Ingles tcnico

Andrea Nayely Ramirez Garduo

28/09/2016
 Introduction

A specialty in medicine is a branch of medical practice. To a certain extent, medical

practitioners have always been specialized. According to Galen, specialization was
common among Roman physicians. The particular system of modern medical
specialities evolved gradually during the 19th century. Informal social recognition of
medical specialization evolved before the formal legal system. The particular
subdivision of the practice of medicine into various specialities varies from country
to country, and is somewhat arbitrary. Medical specialties can be classified along
several axes. These are: Surgical or internal medicine, Age range of patients,
Diagnostic or therapeutic, Organ-based or technique-based.

Throughout history, the most important has been the division into surgical and
internal medicine specialties. The surgical specialties are the specialties in which
an important part of diagnosis and treatment is achieved through major surgical
techniques. The internal medicine specialties are the specialties in which the main
diagnosis and treatment is never major surgery. In some countries Anesthesiology
is classified as a surgical discipline, since it is vital in the surgical process, though
anesthesiologists never perform major surgery themselves.

Many specialties are organ-based. Many symptoms and diseases come from a
particular organ. Others are based mainly around a set of techniques, such as
radiology, which was originally based around X-rays.

The age range of patients seen by any given specialist can be quite variable.
Paediatricians handle most complaints and diseases in children that do not require
surgery, and there are several subspecialties in paediatrics that mimic the organ-
based specialties in adults. Paediatric surgery may or may not be a separate
specialty that handles some kinds of surgical complaints in children.

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 Cardiology

Definition
Cardiology is the study and treatment of disorders of the heart; it is a medical
specialty which is involved in the care of all things associated with the heart and
the arteries.

Diseases

Aneurysm. A balloon-like bulge in an artery. If a bulge stretches the artery

too far, the vessel can burst. Aneurysms can form in arteries of all sizes, but the
most serious are those that affect the large blood vessel that carries blood from the
heart to other parts of the body (the aorta), the hearts pumping chamber
(ventricle), and arteries that supply blood to the brain.

Angina. A type of chest discomfort caused by inadequate blood flow to the

heart. It may be experienced as tightness, heavy pressure, squeezing pain, or
crushing chest pain. The most common cause of angina is coronary artery disease,
narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the heart.

Arrhythmia. Any disorder of heart rate or rhythm. Examples of arrhythmias

are tachycardia (faster-than-normal heartbeat) and bradycardia (slower-than-
normal heartbeat).

Atherosclerosis. The buildup of fatty deposits (plaques) in the arteries. The

narrowing and stiffening of arteries due to plaque buildup can interfere with blood
flow, causing pain in oxygen-starved organs. If a plaque in a coronary artery
ruptures, it can cause heart attack or stroke.

Atrial fibrillation. A heart rhythm disorder in which the upper chambers of the
heart (atria) contract rapidly and in a disorganized manner. Atrial fibrillation
increases the risk of blood clots that can block the flow of blood to the brain, lungs,
or other organs.

Bradycardia. An abnormally slow heart rate. Bradycardia may have no

symptoms or may cause heart palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and
fainting.

Cardiomyopathy. A disease of the heart muscle in which the muscle tone is

damaged and the hearts ability to pump blood is impaired. The most common type
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 is dilated cardiomyopathy, in which one or more of the hearts chambers is
enlarged and its pumping becomes less forceful. Other types include hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy, in which the walls of the heart muscle thicken, and restrictive
cardiomyopathy, in which the heart muscle becomes more rigid.

Chest pain. Discomfort or pain along the front of the body between the neck
and upper abdomen. Chest pain may be a symptom of a heart attack or coronary
artery disease, but it may also occur due to asthma, pneumonia, muscle strain,
anxiety, or digestive problems (e.g., heartburn, ulcers, or gallstones).

Claudication. Claudication is pain in the calf or thigh muscle that occurs with
exercise and is relieved by rest. The pain is caused by poor blood flow due to
narrowing or blockages affecting the arteries that carry blood to the legs.
Claudication is the most common symptom in people who have peripheral artery
disease.

Congestive heart failure. A condition in which the heart is weak and has lost
some ability to pump blood. Symptoms include shortness of breath, persistent
coughing or wheezing, fatigue, and swelling in the feet, ankles, legs, or abdomen.

Coronary artery disease (CAD). Narrowing and hardening of the arteries

that supply blood to the heart due to the buildup of plaque in the artery wall. CAD is
the most common type of heart disease. The reduced blood flow to the heart can
cause angina (chest pain) and heart attack and can contribute to heart failure and
arrhythmias.

Heart attack. Sudden blockage of the supply of blood and oxygen to a

portion of the heart muscle. Treatments for heart attack work to open the blocked
artery and restore blood flow as quickly as possible, in order to limit damage to the
heart muscle.

Heart murmur. A rasping, whooshing, or blowing sound produced by

turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or near the heart. Murmurs are most
often caused by defective heart valves.

High cholesterol. A total cholesterol level above 240 mg/dL is considered

high cholesterol. Total cholesterol between 200 and 239 is considered borderline
high. High cholesterol increases your risk of heart disease. Diet and medication
can bring down cholesterol levels and reduce heart disease risk.

Hypertension (high blood pressure). Normal blood pressure is below 120/80

mm Hg. Blood pressure of 120 to 139 systolic (the top number in a reading) or 80
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 to 89 diastolic (the bottom number) is considered prehypertension. Blood pressure
above 139 mm Hg systolic or above 89 mm Hg diastolic is considered high blood
pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney
disease.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD). Peripheral artery disease is atherosclerosis

(narrowing or blockage of arteries due to the buildup of fatty deposits) affecting the
arteries that supply blood to the legs and feet.

Congenital heart disease. Abnormalities in the hearts structure and function

that are caused by disordered or abnormal heart development before birth. While
some abnormalities never cause any problems, many of these defects need to be
followed carefully and require treatment (medication or surgery). The most
common congenital heart defect is a ventricular septal defect, a hole in the wall
that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart.

Syncope (fainting). A temporary loss of consciousness due to a drop in

blood flow to the brain. The episode is brief and is followed by a rapid and
complete recovery. Syncope may be caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure,
extreme emotional states, severe pain, certain medications, abnormal heart
rhythms, or other reasons.

Treatment
Alcohol septal ablation
A procedure in which ethanol (alcohol) is injected into an artery to shrink the
thickened heart muscle that obstructs the outflow of blood from the heart.
Atrial septal defect (ASD) closure
A surgical procedure to close a hole in the wall between the right and left atria (the
two upper chambers of the heart).
Balloon aortic valvuloplasty
A method used to temporarily relieve aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve)
by inflating a balloon within the narrowed valve.
Balloon mitral valvuloplasty
A procedure to thread a balloon into the heart through the femoral vein in the groin
to improve blood flow across the mitral valve.

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Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
A surgical procedure used in which the blocked portion of the coronary artery is
bypassed with another piece of blood vessel.
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
A mechanical device which aids in the pumping function of the blood.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure
A procedure in which a specialized device is used to close a common small tunnel
in the heart called a PFO, which has been linked to strokes.
Percutaneous coronary revascularization
Procedures in which blood flow to the heart is restored by removing or bypassing
blockages in the coronary artiers.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
A procedure in which a catheter is used to open blocked coronary arteries and
restore arterial blood flow to the heart tissue.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)
A minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a damaged valve is repaired with
a replacement valve without removing the old, damaged valve.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
A less invasive procedure for patients with severe aortic stenosis, using an artificial
aortic valve.

Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is
an oncologist. The name's etymological origin is the Greek word (nkos),
meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass".

Diseases

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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia, a blood and bone marrow cancer, involves a
combination of radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells and chemotherapy which
our medical team expertly provides.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia, a blood and bone marrow cancer, involves a
combination of radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells and chemotherapy which
our medical team expertly provides.
Aplastic Anemia
If you or someone you love has severe aplastic anemia, the unexplained failure of
the bone marrow to produce blood cells, you should seek immediate medical
treatment.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Our renowned experts in skin cancer and dermatologic surgery will develop a
personalized treatment plan for patients with basal cell carcinoma.
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)
Basal cell nevus syndrome, also known as Gorlin syndrome, is a genetic disorder
that increases the chance a person will develop cancer.
Bladder Cancer
Our multidisciplinary approach to bladder cancer provides patients with the
expertise of specially trained physicians.
Bone Cancer
Our specialists provide personal care for patients diagnosed with bone cancer such
as chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, myeloma bone disease, multiple myeloma
or osteosarcoma.
Brain Tumor
More than 1,000 brain tumor surgeries are performed each year including, gliomas
and meningiomas, the most common types of brain tumors.
Breast Cancer
If you have been diagnosed with breast cancer, you can feel confident that our
renowned breast cancer specialists will carefully guide you through the available
treatment options and provide personalized care that takes into account all your
medical and emotional needs.
Breast Cancer (Men)
If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, our renowned experts will carefully guide
you through the available treatment options and provide personalized care that
takes into account all your medical and emotional needs.
Central Nervous System Lymphoma (CNS)
Our multidisciplinary team is dedicated to primary brain tumors including central
nervous system (CNS) lymphoma.

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Cervical Cancer
Our multidisciplinary team of specialists has expertise in treating women with both
premalignant and malignant conditions of the reproductive organs, including
cervical cancer.
Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is often treated the same
way as hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common form of primary liver cancer
that develops in the main type of liver cell.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a blood and bone marrow cancer, involves a
combination of radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells and chemotherapy which
our medical team expertly provides.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia, a blood and bone marrow cancer, involves a
combination of radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells and chemotherapy which
our medical team expertly provides.
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer has been found to be one of the most common internal cancers
affecting both men and women, through early detection, this type of cancer is
highly curable.
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is the most common type of cutaneous lymphoma that
typically presents with red, scaly patches or thickened plaques of skin.
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive organs
and has a high cure rate with early detection.
Ewing Sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and
adolescents.
Glioma
Our multidisciplinary clinical team is among the most experienced in the nation for
treating gliomas, which is a type of brain tumor.
Head and Neck Cancers
Our specialists are experts in diagnosing and treating symptoms of head and neck
cancer which include ear pain, a growing neck mass, shortness of breath, weight
loss and a hoarse voice.
Hematologic Cancers
Hematologic cancers affect the blood cells and are more commonly known as
leukemias and Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
Hereditary Breast Ovarian Cancer Syndrome

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We offer risk assessment, genetic counseling and gene testing for hereditary
breast and ovarian cancer syndrome.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Our team of specialists provides personalized care and treatment for patients with
Hodgkin's lymphoma. a type of blood and bone marrow cancer.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare form of breast cancer that is treated by
experts at our Breast Care Center.
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Jefferson's renowned experts in skin cancer and dermatologic surgery will check
your skin and lymph nodes for signs of Kaposi's sarcoma.
Kidney Cancer
If you or someone important to you has been diagnosed with kidney cancer, turn to
our experienced team of urologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists and
radiologists.
Laryngeal Cancer
A cancer of the voice box, laryngeal cancer is usually treated with radiation therapy
or surgery.
Liver Cancer
Our experts are leading the field in research for liver cancer and provide thorough
analysis and treatment personalized for each patient.
Lung Cancer
If you are at high risk of lung cancer, our specialists offer state-of-the-art screening
methods to detect a lump, a mass or a nodule.
Melanoma
As the most dangerous of skin cancers, melanoma personalized treatment is
provided by our experienced multidisciplinary team of specialists.
Merkel Cell Cancer
Our team of specialists provides a personalized care for patients diagnosed with
merkel cell cancer, a rare disease that develops on or just beneath the skin.
Multiple Myeloma
Our multidisciplinary team of specialists provides expert care and advanced
technologies for patients with multiple myeloma.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Our experienced team provides personalized treatment for patients with non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Ocular Melanoma
If you have been diagnosed with ocular melanoma, the most common malignant
eye tumor, our specialists can provide personalized treatment options.
Oral Cancer

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Oral cancer is found in the mouth area and the oropharynx (the throat area at the
back of the mouth) and is treated with personalized care by our doctors.
Osteosarcoma
Here at Jefferson, you and your child will have access to the best physicians, the
latest treatment and state-of-the-art technology for osteosarcoma.
Pancreatic Cancer

Treatment

The main types of cancer treatment include:

Surgery
Describes how surgery is used to treat cancer. Includes information about what
you can expect before, during, and after surgery.

Radiation Therapy
Describes how radiation therapy is used to treat cancer. Includes information
about the types of radiation, side effects, and what you can expect from
treatment.

Chemotherapy
Describes how chemotherapy is used to treat cancer. Includes information about
what to expect during treatment and tips for managing diet needs and working
during treatment.

Immunotherapy
Describes how immunotherapy helps your immune system fight cancer.
Includes information about the types of immunotherapy and what you can
expect during treatment.

Targeted Therapy
Information about the role that targeted therapies play in cancer treatment.
Includes how targeted therapies work against cancer, who receives targeted
therapies, common side effects, and what to expect when having targeted
therapies.

Hormone Therapy

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 Describes how hormone therapy slows or stops the growth of breast and
prostate cancers that use hormones to grow. Includes information about the
types of hormone therapy and side effects that may happen.

Stem Cell Transplant

Describes how stem cell transplants are used in cancer treatment. Includes
information about the types of transplants and what to expect when receiving a
transplant.

Precision Medicine
Information about the role that precision medicine plays in cancer treatment.
Includes how genetic changes in a person's cancer are identified and may be
used to select treatments that are most likely to help them.

Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a
combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation
therapy.

Dermatology

Dermatology is the science that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases of the skin, hair and nails. Dermatology involves but is not limited to
study, research, and diagnosis of normal and disorders, diseases, cancers,
cosmetic and ageing conditions of the skin, fat, hair, nails and oral and genital
membranes, and the management of these by different investigations and
therapies, including but not limited to dermatohistopathology.

Diseases
There are a variety of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that may affect the
appearance of skin and could lead to more serious health problems. The Human
Papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be associated with genital warts and can be
spread very easily, which necessitates its effective treatment. Molluscum, another
viral infection often spread through sexual contact, is also highly contagious and
results in unsightly physical changes to the skin. Both can be treated by excision
and a variety of topical treatments.
With age, natural wear, and constant sun exposure, the skin is subject to
developing areas of discoloration. While generally harmless and mostly treated for
cosmetic purposes, certain patches of discoloration may point toward possible
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development of skin cancer. Actinic keratosis, the most common condition treated
by dermatologists in the adult population, a precancerous skin condition. Mount
Sinai Dermatology specializes in helping patients deal with and take preemptive
measures to prevent serious complications associated with solar damage.
Acne is a problem that afflicts almost everyone at some point of their lives,
with some people being more severely affected than others. Acne can be
reasonably treated by targeting the bacteria responsible as well as targeting
and weakening the sweat glands near the surface of the skin. More severe
cases of acne may require more aggressive approaches, including
minimally-invasive surgical excision or steroid injections directly into cysts.
Powerful oral medications have been approved for use for patients with
extremely severe acne.
Acne scars may develop at sites where acne lesions have resolved and the
severity of acne correlates with the severity of scarring. "Picking" can
predispose to the development of acne scars, which are typically depressed.
Deeper skin tones generally develop darkening within the scars, while
lighter skin tones usually scar with redness. Treating acne lesions by seeing
a dermatologist early may prevent potentially permanent scarring.
Therapeutic options for acne scars include vitamin A derivatives, chemical
peels, fillers, and laser skin resurfacing. The pulse dye laser may be used
for redness within scars, and topical bleaching agents may mitigate
hyperpigmentation.
Bullous diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that result in
detachment of the skin and/or mucous membranes. We treat a broad
spectrum of these diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris, bullous
pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, among many others. We offer the
latest in biologic therapy, including Rituxan (rituximab) and intravenous
immune globulins (IVIg), as well as a gamut of other options, such as
mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, methotrexate, prednisone, and
Dapsone.
Eczema (also known as atopic dermatitis) generally starts in childhood, but
it can also present later in life. Eczema presents as an itchy red rash, most
often on the arms, legs, and trunk. There is no definitive cause of eczema,
but we know that it is most likely a due to a disruption in the skin's ability to
hold moisture and maintain a healthy skin barrier. There are many targeted
treatment for eczema, including topical anti-inflammatories, medical-grade
ultraviolet therapy, and oral medications. We are fortunate to have a special
program dedicated to eczema care and research in our Department, so you
can be assured that you are getting the most advanced treatment.
Hyperhidrosis (excessive perspiration) is a condition in which patients
experience excessive sweating. It can be generalized or localized to
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 armpits, hands, and/or feet. Generalized hyperhidrosis is usually associated
with a medical condition that can be diagnosed and treated appropriately by
your primary care doctor. However, the majority of cases are localized, and
it is not usually associated with a medical disease. In this case, your
dermatologist may consider several treatments, including topical or oral
medications, BOTOX injections, an innovative new medical device called
miraDry, or surgical procedures.
Moles (or nevi) are dark bumps or flat areas on the skin. These are made of
a collection of melanocytes, or pigment-producing cells, underneath the
skin. Sometimes, you might be born with a mole, but it is also common to
have them occur in childhood or beyond. Although there are certain criteria
to look for in moles to determine if they are abnormal or not, it is best to
have any suspicious mole examined by a board certified dermatologist.
Mycosis fungoides is a rare form of T-cell lymphoma of the skin, which is
typically slowly progressive and chronic. In individuals with mycosis
fungoides, the skin becomes infiltrated with patches or lumps composed of
white cells called lymphocytes. In advanced cases, the disease can cause
ulcerated tumors and infiltration of lymph nodes and spread to other parts of
the body. The cause is unknown, and the diagnosis is often delayed for
months or years and may require several biopsies, as early mycosis
fungoides can be difficult to differentiate from other skin conditions,
especially eczema. Treatment of individual patients varies and depends on
the stage. Topical treatments including corticosteroids are frequently used
as well as light therapy called phototherapy, which is available at The Mount
Sinai Hospital.
Psoriasis is an autoimmune, genetic condition caused by inflammation of
the skin, as well as other organs. Most commonly, psoriasis presents as
thick, silvery, scaly plaques on the elbow, knees, scalp, and trunk although
the condition can affect any area of the skin. Psoriasis is associated with
arthritis, known as psoriatic arthritis, in approximately 30 percent of patients.
Other associated conditions include heart disease, diabetes and insulin
resistance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, depression, and alcoholism.
Treatment of psoriasis includes topical agents (e.g., creams, ointments,
lotions, foams, and sprays), light therapy, and oral and biologic injectable
(shots) medications. Biologics are the latest class of medication available to
treat psoriasis. These medications not only treat the skin, but these also
help with joint pain and in some studies have been shown to decrease the
risk of cardiovascular (heart and vessel) disease in psoriasis patients. Since
there are so many options available for treatment, it's important for the
patients to work with a doctor they know and trust. Since no approach is

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 right for all the patients, our doctors will choose a personalized treatment
regimen for you.
Rosacea is a common chronic skin condition characterized by many
symptoms that may include facial redness/swelling, skin bumps, visible tiny
blood vessels, and eye redness. Some common triggers that may cause
flare-ups of rosacea include, but are not limited to, eating hot/spicy foods,
drinking hot drinks, drinking alcohol, extremes of temperature, sun
exposure, and stress. Depending on the severity of this condition, treatment
is composed of gels, creams, lotions, and oral medications. To avoid flares
and control symptoms, patients should use daily sunscreen and sun
protection, avoid triggers, refrain from using irritating products on your face,
and wash skin with a gentle cleanser.

Treatments

Dermatology - Non-surgical procedures

Laser treatments

Chemical peel

Injectable fillers

Botox and Dysport

Lip augmentation

Non-surgical nose job

Non-surgical facelift

Acne treatment

Acne scar removal

Microdermabrasion
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 Dermabrasion

Vein treatment

Scar removal

Skin tightening

Cosmetic dermatology - Surgical procedures

Mole removal

Mohs surgery (reconstruction)

Hair transplant

Liposuction

Facelift

Eyelid surgery

Most dermatologists and dermasurgeons also offer treatments for a variety of

medical skin conditions, in addition to cosmetic treatments. Although most skin
problems can create aesthetic concerns, the following conditions are usually
considered medical issues, and treatment

Endocrinology

Endocrinology is the study of medicine that relates to the endocrine system, which
is the system that controls hormones. An endocrinologist will deal with diseases
that are caused by problems with hormones.

Endocrine Diseases
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 Endocrinology is focused on the care and treatment of endocrine diseases. These
fall into three categories, which are:
Tumors: Tumors in the glands, whether cancerous or benign, can cause
hormone balance problems.
Gland hypersecretion: Occurs when a gland secretes too much of the
hormone it is designed to create.
Gland hyposecretion: Diseases caused when the body has a deficiency of a
certain hormone due to the glands secreting too little of it.
In each of these situations, the result is a disease that impacts the body and its
overall function and well-being.

Treatments

Treatment of endocrine disorders can be complicated, as a change in one hormone

level can throw off another. Your doctor or specialist may order routine blood work
to check for problems or to determine if your medication or treatment plan needs to
be adjusted.

Gynecology

Gynecology is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female
reproductive systems (vagina, uterus, and ovaries and the breasts. Literally,
outside medicine, the term means "the science of women.

Diseases

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Pregnancy

Pregnancy Care (from pre-conception counseling through delivery and

post-partum care)

Pregnancy and the Flu

Ectopic Pregnancy

Cervical Cerclage

Infertility evaluation and treatment

Miscarriage

o General information

o Risks and Treatments

Menstruation

Abnormal bleeding

Endometriosis

Irregular Menstruation (heavy bleeding, prolonged periods)

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Menopause

Menopause (and midlife care/issues)

Pelvic Floor Issues

Cystocele

Fecal Incontinence/Accidental Bowel Leakage (ABL)

Lower genital tract dysplasia

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 Pelvic floor dysfunction

Pelvic heaviness or fullness

Rectocele

Urinary incontinence

Urine leakage

Uterine prolapse

Vaginal vault prolapse

Tension-free vaginal taping/Vaginal vault suspension

Contraception

Contraception options

Gynecologic Cancers and Screening

Cancer prevention and screening

Precancerous conditions of cervix and early cervical cancers

Cold knife cone

Tests and Surgical Procedures

Myomectomy (laparoscopic and hysteroscopic)

Preventive and surgical care, including:

o Cervical Biopsy

o Biopsy of the Vulva

o Biopsy of the Vagina

Reproductive Surgeries

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 Cystectomy

Endometrial Ablations

Hysteroscopy

Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic oophorectomy

Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

Robotic Hysterectomy

Supracervical total hysterectomy

Urology

Urology also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that

focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary tract
system and the male reproductive organs. The organs under the domain of urology
include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male
reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate,
and penis).

Diseases

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

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 Simple Prostatectomy

Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate (TUNA)

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Cancer, Adrenals, Kidney, and Ureter

Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters

Cancer, Bladder, Penis, and Urethra

Bacillus Calmette-Gu

Bladder Cancer

Cystoscopy in Bladder Carcinoma

Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors

Partial Cystectomy

Penile Cancer

Radical Cystectomy

Surveillance for Recurrent Bladder Cancer

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors

Treatment of Carcinoma In Situ

Urethral Cancer

Urine Tumor Markers in Bladder Cancer Diagnosis

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Cancer, Prostate

Metastatic and Advanced Prostate Cancer

Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer

Precancerous Lesions of the Prostate

Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer and Nutrition

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Staging

Cancer, Testicle

Leydig Cell Tumors

Nonseminomatous Testicular Tumors

Partial Orchiectomy

Radical Orchiectomy

Testicular Cancer

Testicular Choriocarcinoma

Testicular Seminoma

Cancer, Wilms Tumor and Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma

Surgery for Wilms Tumor

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Common Problems of the Penis

Balanitis

Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans

Balanoposthitis

Dorsal Slit of the Foreskin

Paraphimosis

Pearly Penile Papules

Peyronie Disease

Phimosis, Adult Circumcision, and Buried Penis

Priapism

Common Problems of the Testicle

Cryptorchidism

Epididymitis

Epididymo-orchitis Empiric Therapy

Epididymo-orchitis Organism-Specific Therapy

Hydrocele

Manual Detorsion of the Testes

Spermatocele

Testicular Torsion

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 Torsion of the Appendices and Epididymis

Varicocele

Common Problems of the Urethra

Urethral Caruncle

Urethral Diverticula

Urethral Prolapse

Urethral Syndrome

Urethral Warts

Urethritis

Urethritis Empiric Therapy

Urethritis Organism-Specific Therapy

Congenital Urologic Conditions

Cystic Diseases of the Kidney

Horseshoe Kidney

Prune Belly Syndrome

Dermatological Disorders

Malignant Dermatologic Diseases of the Male Genitalia

Nonmalignant Dermatologic Diseases of the Male Genitalia

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UROLOGY PROCEDURES:
Laparoscopic/Robotic Surgery
Template Guided Transperineal 3-D Mapping of the Prostate
Cryosurgery
Prostate Biopsy
High-Powered Microscopic Vasectomy Reversal
Radiofrequency Ablation of Kidney Cancer
Microwave Therapy of the Prostate
Greenlight Laser of the Prostate
Interstim

Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology is the study of the normal function and diseases of the

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile
ducts and liver. It involves a detailed understanding of the normal action
(physiology) of the gastrointestinal organs including the movement of material
through the stomach and intestine (motility), the digestion and absorption of
nutrients into the body, removal of waste from the system, and the function of the
liver as a digestive organ.

Diseases

Oral disease
Even though anatomically part of the GI tract, diseases of the mouth are often not
considered alongside other gastrointestinal diseases. By far the most common oral
conditions are plaque-induced diseases (e.g. gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries).
Some diseases which involve other parts of the GI tract can manifest in the mouth,
alone or in combination, including:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease can cause acid erosion of the teeth

and halitosis.

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 Gardner's syndrome can be associated with failure of tooth
eruption, supernumerary teeth, and dentigerous cysts.

PeutzJeghers syndrome can cause dark spots on the oral mucosa or on

the lips or the skin around the mouth.

Several GI diseases, especially those associated with malabsorption, can

cause recurrent mouth ulcers, atrophic glossitis, and angular
cheilitis (e.g. Crohn's disease is sometimes termed orofacial
granulomatosis when it involves the mouth alone).

Sideropenic dysphagia can cause glossitis, angular cheilitis.

Oesophageal disease
Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the oesophagus.
The most common condition of the oesophagus in Western countries
is gastroesophageal reflux disease,[2] which in chronic forms is thought to result in
changes to the epithelium of the oesophagus, known as Barrett's oesophagus.

Gastric disease

Stomach diseases refer to diseases affecting the stomach. Inflammation of the

stomach by infection from any cause is called gastritis, and when including other
parts of the gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteritis. When gastritis is persists in
a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including atrophic
gastritis, pyloric stenosis, andgastric cancer. Another common condition is gastric
ulceration, peptic ulcers. Ulceration erodes the gastric mucosa, which protects the
tissue of the stomach from the stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are most commonly
caused by a bacterial Helicobacter pylori infection.

Intestinal disease
The small and large intestines may be affected by infectious, autoimmune, and
physiological states. Inflammation of the intestines is called enterocolitis, which
may lead todiarrhoea.

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Accessory digestive gland disease
Hepatic diseases refers to those affecting the liver. Hepatitis refers to inflammation
of liver tissue, and may be acute or chronic. Infectious viral hepatitis, such
as hepatitis A, Band C, affect in excess of (X) million people worldwide. Liver
disease may also be a result of lifestyle factors, such as fatty
liver and NASH. Alcoholic liver disease may also develop as a result of chronic
alcohol use, which may also cause alcoholic hepatitis. Cirrhosis may develop as a
result of chronic hepatic fibrosis in a chronically inflamed liver, such as one affected
by alcohol or viral hepatitis.

Pancreatic
One of the most common conditions of the exocrine pancreas is acute pancreatitis,
which in the majority of cases relates to gallstones that have impacted in the
pancreatic part of the biliary tree, or due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse or as a
side-effect of ERCP.

Treatment

Procedures

Colonoscopy

Upper Endoscopy

Capsule Endoscopy

ERCP Endoscopic RetrogradeCholangiopancreatography

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 Bravo 48 Hour pH Monitor

Double Balloon Enteroscopy

Percutaneous Gastrostomy

Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

Lactose Intolerance Test

Treatments

Polypectomy

Biliary Stone Removal

Sphincterotomy

Biliary Stenting

Hemorrhoid Treatment

LASER Photocoagulation for

control of Hemorrhage

Percutaneous Gastrostomy

Radiofrequency Ablation of Barrett's

Neurology

Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system.

Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions

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 and disease involving the centraland peripheral nervous system (and its
subdivisions, the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system);
including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle.
Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, which is the
scientific study of the nervous system.

Diseases

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up the nervous system. Together they
control all the workings of the body. When something goes wrong with a part of
your nervous system, you can have trouble moving, speaking, swallowing,
breathing, or learning. You can also have problems with your memory, senses, or
mood.

There are more than 600 neurologic diseases. Major types include

Diseases caused by faulty genes, such as Huntington's

disease and muscular dystrophy
Problems with the way the nervous system develops, such as spina bifida
Degenerative diseases, where nerve cells are damaged or die, such
as Parkinson's diseaseand Alzheimer's disease
Diseases of the blood vessels that supply the brain, such as stroke
Injuries to the spinal cord and brain
Seizure disorders, such as epilepsy
Cancer, such as brain tumors
infections, such as meningitis

treatment
Therapies for Neurological Disorders

Apart from the issue of a cure, sometimes patients with neurological issues can be
placed in rehabilitation as part of an effort to restore some lost function. This is

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usually a hopeful sign, as its rare to find a patient assigned to therapy when theres
little to no hope of at least a partial recovery. Therapies for neurological disorders
may often consist of:

Lifestyle changes to either prevent or minimize the impact of such conditions

Physiotherapy to manage the symptoms and restore some function

Pain management, as many impairments can be associated with

considerable discomfort

Medication to either restore function or prevent a worsening of the patients

condition

Cognitive Therapy Treatments

One approach to treating primarily behavioral neurological issues goes by the

name of cognitive behavioral therapy, formerly known as talk therapy. CBT focuses
on reorienting a patients thoughts and behavior related to their disability. While this
is obviously not an appropriate response to many disorders of the brain and
nervous system, such as Parkinsons disease or epilepsy, it has shown
considerable effect in the treatment of ADHD, anxiety and other mood disorders,
and a range of primarily psychogenic impairments. It enjoys several advantages,
not the least of which is that it doesnt present the risk of side effects the way drugs
or other interventions might. CBT can often be administered by someone other
than a doctor, though it should be administered by licensed therapists. It will
frequently be among the first choices for patients, given its generally noninvasive
nature.

Rheumatology
Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine, devoted
to diagnosis and therapy ofrheumatic diseases. Physicians who specialize in
rheumatology are called rheumatologists. Rheumatologists deal mainly with clinical
problems involving joints, soft tissues, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, and
heritable connective tissue disorders.
Many of these diseases are now known to be disorders of the immune system.
Rheumatology is increasingly the study ofimmunology.
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Diseases
Diseases diagnosed or managed by the rheumatologist include:
Degenerative arthropathies[edit]

Osteoarthritis
Inflammatory arthropathies[edit]

Rheumatoid arthritis

Spondyloarthropathies

Ankylosing spondylitis

Reactive arthritis (reactive arthropathy)

Psoriatic arthropathy

Enteropathic arthropathy

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

Crystal arthropathies: gout, pseudogout

Septic arthritis
Systemic conditions and connective tissue diseases[edit]

Lupus

Sjgren's syndrome

Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)

Polymyositis

Dermatomyositis

Polymyalgia rheumatica

Mixed connective tissue disease

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 Relapsing polychondritis

Adult-onset Still's disease

Sarcoidosis

Fibromyalgia

Vasculitis

Microscopic polyangiitis

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as

ChurgStrauss Syndrome)

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's

granulomatosis)

Polyarteritis nodosa

HenochSchnlein purpura

Serum sickness

Giant cell arteritis, Temporal arteritis

Takayasu's arteritis

Behet's syndrome

Kawasaki's disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)

Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)

Hereditary periodic fever syndromes

Soft Tissue Rheumatism[edit]
Local diseases and lesions affecting the joints and structures around the joints
including tendons, ligaments capsules, bursae, stress fractures, muscles, nerve
entrapment, vascular lesions, and ganglia. For example:

Low back pain

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 Tennis elbow

Golfer's elbow

Olecranon bursitis

Treatment

Most rheumatic diseases are treated with analgesics, NSAIDs (Non-Steroid Anti-
Inflammatory Drugs), steroids (in serious cases), DMARDs (Disease-Modifying
Anti-Rheumatic Drugs), monoclonal antibodies, such
as infliximab and adalimumab, and the soluble TNF
receptor etanercept and Methotrexate for moderate to severe Rheumatoid arthritis.
[3]
Biologic agent Rituximab (Anti-B-Cell Therapy) is now licensed for use in
refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis.[4] Physiotherapy is vital in the treatment of many
rheumatological disorders. Occupational therapy can help patients finding
alternative ways for common movements which would otherwise be restricted by
their disease. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis often need a long term, coordinated
and a multidisciplinary team approach towards management of individual patients.
Treatment is often tailored according to the individual needs of each patient which
is also dependent on the response and the tolerability of
medications. Rheumasurgery has also played an integral part in the treatment of
rheumatic disorders.

Nephrology

Nephrology is a branch of medical science that deals with diseases of the kidneys.
The kidneys are vital for life with their complex network of blood vessels and
intricate network of tubes and tubules that filter blood of its waste products and
excess water.

The kidneys maintain the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base regulation that are
altered by several disease conditions as well as drugs and toxins.

Diseases

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Nephrology deals with study of the normal working of the kidneys as well as its
diseases. The diseases that come under the scope of nephrology include:

Glomerular disorders that affect the tiny filtering systems of the kidneys
called the glomerulus

Urine abnormalities such as excess excretion of protein, sugar, blood, casts,

crystals etc.

Tubulointerstitial diseases affecting the tubules in the kidneys

Renal vascular diseases affecting the blood vessel networks within the
kidneys

Renal failure that can be sudden or acute or long term or chronic

Kidney and bladder stones

Kidney infections

Cancers of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra

Effects of diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure on kidneys

Acid base imbalances

Nephrotic syndrome and nephritis

Ill effects of drugs and toxins on the kidneys

Dialysis and its long term complications - dialysis includes hemodialysis as

well as peritoneal dialysis

Autoimmune diseases including autoimmune vasculitis, lupus, etc.

Polycystic kidneys diseases where large cysts or fluid filled sacs are formed
within the kidney impairing its functions - this is a congenital and inherited or
genetic condition

Hydronephrosis

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Treatment
Autoimmune kidneys diseases

Steroid medications are immunosuppressants that suppress the aberrant immune

system as well as autoimmunity. These are useful in several autoimmune kidneys
diseases including lupus, vasculitis etc.

Several autoimmune diseases also respond to disease-modifying antirheumatic

drugs (DMARDs).

Other immune suppressing drugs like cyclosporine, azathoprine etc. are useful in
autoimmune kidney diseases as well as in prevention of graft rejection after kidney
transplants.

Kidney diseases that cause high blood pressure

High blood pressure caused due to kidney diseases respond to several classes of
drugs that are useful in hypertension.

The commonest type of blood pressure medicines used in renal disease include
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers
(ARBs), beta blockers, diuretics and calcium channel blockers.ACE inhibitors
(including Enalapril, Captopril etc.) and ARBs (including Losartan, Candesartan
etc.) have additional protective effects on the kidney and are thus most commonly
prescribed. They are used with maximum benefits in diabetic as well as
hypertensive nephropathy.Diuretics, also known as water pills, help in excretion
of excess fluid in the body.

Long term kidney diseases

Vitamin D deficiency is common in persons with long term kidney diseases and its
replacement is necessary in chronic kidney disease patients.Erythropoietin is an
important hormone that is secreted from the kidneys and helps in manufacture of
blood cells. This also needs to be replaced in chronic kidney disease
patients.Electrolyte supplements and fluid supplements are often needed for
electrolyte imbalances caused by kidney disease.

Renal failure and end stage renal disease

As kidney disease progresses, the patient may reach renal failure and end stage
renal disease, where the kidneys are unable to clear the blood of waste products.

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These patients require dialysis or artificial filtering of the bloodstream.Hemodialysis
uses an external device or artificial kidney through which the blood is passed to
clear it from metabolic waste products. Hemodialysis may sustain life for years in
both acute and chronic kidney failure.Another form of dialysis is peritoneal dialysis.
Like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis also removes metabolic wastes from blood
via a catheter placed in their abdomen or peritoneal cavity. This may useful for both
acute and chronic kidney failure.

Kidney transplant

Patients with end stage renal disease may need a donor kidney to replace their
own. The donor kidney needs to be matched to the recipient in order to reduce the
risk of the body failing to recognize it as a foreign organ and attacking it.This
damage to the donor organ caused by the bodys immune system is called graft
rejection.

Conclusion

Speciaities are important to ensure a healthy body, a healthy life

style and healthy community and a healthy nation.

Before the discovery of modern medicine, life was fleeting for humans. The
environment was replete with unseen dangers in the form of disease and medical
conditions. Then medical practice changed into an organized profession, and
humans experienced a significant improvement in the quality of life. Aided by
modern scientific innovation, the boundaries of medical technology extended to
unimaginable limits.

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Medicine is often perceived as a profession for the altruists and is interpreted from
the perspective of social mission. In collective consciousness, medical profession
is associated primarily with the public service.

Medicine bridges the gap between science and society. Indeed, the application of
scientific knowledge to human health is a crucial aspect of clinical practice. But
medicine is more than the sum of our knowledge about disease. Medicine
concerns the experiences, feelings, and interpretations of human beings in often
extraordinary moments of fear, anxiety, and doubt. In this extremely vulnerable
position, it is medical professionalism that underpins the trust the public has in
doctors.

References

Fries, J. F. (2004). Take Care of Yourself: The Complete Illustrated Guide to

Medical Self-care. Arizona: Paperback, Eighth Edition.

Hamblin, James (January 27, 2015) What Doctors Make. theatlantic.com

Dennis L. Kasper, (2005) Principles of Medicine, Chicago: McGraw-Hill Medical

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