The Life Sciences (Biology) + am Testy ot + Aol Tescencethtaveroas dail + Gant: T yt a + mete cence goign seers ee. Plastination is a technique or process used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts, first developed by Gunther von Hagens in 1977. The water and fat are replaced by certain plastics, yielding specimens that can be touched, do not smell or decay, and even retain most properties of the original sample. “There are four steps in ne standara process of plasinaion: talon, ‘denydration, forced impregnation in a vacuum, and hardening. ‘Water and ipa issues are replaced by curable polymers. Curable polymers used by plastnation include siicone, epoxy and poryester- copolymer. “The fist step of plastination is fiation "Fixation, frequent utilizing a ‘ormaideny de based solution, serves two functions. Dissecting the specimen to show specie anatomical elements can be ume ‘consuming. Formialdenyde of other preserving solutions netp prevent ‘decompostion of he tissues. They may also confer a degree of| ‘ig. This can be benetctal In maintaining the shape oF arrangement ofa specimen. A stomach might ne infiated or 2 leg bent at tne knee tor example ‘ter any necessary dissections have taken place, the specimen is {nen placed ina bain of acetone, Under fteezing conditions, the acelone draws out al ine water and replaces Wt inside the cet! Inthe tid step the specen then placed in 2 bath fp sci 98 cone ber poles or cpow resin. By creating vacuum the acetone fs made te bil ata low temperatue. asine acetone vapors and aves he clo. Laan the Kus ever in bein ang ct fea wt gi se ‘The paste must then be cured wih gas, Heat oF utravolet Wt in order to arden |Aspecinen can be anyning tom 2 ul human boa) fo @ smal plece ofan animal xan, {and mer are known a5 ‘pastes "4 Ones pastnaed, he specmens 3nd bodies ae tummer manpultee and pestianes porto cunng(nardening) et ihe pohmer nama etree, Aims of Teaching Biology at different levels — Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary . ‘The aims of teaching biology are different for different levels of education. +The objectives of tenching science at various levels are suggested by the Indian Education ‘Commission(1964-1966) 1, Primary School Level . ‘At this level the importance should be on the child's environment ~ namely social, physical and biological. . Developing the habit of observation, classification and systematic way of thinking, + Developing neat and orderly habits. © Ineuleation of habits of healthy living © Imdlasses I and I! give importance on cleanliness and formation of healthy habits ° In classes TIT and IV the study should be include personal hygiene and sanitation. ‘© In elasses ¥ the children should be taught the Roman alphabets. Secondary Stage . At this stage science should be taught as a discipline of the mind and a preparation of higher education, . [At the lower secondary classes, physics, chemistry biology ond earth science should be taught os compulsory subjects © Developing the ability to reach generalizations and to apply them for solving everyday problem + Developing interest in scientific hobbies . Inspizing children by stories about scientists and their discoveries. i. Higher Secondary Level . ‘To familiarize the pupil with the world in which he lives and to make him understand the impact of science on society s0 as to enable to adjust himself to his environment. +" To enable him to develop scientific atitude ‘To understand the evolution ofthe ‘The Major Aims and Objectives Harmonious development of child's personality and social efficiency ete. are the general aims of education, Ifscience teaching is tobe made cffectve, then ts aims should be in consonance with the general aims of cedueation, We deal with the following main cbjectives of scence teaching. A. Knowledge, This aim has received the top priority as compared to ther aims. Pupils studying general science should acquire the Imawledge of Fundamental prineiples and concepts useful in daily life, i) Facts for science study. (i) Inter-dependence and relationship of different branches of science. (Gv) Knowledge of plants and animals. 6) Natural phenomena going on. i) Knowledge of general rules ofhealth and naman body ete.B. Slulls. ‘Science students should acquire skills in experimentation,, construction, cbservation, drawing ete. Experimentation and coustruction skills {ndude handling, arranging, preserving, and repairing scientific instruments, . abilities. ‘The general science teaching should develop certain abilities such as ability to (@ Sense a problem (i) organize and interpret Gi) Analyse i) Generalize (Predict (i) Organise exhibitions, excursions and fairs (oi Disenss, argue and express scientific terminology (vii) Improvise and manipulate instruments using his acquire knowledge. D. Attiades, Science teaching directly inculeates the scientific attitudes among the students, Sothe students should be taught directly and systematically ‘and every individual should be paid heed to ascertain that he develops the desired attitudes and practices them. A man with the scientific attitude is @) Critical in observation and thonght () Open minded (©) Respect of others’ view point and is ready to diseuss his problems ‘with others and accepts what appears correct. {(@) Insearch ofthe answers to! What's and Why! and ‘Hove! ofthe ‘things he observes and accepts the natural things as such. (©) Objective in his approach to problems. (8 Nota believer ofsuperstitions and misbelieves. (@ Follower of cause and effect relationship. () Truthful in his experimentation and condlusions. ( Impartia] and unbiased in his judgments, (@) Adopts planned prooedure in solving a problesn, E, Reflective Thinking. ‘With the above attitudes developed, a science student will handle a problem scientifically. He will sense a problem, define, collect ‘evidence, organize and interpret the data, formmulate the hypothesis, test its validity and finally draw conclusions impartially. The training in the scientiic method should be one ofthe important aims of teaching F. Habits. (Certain socially desirable habits like honesty, truth, tolerance, self confidence, self-reliance ete, should be inculeated through the science teaching. G. Interests. ‘The teaching of science should also aim at developing some interests in reading scioentifc literature, in scientifichobbies, in activities of dubs, ‘excursions, in natural phenomena; in drawing, in leadership, ete. The ‘motivational techniques like rewards and punishments, praise and ‘blame, rivalry and eraulation etc. should be implied by the teacher. 1H. Appreciation. ‘The appreciation ofnatural beauty, scientiie inventions, scientists, endeavour isthe outcome of science teaching. For the purpose the ‘teachor should arrange outings, should relate the life histories of, sciontists and should koop the studonts in touch with the nev inventions 1. Providing Work for Leisure. As the empty mind is devil's workshop, a science student should not ‘hile awray is leisure. He can prepare inks, soaps, boot polishes and ‘other daily useful things ot he ean keep hobbies of stamp collecting, cin collecting, photography, drawing, gardening, study of plants and animals ‘or of minerals ete, He can learn toimprovise certain instruments, learn, ‘to play for musical instruments along with its construction knowledge. J. Training for Better Living. Asscience student should know the ways and means of prevention and ‘eradication of diseases to maintain good health, and should be able to adjust himself with his own domestic, sorial environment and economic and cultural conditions.K. Forming Basis for Career. ‘The attudes and interests ofthe students should wellbe adjudged by the science teachers and they should impart them the knowledge accordingly sothat they nay prosecute the desired professions. An artist canneverbe a doctor. So nothing shouldbe forced ito the minds ofthe students. Asceleration should be provided in his own direction to get a suitable vocation and st himself ellin society and prove an asset toi ‘The aims and objectives difera bit at diferent stages. Preliminary Imowiedge of bjectives is required at early stages while complete and complex objectives are needed at higher stages. So capabilities of pupils shoul be kept in mind, ‘Tho aims and objectives of Teaching Science at diffrent stages have been surtmarized inthe proceedings ofthe all India Sensnar on the Teaching of Science in Secondary Schools, published by Ministry of Edtuationin 956. They are asfllows: 4. Primary Level ‘The aims and objectives of Teaching Science at Primary Schoo! level shouldbe 1. Arousing and maintaining intorest in nature and inthe physical and social environment, aronsinglove for nature and its sources. 2, Developing the habit of observation, exploration, classification and systematic way of thinking. {3 Developing the child's powers of manipulative, creative and inventive ‘aealties. 4. Developing neat and ordevy habits. +5 Tnculcation of habits oflualtful living, 2. Middle School Level In addition tothe above, the following aims and objectives are suitable {for inculcation 2t the Middle School, level 1. Acquisition of kind ofinformation concerning nature and science ‘which may alsa serve as the basis fr alate General Science Course, 2. Developing the ability to reach generalisation and to apply them for solving every problem. ¢5, Understanding the impact of science upon one way oflife. 4, Developing intarest in sciantifi hobbias. ‘5 Inspiring children by stories about scientists and their discoveries. 3. High and Higher Secondary Levels A te high and higher secondary stage, the aims of General Science teaching should be, 1. To familiarize the pupil with the world in which he lives and to make him understand the impact of science on society soas toensble him adjust himselftohis environment. 2-Toacquaint him with the ‘scientific method’ and to enable him to develop the scientife attitude. 3. Togive the pupil a historical perspective, sothat he may understand the evolution ofthe scientifiedevelopment. -M. Kothari Commission (1964-66)-10+2 Pattern ‘The Indian Education Commission (1964-66) has suggested the aims and objectives ofteaching science at various levels: 4. Lower Primary Stage (At the lower primary stage the accent should be on the child's ‘environment-social, physical and biological. (Gi) In dasses 1 and TL, the accont should be on cleanliness and formation cofhealthy habits. Gi Development of power of observation. (Gx) In dasses IiLand 1V the study should also include personal hygiene and sanitation. (@)Inclasses IV and V children should be taught the roman alphabets, ‘This is essential as the internationally accepted symbols fr the units of the scientific measurement and the symbdls for chemical elements and ‘compounds are written in the Roman alphabet. (ci) Developing proper understanding of the main facts, eonoepts, principles and processes in the physical and biological environment. 2. Higher Primary Stage (At this stage emphasis may shift to the acquisition of knowiedge together with the ability to think logically, to draw conclusions and to ‘make decisions at a higher level, Hi) Science should be taught as physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy. A disciplinary approach to science learning instead ofgeneral science would be more effective in providing the necessary scientific base to voung people. 3. Secondary stage {At the secondary stage science should be taught as discipline ofthe ‘mind and a preparation for higher education. Givat the lower secondary class's physics, chemistry, biology and earth scionces should be taught as compulsory subject, (Gi) at the higher secondary stage there should be diversification of ‘courses and provision for specialisation, Aims and Objectives of Studying Biology “The study of biology can have a multitude of aims end objectives. Largely, tis studied to allow a person to enter a specific eld of employment, Other aims for studying biology are intellectual, ethical and pragmatic: 19 increase knowledge about all aspects of organisms, to ‘encourage greater benevolence in the relationship between humans and ‘the natural environment and to implement biological factors into various teennolagies of management techniques, Understanding Living Systems and Critical Thinking ‘The study of biology aims to increase understanding of living systems and to allow you to consider the systems in relationship to the self and ‘other organisms in the natural environment. The goal is to be able 10 test theories developed about living things by utlizing the sclentitc method and then to apply the new information in a beneficial wa. Field Biology, Health Care and Education Biology has many applications, both in the natural environment and the tevizonment of health and education. Studying biology allows health care workers to understand the living systems of the body and to apply the knowledge in diect ways to recover and maintalo the physical health of both animal and human patients, Educators rely on biology to teach the: study of life to futute generations, Field biologiste use biology to Understand relationships between living organisms and to notice what's beneficial and what is imbalanced snd dangerous, Research Studying biology prepares you for a career working in either an educational instittion oF an industry in which you ean be directly Involved in the research and development of drugs, food-related items {and biotechnology. Also, by studying biology you can become qualified to ‘work forthe government in managing such things as environmental research of animals, river systems or biological waste, Computers, Business and Communicaitons, Another objective of studying biology is to be able to integrate the fields ‘of technology, aw and business with various aspects of biology. Also, By studying biology you learn mary of the skills needed to succeed in business and communications ike problem solving and project management. Biology is integrated into computers with bioinformatics and is @ part of communications and business with environmental law and eco-produets. Defiiten and Concept of o-Curcuar Actes ‘ernenon seer ach dened a arora a otakcies acy spssed andor fated bit school when ove ireumbe orng ad ca brates Coe Sar sce vay et par ep St ae ae 3 Stor and acnsvamerty nesses Forename Semone nme AC ‘Conte ci mene ate ceed ono sche amis by cb, tine ae Cssonaaon yt spre he Ba een ocr see se ‘bs, sso od ipesins al coe ose abs. "CO aCe” Be a ee ‘Pe tonpemars organo onute ane wager Coeur sete (C080) recy ou a curr Aces (CA) se at ‘Shravan samo prs he war este senses They ae ais whi Sita sts mst snd dengue gap, m pay wos Feed We Msye avn Stun eescra scis te ena s reat ssc er hey ‘reson sole i satconoee At her ce ean CA paar ay Sek "LonceptokCocuuir Actes Seas te mg don of coca cto, te Ca a De tr daca a es copay easy dene coca els Deesuse al of em tote otganeed and prota gay sents onset ute te estes er ‘Sochos and edrnsees Eager Wore mega Ho ea ecognton wos Dyer an {fetes lowed fr paps “These ovine wee ely secure ‘osay atau fo deine Socureder aches becouzo al aches have cane dena ‘scgensiie or ar gant many il tne pers aches a nye. scot ‘Cars tre chupment adalat powded her feonipa wih Yoga cuca ‘tive re ropated os wa Caf paicpaton alowed an ecognn soba gen {nha con sy bu accra to foteredwaton tke, cane nto eachng {hdlerongcstogn Tas reds rk bry Ieee on wrshep, prion arcs ods m grou on muna mero crt between oc" Pup > {hes les in erro cross te ae vry may atwies one wrch ceca ‘evi is apart coreubmia te Maton ner fear Aten [Bg tts echt of tte. enc wi ans ur mind hw ee ‘cto Yap = chain hse oman tet os ano octane sea ea ow arta na hae es 2 Farle ans 5 Darceemorat soc ues, 1 Gonacyentt Ce a, 4 Bacon et ceca heron [Me is acorn sy ee {rgune dhe eapeson imgrowes ou debates and vectors. Teanga Hy ets ‘olzed by aamateston Practealessoe mens an be gen trough stent goverment ‘Schon mogaanes ech sues th a fring ret goer, ltr of neers Sesion ormnztoal epoca aes tes Progcs powde doe ker cporinecs, 2.Poychoogica Value ‘hese actos ste rame suaess met he syccogca eps of he stents, may Cermreta saat duns fe ts Tey hop ssn pana teas sp otter sates ae Sara fearon Sue’ Mots Wo two on ums franaas#9 fint of carey ean te Suly chose by tray sine ad cn cleo ‘tee nick rpurnanees canbe dted trough satguvemart. cal seve an ‘hr grap work 2) emeten Heath srt nse of ae escent a te cs, show aso bs ja ara sympa ria aces ewes vlad Oates {Riese any aps moar et tenia hey ray a come ue fequod extsin ese Sons wa tach evtg ror onp ta sori aopiog oh Sage sncsnaly nara Sch car powss nou cra Seen Bt Seucentaro gws hee esas So ates, ae asa BCH trent he at hou he ont Peccnonetinaa Otenes Cocarer Ate, uae coca sa, we Cane Me egesson of pet {ces ech mani wn. essai Sante peg oe or ‘eons tpneaton uncon ee wh pon vatny fe pace pay a SEs tau opt mses ots sow a somwthes2 Development of Sci aun Socal coop fe eceance as one of hs mpatant dma of ckzenshp ti dct © {ouch vou cel stjeesho Language, teats Seria Sees By arbepag ‘Fou acbes sons bor ood momar dea eae of cooperation Menbertp ne ‘Bib Sgt cone, sar as an eee Tear egies operon, uso ea > Serres torso an adil otho socal ge ‘Trough bom avs, stesso cooperation They veo rou spit. We fsing, ‘honananess unt and ably be co pare ‘A Devdopment ef ve Vue ‘nig artes Stent eam te vaue of dog oss uty For example suds sa ‘overnertn shots rotes an anohet Yoring Menten e's rea a Sn ‘erponlns Ther choos tine Ste fr goed cers Cece acs eet ‘iy eerorntes fhe devceorent sa dsegine © NOC ang ACC, The Gey ‘Sisal er tata of cer” wow haoty change of Baas, Tab Sod and ‘open wy and eth ace ‘Stay te Stoo a mnie socket on he aces of he schoo! sell Nee dee ‘oson wih ote ote sce ‘Sais nave gd odes ao et bays dvelpa in a cassroam Onto payound ‘rnc Tene aes ae eae rs danoxat soc ans snd hae ie 6. Physic Development value Simic gaes spon dete cy cot to pyskaldvtpmet sents, te a {eda ales oso narcty conse oi These actos poe 8 sch chara the ‘row and devtpment tte toy, ‘abot any and arin im poperutzatan of aes sure te one fe gor dts cur eset stan of acaon ©) por and png wares aces, ne onde whose rpetunkes wo oy sions fe halo Spd a Spare ten ueatala aves 6) ‘ios TW ak ate ots dovhpe ate soindry sco stp coo ery Mabe cut vite ‘cme eer ais ae of verendous vue asthe halb in ova oppor or iter uniertnang of chal forge anton, or Sarpl xhviese cares {ak som aac. ms, eens ard colsbanen of ores Tek: ad socal sive ‘rg ter kctodge apd unersnag of our closer Cun oss on akon Etre rift aren suse Sao wal apyecate lew al ese hoogh urong®, ‘ego etre oa des. ere we or, nd tw on ek + lo evens aici posal oe suse he nds ta {nsrtitulen nes of se Expananea and aecoagse anes ran many ease ‘actos rtp du insti ad ota setoo| sponses work Dogan + Te om of curcuar acbaes i make the students H for Me tae tne ond to \dveioy a sons of conpettve spt cocpeaton,adeship dence purctuniy and {sarap gs wel aso ponds a backto fthe Boveuore of he eave len. ‘Whenever Sono is chosen asa Mead toy or aeneadeshp neat mals, ‘uss Setrconience and sense of eenevemen + Eta activites fe schoo sudo are 2 means o enhance sca neacon, leaders, oath roceason, sol dsepine an selconhdene Competions may so ‘angel fo crea competive awronmont and groups wi an cece © WOK towards Deter socety nde wo swe In today’s compstive word percentage makes aol of dtrence dung aamsion eto ‘atowscouses. Such students ate ghsn preference as comgared fo non priiants ‘Those nay make a deenco when the stone are considered fr tho most Pepa + When tne sans in heat teens ae gen some responses ih ping fst it They acqurea sans of esponsty + Some tas requte pression, ranagemort and omarizatonal and Sich actos prove tains popare stuns or hs ousde rd + In pooch and universes, eortcaes of sich aces re oien weigh ae Dy Pott employers + Stgons im the fom of Aunt, act a5 counsbs er gules in her respctve istutona in Such malts They gat wha hay hove lead fo bo nor st ge eyo pring ion on opny mo cpm fe + Such octites duet tun’ ateton from haf acs ke duns, crime hornclaes tor enerpes fat aces + Phys acts ke nang, otal ee ep nt ont ne scl ness ey 850 rote rset me. + Success in omariatons requros, mor than igh nist Thus, college recruters Eemnmeny exarine jo conde oerocureua’ cuits ia Seat of wel outaed, fotenayMelgen, and. rstpersonay sled stunt Inu, extrac ‘ves eee vtusbe tudor erperences ‘CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE Leung ying” and Leaning by Uving” ae te cardial prin oftecing ‘ad the sae se in the cv of teshing sine. 1 tl ug inlet sake tings to Leak things alto ld hing bet the pent eric: doe ct movie ample opporntes for he sents fo elf eprenion indent each, ‘vote ses aoe projets, Tht i i cope for te ins patil ‘wk by th sane a ote i alltel for uth typeof work i the tine able, ‘Saul here aise ened Sr uch actives ich can prove ole the Peat wp eto of hiten schlieren eile oa. This ‘sl ip in satis the insite of cle al king then a fl Des personaly. Such activities which cater for te incueation of scientific atiude and a euine interest in since supplements the work of the class soem. Through so ttt the laning of seen becomes oy. The stuns ler the things witout ‘the consios efit on ther prt and pursue sicae a pleas hobby an nts borden onthe, lthis ny the sides gt beter comprehension of he ings crystallize ir copuization aad thereby develop a 2elous enim ia th o sive tees forthe cose of scence Som mer of coe ctmcular asics in ciense sould be povided in the school Diffent types of euriculersctivties can be oramized for supplementing clesom fencing some of these atin area fllows i scien cae 4 siiihobbis ksi fis an extons| sesh Bhavanvi Wika Sara comm sience cent i Kishore Bharati ‘tate chu of aia se ogusian testy gd XL exeusons and visto poe of sini interest, SCIENCE CLUB ln India a science cub moveneut was started some yeas back. In oer to provide ‘nasi lp ote scence cos, the NCERT has been ving non rsing erat ‘However the quality of wok doe in thesis lo is vexy wats, + The emplanis comtiones to be on the prepimton of hate model inprovston of he same typeof equipments ike peiscopenewone vor dis, kaleioneope, Davy’ safety lamp order to wake science clubs more efetve, the NCERT onauize wince clubs spoasr’s workshops In these workshops some such atten ane eepanizel wich are sie ob tt in th sence cha, actos governing the secess of since eb The nes of ce eh depends ypon the fllowing itor 5 eieoe teacher 8 scconmedtion Sassen equipment proper guidance to tescrs Selnce teacher “The science teacher i the most imporant force and the succes or fie of the programe depends upon how auch entnsasm, sesouceflness cod ingemty 2 teacher poseses. He is the pivot ofall the activites, butt te same ie we cannot ovelook the diffities ofthe tener: In the present tate of afhrs no scence teacher il be ence tm sience club success fre get no rei frit sad the tne spend on the organization fr the cub ix aot conte ayuere Tasch ciccmstances, it wil be an extras buen on the aleady vented teachers. I, therefor, suggested thatthe authorities concemed sould provigeadequite fais to the sience ences andthe tne spend on the organization ofthe elu shouldbe insladed ia the normal teacher's lad. Thin however doe uot meu the aeace ‘escers should wait forthe sai ies and compensations A present the county cede lot of afc fiom the teachers and they shoud wat for such occasion when they ca show thie wore and spirit of erie, A willing nd inllget tense will ‘make the whole progsimane a succes even in the foe of dificult, Accommodation This is on of governing factors in the effective deletions ofthe scence elnb ‘which ae of the specinlized type, such 2s rai cl ce photographie club. This isnot «8 problem for « club of general type which provides for general stvites Hike cvcusion, visite ae, but fr museum, muieaning of aqui and vivarium ete, dequae pace is indispensable Equipment Inadequate equipment may alao sand in the way of smooth and excenful Pyopramms of the science cub efor che improiston of appaamis necessary tools required fo preparing som, inks, cosmetics ee, chemicals are required aad tis becomes more important in ease ofspsilzed intrest cb lke photezaniy, rai, Prope Guitance Tris imporaat dt dhe since teaver a well tthe pups gt proper type of vidance fr te orgninton and objectives of science hb, Objectives of scence ca Befine stating the science cub, every sciuce teacher should daw out it hjestives co that he can cay out its deletions in the ig of those set objectives. Some ofthe objestives tint very scence hi shold have are given bow {Te inculcate scene atime and provide oppor fr wainng ia siete method 48 To develop habits of explorton ant to develop creative end inventive sens 1s Toderelop intrest inthe siete hobbies ise prepastinn of 6p nk, toilets, cosmetics, photonrapy et 1s To widen th oulons of the smidents and to enble them to apo tie Inoedoe of since in erin ie situtions ‘© Todeselop in hldsen sens of heathy compstition fora beter case ‘5 To ksep the seat in touch withthe recent advances of siene and ther effec on na ie ‘nk To contact other science cubs inthe meghbrhood aad exchange views ad infretion. ‘To mmke the seats in paticulr and the public in general acience sind. To encourage pupils to take co-opetive enteise and initiative in learning science, and to develop habits of est and heath iving. = To getthe cub afiiated tothe District nd Reyna viene Chu, x Togetthe chub affiliated othe District and Regional wionce Cub = Todevelop in pupils keen eve fo observation Organization Every asione-clu cbould have « conitintion and every aaeberehoulderely bide by it The end ofthe inttton shoul! be the patron of the cl and the ‘eacherineharge the sponsor, The patron extends all pes of fils and so-apettion for the aucesifl encoution of the club. The sponsor is jst aa adviser and helps in making the club self-conducton. He guides and guards the members and des not distt, It x om him that the club can be hept in ts high ‘itch of activity aad interest. For diss should be intellectually manure aad catoaally welhinformed. The should be an Executive Body elected fiom amongst the stadeuts ‘consisting of chniman, a secretary. on assistant seer. a teaser, libeian 9store-keeper, a publicity fies and els representative. ‘The chimuam wsually presides overall the fanstions of the club, The secretary maintains the record of tll the astivtes of the club and carries out comesponance and invites guests, The assistive secretary asi the seeretary and oets as secretary inthe absence of secretary. The measur Keeps up all he ‘maintains the record ofthe equipment of the club. The publicity officer publicises the activities of club dough different means. ‘The mebership tothe sciease club should uot be ipored pon stdente and should not be cestited to science students oaly it shouldbe volustary and ‘open to all the erodes inthe school a noua fee aay be charged fim each ember and the club should ty to tp other somes als. ‘To start with some temporary officers may be selected from amongst the dete, This comune should formate the sonstinton of the ci before the lection of offce-bemers is held and the aiembership is thronm ope The soastnation of the chub should inchude decisions and disstons about she folowing spe: Then ofthe cab ais in Conditions andthe prose of Becoming he memes 2 Mest imac th chobonenbership feo ter sources fs Nimber place aad finings of meetings tobe help ding the + Typesof attest be undetaen How the officebeares a oes an thi dis fw to ll ‘he vacant post ofthe oce bearer vel often. Actes of the Club Some of the science lab acti or gpd os blows | aling iscuion. meetings, desman, debates joperrending i aangng excursions and visi to places of sciatic terest, ‘Holi science exhibitions and fis anally fe aprovising ad preparing hind-nade appa, Collation of pesimens and aang the inthe aus, vs Prepating of sop. nk eam, bootpaish ee vst Drawing of chant, picanes et. and preparation of model, ssi Asaapng extension estes of parsons of sien. = Readering posible services tothe comunity. X Celebrating sience days and poting up tablense plays, Science Fae and Exhibitions [Every school should organise science fh at lease once © yea This should iochude the exhibits of the students a8 well a desoonstratins. Tals by expe, film shows on siete topics, debates an declamations, music shows, siete plays ee. am also Le eysized, Both the cache andthe pupils shoul collabrste toward he cost ofthe fi, hough it shold be ainly a actly of theses, Bese he ‘background of al the siti work practi can ke appl overs, which the seadewi type of ates aay fil to provide, The ewes who tke pati ‘arsnging and oranizing the fir ge beer ndertaing ofthe purpose of expevinens| and the nod we. ‘Science fie and exktions ave onze both by Gavemmental agencies and oa-Csenaestal species The Goversmedtal agency which organs science fis xbitons fr eilten is NCERT, The NCERT apanizes sence fis a exhibitions trough extesson cenizes in dilfrent pats of the contr and thong the National Ssieace Exton for chien whish is held in Delhi every yer since 1970, The [ial Ebi i the eulainton of all he school, duit, 2oual aad ate level xbbtons which ae eld round the yen theught he cont The best exits fom ‘hes eciitons are displayed a henson level. The msn objstiveof the stil level sione exhibitions: 0. to give impetus and ensourngensnt io tases tory out brides ad apply ‘ican amino mere creative channel 1 Te provide opportunity to stent fo wits the achievements of thir colleges hereby tna ten o plan ther wn ret and To popalaize aces among peter uber of seats Besides the exhibits, popu Terues ca sicnce aad seictie file ar also onpizd. The exit ave rgmice indifferent pions accontng tthe arse of seiene such as esoogical cis innovations in siense ant mates tevching, apropite techlogy, fil opie et. some museuns aad ‘wiverstes ae als invited to bring heir xis. Project Activities Aquarium, Aieegn the ttn i he scion cunt nerronya on ty eae logs cn ty ay to ei a Teun ui ana tums ca as te Again Sus Clog ety Sen ny tty a ena Se Sa to Set ago ee uta een te one he en set Sheets ha um ayy 9 income nn Kan a is ‘ewes hetero stra rein 2 Coie direst an nota ew ep) Tes ern,al Sone oe Sen coos connector ook recommend puenose Osoenana apeahaoes ore soumay eho her pit grou Vivarium Construction: Phasing and Scheduling by Can Wendt Designing and renovating an existing laboratory or uvarlm facity Ie 2 complex Sinderaking. Wah the speed ae ich projects are beng implemented tocay and the usual ned to expedite some portons ofa facity Is clea to have 2 Scheduling strategy that wil generate precctabity 2 resus Designing and renovating an existing laboratory or vivarium facity Isa complex, Undertaking. With the speed at hich projects are being impleeted tovay, and the usual ned to expedite some portons ofa faity Is cle to have = Scheduling strategy that wil generate precctabity 2 resus The careful attention to dfirton of scope, quality, environmental consciousness, {ost and return on investment ean abe for naught a proper scheduling somtaay \Snot developed and Implamansea, Whether itis 2 minar or major renovation, or 2 {Combination of new and renovated, each wl require some form of care phasing. ‘Upported by a detailed schedule. The folowing txt nl help line some important conskerations and tps for developing the scheduling strategy for your next project. Early Considerations: the business planning stage ‘The Owner's business plan greatly affects the phasing ofa projet and the {esoclated scheduling strategy. Wenn that pan, the entation of what the rel project avers are s cea As an Outne, tie Important that te project needs br'strongly consiered internally a the Infancy stage, befor necessary Singing {your consltat(s) on boars Some common drversincude the foleing, and in {ome way, they al attece how a project ls umately scheduled for Implementation. ‘Your srofece may include any of tase ora comainaton of these and eters, But te keys to identity them, ana begin conceptually determining prorveseary. This wl 231d n your tarts on Who and wnat your pater profeet may affect, and some potent uneing consieratons a or win are ental nthe cevelopment ot You! Fenesule. © AAALAC accrettation requirements “New equipment space requirements “adoption of ren standards "Safety requirements “Dated or nefictentfacities/ayateme “product to markst or discovery goals FDA requirements “expiring internal or external space leases “acl retenton of attraction requirements “New cureuium requirements “class schedules “Tax incentive opportunities “organizational restructuring afer revewing whats applicable fom the aforementoned lst an other tems, {ote very important sehedule-ffecting questions to ask internally are Who le our internal tear to plan and execute this project? What i the delion- ‘ating procert> Uho has the decton-making many? hat are the immesatepronties ana what ae the long ter goat? Does it appear feasible create a portion of the feity to accomodate our Ineciate needs, and'n the meantive, design our new faciity to accommodate the fature? How wit the potenti project and associated phasing affect out eperational reulation, ie safety, ana business overall? Is the funn avaiable to implementa full projet ght now, Fi 2 phased approach mancatory? Expert shoul be corefuiy planned > correlate wth ‘he phasing ofthe projec. (See Quck Reterence #1) What are the concepts! milestones? The scheduled scone of work of ach of the team participant cn be affect, from the approvers of eaphat funding, to the RE and constructor, to the ultimate user group. bo asbestos or other envirenmental cancems already impact our strategy? Construction [As can be understood rom the sforementoned ext there are many eal ‘sEheduleprereclates before the actual contin takes place. Dung the onstruction hase, careful manpower quartiy planing, shtwerk, and overtime ‘ane avenues at catan perio of the soo that ean ain expediting ana ‘Secctng your seheclingHratagy. Remember however, that the Job cant be Burt without he materiale. Work with your constuctor on easly and cost analyst, To assure Your scheduling sategy can be implemented, our constructor shoul! * Demonstrate understanding of eccupancy requirments ‘Regularly update project schedule * lipate risks and prepare “work-around,” le: If major alr handing equipment hows up late, vat set Ie afecs ane ho co we Work around Ie I ee sevator ‘hed for construetan material secs fl, how wl be adaresses? Take necessary stens to minimize disruptions to existing Moors "Achieve milestone dates by reviewing progress with Owner and subcontractor * Plan for weather contngency If applicable 5 Sezai eal neecton amore ane ge ta Duyn we rset © “Carefully coordinate utity shutdowns and plan for temporary wtilty arrangements © Pian deliveries to minimize dlsruption to existing operations Take safety very seriously, t can affect ives of people and even animals Develop and execute a project-specific satery plan * Maintain facity Ife safety systems and proper means of egress «tin acuate rezord craigsa his ll spes te culty end tng ot projet close-out "Staff t with people whe look fr opportunities to improve the schedule * Expedite formal project close-out procedure * Folow the project Phasing Pn Make a lerrarilum ent “Toner eran yun hs ast asa nan ct ha gonna! as The ang ar apron apr athe tram amt asec1 Gant ebitan sie patn23 ee auto we a8 pe tn reunion museum (Clarity what is meant by the terms "museum" and “exhibition Ask sadents what constitutes a museum and present the definition of museum 353 place in which objeets~often those of ahistorical, citi. or artistic nature~are ‘splayed, Next ak for their ideas about how mssum objects af arranged in ther splays. Explain that hey are usually tod together thematically into an exhibition. Ask the students fr examples of exhibitions they've Seca and he themes a subjects ‘om wich the exitons were based School Garden ‘choo grdens ave a wonderful woy to use the schoolyard a8 a classroom, reconnect ‘ordening and novcuture concepts and sls thn Integrate with several utc sch 95 ith, since, helth and aha education, and sc stud, = wel 98 Several ‘uestiona! goa nousing personal an Sota esponsibiy. Wye Environmental Stewardship A senel garden power neon suceon ol Tough piraning, eta becoe essonie crite. They have en aporunty to engege mn apreual prsices on a sma ‘ala mang abut the teponntten and ington clan. Tey sil e web of recon amar ne hrg and non ivg payers ht sstan Be ‘Community and Social Development ute ae acute svi of ot cuty a eign wing. Cen mati ‘State reason fr taeenvtenment ons deeb aston seta of onmuns) enue Me ‘otmuon afew cet A Healthy Lifestyle en eos ae rane vara cate oul rv ean epee le. Academic Achievement Aca rat ct regia cy mea pled ‘ee srs an sone encompass aon reeponle artaters, Thy have a pparnyt engage nape practes on ar ‘eal eaing abou respons amp ofan cuaton Tay ere ha wa of Inaratons amar eng en onsng payer at en He National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005) “he Nationa Curetun Famenerk (NEF 2406s one of ow National Curcum Framewotspubtzedin 1975, 1960, 2000 and 20515 te Nason Counc ef acaba Resear and Tang NCERT i a, ‘Te Framework proves the ramework formating spat trboks and eating paces shh choo eduaton programmes in nia TheNCF 20057 documents toy tasi om earer goverment reprs en efuraton as Learng Wout Buren and Napoal Paey or Eaucaton #0660028 and cus rove dscussen Ar we ranging deberatene 21 NatonalFoeus Group Peaton Papers tate teen devecped under the age NCF 2005. ‘este fatgoston sie rodeo erm NF 208 Te cena ts ran aacumentcame ane he cits Rom he Cental Ads Board o Eduaton (CASE) n Feb 2003 te deecor Kata Kumara an ier ale cuszed he ‘hatenges!mataretaceaby He docament. The aporoah nd eonmendabns Gt NF 2005 Melo e ete educaona stem Auber oe reconmendanens, fr example, cus an ful shoos, The albus and ebooks heed on tare beng wee yale CSE acho, bat NCFbased mater also bong used n many Sate sehels [NCF2006 nas ben vans in 2 lnguoges an has ntvenced he slain 17 Sates. The CERT gave Gantt Re 10 kh ech Sets promote NCF nthe guage othe Sate ad to compares curentsyabus wih he lau proposed, Sata plan wr knve roms cult be made Several Stats have ken ups change Ths exerese beng cried out wih the ‘vtvement ot State Counc fr Eduatonal Research and aling [SCERT]and Diet Inet of Eaveaton and Yaiing DET,