- * Ci eee a _ aes ie co a aa [ BF ee Es ) Be so Hs We Yat ee ISTVAN.L. VER LEO: L. BERANEKNOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SECOND EDITION Edited by Istvan L. Vér and Leo L. Beranek WILEY JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.‘This book is printed on acid-free paper. © Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Noise and vibration control engineering © principles and applications / edited by Istvan L..Ver.—-2nd ed. p. om. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-471-44942-3 ISBN-10 0-471-44942-3 1. Noise control. 2. Vibration. 3. Soundproofing. 1. Vér, 1. L. dstvan L,), 1934~ TD892.N6512 2005 620.2'3—de22 2005001372 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 MME CONTENTS Preface Contributors 1. Basic Acoustical Quantities: Levels and Decibels Leo L, Beranek 2. Waves and Impedances Leo L. Beranek 3. Data Analysis Allan G. Piersol 4. Determination of Sound Power Levels and Directivity of Noise Sources 7 William W. Lang, George C. Maling, Jr., Matthew A. Nobile, and Jiri Tichy 5. Outdoor Sound Propagation Ulrich J. Kurze and Grant S. Anderson 6. Sound in Small Enclosures Donald J. Nefske and Shung H. Sung 7. Sound in Rooms Murray Hodgson and John Bradley _, 8. Sound-Absorbing Materials and Sound Absorbers Keith Attenborough and Istvan L. Vér 9. Passive Silencers M. L. Munjal, Anthony G, Galaitsis and Istvdn L. Vér 10. Sound Generation Istvan L. Vér vii ix 25 43 7 119 145 181 245 279vi 11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. CONTENTS Interaction of Sound Waves with Solid Structures Istvan L. Vér . Enclosures, Cabins, and Wrappings Istvdn L. Vér Vibration Isolation Eric E. Ungar and Jeffrey A. Zapfe Structural Damping Eric E, Ungar and Jeffrey A. Zapfe Noise of Gas Flows H. D. Baumann and W. B. Coney Prediction of Machinery Noise Eric W. Wood and James D. Barnes Noise Control in Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems Alan T. Fry and Douglas H. Sturz Active Control of Noise and Vibration Ronald Coleman and Paul J. Remington Damage Risk Criteria for Hearing and Human Body Vibration Suzanne D. Smith, Charles W. Nixon and Henning E. Von Gierke Criteria for Noise in Buildings and Communities Leo L. Beranek Acoustical Standards for Noise and Vibration Control Angelo Campanella, Paul Schomer and Laura Ann Wilber Appendix A. General References Appendix B. American System of Units Appendix C. Conversion Factors Index 389 517 557 579 611 659 685 721 857 887 911 933 935 939 943 Mmmm PREFACE The aim of this edition continues to be the presentation of the latest informa- tion on the most frequently encountered noise and vibration problems. We have endeavored to introduce new chapters and to update those chapters where the field has advanced. New or fully rewritten chapters are Sound Generation, Noise Control in Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems, Active Control of Noise and Vibration, Sound-Absorbing Materials and Sound Absorbers, Out- door Sound Propagation, Criteria for Noise in Buildings and Communities, and Acoustical Standards for Noise and Vibration Control. Substantial new informa- tion has been added to Passive Silencers. All other chapters have been reviewed for timeliness. Worldwide, there has been increased interest in noise and vibration con- trol. Much of this interest has been generated by the expanding activities in the countries of the European Union and the Far East. Workshops on the lat- est developments in global noise policy are being held annually—the latest in Prague (Czech Republic) in 2004 and in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 2005. There are signs of expanded interest in noise policy in the United States. Consumers are demanding quiet to a greater degree, the best example being the improved quiet interiors of automobiles. Other consumer products with greater noise con- trol are already following or are likely to follow. Manufacturers must be alert to the increased competitiveness of imported products. We are particularly indebted to John Bradley, Richard D. Godfrey, Colin H. Hanson, William W. Lang, George C. Mailing, Jr., Howie Noble, Robert Preuss, and Paul Schomer, who rendered help and criticism during the preparation of this book, and to the many individuals and organizations who gave us permission to use copyrighted technical information. We are also indebted to Acentech, Inc., BBN Technologies, Inc., Mueller-BBM Corporation and Harris Miller, Miller & Hanson, Inc., for encouraging members of their senior technical staff to con- tribute chapters and for assistance in many ways. It gives us special! pleasure to acknowledge the help of Kathy Coleman and Jane Schultz, who assisted in the preparation of many chapters, and to Robert L. Argentieri, Fred Bernardi, and Robert H. Hilbert our editors at John Wiley & Sons, for their effective help and guidance in the production of this book. IsrvAn L. VER Leo L. BERANEK January 2005 viiME CONTRIBUTORS Grant S. Anderson, Harris Miller, Miller & Hanson Inc. Burlington, Massachusetts : Keith Attenborough, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom James D. Barnes, Acentech, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts H. D. Baumann, Consultant, Rye, New Hampshire Leo L. Beranek, Consultant, Cambridge, Massachusetts John Bradley, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada Angelo Campanella, Consultant, Columbus, Ohio Ronald Coleman, BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation Cambridge, Massachusetts W. B. Coney, BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation Cambridge, Massachusetts Alan T. Fry, Consultant, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom Anthony G. Galaitsis, BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts Murray Hodgson, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Ulrich J. Kurze, Mueller-BBM GmbH, Planegg near Munich, Germany William W. Lang, Consultant, Poughkeepsie, New York George C. Maling Jr., Consultant, Harpswell, Maine M. L. Munjal, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Donald J. Nefske, Vehicle Research Laboratory, General Motors R&D Center, ‘Warren, Michigan Charlers W. Nixon, Consultant, Kettering, Ohio, USA Matthew A. Nobile, Consultant, IBM Hudson Valley Acoustics Laboratory, Poughkeepsie, New York Allan G. Piersol, Piersol Engineering Company, Woodland Hills, California