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    carbohydrates, transport properties

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1 views72 pages

    JPCRD 365

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    carbohydrates, transport properties

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    Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Carbohydrates and their (Chemical Thermodynamics Division National Insituteof Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Monophosphates: The Pentoses and Hexoses RobertN. Goldberg and YaduB. Tewari Received Aprils 198; revised manuscript rctved July 20, 1988, ‘This review contains recommended values of the thermodynamic and teansport properties of the five and six membered ring carbohydrates and their phosphates in both the con- densed and aqueous phases. Equilibrium data, enthalpies, heat capacities, and entropies have been collected from the literature. The accuracy of these data have been assessed, adjusted to 298.15 K and to a common standard state, and entered into a catalog of thermochemical reactions, The solution ofthis reaction catalog yields aset of recommend ced values forthe formation properties ofthese substances. The volumetric data have also ‘een eritically evaluated. Kecommended values are presented for standard state mola volumes and the temperature and pressure derivatives of the molar volume, i. e., the expansivty and the compressibility. The excess property data of aqueous solutions ofthese substances have heen correlated to yield recommended valuce of the parametore of the Virial expansion model used to represent the data, The transport data considered here includes both viscosity and difusion data of aqueous solutions of the carbohydrates. The available phase diagram data and transition temperatures are summarized, ‘Key words carbohydrates; chemical thermodynamics; difuson; enthalpy; entropy; evaluated data; excess properties; Gibbs energy; heat capacity; phase diagrams; viscosity; volumetric properties, Contents 1. Introduction S10 2. Densities ofthe pure carbohydrates near 298 K ®. Conventions 810 obtained from the literature, 2.1. Symbols, Nomenclature, Standard States, 3. Recommended values ofthe densities, molar vol- and Units 810 ‘ume, cubic expansion coefficients, and expansi 22. Conventions Regarding Detailed Structural vities ofthe pure carbohydrates at 298.15 K. Forms 812. 4. Valuesofstandard state volumetric properties of 23, Arrangement of Tables and ef Compounis 812 aqueous carbohydrates at 298.15 K from the i- 2.4, Treatment of Uncertainties 82 terature 255. References for the Tables . 812 5, Recommended values ofthe standard state volu- 1. Excess and Partial Molar Properties. 813 metric properties of aqueous carbohydrates at + Squives of Ausiliany Dace 313 298.19 K. 5. Contents and Descriptions ofthe Tables 814 6, Recommended values of the parameters of the «Trends and Physical Interpretation of the Data 816 correlating equations ofthe excess properties of 6.1 Ranges af Valine Powind foe the Pata 816 ‘aqueous carbohydrate solutions at 208.15 K. 62. Physical Interpretation of the Data 316 7 Difilon nd vio data wpcoe erty 1, Needed Measurements. 87 rate solutions. & Acknowledgments. 817 8, Percent compositions of the anomeric Forms of 1. References in the Text sis ‘the hexoses and pentoses in DO. 1 Tables. 819 9. Gibbs energy changes at 298.15 K for the Reference Codes and References in the Tables. §76 version ofthe various forms ofthe carbohydrates, 2. Glossary of Symbols and Terminology 880 to the equilibsiuin miistuce feria 10, Adcional temoynamie dat for anomeric Melting and transition temperatures of the pure oa eae per Le siy H+ Catalog of thermochemical measurements at 1989 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce behalf ofthe United States ‘iscopsight i signed tothe Ameren Inetute of Pape and the teresa Chemical Socey print arial rom ACS, ee Reprints Ls at back isu, 147-2686/89/020808-72/809.00 298.15 K: equilibrium.enthalpy, and entropy data. Catalog of thermochemical measurements at 298.15 K: heat capacity data 4 Phys. Chem, Ret, Data, Vol 820 821 822 ws 826 827 228 828 829 862 e10 .N. GOLDDERG AND ¥. B. TEWARI 13. Index to the compounds and their reactions in reforenen ty Tables 11 and 15 868 14. Index (0 the compounds and their reactions in reference to Tables 12 and 15... an 15. Calculated values of thermochemical properties 1 298,15 Kren an 16. Ranges of property values. 875 List of Figures 1, Open chain structural formulas of the D-pentoses and DeHexO8e8. eral 1. Introduction This review emerges from a research effort at the Na- tional Institute of Standards and Technology designed to provide fundamental data on processes in which biomass is enzymatically converted to useful chemicals and fuels. Data fou the dhewunlynaunic ain! anspone properties OF tke Ave and six membered ring carbohydrates and their monophos- phates in the condensed and aqueous phases play a key role in the optimization and design of both currently used and proposed industrial processes. For many years, carbohydrates have been of interest to chemists beeause oftheir prominent and significant rolesin a variety of areas. These include metabolic reactions, indus- trial operations yielding chemical feedstocks, and processes encountered by researchers involved in synthesis, structural lucidations, and separations. The stabilities of these com ‘pounds and their position in chemical equilibria are dictated largely by thermodynamic considerations. Because of this ‘we have assembled the available thermodynamic data from the literature on the five and six membered ring carbohy- a am! Ge =(SE) = 20+ dam GP = (= Vmt) Zig, GY = G5 + RT los, a: = G3 + RT on, (m/n*, + RT log, a, spl AER] G}—(RTm/mt), $= (mt/mylog, a, = [mPGP/(mRT)] +1, sno (222) sumer, S¥=S! + Rog. (m/m*), Sf 8) — Rmdmty, as=(22) -phos- phate. The estimated entropy of 208 + 20 J mol~' K-' for aqueous ribose is based upon the partial molar entropy of aqueous xylose. In this respect, note that the values of th partial molar entropies of the aqueous hexoses are reasona- bly close to each other. The estimated entropy of 69 Jmol”! K~' for aqueous ribose S-phosphate is based upon J.Phys. Chem. ot. Data, Vo. 18, No.2, 1989 tan experimental determination of the enthalpy chy (5.69 KI mol~) and an estimated equilibrium const ‘fF 420 for the hydrolysis of ribose S-phosphate."*. Since th= to estimates substantially extend the thermochen network, we believe that they are useful. Clearly, meas ments which would eliminate the need for these estins: are desirable. 6. Trends and Physical Interpretation of the Data 16.1. Ranges of Property Values ‘Table 16 contains the range of values for many of properties considered in this review. Among the more ws. of these are the values found for the quantities {C*, |» garao)] ~ Cp» (Sugar-phospnate(ao} |} ana {> | gar(a0)] ~ S} [sugar-phosphate(ao) }}. Thus, ifeithers known for the sugar or its phosphate, the cor» copending quantity can be ootimated. In thio regard, the ‘ommended values tobe used forthe dtferences in these hes capacities and entropies are, respectively, 280 and 1 Jmol! K~!. Generally, the entropies and the heat caps. ties have proven to be the most useful thermodynamic fu tions for estimation purposes. While in several cases i dificult to state whether the observed ranges of values 3 real or attributable to measurement errors, an underst ing ofthe detailed differences within a given range of valu: will require a better knowledge of the variations in therm dynamic property values hetween the varions nome: forms of the carbohydrates than is now available. 6.2. Physical Interpretation of the Data ‘The molecular interpretation of the physical prope data is a difficult problem which is presently unresol: ‘Whileattemptst molecular calculations have been attemi (se, for example, the review of Cesaro'") the results th, hhave been obtained are far from satisfactory. Therefore th current rationalization of the properties of carbohydrate hhave relied principally upon either hydration or group cor tribution effets. Some ofthe significant efortsin this din tion will be summarized briefly. ‘Kabayama and Patterson” have attempted to rations ie the enthalpy and entropy changes for the mutarotatie data of aqueous carbohydrates in terms of changes in th hnydration of the reducing hydrony] groupe. Later, Stoke and Robinson’ used a successive hydration model to repr: sent the osmotic coeficients of aqueous carbohydrate solv tions to =7 mol kg~'. Franks, Ravenhill, and Reid” ha argued for the absence of solute-solute interactions aqueous solutions of carbohydrates and for specific hydrs tion models as applied to understanding the aqueous vols metric properties. Hydration effects have been extensive invoked by Angyal in rationalizing the relative stablit ‘of aqueous carbohydrates. Closely related to rationaliza tions involving hydration are those involving the number: equatorial hydroxyl groups on the carbohydrates. Ueda and Uedaira'*" have used this approach to understand th diffusion and partial molar heat capacity data, Most recent ‘THERMODYNAMIC AND THANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CARBOHYDRATES a7 ¥ tlk and Somsen*™" used both preferential solvation and ‘viophobie hydration angunents to account fo eas { anser ofarbohydrate from water toN,N-dimethylfor- seve solutions ‘An alternative approach for the representation of the + properties has ben proposed by Savage and Wood.* *+y assumed that each functional group in a molecule in- sts with every functional group in the other molecule "that this interaction ss independent ofthe postions of *-tinctional groupsin the two molecule. Each interaction *-acharacteritic effect on the excess property. These in- ‘tion energies are epresed froma body ofexperimental svsand ean be used to predict properties of additional sys- os which have not yet been measured. Barone and co- she! have applied this approach to the exces proper- “uf aqueous carbohydrate solutions. They have also canpted to correlate the property diferences between the sets withdiferences in stereochemistry. ‘vernal ana van Hook"* nave sumimarizea several a ‘uns at property data rationalization which involved vcture making and breaking effects. They concluded that umentealong this Hine had nat heen ence ‘They ale othe useful observation thatthe "volumetric properties ubohydrates are similar in sign if notin magnitude to swe commonly associated with strong electrolytes.” The problem ofthe rationalization of properties of sys- wn ofthe type considered here isa particularly dificult “presently, unresolved issue. The systematic collection evaluation of additional property data would signfi- uly progressin thisara. Ths data can then be careful \samined either to suggest or substantiate improved phys- “Imodels for these systems. 7. Needed Measurements Examination ofthe data inthe tables can also serve to ein the selection of new measurements. In certain ates, data is particularly sparse, transport properties and ssediagrams. Additional data in these areas should prove ul, While the equihlrium oF Gibbs energy data relating diferent anomeric forms of the carbohydrates is reason 9 good, there i relatively lite information available on tap, oot capacity, or volume changes in thi ld In area of excess property data the enthalpies are the most plete in terms of available data. Thus, we would lik to ditional isopietic measurements performed on other veous sugar and sugar phosphate solutions. There is areal ‘for the measurements of heat capacities of solutions asa setion of molality. This would permit the accurate calea- ‘on ofthe virial parameters of the excess eat capacity. amination of the heat capacity catalog (Table 12) shows eral discrepancies which need to be resolved. Here, the {Te aqueous Frctose isthe prime example. Also, there no direct heat capacity measurements on aqueous solu- ‘sof the sugar phosphates. All ofthe third law entropies contained inthe thermo- tical tables involved long extrapolations othe absolute of temperatureand, therefore, have larger uncertainties ‘ean be obtained using modern methods. In particular, ‘would weleoue thu law entropies determined on ano- ‘merically well characterized samples of crystalline glucose, fructose, ribose, and aylose. An understanding of low dhe various anomeric forms differ in their third law entropies ‘would be extremely interesting. Similarly, the discrepancies in several of the enthalpies of combustion. mannose and fructose in particular, need to be resolved. In constructing the thermochemical catalog we were able to obtain a very tight and consistent solution of the network involving the aqueous solute species by giving zero weight to those reac- tions involving ATP (adenosine s‘triphosphate) coupled processes. Therefore, the residuals in these latter processes are larger than their assigned uncertainties. We eugpeot that these discrepancies are due either to (i) unsuspected side reactions or (i) tothe proton and metal-ion binding correc tions, or (iii) tothe adjustment to the thermochemical stan- dard state. In any case the uncertainties in the Gibbs energies and enthalpies of ATP coupled processes (reactions 105- 110) are larger than initially believed. Further attention in ts area ts needed. The mermochemical Network also Used two estimated entropic, specifically for aqueous ribose and ribose 5-phosphate (see See. $ above). The former estimate ald he made redundant if third law entrony ware Actor ‘mined for ribose cr). The preferred pathway for eliminating the second estimate involves adetermination ofthe equlibri- ‘um constant for the hydrolysis of ribose S-phosphate to ri- bose and inorganic phosphate. This data could then be com- bined with the enthalpy change for this reaction and the partial molar entropy of aqueous ribose determined from a third law entropy of the crystal. Examination ofthe thermo- chemical network also indicates the need for additional mea- surements on other enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Speciical- ly, we would like to see equilibrium data determined for the hydrolyses of ribulose S-phosphate and ribose I-phosphate tnd direct calorimetric measurements performed on the iso- rmerizations of glucose I-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate, ‘of galactose I-phosphate t0 glucose I-phosphate, and of aqueous mannose to fructose. An error in the enthalpy ‘change for this latter process could help to explain the dis- ‘crepanciet in the onthalpice of combuotion of eryctalling ‘mannose and fructose, ‘The thermodynamic data contained in these tables is useful both for examining eficiencies and for optimizing the reaction conditions for industrially useful processes. For ex- ample, the data contained in these tables can be used to cal- ‘culate the temperature dependency of the conversion of glu- ‘ose to Mructose."* Similarly, there 1s supstantial interest in| the production of ethanol from biomass.*"* The formation properties given in Table 15 together with those forethanol!™ fan he sed to examine the efficiencies of proposed inthis area. In summary, the thermochemic proach is useful for examining the consistency of thermody- namic data and in expanding its predictions. We would like to eet extended to other networks involving enzyme-cata lyzed reactions and to biochemical prowesses it general 8. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. David G: ph Nuttall, and Mrs, Dorothy Hlickhan tor their help with the computer Program used 1 obiain 4 solution of the Uhermochetica vin, De 4 Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol 18,No. 2, 1989, o10 network. Dr. Alan Mighell helped us to locate the densities {ven in the literature in papers containing xray and strue- tural data and calculated several ofthese densities from the structural parameters given inthe papers. Discussions with Dr. Stanley Miller on the subject of biochemical thermody- namics have been both stimulating and useful 9. References in the Text "HLA. Krebs and H. L. Kornberg, with an appendix by K. Burton, 4 ‘Suny the Energy Tronformaions Ling Matter (Springer, Bein, 950) °R.C Wit in Biochemical Mcrcalorimetry, ited by HD. Brown, (cade New York, 1808). MLR. Atkinsonand R. K. Merion, in Compare Biochemistry, ote 1M. Fork and HS. Mason (Acasemi, London, 1960), “T-E, Barman, Enzyme Handbook (Spnge, New York, 1969), Vol. “DLR Sul EF. Westrum, J, and G.C Sie, The Chemist! Therma amis of Organic Compound (Wiley , New Yor, 1968), “ND. CotandG. Pilcher. Thermechemsry af Organic and Orgonometa- E'S Dali J. Phys Chem Ret Data 1,221 (1972), MLB Pedley, RD. Naylor and S.P. Kirby, Thermochemical Date of (Organic Compounds, 20 ed. (Chapenan and Hal, New Yor, 1986). “E'S. Doral, W. H. Evans, and ED. Hearing, “Heat Capacities and Entropis of Organic Compounds inthe Condensed Phase"). Phi {Chem Ret Data 13, Supp. 1 (1984), “ST. Angyal, Adv. Carboyd. Chem. 82,18 (1988) A.C Thermadsnamic Dat for Bachem and Blech, sity HL. Hime (Springer evi 1980), "8D, Garvin, V. B: Parker, DD. Wagan, and W. H. Evans, 4 Combined ‘Laas Sum nd Laat Squares Approach tthe Exluation of Therm ‘namie Dat Neorks, NBSIR Report No. 76-147 (National Buen of OV" Packer, W-H. Evans and R,L. Nuttall. Phys. Chem, Ref Data 167 987), Mil T. Coit, K. Homann, N- Kalla, and K. Kechiss, Quoi, Lina Sobol ix Phra Certs (Blackwell Cond 988) "DD. Wagnan,W. Evan, V-B. Parker, RH. Schum, Halo S IM Baily, K-L Charney and R. L_Natl,"The NBS Tabiesof Chen AL, Sup 2 (coe ""D. Garvin V.B.Paskr, nd HJ, White Jr, COAT Thermodynamic Tables Hemisphere, Washingt, DC 1987), 4 Phys. Chem. Ret. Data, Vol. 18, No.2, 1988, NN. QOLDBERG AND ¥. 8. TEWARI © E Desnoyes and P.R Philip, Can_J. Chem $0 109 (1972) "E.R Collen and B.N. Tapa, The 1986 Adjustment fhe Fandom ‘Phpcal Constants, CODATA Balin No. 65 (Pergamon, Untied Key om, 1986). "Atomic Weighs of th Elements 1981," edited by N.. Hoen [L Mari, Pure App Chem. 55,1101 (1983). ‘ws Peay, Computer anata Ihermachemsl Dat CATCH tat (University of Sissex, Brighton, 1972-1978), MCODATA Key Values for Thermadynamies edited by 3.D. Cox. 19» “Wagman, and VA. Medvedev (Henishete, Washington, DC. | UW Lats, KG. Zen, Hepler, Can 3 Chem 6214 (0 1.1 Spitzer. V- Olson, PP. Singh LG. Hepler, Chem. Them dyn 11.285 (199) 1 Haae.J.S.Callgher and G.S. Kell, NBS /9RCStem Tals sphere Washington, DC 1988) A.D. Mighell, CR Hubbard, and J K Stik, NBS*47DS80 A104 ‘TRAN Program for Coalographic Data Baluaton, NBS Teh» Nate No. 1141 (WS. Government, Washington, DC, 1981) 2K F Jackson CG, Sishe, Sci Pap. Bur Stand 17,715 (1922) RCE Jackson, ©. Sitbee, MJ. Brot Set Pap Br Stand. 20.1 1926), SE. E. Young, FT Jones. and H.J- Lewis J Phys Chem 56,1085 (1) R.A Stokes and R.A. Robinson, J. Phys. Chern 7 2126 (196) Unb poner apa Wr besten Jem eg, Wate 10323 "°K. Miyajima, M Saad, M, Nakagals, Bul. Che. Soc. pn 6 983), 2. B, Taylor, and J.8. Rowlinson, Trans. Faraday Sc. 81, 1183 (1 ‘F.1,Savage and RH. Wood, J Saution Chan. 733 (1976). %5,1 Savage, The Buhay of Iteracton of Nowelcrole Pas hs Auer Solution, Special Pubaton No. ARCSL-SP-7705 (U2 nent ofthe Arm Aberdeen, MD.1S77) ‘SRA. Albers ol Chem 248, 3290 (1969), “Y.B TewariD.K, Stele R.N Goldberg andW.L. Gite, Ms (Chem. 268, 670 (1988. RN. Goldberg nd V.B Parker, J. Res Nat Bur. Stand, 9,381 "MLA. Kabayarn ag D. Paterson, Can J. Cem 36 563 (1958) SF Franks 3 R-Raveail, and D.S Re, J-Soution Chem. 1,3 (18 ‘PH. Uedaia and H. Ueda, J, Solution Chem. 14,27 (1985). ‘°H.Uedain and H. Usa, J. Chem. Thermodye, 1,501 (1985) (1986). OR W. Balk and ©. Somen, -Soltion Chem 17, 139 (1988), "6. Barone, G. Casronuovo, D. Doucas, V- Ely and C. A Moti Phe Chem. 67,1037 (1883) “PAF Beral and W. A. van Hook, Chem. Thrmodyo 18,985 9 “-B.Tewariand RN. Galberg, Appl Buchem. Butch 1,17 ‘A. Margaritisand F. A. Merchant Crit Rev Bite, 1,338 198 “1D, Wesht Ethanol fom Linocllulte-dn vee SERI Rest ‘ppasus10a (Solar Eneey Research Inte, Galen, Cokes 1997) IHEHMUDYNAMIG AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CARBOHYDRATES ww 10 Tables ‘Taste 1. Metag and tanstion temperatures ofthe pure carbohyérates ‘Unlesindated other the data were taken from (120A) Meling oF (Carbohydrate sean “ 106-107 M6 or 146-150 syrup 13 m2 syrup 159-161 ‘agave nes tale: ‘a form nase Bform 0-121 ‘Trani temperature of diya to anhydrous (52VOUON] "Dats fom compilation of ['2BAIT “Transition temperature of monohydrate to anhydrous [2IAC/SIL} 4 Phys. Chem. Ret. Data, Vo. 18, No.2, 1989, 20 RN. GOLDBERG AND V.B. TEWARI ‘aM 2, eis and cube expanioncoefcnts ofthe pare crboyrates nea 298K obtained from the ertse Carbohydrate Raerence BDallseer) 1393 [BeKRO/SLU] Bearbinoseter) Lo [outt0R} BLarabinoseen) Lae [TTAK/7EF] ‘DLarabinne(e) ee [GTKIM/IEF] Lee [9TAK/NOR} B.D frwctose(e) [7KAN/ROE} ‘B-Dsructopyranontc) Uriagsse82) oD galactose) eonasonyy (rosHE) poveguncrester [eLoN/onar 6sHE} _lucos(gas) parar/Hur] ucts fooxam/uux) eD-gucou(e) [ssBRO/LEV] [Daswa/MUR] [D9BRO/LEV] PDalenete) fesreny [sscHU/sER] Iovate) eee (e6t10R} PAlynopyranontet) re PENOR/TAK] smannose(es) (puma e-D-mannopyranose(r) [eLon/avE} Desiboseter) [ssruR/HOR] e-Lsorbopyranoseer) [orxiw/R0s) PONOR/TAK] eDingaton(er) Loss [@TaK/nos} -Ditnloneoe) aoe [rHaNtoR} ‘-D-alopyranose(c) Looe [TOHA/AVE} Daxyoseen) Ler [sswoo} aplento) Sue Puxon -L-xylopyranoster) es" [ROrEF/ROB} Le DSTAK/EF] Cubic expansion coficients at 29818 K ‘Compound ‘Reference luce) ut paraRuF] lucostgas) 24 [6sRaM/coR} “Ove set of ray data for aL aylopyranose was determined at 123 K by (REF/ROB) "Determined by flotation method ‘Calla from ray data eSRAM/GOR] repor the existence ofa second order phase transition at =2962 K, Below this temperature the cubic expansion coelceat is equal to 5.1310"* 4. Phys. Chem. Ret. Data, Vol. 18, No.2, 1989, ‘THERMODYNAMIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CANDONYDRATES: oat Joes Recommended valves of the denies, molar volumes, cubic expansion colicin, and expasiviies of the pure carbohydrates at 1, Unlesidicated otherwise, the valuss pertain to the pure D or L form of te compound + etayate x0 exe = mol x beater) 1.593.008 usis0s 4 watenosterd Len4001 srasens 210 binose(er) 1.6383:005 sias03 1 600-0005 nrss04 11599-50005, ua7204 1.619::0005 ni3s0s 1587-001 35207 1.523005 usszos aa02 * ace) 1.562::0.003 is3e02 eo 2 eos) 15324:0005 ngi20s Snel) 13444001 srass06 2 veapyranoster) 1536:0.05 or74=03, see) 1014001 00208 mepyPanos(t) 1364001 Hs2#08 ont) 139002 sae ropyranos(t) e000 uaae03 atoele) 16552001 89:07 wosete 19120003 mazes opyranoseten) 1.602%0.005 mass0s + lon) 1114001 se26207 1 ykopreninctes) tsaezoot sasizo7 4. Phys. Chem, Ret. Data, Vol 18,No. 2, 1989, RN. GOLDBERG AND Y. B. TEWARI 22 $2240 angen parwnse Supn > S1'96¢0n poses ue SUL pouREBI2P NEC, 1 ae. ar J seen Busey E62 Way HEIIPY, 986 86 5856 vse 656 corr mom su voit SOOT 0g 56 9% ieee tse eee rorrse soar our eu cue cOFs Ti stun £86 c0r Le sxh eontt ou em eto et cat ou om rar SSI FOOT 00m vou rot vot scott EOF SOL store ou cou sou wor POLO morons v6 06 os ov6 ORCS rome CoN/HaENE CALICANS! IVAVIN CAYB/AING THY MIGOTKL “TOWIOHE AVSLE TWH/VHSHL AVWVEIRL YOO/VENU GAUGE USK NIVUTWE ASHORE. 2Meoq, OND avo fom 0199 sur ou “4 = 4) semen amour (sed soe pEPEMIS sumesay a oy 4 5'96¢ 3 EIPKYOQED sNOONbejO soNZBdo‘d INARI DIE POU JO SOTA “pW J.Phys. Chem Ret Data, Vol. 18, No.2, 1989 ‘THERMODYNAMIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CARBOHYDRATES a08 sate 4 Values of standard state volumetric properis of aqueous carbohydrates at 298.15 K from the Iterature — Continued ‘Standard state portal molar expansiviies (Ei = Bj = (@V%/4T),). ‘The unite are 10-4? mol K>' workers wad "Best" value= «TONEA/GOR —-T2FRA/RAV = TISAV. © SIMIY/SAW2—KBER/HOO : 1362001 ons ie oisseaas ons 7 0091:2001 10 on on on 0081 Standard tate prt molar isentropic compresibilties {Kis = Kiy = (@V/0T)s}. The units are 10°" m! mol! Pa Wont syound “Best value sesi RFRA/RAV THHOVHOL ——_THLOS/SHI S6BER/HOO wows mies =193 =au3re00 A165 Sans01 208 mse 1608501 160 ne

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