Respiratory system

Asthma

Triggered by allergens like pollen, mites, pet dander and molds. Also called seasonal asthma, as it
worsens in spring or early autumn.

TREATMENT

Long acting beta agonist-contains adrenalin that keeps breathing passages open for 12 hours or
more typically inhaled.
Inhaled corticosteroids
Leukotriene-inhibits the chemical substances that promote inflammation response durin an
attack
Methylxanthiness

Relation to dentistry

Ensure pt has their asthma pump close. Inquire about last attack.

Muscular system

Cerebral palsy

A ter used to define a group of chronic conditions affecting body movements and muscle coordination.
Cerebral palsy is caused by a damage to one or more specific areas of the brain, usually occurring during
fetal development or infancy. It can also occur before, during or shortly following the birth of a baby.

Symptoms

Muscle spasm
Involuntary movements
Disturbance in gait and mobility
Impairment of sight, hearig and speech

Treatment

No treatment

Importance to dentistry

Keep their asthma pump nearby.We need to treat these patients with a lot of care and be careful to
keep sharp instruments far from the patient. Ensure we keep patient relaxed and reassure the patient as
they have involuntary movements by ensuring that the patient is not anxious we prevent unnecessary
injury. Dental procedures should atraumatic as possible.

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 Skeletal system

1. Arthritis

Is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints.

2. Trismus

Chronic contraction of the muscles of mastication

Cause

Infection, inflammation in or near joint

Acute pericorinitiswith associated muscle spasm
Mumps
Trauma

Treatment

control of symptoms with pain medication (NSAIDS)

muscle relaxants
warm compresses may be used
joint replacement

Importance to dentistry

Complication of trismus after local anesthetic injection is rare and may be prevented by the use of short
needles for maxillary posterior injections and by the avoidance of multiple injections in a short period of
time.

Nervous system

Facial nerve

Its the seventh nerve. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla and controls
the muscles of the facial expressions and functions in the convergence of taste sensations from the ant
two thirds of the tongue and oral cavity

Acute facial nerve paralysis

Signs and Symptoms

Unilateral facial weakness

Loss of taste
Decreasedsalivatin
Decreased tear secretion

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Causes

Bells palsy
Infection
Trauma
Stroke
tumors

Treatment

Reassure patient transient last for few hours resolve without residual effect.
Explain it is produced by the LA action on the facial nerve
Eye-patch or manual closing of eye to prevent drying out of cornea
Contact lense should be removed until muscle movement returns
Record

Relative to dentistry

Clinician should know the landmarks when administering local anesthetic to prevent facial paralysis.

Digestive system

Inflammatory bowel syndrome

Inflammatory bowel syndrome is a general term that includes several diseases that cause recurring
inflammation of large or small intestines can lead to formation of ulcers.

Symptoms

Irritable bowel syndrome

Celiac disease
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain

Treatment

Not curable but change of lifestyle is vital. Avoid spicy foods

Nutritional supplements maybe required if the pt has problems
Maintaining weight

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 Excretory system

Nephritis

It is the inflammation of one or both kidneys

Causes

Inflammation of the glomerulus which is the part of the first part of the nephron
Symptoms
Smelly urine
Blood in urine
Lower abdominal pain

Treatment

Antibiotics
Sometimes steroids

Circulatory system

1. Angina

It is pain or discomfort in the chest which occurs due to a blockage in the blood vessel leading to the
heart.

Causes

Reduced blood flow and not enough oxygen

2. Arryhythmia

When one has irregular heartbeat rhythm, it can be fast or slow

Causes

Coronary artery disease

Electrolyte imbalances in the blood
Changes in heart muscle
Injury from a heart attack
Healing process after heart surgery

Symptoms

Palpitations

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 Pounding in the chest
Fainting
Dizziness
Shortness of breathe
Chest discomfort

Treatment

Depends on the type and seriousness of the disease. Some require no treatment
Beta blockers

Importance to dentistry

Keep the TNT within reach. These patients, the clinician will need to consider the type of local
anaesthetic used, monitor patients vital signs during procedure due to the fact that it slows down their
heart rate. Give the patient a rest by relaxing their jaws every few minutes because they get tired easily.

Cardiovascular system

Heart attack

Occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked by a blood clot. If the clot cuts off the blood
flow completely, the part of the heart muscle supplied by that artery begins to die.

Causes

Coronary heart disease

Treatment and medications

Decrease the clotting (coagulating) ability of the blood

By-pass
Graft surgery
Aspirin
Heparin
Warfarin

Importance to dentistry

Ensure heart attack was no in the last 6months. Pt should be advised not take blood thinners for 2/3
days before dental procedure and consult with physician. Dental procedure should be as atraumatic as
possible because these pts tend to bleed a lot because of their medication specifically blood thinners.

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 Immune system

Lupus

Is an autoimmune disease where the bodys systems becomes hyperactive and attacks normal healthy
tissue.

Symptoms

Inflammation and damage to joints, skin, kidneys, the heart and the lungs
Sweeling of the hands

Causes

Genetic and environmental stimuli

Treatment

Corticosteroids

Endocrine system

Hyperthyroidism

Means the thyroid makes too much thyroid hormone. The thyroid controls your metabolism which is
how the body turns food into energy. Too much thyroid hormone can cause a lot of things in the body to
speed up. You may lose weight quickly, fast heartbeat, sweat a lot or feel nervous n moody.

Causes

Graves disease
Nodular thyroid disease
Inflammation of the thyroid gland-thyroiditis

Symptoms

Rapid heartbeat
Extreme tiredness
Excessive sweating
Inability to sleep
Nervousness and irritability

Treatment

Anti-thyroid drugs
Radioactive iodine

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 Lymphatic system

Lynphadenopathy

Is a disease which is characterized by the inflammation of he lymph nodes. Can be localized or

generalized. Inflammation to lymph nodes is due to infection, foreign particles or other diseases of
organs that are situated close to them. Lymph nodes inflamed due to infection tend to be painful, but
those inflamed from cancers are usually painless.

Causes

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Leukemia
Arthritis

Treatment

Antibiotics

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