I HC THI NGUYN

TRNG I HC NNG LM
------ 0 8 + O ------

PG S.TS N G UYN NGC NNG

P G S.TS. N G UYN K HC TH I SN
TS. M XUN VN

BH QiG
PHNG PHP TIP CN KHOA HC
(DNG CHO SINHVIN NGNH QUN L T AI
V KHOA HC MI TRNG)

THI NGUYN, 2 0 1 1
 M C LC

Li ni u .................................................................................................................................. 1
Chng I .............................. ........................................................................... :........................... 2
Khoa hc v phn loi khoa h c ............................................................................................. 2
l . l Khi nim khoa h c ...........................................................................................................2
1.1.1. K hoa hc l mt h thng tri th c................................................................................ 2
1.2. Phn loi khoa h c ............................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1. Mc ch phn loi khoa h c ........................................................................................5
1.2.2. Cc bng phn loi khoa hc......................................................................................... 5
1.2.3. Vai tr ca cc bng phn loi khoa h c ....................................................................8
1.3..Quy lut hnh thnh v pht trin khoa h c ...................................................................9
1.3.1. Cc giai on pht trin ca tri thc khoa h c ...........................................................9
1.3.2. Q uy lut hnh thnh m t b m n khoa h c .............................................................. 11
1.4. Tiu ch nhn bit mt b mn khoa h c..................................................................... 13
Chng u ......................... ...... .................................................................................................. 15
i cng nghin cu v khoa h c .......................................................................................15
2.1. Khi nim Nghin cu khoa hc ...............................................................................15
2.2. Cc c im ca nghin cu khoa h c ....................................................................... 15
2.2.1. Tnh m i........................................................................ ................................................ 15
2.2.2. Tnh tin c y ................................................................................................................... ] 5
2.2.3. Tnh thng tin................................................................................................................ 15
2.2.4. Tnh khch quan............................................................................................................16
2.2.5. Tnh ri ro....................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.6. Tnh k tha............................................................................. ...................................... 16
2.2.7. Tnh c nh n...................................................................................................................17
2.3. Phn loi nghin cu khoa hc....................................................................................... 17
2.3.1.Phn loi theo chc nng nghin c u......................................................................... 17
2.3.2..Phn loi theo phng thc thu thp thng tin .........................................................19
2.3.3. Nghin cu c bn........................................................ ................................................ 20
2.4. M t s' sn phm c trng ca nghin cu khoa h c ...............................................24
2.4.1. Pht m in h ........................................................................................................................24
2.4.2. Pht h in..........................................................................................................................24
2.4.3. Sng c h ..........................................................................................................................24
2.4.4. Phn bit s khc nhau gia pht hin v pht minh, sng c h ............................25
2.5. Cu trc lgic ca mt Kho lun khoa h c ................................................................27
2.5.1. Khi nim Kho lun khoa hc .............................................................................. 27
2.5.2. Cu trc lgic ca mt kho lun khoa h c ..............................................................27
2.5.3.V d phn tch mt kho lun khoa hc theo cu trc lgic................................. 28
2.6. Trinh t lgic ca nghin cu khoa h c .......................................................................30
Chng r a '..................... ........................... ............................................................................... 33
Phng php tip cn v la chn vn nghin c u ................................................ ....... 33
3.1. Vn khoa hc................................................................................................................ 33
3.1.1. Khi nim "Vn khoa hc"....................................................... ..............................33
3.1.2. Phn lp vn khoa h c ............................................................................................. 33
3.1.3. Cc tnh hung ca vn d khoa h c.......................................................................... 34
3.1.4. Phng php pht hin vn d khoa h c ................................;.................................. 34
3.2. Gi thuyt khoa h c .......................................................................................................... .36
3.2.1. Khi nim (Gi thuyt khoa h c)................................................................................ 36

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3.2.2. Lin h gia gi thuyt vi vn khoa hc............................................................. 37
3.2.3. Thuc tnh c bn ca gi thuyt khoa h c ................................................................38
3.2.4. Tiu ch xem xt mt gi thuyt khoa h c .................................................................38
3.2.5. Phn loi gi thuyt khoa h c ...................................................................................... 39
3.2.6. Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt khoa h c......................................................................
3.2.7. Thao tc logic a ra mt gi thuyt khoa hc.................................................... 42
3.3. C s l lun ca ti khoa hc....................................................................................43
3.3.1. Khi nim v ti khoa h c ....................................................................................... 43
3.3.2. Cc loi ti khoa h c ................................................................................................ 44
3.3.3. Xy dng ti khoa hc..................................................................................... ........ 46
3.4. M t s iu lu khi la chn ti nghin cu khoa hc Ihuc linh vc Ti
nguyn mi tr ng.....................................................................................................................46
Chng IV ............ .......................................................................................................................48
Phng php nghin cu khoa h c..........................................................................................48
4 l. Khi nim v ngha ca phng php trong nghin cu khoa h c .......................48
4.2. Thng tin trong nghin cu khoa h c ............................................................................ 49
4.3. Cc phng php nghin cu khoa hc.......................................................................... 51
4.3.1. Nhm nghin cu l thuyt........................................................................................... 51
4.3.2. Nhm nghin cu thc ti n ........................................................................................... 54
4.3.3. Nhm nghin cu s dng ton hc............................................................................ 62
4.4. M t s phng php nghin cu trong lnh vc ti nguyn mi tr n g ................. 63
4.4.1. Nhm nghin cu thc tin ........................................................................................... 63
4.4.2. Nhm nghin cu s dng ton h c............................................................................ 64
Chng V .....................................................................................................................................65
T chc thc hin ti khoa hc........................................................................................... 65
5.1. Xy dng cng v k hoch nghin cu khoa h c ............................................... 65
5l . l . Xy dng cng nghin cu khoa h c ...................................................................65
5.1.2. Xy dng k hoch thc hin ti nghin cu khoa h c ......................................70
5.2..Trin khai thc hin ti nghin cu khoa h c ......................................................... 72
5.2.1. Thu thp thng tin ............................................ .............................................................. 72
5.2.2. Nghin cu thc t .......................................................................................................... 73
5.3. Tng hp kt qu v vit bo co khoa h c .................................................................. 77
5.3.1. Tng hp kt qu v vit bn tho................................................................................ 77
5.3.2. nh dng (format) mt bo co khoa h c ................................................................ 78
5.4. nh gi, nghim thu kt qu nghin cu khoa h c ....................................................80
5.4.4. Nhn xt phn bin khoa h c ........................................................................................ 82
5.5. Cng b kt qu nghin cu khoa h c ............................................................................83
Bi tp Tho lun......................................................................................................................... 84
Bi 1. La chn vn v ti nghin cu khoa h c ....................................................... 84
. 1. Xy dng lun im khoa hc...........................................................................................84
i 1.1. Vn khoa hc.....................................................:.................. . . 84
1.1.2. Gi thuyt khoa h c .................................................................................. 87
1.1.3. Lun im khoa h c............................................................................... 93
1.2. La chn v t tn t i............................................................... 94
1.2.1. Khi nim t i............................................................................ 94
1.2.2. La chn t i............................................................... . ....... . 94
1
1.2.3. t tn t i .......................................................... . . " . " . " . . " ' " " " " " ' " " ' ' " ^ 96
Bi 2. Xy dng cng nghin cu khoa h c ............................... ...................98
2.1. K hi nim v cng nghin cu khoa h c ................................................................
2.2. Cng tc chun b vit cng nghin cu khoa h c ..........................................98

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2.3. Xy dng cng nghin cu khoa h c ....................................................................99
2.3.7. Phng php nghin c u ............................................................................................ 101
2.3.9. D kin kt qu t c............................................................................................ 102
2.3.10. Lp k hoch thc h i n ........................... ............................................................... 102
2.4. Bo v cng nghin cu khoa h c ........................... ............................................ 103
2.4.1. Ni dung ca bo co cng nghin cu khoa h c ......................................... 104
2.4.2. Thuyt trnh bo co cng nghin cu khoa h c ........................................... 104
Bi 3. Vit v trnh by mt kt qu nghin cu khoa h c ............................................. 106
3.1. M t s quy nh chung khi trnh by mt kt qu nghin cu khoa hc............. 106
3.1.1. Phng php biu t s li u .................................................................................... 106
3.1.2. Ngn ng khoa h c ..................................................................................................... 107
3.1.3. Cch trch dn khoa h c ........................................................... .................................. 108
3.2. Cch vit v trnh by mt s loi c th ca kt qu nghin cu khoa hc........111
3.2.1. Cch vit v trnh by m t lun vn khoa h c ........... ........................................... 111
3.2.2. Cch vit v trnh by mt bi bo khoa h c ......................................................... 119
3.2.3. Cch vit v trnh by mt bo co kt qu nghin cu khoa h c ..................... 122
3.2.3. Trnh by v bo v kt qu nghin cu khoa hc trc hi ng nh g i .....126
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................ ......... ........................128

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 L IN I U

Phng php tip cn khoa hc l mt mn hc mi c quy nh trong

chng trnh o to i hc ca Trng i hc Nng lm Thi Nguyn.
Phng php tip cn khoa hc l l thuyt v phng php nghin cu khoa
hc, l thuyt v con ng nhn thc khm ph th gii thc. Mn hc ny l cng
c gip cho cc nh khoa hc v qun l trong cng tc t chc, qun l v thc hnh
nghin cu khoa hc m t cch sng to.
Bi ging ny c bin son da trn cc ti liu tham kho chnh t mt s'
gio trnh Phng php lun nghin cu khoa hc ca cc nh gio c tn tui nh
GS. TS. V Cao m, PGS. TS. Dng Vn Tin, GS. TS. Nguyn Vn H...
Bi ging cung cp cc phng php tip cn khoa hc cho sinh vin h i hc
ngnh Qun l t ai v khoa hc mi trng.
Tp th gio vin Khoa Ti nguyn & Mi trng tham gia bin son cun bi
ging ny bao gm:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Ngc Nng vit chng 1 v 2
TS. m Xun Vn vit chng 3 v 4
TS. Nguyn Khc Thi Sn vit chng 5 v 6
Chng ti hy vng ti liu ny s gip ch cho hc tp v nghin cu ca sinh
vin v nhng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu khoa hc thuc lnh vc ti nguyn v
mi trng. Mc d vi s c gng cao trong qu trnh bin son nhng chc chn cn
c nhiu hn ch. Chng ti rt monlg s ng gp ca bn c bi ging c hon
thin hn.

C c tc gi

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 CHNG I
KHOA HC V PHN LO I KHOA HC

Chng ny c nhim v lm r ni hm ca kh u nim khoa hc, thuc tnh

'bn cht ca khoa hc, phn loi khoa hc, bn cht, ngha ng dng ca mi bng
phn loi khoa hc. Cc ni dung ny c trnh by trong gii hn cn thit phc
v cho mc ch nghin cu v phng php lun khoa hc
l . l KHI NIM KHOA HC
Khoa hc c th c nh ngha iheo nhicu cch tip cn khc nhau tu thuc
muc ch s dung. Trong cc ti liu v phng php lun khoa hc, khi nim khoa
hc c nh ngha theo mt s cch tip cn sau:
1.1.1. Khoa hc l mt h thng tri thc
Khoa hc irc hiu l h thng tri thc v mi loi quy lut ca vt cht v s
vn ng ca vt cht, nhng quy lut ca t nhin, x hi, t duy
H thng tri thc dc ni y l h thng tri thc khoa hc. Khoa hc Irong
trng hp ny c hiu nh mt h thng tnh ti cc tri thc, l mt sn phm tr
tu c tch lu t hot dng tm ti. sng to ca ngi nghin cu.
Khi ni tri Ihc khoa hc, cc nh nghin cu mun phn bit vi tri Ihuc kinh
nghim. Tuy tri thc khoa hc v tri thc kinh nghim c c im chung l cu da
trn cc s kin tn ti khch qun, u hng ti nh;Vi thc chn l khch quan nhng
gia chng c nhng c im khc hit n ti nhng c trng c bn ca hot ng
khoa hc.
/ 7 ./ 7 Tri thc kinh nghim
Tri thc kinh nghim l nhng hicu bit c tch lu ml cch ngu nhin t
trong di sng hng ngy. Con ngi cm nhn th gii khch quan, chu s tc ng
ca th gii khch quan, buc phi x l nhng tnh hung xut hin trong t nhicn,
trong lao ng v trong ng x. T qu Irnh cm nhn v x l cc tnh hung, nhng
hiu bit kinh nghim c tch lu dn t nhng hiu bit v tng s vt ricng l n
nhng mi lin h mang tnh h thng.
Tri thc kinh nghim dng vai Ir quan trng trong i sng. Nh tri ihc kinh
nghim, con ngi c c nhng hnh dung thc t v cc s vt, bit cch phn ng
trc t nhin, bit ng x trong cc quan h x hi v cui cng tri Ihc kinh nghim
gip con ngi gii quyt hng lot vn ny sinh Irong l nhicn, x hi c th
tn ti v pht trin.
Tri Ihc kinh nghm ngy cng tr nn phong ph, cha ng nhng mt ng
n, nhng ring bit, cha th i su vo bn cht cc s vt, v do vy, tri thc kinh
nghim ch gip ch con ngi phi trin n mt khun kh nht nh, khng th
vi khi nhng gii hn sinh hc. Tuy nhicn, Ir thc kinh nghim lun l m t c s
quan trng cho s hnh llinh cc tri thc khoa hc.

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 1.1 .1 2 . Tri thc khoa hc
Tri thc khoa hc l nhng hiu bit c tch lu mt cch h thng nh hot
ng nghin cu khoa hc c vch sn theo mt k hoch c mc tiu xc nh v
c tin hnh da trn mt h thng phng php khoa hc. Tri thc khoa hc c
pht trin tng tri thc kinh nghim.
Tri thc khoa hc khc cn bn vi tri thc kinh nghim ch, n l s tng kt
t nhng tp hp s liu v s kin ngu nhin, ri rc khi qut ho thnh nhng c
s l thuyt v cc lin h bn cht. Khi ni n tri thc khoa hc l ni n nhng kt
lun v quy lut tt yu c kh nghim. Tri thc khoa hc khng dng li vic
1 pht trin s kin, m cn i xa hn trong vic gii thch cc s kin, ra nhng l
1 thuyt mi gii thch cc s kin.
C th ly v d v s phn bit tri thc kinh nghim vi tri thc khoa hc. Khi
cm thy oi bc, mt ngi bnh thng bit l tri sp ma, l nh hiu bit kinh
nghim. Trong khoa hc, ngi ta khng dng y m phi l gii cc hin tng c
lin quan bng cc lun c khoa hc. Chng hn, tri oi bc c ngha l m trong
khng kh tng n m t gii hn no . iu ny cho php rt ra kt lun khoa
hc: s tng m trong khng kh n mt gii hn no l mt du hiu cho bit
l i sp ma. chnh l hiu bit khoa hc.
l l 2. K h o a hc l m t hnh th i thc x hi
Theo quan im trit hc mcxt, khoa hc c xem l mt hnh thi thc x
hi. Vi t cch l hnh thi thc x hi, khoa hc tn ti mang tnh c lp tng
i vi cc hnh thi thc x hi khc. Khoa hc phn bit vi cc hnh thi thc x
hi khc i tng v hnh thc phn nh v mang mt chc nng x hi ring bit.
y l nhn thc quan trng v phng php lun khoa hc trong vic x l mi quan
h phc tp gia khoa hc vi cc hnh thi thc x hi khc nhau. Thc t lch s
khoa hc cho thy, mi pht hin mi v quy lut hoc sng to mi v gii php n
hon ton c kh nng n ti nhng ci nhn khc bit so vi cc hnh thi thc x
hi khc nhau v do vy phi chp nhn nhng ca chm t ra l trn tranh lun, lin
quan n cc quan im khoa hc. Nhn thc ny rt quan trng v phng php lun
khoa hc. N i hi phi xem xt k nhng kt lun ca khoa hc, x l ng n
mi quan h gia cc kt lun khoa hc vi t duy truyn thng. C th ri vo mt
trong nhng tnh hung sau:
Kt lun ca khoa hc l ng, nhng bi cnh x hi cha cho php ng dng.
Kt lun ca khoa hc ng trong bi cnh x hi ny, nhng li khoa hc
khng hon ton ph hp vi bi cnh x hi khc.
Kt lun ca khoa hc c th c nhng im yu, khng ph hp vi quy lun
vn ng ca thc t x hi.
S d bit gia mt kt lun khoa hc vi cc hnh thi thc x hi khc l mt
tn ti khch quan. V vy, ngi nghin cu v ngi s dng cn phi xem xt vi
thi khch quan. y l iu kin quyt nh khng dn ti xung t x hi

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gia khoa hc vi cc hnh thi thc x hi khc nh c bit n trong lch s
khoa hc.
1.1.3. Khoa hc l mt thit ch' x hi
y l mt khi nim x hi hc v khoa hc c Price - nh nghin cu lch
s khoa hc a ra vo u thp nicn 70. Trong cun sch Thuc lnh ca khoa hc,
Price ni rng C l khoa hc s l ml thit x hi c ngha nht trong x hi hin
i
Trong x hi hc, thit ch x hi c hiu l mt h thng nhng quy tc, gi
tr v cu trc nhm ti mt mc ch xc nh, l mt h tling cc quan h n dnh,
to nn mt lot cc khun mu x hi biu hin s thng nht dc x hi cng khai
tha nhn nhm llit mn r c nhu cu C bn ca x hi".
Vi t cch l mt thit ch x hi, khoa hc thm nhp mi lnh vc hot
ng x hi v thc hin nhng chc nng ca mt thit ch x hi.
nh ra mt khun mu hnh vi ly tnh khoa hc lm thc o, chng hn:
tc phong lm vic khoa hc, t chc lao ng theo khoa hc.
Lun c khoa hc tr nn mt i hi trong mi quyt nh trong sn xut,
kinh doanh, l chc x hi. Tng hm lng khoa hc trong sn phm tr nn mt
iu kin ginh th mnh cnh tranh trn th trng.
Khoa hc ang ngy cng Ir nn mt phng tin gp phn bin i tn gc
r mi mt ca i sng x hi.
Nhn nhn khoa hc l mt thit ch x hi c ngha rt quan trng i vi
ngi nghin cu trong qu trnh la chn phng hng nghicn cu, ng thi cng
c ngha quan trng lin quan n vic hoch nh chnh sch h tr nhng nghin
cu c ngha thit thc cho s pht trin x hi.
1.1.4. Khoa hc l mt hot ng x hi
Khoa hc ngy nay tr nn m i hot ng ngh nghip ca mt cng ng
x hi. l mt dng hot ng x hi c bit, hng vo vic tm kim nhng iu
cha bit v v cng gian kh, thm ch c khi gp ri ro trong qu trnh tm kim.
Vi t cch l mt hot ng x hi. hot ng khoa hc nh hng theo nhng mc
ch c bn sau:
Pht hin bn cht cc s vt. pht trin nhn Ihc v th gii.
Sng to cc s vt mi, pht trin cc phng tin ci lo th gii.
Hng lot khi nim xut hin i lin vi ngha ny. Chng hn, hot ng
khoa hc (loi hot ng x hi tin hnh cng vic tm ti, khm pha. sng to khoa hc);
ngnh khoa hc: t chc khoa hc (t chc thc hin cc hot ne khoa h c ) ... Tng
t, ngi ta cnc gp cc khi nim nh khoa hc. hot ng khoa h c...
1.2. PHN LOI KHOA HC
Phn loi khoa hoc l s phn chia cac b mun khoa hc Ihnh nhng nhi:in
cc b inn khoa hc c cni: mt thuc tnh no d. Ngi nghin cu cn bil V

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ngha ng dng ca mi bng phn loi khoa hc s dng trong trng hp cn
thit.
1.2.1. Mc ch phn loi khoa hc
Phn loi khoa hc l nhn dng cu trc ca h thng tri thc, xc nh V
tr mi b mn khoa hc trong h thng tri thc.
M t trong nhng phn loi khoa hc pht trin nht thi Hy Lp c i l phn
loi khoa hc theo mc ch ng dng ca Aristote (384 - 322 trc cng nguyn). Sau
Aristote v cc trit gia c i nh Ibn Sina (Ai Cp, th k XI), Roger Bacon, phn
loi theo phng.thc hnh thnh khoa hc (th k XIII). Trong giai on ko di t
cui nn vn m inh c i qua sut trung i n thi Phc hng l giai on m qu
trnh phn lp khoa hc din ra mnh m, nht l s tch hng lot b mn khoa hc
khi trit hc. n th k XVIII, Ampe a ra bng phn loi khoa hc theo i tng
nghin cu ca khoa hc. Tip , cui th k XVIII, Comte ngh phn loi theo
trnh phc tp ca h thng tri thc. Sang th k XIX, Spencer a cch tip cn
ny ln mt nh cao hn. Giai on xut hin nhng trng phi khc nhau trong
phn loi khoa hc ko di n na u Ih k XIX.
Gia th k XIX, Engels k tha v pht trin nguyn tc phn loi khoa hc
theo i tng nghin cu. S ng gp quan trng nht ca Engels l a ra nguyn tc
ni kt (connexion) cc khoa hc tng ng vi bin chng pht trin ca khch th t
v c qua hu c n con ngi v x hi. Gia th k XX, Kedrov pht trin hng
tip cn ny ca Engels, hon thin bng phn loi khoa hc theo i tng nghin cu.
C m t thi k, cc nh nghin cu trit hc v khoa hc a ra mt cuc tranh
lun gay gt v u im, nhc im ca cc cch tip cn phn loi khoa hc v cc
bng phn loi khoa hc. M t s ngi mun ph nhn cch phn loi ny hoc cch
phn loi kia. Thc ra, mi cch phn loi c mt vai tr nht nh trong nhu cu nhn
thc h thng khoa hc.
2.2 Cc bng phn loi khoa hc
C nhiu cch tip cn phn loi khoa hc. Mi cch phn loi c mt ngha
ng dng. Trong cc bng phn loi khoa hc, c l c ngha ng dng nhiu nht,
c cc nh nghin cu s dng nhiu nht l mt bng phn loi sau:
a. Phn loi theo cch hnh thnh khoa hc
Bn cht ca phn loi ny l phn chia cc b mn khoa hc theo cch thc v
phng php, theo m t b mn khoa hc c hnh thnh. Cch phn loi ny
khng quan tm n i tng nghin cai ca khoa hc, ngha l vic khoa hc nghin
cu ci g, m quan tm n phng php lun khoa hc, ngha l khoa hc c hnh
thnh nh th no. S phn loi khoa hc theo tiu ch ny c ngha quan trng v
phng php lun: n cho ngi nghin cu hiu cch thc xy dng l thuyt khoa
hc tu thuc c im nhng nghin cu ca b mn khoa hc m mnh ang theo
ui. Theo bng phn loi ny, khoa hc c th c chia thnh nhng nhm sau:
Khoa hc tin nhim, v d, hnh hc, l thuyt tng i.

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 Khoa hc hu nghim, v d x hi hc, vt l hc thc nghim.
Khoa hc phn lp, v d kho c hc c phn lp t s hc.
Khoa hc tch hp, v d kinh t hc chnh tr. ho l.
b. Phn loi theo chc nng ca khoa hc
Cng nh bng phn loi th nht, bng phn loi ny cng khng quan tm
n i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc m quan tm n chc nng ca khoa hc.
Vic xcm xt chc nng ca khoa hc cne c mt ngha rt quan trng v phng
php lun thu thp v x Iv thng tin. Theo chc nng ca khoa hoc. cc b mn khoi
hc c th phn chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:
Khoa hc m t: s hc
Khoa hc ng dng: thng k ton, vn tr hc
Khoa hc hnh ng: phng php lun, qun l hc
Khoa hc sng to: phng php lun sng to
c. Phn loi theo cu trc ca h thng tri thc
Khi ni n cu trc ca h thng tri thc, ngi ta quan tm n nhng lnh
vc khoa hc ng vai tr nn tng cho s pht trin ton b h thng tri thc ni
chung hoc s pht trin ton b h thng tri thc ca mt ngnh khoa hc c th no
. Trn gc ny c hai cch tip cn xem xt:
M t l, xem xt trn ton b h thng tri thc ca nhn loi:
Khoa hc c bn, l nhng b mn khoa hc m h thng tr thc ca n ng
vai tr nn tng cho s pht trin ton b h thng tri thc. Trn th gii, cc khoa hc
c xem l khoa hc c bn bao gm: ton hc, vt l hc, ho hc, sinh hc.
Khoa hc chuyn ngnh, l nhng lnh vc nghicn cu chuyn H t, mang
m t ngha ng dng c th no .
Hai l, xem xt trong h thng tri thc ca mt ngnh khoa hc. hoc mt
ngnh o to c r th. V du, i vi ngnh x hi hc th cu trc h thng tri thc c
th nh sau:
Khoa hc c bn, c th' gm trit hc, kinh l hc chnh tr, tm l hc.
Khoa hc c s. c th gm x hi hc i cng, ihng k ton
Khoa hc chuyn ngnh, c th gm cc b m n x hi chuyn ngnh nh x
hi hc kinh t, x hi hc tn gio, x hi hc khoa hc v cng n g h ...
d. Phn loi theo i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc
Theo bng phin loi ny, cc b m n khoa hc c sp xp m t cch tung
ng VI qua Innh phat tnn bin chng ca khch th. Ngi u tin a ra tn0
ny v phn loi khoa hc l F.hngles.B. Kedrov tip tc pht trin tng C8
Englcs v a ra bng phn loi khoa hc theo m hnh m t tam gic vi ba nh gm:
(1) khoa hc t nhin. (2) khoa hc x hi v (3) trit hc (xem hnh)

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