LTE Air Interface Protocols

Satish.L.Kumar | JUL 2017

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 Course Content

After this module you should be able to

LTE RF
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
LTE modulation technique
LTE frame
LTE Uu interface Protocols

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2
Health and Safety

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3
Important Sign and Symbol

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4
 Definitions

Isotropic RF Source
A point source that radiates RF energy uniformly in all directions (I.e.: in the shape of a sphere)
Theoretical only: does not physically exist.
Has a power gain of unity I.e. 0dBi.

Effective Radiated Power (ERP)

Has a power gain of unity i.e. 0dBi
The radiated power from a half-wave dipole.
A lossless half-wave dipole antenna has a power gain of 0dBd or 2.15dBi.

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

The radiated power from an isotropic source
EIRP = ERP + 2.15 dB

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Definitions

Radio signals travel through space at the Speed of Light

C = 3 * 108 meters / second
Frequency (F) is the number of waves per second (unit: Hertz)
Wavelength () (length of one wave) = (distance traveled in one second)
(waves in one second)
= C / F

If frequency is 900MHZ then

wavelength = 3 * 108 / 900 * 106
= 0.333 meters

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Definitions

dB
1. dB is a relative unit of measurement used to describe power gain or loss.
2. The dB value is calculated by taking the log of the ratio of the measured or calculated power
(P2) with respect to a reference power (P1). This result is then multiplied by 10 to obtain the value
in dB.
dB = 10 * log10(P1/P2)
1. The powers P1 ad P2 must be in the same units. If the units are not compatible, then they
should be transformed.
2. Equal power corresponds to 0dB.
3. A factor of 2 corresponds to 3dB
If P1 = 30W and P2 = 15 W then
10 * log10(P1/P2) = 10 * 10 * log10(30/15) = 2

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Definitions

dBm
The most common "defined reference" use of the decibel is the dBm, or decibel relative to
one milliwatt.
It is different from the dB because it uses the same specific, measurable power level as a
reference in all cases, whereas the dB is relative to either whatever reference a particular user
chooses or to no reference at all.
A dB has no particular defined reference while a dBm is referenced to a specific quantity: the
milliwatt (1/1000 of a watt).
The IEEE definition of dBm is "a unit for expression of power level in decibels with reference
to a power of 1 milliwatt."
The dBm is merely an expression of power present in a circuit relative to a known fixed
amount (i.e., 1 milliwatt) and the circuit impedance is irrelevant.}

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Definitions

1. dBm = 10 log (P) (1000 mW/watt)

where dBm = Power in dB referenced to 1 milliwatt
P = Power in watts
1. If power level is 1 milliwatt:
Power(dBm) = 10 log (0.001 watt) (1000 mW/watt)
= 10 log (1)
= 10 (0)
=0
1. Thus a power level of 1 milliwatt is 0 dBm.
2. If the power level is 1 watt
1 watt Power in dBm = 10 log (1 watt) (1000 mW/watt)
= 10 (3)
= 30

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 Definitions

1. dBm = 10 log (P) (1000 mW/watt)

2. The dBm can also be negative value.
3. If power level is 1 microwatt
Power in dBm = 10 log (1 x 10E-6 watt) (1000 mW/watt)
= -30 dBm
1. Since the dBm has a defined reference it can be converted back to watts if desired.
2. Since it is in logarithmic form it may also be conveniently combined with other dB terms.

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LTE PHY Protocol

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 LTE Physical layer Protocol - Features

1. Air Interface of UTRAN

2. Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
3. FDD and TDD
4. Scalable Bandwidth
5. Down link data rate 100Mbps
6. MIMO is a major component

12
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 LTE RF overview

VoLTE
Wider spectrum 20MHz
TDD and FDD
LTE standards was frozen in December 2008
RJIL has got TDD + FDD network in 2300 MHz, 1800 MHz & 850 MHz band.
Flat architecture as compared to 2G/3G.
Complete IP based network.
No BSC/RNC.
Intelligence embedded in eNodeB or evolved NodeB.
Supports QoS differentiation between control, user and O&M traffic.

VoIP - Voice over IP

TDD - Time Division Duplexing
FDD - Frequency Division Duplexing
O&M - Operation and Maintenance
BSC - Base Station Controller
RNC - Network controller
QoS -Quality of Service

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LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD

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 Multiple Access technique

1. TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access)

2. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplex Access)
3. CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access)
4. OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access)
5. SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex Access)

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OFDMA

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Orthogonal frequency

No Interference at
f1 f2 f3 f4 center frequencies
from adjacent sub-
carriers side bands

OFDM Sub-carrier Spacing

 OFDMA

Flexible resource allocation

Robust against multipath

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 OFDMA and SCFDMA

To achieve high radio spectral efficiency as well as enable efficient scheduling in both time and frequency
domain, a multicarrier approach for multiple access was chosen by 3GPP.
For the DL, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) was selected
For the UP, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access) also known as DFT (Discrete
Fourier Transform) spread OFDMA

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OFDMA generation

QAM
modulator

.
. e j t 0

QAM
modulator s (t )
Generation of OFDM
Signal
. e j t n

.
.

QAM
modulator

Symbol rate = 1/Tu

symbols/sec s e j N 1t

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DL/UL Multiplexing

DL Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

No Inter Symbol and multipath interference
Frequency selective scheduling
Far improved MIMO performance
UL Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
It can reduce the PAPR between 6-9dB compare to OFDM
Low PAPR (Peak to Average Ratio)

IDFT: Invers Discrete Fourier Transform

DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
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 LTE Subcarrier types

1. In the LTE subcarrier Data part is used for data transmission with different modulation schemes
2. DC part is in the center frequency separate top and bottom subcarrier
3. Reference signal is used for quality and signal strength estimates

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OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

Mapping of
Add
Binary Serial frequency
Mapping CP
Data to DFT resources IFFT P to S TX
of bits and
Source Parallel and zero
DAC
padding

IDFT: Invers Discrete Fourier Transform

DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
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LTE modulation

1. In LTE subcarriers are modulated different modulation schemes

2. 64 modulation technique enhances the data rate in both UL and DL

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
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QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
LTE Frame FDD

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LTE frame FDD and TDD

Frame Structure TDD

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Physical Resource Block (PRB)

One DL slot (0.5 ms) Tslot

Slot #0 Slot #1 ------ Slot #19

DL
N symbOFDM symbols

k N RB
DL
N scRB 1

Resource block
DL
N symb N scRB resource elements
0.5 ms * 180 kHz

N scRB subcarriers

N scRB subcarriers Resource element ( k , l )

UL
N RB

k 0

l0 l N DL
symb
1
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 Cyclic Prefix (CP)

1. This make Tx signal periodic

2. It avoids inter-symbol and inter-carrier interference
3. Cyclic prefix is Tx in Guard time interval
4. OFDMA Symbol length without CP = 66.67s (1/15KHz)
5. OFDMA symbol duration with CP is 71.4s (approximately)

CP

OFDM Symbol

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LTE parameters

Frequency Range UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

Channel 1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz

Bandwidth,
1Resource Block
(RB) = 180KHz 6 RBs 15RBs 25RBs 50RBs 75RBs 100RBs

Modulation Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

scheme Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)
Downlink: OFDMA
Multiple Access
Uplink: SC-FDMA

MIMO 4X4 MIMO

Downlink: 300Mbps (based on handset capability)

Peak Data rate
Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)

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LTE Transmission and Reception

CRC CRC

Coding Decoding

Scrambling Descrambling

Modulation Demodulation

OFDMA OFDMA

Transmission Reception
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 LTE Uu interface Protocol

1. MAC interacting with PHY and RLC in LTE

2. MAC When to transmit and Who gets to transmit
3. MAC functions HARQ and MUX/DMUX
4. RLC functions Segmentation and Re-assembly

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code

CC Convolution Code
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 LTE Coding

1. Data and control streams from/to MAC layer are encoded /decoded to offer transport and control services
over the radio transmission link
2. LTE Channel coding scheme is a combination of
error detection
error correcting
rate matching
interleaving and transport channel or control information mapping onto/splitting from physical channels

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code

CC Convolution Code
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MIMO

Antenna technique can be classified into different types

Single Input Single Output (SISO)

Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)

Multiple Input Single Output (MISO)

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

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Abbreviations

4G Fourth Generation Wireless Systems HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting HSPA High Speed Packet Access
AC Authentication Center HSS Home Subscriber Server
AN Access Network HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
AS Application Server IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)
CN Core Network L3 Layer 3 (network layer)
CS Circuit-Switched LTE Long Term Evolution
CS-CN Circuit Switched Core Network MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
CSCF Call Session Control Function MBFSN MBMS Single Frequency NW
eNB E-UTRAN Node B MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
EPC Evolved Packet Core MGW Media Gateway
EUTRAN Evolved UTRAN MME Mobility Management Entity
FDD Frequency Division Duplex P-GW PDN Gateway
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access PCRF Policy and Charging Rule Function
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
GPRS General Packet Radio Service RAN Radio Access Network
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication S-GW Serving Gateway
GW Gateway SAE System Architecture Evolution
HA Home Agent TAC Tracking Area Code
HDTV Hi Definition TV UE User Equipment
HLR Home Location Register UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
HPLMN Home PLMN VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

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Thank You