (SEIA), making it one of
the fastest-growing sectors of the economy. Our
nations solar power now exceeds 3,600 MW.
However, this growth isnt a matter of chance
its a result of the innovation, ingenuity, and just
plain hard work of the people who help drive it:
leaders. From policy to products, these individuals
and companies are working for the success of
solar.
The future of the industry will build from
todays efforts. Solar Power World would like to
acknowledge such achievements on the following
pages. These accomplishments in racking and
mounting, motors, software, modules and more
are what drive those megawatts and create jobs.
We think they deserve recognition from you,
too. Vote online for one or more of the companies
listed through October. Winners will be recognized
in our 2013 Renewable Energy Handbook.

Vote online at:

www.solarpowerworldonline.com/leadership
Voting for this company Nominate the company you think has provided leadership in the solar industry.
will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 47

Intro page_SPWLP_Vs2.indd 47 2/21/12 3:09 PM

 2012 20 MW solar field with AE Solaron inverters

[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]

AEs PowerStations
Advanced Energy (Nasdaq: AEIS) is a global leader in
generate electricity
reliable power conversion solutions used in thin-film
plasma manufacturing and solar energy generation. dependably,

The companys solar energy business delivers optimize levelized

highly reliable inverters, complimentary Balance
of System (BoS) products, and robust Operations
and Maintenance (O&M) services that allow our
customers to secure more solar projects and increase
their earnings. AE Solar Energy enables utility scale,
commercial, and residential solar project stakeholders
to offer system owners a lower Levelized Cost of
Energy (LCOE) and improved peace of mind their PV
system will deliver on long-term production goals.
With more than 30 years of leadership in innovation
and in delivering energy solutions, combined with
a legendary reputation for customer service, AE has
become a trusted partner to solar project developers,
financiers and beneficiaries around the globe.
cost of energy
(LCOE) and help
stabilize grid
operation.
Customer Experience
AE Solar Energy enables utility scale, commercial, and residential solar
project stakeholders to offer system owners a lower Levelized Cost of Energy
(LCOE) and improved peace of mind their PV system will deliver on long-
term production goals. With more than 30 years of leadership in innovation
and in delivering energy solutions, combined with a legendary reputation
for customer service, AE has become a trusted partner to solar project
developers, financiers and beneficiaries around the globe.

Innovation
AE is never satisfied; from our roots in reliability and LCOE, to continually
improving our quality, systems and people to ensure energy delivered,
period. We pioneer improvements in distributed generation, grid interactivity
performance, utility interactive functionality, and energy management
solutions.

Energy DeliveredTM
AE delivers highly reliable and efficient inverters designed with an architecture
AE Solar Energy optimized to deliver the lowest possible levelized cost of electricity (LCOE).
20720 Brinson Blvd. Our simplified BoS solutions reduce system design support, project
Bend, OR. 97701 management time and increase savings on installation. Simply put, AE delivers
life-cycle performance.

www.advanced-energy.com/solarenergy Solar Site Solutions

AE delivers whole-site operations and maintenance service plans that increase
the reliability of customers PV systems. AE global services is dedicated to
Phone: 877.312.3832
responding quickly to issues, whether that means rolling a truck, providing
phone support or anything in between. We provide application engineering
support and warranties for up to 20 years, partnering with customers for the
entire project life-cycle.

solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership AE Solar Energys

inverter manufacturing
Voting for this company
will identify it as a leader team
in the solar power
industry.

4 8 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Advanced Energy_SPWLP_Vs2.indd 48 2/21/12 3:20 PM

 2012
[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]

Process and Batch Control Strategies

PAC, Process Controllers, Analog I/O, HMI,
Fieldbuses and Networks

Discrete/Machine Control Strategies

PLC, Motion Control, Logic and Programming Software,
Discrete I/O, HMI, Networks

Asset Management
Fieldbuses

Information Management
Networking, Ethernet, Databases, Connectivity

Safety Strategies Beckhoff Automation provides advanced, open automation products based
upon proven industrial technologies. Solar cell manufacturers, machine
Machine, Emergency Shutdown
builders and solar power plants can implement high performance Beckhoff
control systems more efficiently and at a lower overall cost than traditional
Energy Management PLC and motion control systems. Beckhoff has been a long-time proponent
Sustainability, Variable Frequency Drives, Motors, of open controls architectures, full system interoperability, advanced remote
connectivity and lean automation solutions. As more businesses in the solar
Motion Control
industries are calling for these types of cost-effective solutions, Beckhoff
is well positioned today to support them. Beckhoff sales and service are
handled directly, with no intermediaries involved for exceptional customer
service and consultation.

Beckhoffs product range includes PC-based control, Industrial PCs,

Embedded PCs, programmable automation controllers (PACs), PLCs, operator
interfaces, EtherCAT (next generation Ethernet fieldbus technology), I/O
compatible with over 15 different fieldbuses, servo drives and motors.

Beckhoff Automation Beckhoff is also advancing leading edge automation solutions that deliver
high performance at a low cost. This includes Scientific Automation, which
12150 Nicollet Ave, Burnsville, MN,
merges automation, PLC and
55337 USA motion control with advanced
Phone: 1.877.TwinCAT condition monitoring and high
precision measurement technologies.
Fax: 952.890.2888
Today this can be handled all on
Email: beckhoff.usa@beckhoff.com one powerful, PC-based automation
www.beckhoffautomation.com controller and cost-effective EtherCAT
Terminals, eliminating the need

solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership
Voting for this company
will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.
for many expensive black boxes.
Another advanced solution from
Beckhoff is eXtreme Fast Control
Technology (XFC), which efficiently
brings automation performance to new
heights, with greatly increased system precision and
I/O response times < 100 s.

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 49

Beckhoff_SPWLP_Vs2.indd 49 2/22/12 12:51 PM

 2012
[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]

Bokers, Inc. is a Woman Owned,

ISO 9001:2008 registered
manufacturer of high quality
stampings and non-standard
washers and spacers. To request
Bokers, now celebrating 93 years of
a complimentary copy of the
experience, offers a wide selection of
companys 2012 Washer Catalog, non-standard washers and spacers,
2012 Scheduling Calendar and Metric as well as a broad range of stamping
capabilities. Washers are available in
Conversion Chart, or Stamping
26,000 non-standard sizes, with outside
Brochure, contact Bokers at: diameters ranging from 0.080 to 5.140.
612-729-9365
With numerous inside diameters,
TOLL-FREE 800-927-4377 (in the US) thicknesses and over 2,000 commonly
specified and hard-to-find material
optionsincluding various types of steel, aluminum, brass, copper, nickel
silver, plus non-metallic materials such as PTFE, Polyester, Fiber and
NylonBokers provides millions of washer possibilities.

Bokers also delivers precision manufacturing of stampings in a complete

range of sizes: flat blanking and piercings up to 12 x 12, metal forming
in thicknesses from .005 to .134, and draws of up to 3 deep and 8 in
diameter.

Bokers additionally offers complete Statistical Process Control (S.P.

C.) capability, in-house tooling, Dock-To-Stock and Just-In- Time
programs, and ISO 9001:2008 registered status. Washers, spacers, shims
Bokers, Inc. and stampings are available in short, medium or long runs with short
3104 Snelling Avenue turnaround times.
Minneapolis, MN 55406-1937
612-729-9365
TOLL-FREE 800-927-4377 (in the US)

www.bokers.com.

50
solarpowerworldonline.com/leadership

Voting for this company will identify it as a

leader in the solar power industry.

SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

Bokers_SPWLP_Vs1.indd 50 2/22/12 1:22 PM

 2012
[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]

COMSOL provides software solutions for

multiphysics modeling and simulation.

The companys flagship product, COMSOL

Multiphysics, is a software used for the modeling
and simulation of any physics-based system. Its
customers are researchers and engineers working
for leading technical enterprises, research labs,
and universities.

Full details about COMSOL Multiphysics

and related products are available at
www.comsol.com. In todays fast-paced research and development culture, simulation power
gives you the competitive edge. COMSOL Multiphysics delivers the ideal tool to
build simulations that accurately replicate the important characteristics of your
designs. Its unparalleled ability to include all relevant physical effects that exist in
the real world is known as multiphysics.

This approach delivers resultstangible results that save precious development

time and spark innovation. COMSOL Multiphysics brings you this remarkable
technology in an easy-to-use, intuitive interface, making it accessible to all
engineers including designers, analysts, and researchers.

From its inception, COMSOL was designed to address multiphysics problems

to help you predict what will happen to desired level of accuracy. The software
COMSOL, Inc. starts with first principles like transport phenomena, electromagnetic field
1 New England Executive Park theory, and solid mechanics as basic fibers. Then, in a practical and flexible user
interface, you can weave these fibers together in a self-consistent way to solve
Suite 350
your particular simulation needs. The end result is a model that you can trust,
Burlington, MA 01803 because you control every aspect of the underlying physics.
Ph: 781-273-3322
Fax: 781-273-6603 The adoption of COMSOL Multiphysics as a core technology has driven leading
businesses forward and improved their bottom line. Request a free copy of
www.comsol.com
COMSOLs Product Booklet!
www.comsol.com/campaigns/booklet/

solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership

Voting for this company

will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 51

COMSOL_SPWLP_Vs2.indd 51 2/22/12 12:53 PM

 2012
[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]

CS HYDE COMPANY supplies high performance
materials used in most major industries. We are a
custom-converter of pressure sensitive adhesive tapes,
films, silicone, fabrics, belting, rubber and threads.
Some of our uniquic cababilities include laminating
adhesives, die cutting, slitting, sheeting, and print &
bar-code. Our major products include materials made
with Teflon Fluoropolymer, Kapton, UHMW, Silicone
Products, FEP, Mylar, Kynar, Solef, Kevlar, PEEK,
Nitrile, Tefzel, Ultem, etc.
We are the perfect source for both the small and
large customer. Minimums are low and our prices are
CS Hyde Company is always changing and
adapting to suit you, the customer. We
take the inititive to work on your project
along with you, offering suggestions and
our product knowledge wherever it may be
useful. We enjoy learning new things and
our team is always looking for a new
challenge. We believe it is a necessity to
take the time to give you our support.
With the benefit of an automated control
system, our precision slitting machine can
cut rolls of material to standard and custom
sizes. We support 1 and a half, 3, and 6
inch cores, and can cut material as large
as 60 inches WIDE while maintaining tight
tolerances throughout.

competitive. Samples & Technical assistance available!
We also have the capability to die-cut
pieces of material using a variety of different
methods. Whatever your company needs,
we have something to suit your specific
application. CS Hyde Company is proud to
offer the capability to cut custom shapes to
a very tight tolerance.

In addition, we can cold laminate an

adhesive of your choice to a variety of
materials, and utilize the superior product
line that 3M has to offer to ensure the best
performance out of your CS Hyde order.

Whether its Teflon Tape, Silicone Foam,

CS Hyde Company
1351 North Milwaukee Avenue
Lake Villa, IL 60046 USA
Phone: 800-461-4161
Email: sales@cshyde.com
www.cshyde.com
Kevlar thread, or Mylar film, we have what
your company needs to keep running
smoothly. Call one of our representatives
today to help find the product your specific
application requires.
We are open from 8am to 5pm on week
days, call us today for a quote or email
sales@cshyde.com. You can also order
on-line at our website, www.cshyde.com.

solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership

Voting for this company

will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.

52 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

CS Hyde_SPWLP_Vs2.indd 52 2/21/12 9:48 PM

 2012
[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]

About Dunkermotor: Dunkermotors leadership in the solar

Headquartered in Elgin, Illinois, Dunkermotor is the
North American sales, technical support and logistics
subsidiary of Dunkermotoren GmbH, for 60 years
the world market leader in customized, configurable
sole-source fractional horsepower motion control
solutions composed of BLDC, PMDC and AC electric
motors, gearmotors, controls, encoders and brakes, as
well as innovative Thrust Tube linear motion solutions.
With headquarters in Bonndorf, Germany in the Black
Forest and production and/or logistics facilities in
Europe, Asia and the U.S., Dunkermotoren employs
1000 globally and produced over 3.2 million motors
in 2011 for the solar, semiconductor, medical, factory
and commercial automation, packaging and mass
transportation industries.
To learn more visit: www.dunkermotor.com
Or call 224-293-1300
power industry is based on 20 years
experience in solar industry motion
control with over 150,000 units in the
field. Dunkermotors new line of brushless
dc Solar Tracker Motors (STM) with integral
fieldbus-enabled motion controllers are optimized to
reduce development time, lower installation costs and provide
lowest total cost of ownership (TCO) in a variety of solar tracking applications.
Electric energy production can be increased by 30-35% more with solar tracking
compared to fixed photovoltaic panel systems.
The new Dunkermotor STM line is designed to enable the control of up to
127 motors over a 5000 meter (16,400 feet) bus length utilizing the motors
integral CANopen interface with a single economic, off-the-shelf PLC having
a solar tracking function block. The STM integral control brushless motors can
also be used with industrial PCs as well as Profibus and Modbus networks. The
embedded intelligence of the STM motors integral controls, which are designed
with up to 650,000 hour MTTF, dramatically reduces bus traffic by running
complex routines on board, such as homing and closing the position loop with
an attached absolute encoder or inclinometer. In addition, the motors embedded
intelligence can also take over mission critical functions, like returning to a safe
position, when the network is down.

The low voltage brushless dc STM motors are available in three millimeter
frame sizes (45, 65, 75) with powers up to 530W (0.7 hp) and can be easily
integrated with existing design slew drives, pan and tilt mechanisms and linear
actuators used in the solar industry. Where additional gear reduction is required,
the STM motors can be mated to Dunkermotors own modular planetary or worm
reducers offering up to 678 Nm (6000 in-lb) peak torques.
For further information contact:
Dunkermotor The standard STM motors are designed to be maintenance free for life. They
2511 Technology Drive, Suite 105 are rated for IP65 environmental protection; employ special venting devices
to prevent condensation, as well as proprietary lubrication techniques for the
Elgin, IL 60124
low speed, high torque and wide temperature ranges found in solar applications.
Phone (224) 293-1300 The STMs integral control also features speed and torque regulation capability to
Fax (224) 293-1301 prevent mechanical damage.
Email info@dunkermotor.com
Dunkermotor customers have found that we add significant value to their
http://www.dunkermotor.com
solar tracker projects not only because of our extensive global experience in
http://www.facebook.com/ photovoltaic applications, but also in every element of concentrating solar
dunkermotor power: from parabolic trough and power tower to Fresnel and Stirling dish, said
Wilfrid Vinson, president of Dunkermotor. This new generation of STM products
with fieldbus connectivity, scalability and diagnostic capability is an excellent

solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership
Voting for this company
will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.
example of how Dunkermotor employs its experience in the solar field to bring
forth new innovations that will help customers deploy their projects quickly with
proven solutions that offer lowest total cost of ownership. Much of this expertise
and many of these advantages are easily employed in factory automation and
special machinery applications as well.
Dunkermotors complete Solar Tracker Motor line extends from simple
low voltage brushed DC motors all the way up to ruggedized brushless servo
gearmotors with integral control intelligence and fieldbus interfaces.

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 53

Dunkermotor_SPWLP_Vs1.indd 53 2/22/12 12:57 PM

 2012
[lea dershi p
For a quarter of a century, one company stands as
a leader in making renewable energy practical and
profitable. That company is enXco.
enXco is dedicated to creating real value from
the power of the sun, earning our partners respect
and confidence, and delivering the best possible
services and results. We take a life-cycle approach
to project development; which includes site
selection, procurement of equipment, financing,
permitting, project planning and construction,
long-term operations and maintenance, and
project decommissioning and repowering.
With our experience and meticulous attention
to detail, we ensure that green electricity stays in
the black. By striking the optimal balance between
the health of the planet, and the well-being and
prosperity of the businesses and communities who
partner with us, we generate clean energy for a
sustainable future.
enXcos strength is grounded in the
extensive experience the Company has
gained across the spectrum of services
required for the development and long-term
operation of successful renewable energy
projects.
enXco Corporate Headquarters
15445 Innovation Dr.
San Diego, CA 92128
Toll Free: 888.90.enXco
www.enxco.com
solarpowerworldonline.com/leadership
Voting for this company will identify it
as a leader in the solar power industry.
5 4 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
enXco_SPWLP_Vs2.indd 54
i n so l ar e n e r g y ]
Our core expertise lies in Project Development and
Operations & Maintenance.
Project Development:
enXcos Project Development team is dedicated to
creating value by managing projects from origination
through commercial operation. Initial efforts involve
identifying potential project sites, establishing business
relationships with landowners, and securing permits
and transmission rights. As the project progresses, our
team executes all contracts, secures financing, procures
equipment, and assures timely construction for full
operation.
Operations & Maintenance:
enXco Service Corp has a breadth of experience,
servicing seven different types of panels. With more than 700,000 panels
under contract, representing over 70 megawatts of power, enXco Service
Corporation is the North American leader
in providing third-party Operations &
Maintenance Services.
enXco Service Corporation is fully
equipped to manage the balance-
of-plant and to perform all required
services for your solar project. We
ensure installation conforms to owners
direction, manufacturers instruction,
equipment requirements, and industry
best practices to optimize project
availability.
Our full range of services include pre-
commissioning support and balance-of
plant services during the warranty period
including scheduled and unscheduled
maintenance options. Our team has
extensive experience and provides the highest quality maintenance services
performed by trained enXco technicians under stringent safety standards.
enXco Service Corporation provides 24/7 remote monitoring and
troubleshooting from our state-of-the-art Operations Control Center
(OCC). The OCC uses advanced technology to optimize plant availability
and profitability. The NERC compliant facility is staffed 365 days a year with
trained and experienced operation technicians increasing your revenues
around the clock.
Engineering Expertise:
The Center of Technical Excellence is enXco Service Corporations latest
expansion in service offerings. The CTE is staffed by seasoned engineers
whose expertise ensures your solar plants performance is optimized. The
CTE engineers perform root-cause analysis and implement engineering
solutions to your renewable energy operating problems. Our skilled CTE
engineers and rapid response translates into optimized performance and
savings for our customers.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
2/22/12 1:05 PM

[lea dershi p
G. LUFFT Mess- und Regeltechnik has
been dealing with the production of
climatological measuring equipment since
its foundation by Gotthilf Lufft in 1881.
The precision workmanship of highly
skilled specialists has enabled the LUFFT
label to be known and the products to be
purchased worldwide. The LUFFT products
and equipment are to be found wherever
atmospheric pressure, temperature,
relative humidity and other environmental
factors require to be measured or
recorded.
To keep in pace with the market and
the modern technologies, electronic
devices have been developed parallel to
the mechanical products according to the
basic principle Tradition and Innovation.
USA
Lufft USA Inc.
420 Boardwalk Dr
Youngsville, North Carolina 27596
www.lufft.com
919.556.0818
solarpowerworldonline.com/leadership
Voting for this company will identify it as a
leader in the solar power industry.
Lufft_SPWLP_Vs2.indd 55
2012
i n so l ar e n e r g y ]
LUFFT as a Leader in the Solar Industry
In 2009 LUFFTs innovative WS Family of weather
sensors entered the Global Solar Industry. The
introduction of the new WS501 and WS301 with
integrated Kipp and Zonen CMP3 pyranometer created
a high level of interest being the only integrated
weather station with high end pyranometer available
on the market. The new LUFFT solar instruments along
with seven other WS Family members created an
overwhelmingly positive industry response. Currently
There are hundreds installed in the field with thousands
on the order books for 2012/13. The WS Family of
sensors have no moving parts and are maintenance free. LUFFT offers a standard two year
warranty and in-house calibration lab with DKD certified temperature/humidity chamber
and two fully automated wind tunnels. These benefits and superior customer service make
LUFFT an industry stand out.
Customers talk and LUFFT listens. Features like integrated external temperature sensors
with adhesive for measuring panel temperature, RS-485 MODBUS-RTU communication
(along with 4 other available protocols) and an optional external rain gauge add to the
appeal of LUFFT WS Family weather stations. Additional features such as plane of array
measurement will be available Q2 2012. New sensors such as the WS100 stand-alone
pyranometer with MODBUS-RTU will also enhance the offering later this year.
LUFFT WS Family weather stations fill critical requirements for large and small scale solar
projects. This is important to project owners and operators as well as installers, electrical
contractors and systems integrators. No matter where you are in the world, electrical
utilities require accurate weather data reporting for solar projects. Weather data is necessary
in order to monitor project performance and protect a solar farm investment. In order to
defend their investment, project owners also require weather data alongside electrical
production data in order to assure panel efficiency and project performance. Integration of
weather measurement used to be a bothersome requirement to complete a solar project.
Now with LUFFT all in one Weather Stations, weather data is easy to install and integrate.
Expensive solar installations deserve the most reliable protection from extreme weather.
Automatic tracking of solar panels is an efficient way to maximize the efficiency of a solar
farm. LUFFT ultrasonic wind sensing technology can be installed as part of a dual axis
tracking system to help protect solar panels from damaging high winds. LUFFT maintenance
free ultrasonic wind sensors are installed with each tracked array to measure and signal the
project controls to move the panels to flat or safe
mode.
To keep in pace with the market and the modern
technologies, electronic devices have been developed
parallel to the mechanical products according to the
basic principle Tradition and Innovation. Meaningful
contributions to the Solar Industry are very important
to LUFFT as a company. Listening to customers,
executing new ideas and having the technical ability
to meet the demand of a growing industry help LUFFT
keep up with customer wants. This is the goal of LUFFT
and what makes LUFFT a leader in the Solar Industry.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 55
2/22/12 1:01 PM
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Next Generation Energy
Next Generation Energy is a leader
in the engineering of renewable
energy products and solutions. Our
team of dedicated professionals
serve the needs of architects,
engineers, contractors, and end-
users by providing single source
accountability for full-service design
consulting, engineering, procurement,
manufacturing, and distribution of complete
energy management systems.
With over 70 years of accumulated industry
related knowledge and technological know
how, it is not unusual for Next Generation
Energy to be called upon to expand the
boundaries of conventional thinking and deliver
in areas where others have yet to venture. Our
industry knowledge and experience allows us to
effectively integrate renewable energy systems
such as solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, wind,
grid tied and off-grid hybrid solutions, network
design, and monitoring as integral components
to reduce costs and maximize investments
in new energy solutions such as geothermal,
hydro, cogeneration, and more.
Visit www.ngeus.com for more information.
Next Generation Energy
75 Waneka Pkwy, Lafayette, CO 80026
USA
303.665.2000
Toll-free 877 NGE4SUN
ngeus.com
solarpowerworldonline.com/leadership
Voting for this company will identify it as a
leader in the solar power industry.
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Next Generation Energy
Next Generation Energy is a leader in the engineering of renewable energy
products and solutions. Our team of dedicated professionals serve the needs
of architects, engineers, contractors, and end-users by providing single source
accountability for full-service design consulting, engineering, procurement,
manufacturing, and distribution of complete energy management systems for
new and retrofit projects.
Experience
Next Generation Energy provides more than just renewable energy solutions.
With over 70 years of accumulated industry related knowledge and technological know
how, Next Generation Energy is your partner in all matters concerning renewable energy
application and implementation. In our decades of experience, weve designed and integrated
performance-based energy management solutions into new and existing structures,
developed innovative new products, and introduced processes that have changed the way
our customers do business.
Engineering
Next Generation Energy is often engaged in assignments that expand the boundaries of
traditional methods and employs innovative technologies to achieve desired results. Years of
industry related knowledge and experience allows us to understand the impact architectural,
structural, electrical and mechanical specifications have on the outcome of a site specific
system. Our team of P.E., LEED, and NABCEP certified engineers, and dedicated staff of
experienced professionals, ensures the solution you receive delivers performance and value
for years to come.
Procurement
Next Generation Energy solutions incorporate the industries most innovative and efficient
products available. Our purchasing department partners with best-in-class manufacturers
to simplify product selection and ensure pricing and availability while our national and
international distribution partners ensure timely delivery of systems to customers.
Manufacturing
Next Generation Energy is constantly evaluating product improvements while developing
and validating innovative new products. The NGE-TU Series Solar Thermal collector is just one
example of a Next Generation Energy product innovation that is one of the industries most
efficient solar energy products today while our NGE-PV modules are setting new standards
for design and performance. Our engineers work closely with global manufacturing partners
to ensure Next Generation Energy solutions stay ahead of the
curve in meeting the needs of the marketplace.
Solutions
Next Generation Energy partners with specifiers, engineers,
contractors, and end-users to deliver performance based
energy solutions to meet a variety of needs. It is not unusual
for Next Generation Energy to be called upon to expand
the boundaries of conventional thinking and deliver in areas
where others have yet to venture. Our industry knowledge and
experience allows us to integrate renewable energy systems
such as solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, wind, grid tied and
off-grid hybrid solutions, network design, and monitoring
as integral components to reduce costs and maximize
investments in new energy solutions such as geothermal, hydro, cogeneration, and more.
Visit www.ngeus.com for more information.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
2/22/12 1:10 PM

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DRIVING INNOVATION IN MOTION.
Nook Industries, Inc. (Cleveland, OH) recently
completed its fortieth (40th) year as an industry
leading manufacturer of linear actuators, ball
screws, roller screws and acme screws.
Nook continues to develop new products while
adopting a growth model of vertically integrated
manufacturing. This business model has allowed
the company to identify and react quickly to
markets and applications that will benefit from
Nooks integration.
Targeted growth in new product applications
for Nooks Precision Screw Group (PSG) and
Precision Actuator Group (PAG) include metric
products to service World markets.
NOOK INDUSTRIES, INC.
4950 EAST 49th Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44125-1016
(216) 271-7900 | (800) 321-7800
www.nookindustries.com
solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership
Voting for this company
will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.
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i n so l ar e n e r g y ]
PRECISE EFFICIENCIES: Nook has been recognized as a leader in the precision ball screw
industry for over 40 years. Nook manufactures the widest breadth of precision rolled ball
screws ranging from 4mm diameters to up to 50mm diameters. Nooks state-of-the-art
manufacturing facility incorporates precision CNC thread rolling, CNC in-line induction
heat treating, laser lead-accuracy measurement equipment, a fully comprehensive
metallurgical laboratory, and torque testing equipment. These machines, 40 years of
experience, and the most advanced engineering and manufacturing teams in the linear
motion world produce the greatest ball screws available today.
Nook is also the only manufacturer in the world to design and manufacture its own
thread-rolling dies. This capability enables Nook to produce custom ball screws, acme
screws, and roller screws. Nooks engineering teams often design custom ball screws for
customers needing ball screws that meet exact load carrying specifications and product
life requirements. No other ball screw manufacturer in the United States can deliver the
flexibility and product breadth that Nook offers its customers.
DEVELOPMENTS IN MOTION: Nooks Precision Actuator Group recently introduced the
1 Roller Screw Actuator that was tested to over 1,000,000+ cycles of continuous
duty (49 million inches of travel) at 2500 lbs of thrust and at a travel rate of 10 in/second.
Nooks new 1 Roller Screw Actuator offers a cost-effective alternative to hydraulics.
This high-performance, heavy-duty electromechanical actuator offers long
life with high dynamic and static load capacity.
Nooks Precision Screw Group also recently launched its miniature ball screw product
line designed for smaller envelopes and lighter loads. Nooks miniature ball screws are
currently being manufactured in high volumes for robotic, medical, military, and aerospace
applications. Nook developed the small diameter ball screw line as an extension to its
Power Trac ball screw offering to provide design engineers a globally accepted metric
product for compact, portable, and lightweight applications requiring high accuracy,
repeatability, and durability.
Additionally, Nook manufactures ActionJacTM, Worm Gear
Screw Jacks, and Electric Cylinders. Nooks complete
line of standard and custom engineered ball screw and
machine screw actuators fit applications requiring 1/4
ton up to 100 tons of force. Standard configurations
include upright or inverted units with translating or
rotating lifting screws. Nooks Screw Jacks can be
configured with standard AC motors as well as servo
motors and can be used individually or in multiple jack
arrangements for a larger mechanical system.
Nook has established an advanced configurable
and downloadable 2D & 3D CAD library to reduce
engineers development time and is available at
www.nookindustries.com.
For more detailed information call: 1-800-321-7800
www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 57
2/22/12 1:12 PM
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About Solar Frontier
Solar Frontier K.K., a 100% subsidiary of Showa Shell
Sekiyu K.K. (TYO:5002) (Solar Frontier), has a mission
to create the most economical, ecological solar
energy solutions on Earth. Building on a legacy of
work in solar energy since the 1970s, Solar Frontier
today develops and manufactures CIS (denoting
copper, indium, selenium) thin-film solar modules
for customers in all sectors around the world. Solar
Frontiers gigawatt-scale production facilities in
Miyazaki, Japan, integrate compelling economical
and ecological advantages into every module: from
lower energy requirements in manufacturing to the
higher overall output (kWh) of CIS in real operating
conditions. Solar Frontier is headquartered in Tokyo,
with offices in Europe, the U.S.A., and the Middle East.
Visitwww.solar-frontier.comfor more information.
Americas
Solar Frontier Americas Inc.
3945 Freedom Circle
Santa Clara, CA 95054
USA
Tel: +1 408 916 4150
www.solar-frontier.com
solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership
Voting for this company
will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.
58 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
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Solar Frontier K.K. is the worlds largest
and fastest-growing manufacturer of
CIS thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules.
We are leading the commercialization of
revolutionary CIS PV to help the world
achieve a sustainable energy portfolio. In
2011, we brought on line the largest CIS
manufacturing plant in the world, raising
Solar Frontiers annual production capacity
to gigawatt-scale across three factories
in Miyazaki, Southern Japan. We are
headquartered in Tokyo, have over 1500
employees and staff, and operate regional
offices in Germany, Saudi Arabia and the United States.
Combining world-record efficiencies, uncompromising engineering
standards, and excellent bankability, we offer our customers more kilowatt-
hours, reliability, and ecological peace of mind. To date, we have supplied
over 500 MW of our CIS modules across a wide range of sectors and
geographies, ranging from residential rooftop installations in Japan to utility
power plants in countries such as France, Germany, India, Thailand, Saudi
Arabia and the USA.
Solar Frontier is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.
(TYO: 5002), which is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Showa Shell Sekiyu
has over 100 years of experience operating in the energy business and is
based in Tokyo. Solar energy is the companys second core business, along
with petroleum products, as part of its medium-term strategy.
Solar Frontier leverages over 30 years of
leadership in solar R&D and over 100 years
of energy expertise derived from our parent
company, Showa Shell Sekiyu. Spurred by the
oil crises of the 1970s, we began developing
solar technologies in collaboration with the
Japanese government and academia, and
early industry leaders such as Arco Solar. In
1993, we identified CIS as having the greatest
potential of any PV technology. We ramped
up our first plant in 2007, followed two years
later by our second plant. By July 2011, we
achieved full commercial operation of the
worlds first gigawatt-scale CIS production facility also Japans largest PV
production plant just 21 months after breaking ground.
Designed for durability, proven for reliability, and advanced in capability,
Solar Frontiers CIS technology has gained the trust and confidence of
major customers worldwide. Black & Veatch, an independent and global
engineering, consulting, and construction company, has issued a report
after assessment of Solar Frontier and its technology, while the quality of our
panels is verified through the Atlas 25+ comprehensive PV durability testing.
But equally important is proving to new customers our status as industry
leaders. Solar Frontier leverages over 30 years of technological leadership and
the over 100 years of energy experience of its parent company, Showa Shell
Sekiyu. Solar Frontier is the first Japanese PV module manufacturer to receive
warranty insurance from Munich Re, as well as optional coverage for project
finances.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
2/22/12 10:08 AM

[lea dershi p
About SolarWorld AG:The SolarWorld AG Group
(ISIN: DE0005108401) is a worldwide leader in offering
brand-name, high quality, crystalline solar-power
technology. Its strength is its fully integrated solar
production. From silicon as the raw material through
wafers, cells and modules all the way to turn-key
solar systems of all sizes, the group combines all
stages of the solar value chain. The central business
activity is selling quality modules into the installation
and distribution trades and crystalline wafers to the
international solar cell industry. Group headquarters
are located in Bonn, Germany, with sales sites in
Singapore, South Africa, Spain, France as well as in the
U.S. state of California. The groups largest production
facilities operate in Freiberg, Germany and Hillsboro
in the U.S. state of Oregon. Sustainability is the basis
of the group strategy. Under the name Solar2World,
the group supports care projects using off-grid solar-
power solutions in developing countries, exemplifying
sustainable economic development. Worldwide,
SolarWorld employs about 3,300 people. SolarWorld
AG has been quoted on the stock exchange since 1999
and today is listed on, among others, the TecDAX and
koDAX as well as in the sustainability index NAI.
4650 Adohr Lane
Camarillo, CA, 93012
Phone: : +1 805 388 6590
Fax: +1 805 388 6395
Email: customerservice(at)
solarworld-usa.com
www.solarworld.com
solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership
Voting for this company
will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
SolarWorld_SWPLP_Vs1.indd 59
2012
i n so l ar e n e r g y ]
SOLARWORLD IN THE USA
With a record of more than 35 years of
domestic manufacturing on U.S. soil,
SolarWorld is the most experienced
American producer of photovoltaic silicon
crystals, wafers, cells and panels. At 500
megawatts of annual capacity to produce
photovoltaic cells, the company also is
the largest U.S. manufacturer of solar
technology, though its corporate and
market presence reaches into all of the
major solar-technology markets.
U.S. headquarters: SolarWorlds U.S. operations are headquartered in Hillsboro,
Oregon, where its 690,000 square feet of building space sits on a 97-acre site set
among the campuses of Intels biggest operational hub in the world.
Hillsboro: In Hillsboro, Oregon, the companys vertically integrated U.S.
manufacturing facility grows silicon crystals, squares and shapes crystal into ingots,
slices ingots into wafers, transforms both monocrystalline and polycrystalline
wafers into photovoltaic cells and assembles cells into solar panels. SolarWorld not
only manufactures its products in the USA but also purchases the bulk of its raw
materials in more than 40 U.S. states.
Camarillo: Camarillo, California, is the robust U.S. hub of SolarWorlds sales and
marketing activities in the Americas.
History: Camarillo has been a crucible of world
solar-technology pioneering and leadership
since the 1970s, beginning with the startup Solar
Technologies International in 1975. The enterprise
was further developed, in turn, by ARCO Solar,
Siemens Solar and Shell Solar. SolarWorld bought
the legacy operations in 2006. Combined,
SolarWorlds work force of industry experts has
hundreds of years of industry experience. Some in
Camarillo date back to the era around 1980.
Expansion: In 2007, SolarWorld purchased a
480,000-square-foot factory in Hillsboro that Komatsu had built and equipped
but barely used for chip fabrication. SolarWorld added a second, 210,000-square-
foot building there in 2009. The main plant, retrofitted and re-equipped, is driving
production toward its 500 MW cell capacity. Combined, the buildings reached
1,000 employees in late 2010. Camarillo employs more than 100 others.
AROUND THE WORLD
The companys corporate parent is SolarWorld AG, headquartered in Bonn,
Germany, and traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Freiberg is the companys
German manufacturing hub. In wafer production alone, capacity has reached
expansion to 1 gigawatt of annual capacity. SolarWorld dedicates itself exclusively
to advancing solar PV technology as a safe, secure and clean energy source.
SolarWorld has annual sales of more than $1.8 billion, employs about 3,300 people
worldwide and operates in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas.
2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 59
2/22/12 10:11 AM
 2012
[lea dershi p i n so l ar e n e r g y ]

Shine a Light on Solar Efficiency: Innovative engineering has enabled WAGO to

WAGO Corporation provides
strengthen every link of the Solar Chain.
North America with innovative
Connect it: The 2716 Series high-current PCB terminal block provides tool-
Interconnect, Electronic free, lever-actuated termination of conductors 166 AWG. Ideal for field-wired
Interface, Terminal Block devices such as solar inverters, simply: Lift the lever; insert stripped conductor;
and lower lever. Elegantly efficient, the lever minimizes operator strain and
and Automation solutions. eliminates screws and requisite specialty tools/torque specs.
Headquartered in Germantown,
Available in 2- to 8-pole configurations, several clamping units can remain open
WI, WAGO features state- simul-taneously for connecting multi-conductor cables. Maintenance-free
CAGE CLAMP Spring Pressure terminations resist vibrations. Ratings: up to 600V/65A (UL)
of-the-art manufacturing and 75,000
and 1000V/76A (IEC).
sq. ft. of storage capacity for 36,000
Track it: WAGO-I/O-SYSTEMs Solar Positioning Function and Tracking Function Blocks
product locations. Extensive engineering
cost-effectively optimize PV efficiency and reliability.
resources, a 25,000+ product portfolio,
Solar Positioning Function Block Boosts concentrated solar arrangement efficacy
custom-manufacturing and 150 dedicated
by enabling dynamic solar mirrors to follow the suns arc within +0.02o via WAGO-I/O-
professionals ensure WAGO has the SYSTEM. The Function Block pairs solar variables with a WAGO Controllers internal clock
to optimize mirror position via motion components.
resources and expertise to help you get
the job done. Solar Tracking Function Block Can increase PV energy production by up to 30% vs.
fixed panels. Via WAGO-I/O-SYSTEM, it aligns PV panels with the sun, while providing
Atomic Clock accuracy, servo motor control and Bluetooth wireless data exchange.

Charge it: The 758 Series I/O-IPC combines PC flexibility with PLC capabilities into a robust
control and networking system for solar array charging. Utilizing CoDeSys V2 software, Linux
OS, IEC programming languages and multiple onboard fieldbus protocols, I/O-IPC provides
cost-effective, real-time control. Via WAGO-I/O-SYSTEM, the I/O-IPC supports custom solar
applications, including PV articulation and remote monitoring.

Aboard the Worlds Largest Solar Boat 758 Series I/O-IPCs are managing solar
energy for the Tranor PlanetSolar catamaran. The I/O-IPC controls charging
for three batteries and 10 Drivetek Maximum Power Pick Trackers (MPPT) via 13 CAN
WAGO Corporation
buscouplers. These high-end DC/DC converters improve solar absorption for the
N120 W19129 Freistadt Road fixed deck-mounted PV panels and are safety-critical. Tranor has no gasoline backups
Germantown, WI 53022 for steering/propulsion.
1-800-DIN-Rail
Measure it: The DIN-rail 789 Series Feedthrough Current
www.wago.us
Sensors optimize PV energy production by continuously
info.us@wago.com measuring DC currents. Networked via MODBUS serial
connection, the 789-620 (080A DC) and 789-621 (0140A
DC) Sensors transmit data with an accuracy of 0.5% (full scale
value). This helps operators quickly identify defective/damaged
PV modules, bolstering performance and reliability.

The feedthrough configuration simplifies commissioning

solarpowerworldonline.com/leadership
Voting for this company will identify it as a
leader in the solar power industry.
by eliminating conductor termination. Up to 32 Sensors
can reside on one MODBUS segment for connection to the
WAGO-I/O-SYSTEM, or virtually any PLC-/PC-based system,
as a MODBUS Slave. The Current Sensors are addressable via
on-unit DIP switch and have an operating temperature of -20C to +70C.

60 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

WAGO_SPWLP_Vs4.indd 60 2/21/12 10:00 PM


[lea dershi p
Westinghouse Solar is an industry leader in the
design and manufacturing of integrated plug-
and-play solar power systems.
In 2007, Westinghouse Solar pioneered the
concept of integrating the racking, grounding
directly into the solar panel. This revolutionary
solar panel, originally branded Andalay, quickly
won industry acclaim. In 2009, the company
again broke new ground with the first integrated
AC solar panel, reducing the number of compo-
nents for a rooftop solar installation by 80
percent and lowering labor costs by 50 percent.
This first AC panel, which won the 2009 Popular
Mechanics Breakthrough Award, has become the
industrys most widely installed AC solar panel.
Award-winning Westinghouse Solar Power
Systems provide the best combination of safety,
performance and reliability, while backed by the
proven quality of the Westinghouse name.
For more information on Westinghouse Solar, visit
www.westinghousesolar.com.
Tel: 888.395.2248
www.WestinghouseSolar.com
solarpowerworldonline.
com/leadership
Voting for this company
will identify it as a leader
in the solar power
industry.
Westinghouse_SPWLP_Vs3.indd 61
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i n so l ar e n e r g y ]
The Leader in Integrated Plug-and-Play Solar
Power Systems
Westinghouse Solar is an industry leader in the design
and manufacturing of integrated plug-and-play solar
power systems. In 2007, Westinghouse Solar pioneered the
concept of integrating the racking, grounding directly into
the solar panel. This revolutionary solar panel, originally
branded Andalay, quickly won industry acclaim. In 2009, the
company again broke new ground with the first integrated
AC solar panel, reducing the number of components for a
rooftop solar installation by 80 percent and lowering labor
costs by 50 percent. This first AC panel, which won the 2009 Popular Mechanics
Breakthrough Award, has become the industrys most widely installed AC solar panel.
Award-winning Westinghouse Solar Power Systems provide the best combination
of safety, performance and reliability, while backed by the proven quality of the
Westinghouse name.
Innovation Born in the Field
Founded as an installation company in 2001, the organization grew rapidly resulting
in thousands of PV sales and installations across the United States.
Resulting from this vast experience, they recognized that PV industry innovation
at the component level had flourished, however the industry had yet to offer an
innovative way of integrating those components into an easy to install solution that
reduced cost, while providing a more reliable and better looking system.
Product Evolution
This whole system approach was the genesis for the Andalay product that was
introduced to the solar industry in 2007. This revolutionary design was self contained,
with all racking, grounding, and wiring built in creating the industrys first integrated
rack-less solar panel.
Building on this innovation, in 2009, the company integrated a micro-inverter
directly into the panel and introduced the first plug-and-play AC solar panel, further
reducing the time and costs it took to install a solar power system. That same year,
the simple elegance of this integrated design led Lowes Home Improvement stores
to adopt the solution, selling Westinghouse Solar Power Systems direct to contractors
and homeowners.
In 2011, the company pioneered a flat roof solution leveraging the same simplistic
design and integration resulting in the perfect solution for commercial flat roof
projects. By reducing the component count to three primary parts, this lightweight,
non-penetrating solution, assembles rapidly and delivers an unmatched savings in
total system costs, while enabling installation on a wider variety of roofs than any
other system on the market.
Today, Westinghouse Solar sells its solutions through its network of Authorized
Dealers. By becoming an Authorized Dealer, installers can benefit from a variety of
support including advertising and promotion, the right to use the Westinghouse Solar
brand, and the opportunity to sell a product that has considerable consumer appeal,
backed by a brand that has been known and trusted for over 100 years.
Doing Business with Westinghouse Solar
If you are interested in learning how your company can leverage this industry leading
technology, contact us today to learn more.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 61
2/21/12 9:41 PM
 2012
[lea dershi p
Zilla Corporation
Zilla Corporation is the
manufacturer and distributor of
Zilla racking products for flush
mount, ground mount, and ballast
mount solar photovoltaic and solar
thermal installations. From individual
products to complete system design,
Zilla Corporation delivers practical
and affordable innovations to solar installation
professionals worldwide. Zilla systems and
components are completely interchangeable
and are extremely easy to install. Requiring
less material and less labor, Zilla solutions
provide safer, stronger, and lighter installations
that exhibit the highest standard of quality
and craftsmanship while reducing cost to the
customer. Let Zilla Corporations dedicated and
experienced team of professionals partner with
you to deliver beautiful solutions that integrates
into a new building design or enhance the most
contemporary restoration.
Visit zillarac.com for more information.
Zilla Corporation
77 Waneka Pkwy
Lafayette, CO 80026
720-880-6700
www.zillarac.com
solarpowerworldonline.com/leadership
Voting for this company will identify it as a
leader in the solar power industry.
62 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012
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Zilla Corporation
Zilla Corporation, manufacturer of Zilla racking and mounting solutions,
has developed the simplest, most adaptive, and comprehensive system in the
marketplace today. Providing a variety of mounting options for solar products,
Zillas many proprietary and patented products provide all-inclusive solutions.
From individual products to complete system design, Zilla Corporation delivers
environmentally friendly, practical and affordable innovations to installation
professionals worldwide.
Less is More
Our patented rails are geometrically superior to all other profiles requiring up to 18% less
material while producing superior strength. Quite simply, our strength to weight ratio and low
profile are attributes that separate Zilla from all other products. From residential, commercial,
municipal to utility scale projects, Zilla is engineered with performance, versatility and
simplicity in mind. Zilla components are interchangeable system wide and extremely easy to
install. Zilla installations require less material and less labor allowing for safer, stronger, and
lighter installations exhibiting the highest standard of craftsmanship, strength and aesthetics
-- while reducing cost to the customer.
Standard Hardware
Zilla rails connect with simple, standard 3/8 bolts which makes Zilla the installers choice
for practical and affordable solar projects. Once you start using Zilla, there is no turning
back. Zilla will change the way you do business.
Environmentally friendly
Zilla engineers create racking systems that not only fit the project, but also fit the budget.
Zilla products have minimal components, making them simple to install allowing customers
to save money. Zilla steel products use over 75% recycled car components, while the
aluminum product line uses up to 50% of recycled material and are completely recyclable at
the end of their life cycle.
Adaptability
Zilla racking is compatible with any roofing types including asphalt shingles, tile, metal
roofs, bituminous, and flat roofing membranes. The Zilla non-penetrating ballasted system
is a perfect solution for flat roofs. Zilla Flashings provide installers with safer and stronger
mechanical attachments to structure with easy electrical or plumbing penetrations and carry
25-year paint warranties and come in over 30 custom colors. Sleep easy at night with Zilla
Flashings knowing your system is leak free. Whether the project requires attachment to an
existing rafter or the design of a structural support frame, Zilla allows for a versatile and
simple solutions. Custom applications are no problem for Zilla.
Site specific design
Zillas team of engineers provide full design support including
site optimized layout, engineering, permit documentation, and
installation assistance or training. Zillas products can be found on
all continents, from mountaintop to sea level, they securely hold
the systems you need 24/7/365 in the harshest environments on the
planet.
Sexy
Aesthetics play a prominent role in successful project completion. From the multiple color
options to a low profile flush mount system, Zilla delivers beautiful solutions that integrate
into new building design and any retrofit project.
Visit zillarac.com for more information.
www.solarpowerworldonline.com
2/22/12 1:18 PM
 [ PR O D U C T S ]

Switched Combiner for Solar

A switched combiner from Eaton Corp. combines the companys 600-vDC solar
disconnect and source-combiner box in one enclosure. The device is UL 1741 listed
and provides a single point to combine incoming photovoltaic strings and disconnect
direct current power close to the PV modules. It also saves installation time and costs
through a side-operated UL 98 design with a heavy duty safety switch main disconnect.
This fusible versions has one set of fuse clips mounted on the center pole for complete
isolation of the fuse when the switch is in the off position. Other options include surge
protection, current monitoring and wireless communication.

Eaton
www.eaton.com

Monitoring Modules
The ACM300 communications gateway from Azuray lets PV
array owners monitor system performance at a module level.
In addition to monitoring, the device can be used for remote
diagnostics. It serves a web page via the Ethernet connector
directly to a computer or network. Also, it collects data from
the solar modules and controls the function of the power
optimizers. Collected data is used to calculate the most

Central Inverters reach effective system operating point where system components
are producing maximum energy output. The devicecan
98.7% efficiency enable or disable the output of the AP300 power optimizers
via power line communications over the existing DC wiring.
Conext Core XC central inverters from Schneider Electric Safety features include safe installation mode and manual
feature peak efficiencies of up to 98.7%. Configurable shut-off.
DC voltage ranges and power outputs also allow for
flexibility for all panel types and installations, while the Azuray
inverter is capable of interacting with the grid interactive www.azuraytech.com
capability with low voltage ride through and VAR control.
Other features include standard 1000-Vdc input for long
string lengths, load break rated DC switch disconnector
and RS485 or Modbus communications. Options include
insulation monitoring systems and positive or negative
grounding kits, warranty extensions and more.

Schneider Electric
www.schneider-electric.com

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 [PRODUCTS ]

Non-Metallic Tubing
Saves Time and Money
CarlonFlex-PlusElectrical Non-Metallic Tubing
and accessories from Thomas & Betts require less
installation time than traditional conduit systems.
Available in Carlon Blue, the non-metallic flexible
raceway is designed for use in walls, floor and non- Rotational Measurement
plenum ceilings. The tubing is lightweight, flexible and
free of sharp edges. It also allows installers use one Sensors for Solar
continuous length from box to box, which eliminates
the need for couplings. Also, it can be bent by hand PMI360DV Rotational Measurement Sensors from

so there is no need for benders and separate elbows, Pepperl+Fuchs are available with analog output

making it easier to pull wire through. The tubing and in several models. The inductive-based sensors

and accessories are suitable for routing power and that offer measurement settings from a minimum

communications cabling. range of zero to 90 degrees, and a maximum

range of zero to 360 degrees. One may also set

Thomas & Betts Corp. rotation direction, PNP output signal width and zero

www.tnb.com position, with simple buttons for each configurable

function. Voltage or current output is available with
repeatable accuracy to 0.5 degrees and resolution to
0.2 degrees. LED indicators provide visual status for
power, lost target and configuration lock variables.
Models with up to three independent PNP outputs
are available, enabling a single sensor to replace
non-configurable multiple-sensor mounting
arrangements.

Pepperl+Fuchs
www.pepperl-fuchs.us

6 4 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

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 [ PR O D U C T S ]

Detecting Arc Faults

SolarBOS says its offering the industrys first working arc-fault and
ground-fault detection and interruption0combiner box, as well as a
ground fault interruption for PV systems. The AFDI combiner allows
system integrators to meet the letter of the 2011 National Electric Code
in a cost-effective and reliable manner. The combiner box has a module
that detects series arcs and automatically disconnects the ungrounded
conductor from the rest of the system, breaking the circuit and stopping
the arc, which prevents fires from starting. It can also be configured to
work with a Ground Fault Interruption (GFI) device or system to open
the ungrounded output of the combiner box when a ground fault
is detected. The company says without AFDI or GFI capability at the
combiner box, there is no way to automatically shut off the output from
a PV array in the case of an arc fault or ground fault in the array wiring.
The AFDI combiner not only solves this problem and meets the new
NEC requirements in a cost-effective way.

SolarBOS
www.solarbos.com

A More Predictable Module

The SF260 Poly X-tra UL polycrystalline module from Hanwah
Solar features a predictable output a positive power sorting of
0 to + 5 W. It also has an anti-reflective coating for a high rate
of sunlight absorption and can with stand high snow loads. The
module carries a 12-year warranty and 25-year performance
warranty.

Hanwah Solar
www.hanwha-solarone.com

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 [PRODUCTS ]

Inverters For Commercial And

Utility Solar
REFUsoloffers its 012K-UL, 016K-UL, 020K-UL and 024K-UL three-phase
transformerless string inverters for the U.S. solar market. Recent UL certification
assures safe operation of the inverters for rooftop or ground-mount projects
throughout the country. The light, compact inverters feature a precise MPP
tracker, which enables the inverters to adjust their settings accordingly and
achieve high efficiency, even with different temperatures and varying sun
exposure.Due to the extreme low-power losses around the complete input
voltage area of the inverters, it was possible to build an inverter with pure
convection-cooling only. This low-power loss results also in a significant
reduction of heat dissipation, which prevents overheating on indoor installation.

REFUsol
www.refusol.com

Inclinometer Measures Accurately

In All Environments
Sherborne Sensors offers the LSW series of rugged, high-precision
inclinometers, designed for demanding, all-weather applications. Available
in angular ranges 3 to 90, the series can operate in temperatures from
-18 to 70 degrees Celsius and survive shock levels up to 1500g. The sensor
system is protected in a durable stainless steel case, weatherproof to IP67
and resistant to immersion in water. Also featured is a field replaceable
weatherproof moulded IP68 connector/cable system, which enables
the LSW to connect to a DC power source and a readout for a complete
operating system.

Sherborne Sensors
www.sherbornesensors.com

66 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com

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 [ AD I N D E X ]

Leadership page
Advanced Energy .......................................BC ......................48
Beckhoff .......................................................IBC .....................49
BOKERS, Inc. ..............................................33........................50
Citel ................................................................. 6
COMSOL ....................................................... 9 .......................51
CS Hyde .......................................................... 2 .......................52
Dunkermotor ................................................4 .......................53
enXco ............................................................13 .......................54
Imada, Inc. ...................................................12
Lufft USA ......................................................40 ......................55
Next Generation Energy ...........................12 .......................56
Nook Industries, Inc. ..................................29 .......................57
Solar Frontier Americas Inc. .....................15 .......................58
SolarWorld ...................................................IFC .....................59
Upsolar .........................................................46
WAGO ...........................................................10 .......................60
Westinghouse Solar ...................................24 .......................61
Zilla ................................................................41 .......................62

A global educational engineering

network, Connect, share and

learn today.
www.engineeringexchange.com

www.solarpowerworldonline.com 2 2012 SOLAR power WORLD 67

Ad Index.indd 67 2/22/12 10:15 AM

 [CONTRACTORS CORNER]
New England Breeze Solar, Hudson, Mass.
Mark Durrenberger, owner of Hudson,
Mass.-based New England Breeze Solar, first
became aware of the solar industry while in
college. It was 1979, and President Jimmy Carter
installed 32 solar panels on the White House.
He wanted to get a degree in energy
engineering to help push the solar industry
forward, but his college program, in his words,
didnt go anywhere. So he drifted into nuclear
energy instead, receiving a Ph.D. in nuclear
engineering. He never lost his love of solar energy,
however.
Mark Then Al Gore selected me to be one of his
Durrenberger climate change advisors, Durrenberger says.
Owner It took me back to my roots, and thats why I
New England founded New England Breeze Solar in 2006.
Breeze Solar The company, which employs 13 people, is
primarily an installer of grid-tie domestic hot
water systems. Nearly 95% of the companys
installations are residential, with a smattering of
3-year growth:................635%
2011 Sales: ....................$3.18 million
2008 Sales: ....................$432,000
New England
Employees:.....................13
Breeze Solar: Founded: .......................2006
Website: www.newenglandbreeze.com
68 SOLAR POWER WORLD 2 2012 www.solarpowerworldonline.com
Contractors Corner 2-12_Vs2.indd 68
small commercial. It has installed more than 500 KW
and did more than $3 million in 2011. It focuses on the
residential market in eastern Massachusetts.
Most of our competitors do both residential and
commercial, Durrenberger says. The biggest payoffs
are in commercial arena theres more profit per job.
Durrenberger says the reason New England Breeze
Solar focuses on the residential market because he
and his employees love working with homeonwers.
Were not a company that can sell to everyone,
Durrenberger says. Weve turned down clients in the
past because we couldnt do the right thing for them.
Were not just going to install solar panels for the sake
of installing solar panels.
In his view, the solar industry is on the upswing and
will continue to grow.
As energy prices continue to rise, people are going
to do what they need to do to lock in energy prices,
Durrenberger says. Solar is going to give them an
opportunity to do that. SPW
2/22/12 10:30 AM
| EC11-09USA |

Reduce Cabinet Size with the Rugged

and Powerful CX5000 Controller.
The exible CX5000 Embedded PC with Intel Atom thrives

in temps from -25 to 60 C

www.beckhoff.com/CX5000
The Beckhoff CX5000 Embedded PC series with convenient DIN rail mounting:
for exible application as a compact Industrial PC or as a PC-based controller for
all-in-one PLC, Motion Control and visualization:
Intel Atom Z530 CPU, 1.1 GHz (CX5010) or 1.6 GHz (CX5020)
Durable and compact magnesium housing
High operating temperature range between -25 and 60 C (-13 and 140 F)
Fanless, without rotating components (Compact Flash as storage medium)
Direct I/O interface for EtherCAT Terminals and Bus Terminals for all major eldbuses
Optional space for serial or eldbus interface
Integrated 1-second UPS

CX1020/CX1030 CX1010 CX9000/CX9010 CX8000

Embedded PC with Embedded PC Ethernet controller Fieldbus controller
Intel Pentium with Pentium with Intel IXP420 with ARM9 CPU,
M CPU, 1.8 GHz MMX-compatible XScale technology, 400 MHz, e.g. for
or Intel Celeron CPU, 500 MHz 266 MHz or PROFIBUS, PROFINET,
M ULV CPU, 1 GHz 533 MHz EtherCAT and Ethernet
IPC

I/O

Motion

Automation

Beckhoff 10-11.indd 1 2/20/12 2:58 PM

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Advanced Energy, Solaron, and PV Powered are U.S. registered trademarks or service marks of Advanced Energy Industries, Inc.

Advanced Energy 10-11.indd 1 2/20/12 2:57 PM