2. Vector Algebra SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 2.1 www.tnschools. 1. if @ and B represent two adjacent sides AB and BC respectively of a parallelogram ABCD. Find the diagonals AC and BD. : is D Sol. ABCD is a, parallelogram. © > AB A > B {7 CB is negative of DC = AC = @45 and BD = 2. If PO+ O00 = 00+ OR, show that the points P,Q, Rare collinear. Sol.PO +00 = PQ P Q G0 +GR = OR 7 R PO +00 =GQ + OR (given) PQ = QR * FQ || OR But Q is a common point. » P,Q, R are collinear. soe ee ee 3, Show that the points with position vectors a@-2b+3c, -2a+3h+2¢ and ~8a +136 are collinear. ° Sal. To prove the points P, Q, R are collinear, we have to prove that PQ = 1 PR where ¢ is a scalar. Let the given points be PQ, R. Then OP ~ a- 25 +3¢ 00 = -2¢+36420 and OR = -8a+136° Now FQ = 60 - OP (2-26 +30,22 _www.tnschools.co.in PR= OR>OP = = (eden @aabeas) = -8a4+13b-a$25-3¢ = -92415b_3¢ ess > , = 3G3e458—c) = 370 = PR = 3P0 So, the points P,Q, R are collinear. (ie,) the given points are collinear. 4, Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors -2a+3b 456, 2426 +3¢ and Ja—c respectively, are collinear. Sol. Given OA = =20 430456 OB = 420436 and oc= la-c. Now to prove that the points A, B, C are collinear we have to prove that AB =_1AC where 1 ig a scalar. Now AB =. OB- OA = (G+ 25430) —(-204+ 38+ 50) 2425 430+20-3b—-Se. = 3a- P52 AC = 0C- OA = ga-e)- (-22 +36 +50) = 1a-C228=3b-5¢. 9a~ 3b- 60 = 302-822) = 3 AB Now AC = 3.AB = the points A, B, C are collinear. 5. If D, is the midpoint of the side BC of a triangle ABC, prove that Ab + AC=2AD A Sol. D is the midpoint of ABC. = 8D = DC Jom AD. Now AB = AD+DB AC = AD+DC B + LHS = AB+AC = AD +DB + AD +DC = 2AD+DB+DC = 2AD+(0)[‘7 DB and DC are equal and opposite vectors) = 2AD = RHS = wi S 6. If G is the centroid of a triangle ABC, prove that GA+GB+GC = 0. Sol. For any triangle ABC, AB+BC+CA =Vector Algebra www.tnschools.co.in_ 23 Now G is the centroid of AABC, A which divides the medians (AD, BE and CF} in the ratio 2: 1. F E AG:GD = 2:1 2+ 2Ga= -FA B = _ i 2 oF at 2& Similarly GB = -3 BE and GC = -3CF - = 2 Now LHS = GA +GB+GC = -3[AD +BE+CF] - 2 hmeimagbal 15 = =f [AB +3 BC+BC+2CA+CA+> AB] Pa ee 3p deri c)} ‘ = -1(0) =0= Proof: G is the centroid of a triangle ABC. Let O be the origin iy orbs e 3 OG = Now, GA+GB+GC = OA- OG + GB - 0G + 0C- 06 = OA +0B +0C-30G = 24540-3066 = isiee- 3 (EES) (ie,) GA+GB+6C = 0 7. If ABC and A’B'C' are two tangles and G, G' be their comesponding centroids, prove that AA’ +BB! +! = 3GG' Sol. Let © be the origin. We know when G is the centroid of ABC, OA+OB+0C = 30G =... (1) Similarly when G' is the centroid of AA’B’ OA’ + OB! + oe - 306" (@ (2) - (1) = (OA! — OA) + (GB" = GB) + (OC - oc)= 3(06' = 6G) (ie,) Aa’ + BBY + CC = 366" 8, Prove that the sum of the vectors directed from the vertices to the mid-points of opposite sides of a wrangle is zero. Sol. In AABC, D, E, F are the midpoints of BC. CA and AB respectively. To prove AD +BE+CF = 024 www.tnschools.co.in | Le A Now AD = AB+BD = Ab+i8C > + = = 1s F E BE = BC+ = Bc+icA & - as - sid ~ ~~ s D c Now AD + BE + - 2 (aB+ +A) = 3(ae+G) (: AB+BC=AC] 3 > = 38) = 3 9. Prove by method that the line segment joining the mid-points of the diagonals of @ mapexiam is parallel to tre paraliel sides and equal to half of their difference. Sol. Let ABCD is 2 trapezium with P.Vs OA = «4, OB = 6b. OC = Cand OD = ABCD 1 mages te sees. A5 Il pe. => EF parallel to the parallel sides and balf their difference. 10, Prove by vector method that the intemal bisectors of the angles of a triangie are concurrent. Sol. a,b,c are the sides of AABC with position vectors OA, OB, OC AT, BI are the biscctors of ZA and ZB respectively, which intersect at I. Now AID is the bisector of ZA > . By ABT nd c BD BA Be 7 ac 7 5? BD: DC = c:bvectis www.tnschools.co.in 25 3) OD = SOC Hb OB A Ge) OD =-§ = (Qa) c+b # BI is the bisector of ZB b Al. AB : - -@ i Da c ™ aS Tofind pp: BB = £ . BD 8 “ BD +DC c+b _.)BD__¢_ ,BD__¢ Ge) BC a +b pp. opp= 8) Substituting (2) in (3) we get, —bte 4 o AL__ AB oc ibe * so » YD ~ acse+h ache+b” aa ey oe . cOC+bOB gj - @tadd+ada _ CFO cep 9A oy b+cta bt+cta 2 Gy = LOAFPOB+COL ve are able to write I as a linear atbte combination of OA, OB, OC < the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent. 11. Prove using vectors the mid-points of wo opposite sides of a quadrilateral and the mid-points of the diagonals are the vertices of a parallelogram. Sol. ABCD is a quadrilateral with position vectors OA = @.0B = b,0C = cand OD = a. P is the midpoint of BC and R is the midpoint of AD. Q is the midpoint of AC and S is the midpoint of BD, To prove PORS is a paraliclogram. We have to prove that PO = SR bee Now OP = PEE {\ ok 4 JAS. Ge = 42 ae Os = 24426 www.tnschools.c PQ = SR > PORS is a parallelogram. 12. If ABCD is a quadrilateral and © ond F > fare the mid-points of AC and BD respectively, ; prove that AB + AD +CB+CD = 4EF, ¢ Sol. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which E “ and F are the midpoints of AC and BD respectively. Now AB = AE + EP +88 AD = AE +EF+ED i CB = E+ ER +B cb = Ce+ER+ FD 80, Ab + Ab + CB + Cb = 48P +2(AE + Gy +2(7+ 2d) = 4EF+0+0 = 45F (AB and GH are equal and oppocie vector and HB and FD are equal and opposite vectors} SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 2.2 | 1. Find the sum of the vectors 47° 5j+k -2i% 4j— i ana 37°- ~ Find also the magninide of the sum. Sol. Let the given vectors be a. + ~2i4 47-K and 47 45k Now 24540 = 14-244] 644— 4) +k-14+5) = Si+5j% * Magnitude = VF 4349? = VBEBES = VS = 505 units Riga,» gi-jR4k P= 247-38 and CaP b 2p Hh find [2a-b+3c} Soo = 37 - f= 4k P= 274 4) 3Fs¢ = ie2jp-k 5 is att 4 wo Now 2a-b+3¢° p48 - i447 —3k)+ 3042] —8) 8k- (-27+ 47-30) + Gi+ 6j- 3k) aks aim afe3k+3ioj- 3k = FO e2 4347 2-446) +k(-8+3-3) a [2a-F43e}Vector Algebra www.tnscheols.co.in 27 _ The position vectors of the vertices A, B, C af a trarigle ABC are respectively 2i4+3j+4k -i+2j—k and 3i—5j+6k. Find the vectors determined by the sides and caiculate the length of the sides. A Fy - piss sk) AC = [AC| = VIF ETS = VHT units AB = -3i-j-5k es SAS BC = 47-7) 47k > > AC = i-8j+2k AB = V35 units; BC = VTI4 units; AC =, V6 units, Ay Show that the points whose position vectors given by (i) ~2i+3j+ 5% Te2p43k Tink (il) 727436 243] —4" and ~77+ 10K are collinear. Sol, (f) Let the given points be A, B and_€, To prove A, B, © are collinear we, have to prove that AB = 7AC Now OA = -2/4 3745" = Pe af 38 ond ~ 1-8 = OB- OA = (7427438 - (27 37+ sk) = Ta+p+fe-s+ke-5 ~HAiagh QC-OA = 7B ~(-2i437+ 5k) = q+y+7@-9+Ra-9 = 91-3) -6k = 3Gi-j-26) » AC = 3AB = the points A, B and C are collinear. BBiBs > at 428 www.tnschools.co.in (i) Lgt the given points be A, B and C OA = i-2j 43k Ob = 274+3j—4k = -77 +k Now AB = OB-OA = (2) +3) -4k)-(i-2j+3k) T@-1)+j@+2) +k(-4-3) Pesj-7k AC = OC-OA = (-774+ 10H - j+3k) = 7@-1) +] (-7+2) +k (10 - 3) = i s7e7k = -(74 577k) 2 AC = ~AB So, the points A, B and C are collinear. 5. If the vectors @=2i—3j and b = —63+mj are collinear, find the value of m. Sol. Giyen @ and 6 are collinear. 2a = (5 where ¢ is a scalar, (ie,) 27-37 = t(-67+mj) Equating i components 2= -6t 2 1 ot 4 Equating j components -3= mi (e,) -3 = 4 m ie.) 3 =fem =9 Am=9 6. Find @ unit vector in the direction of 7+ V3j._ Sol. Let the given vector be 7 (ie,) r= i+ V3; ‘The unit vector in the direction of ris given by F = —Z- Now |r| = Viev3s? =ViFS=2 «7 7. Find the unit vectors parallel to the sum of 317 Sol. Let the given vectors be a = 31-57 48k and oo 22k a ge Now @+b = (37-5) +88) + (—2/-2%) =I @+i(-5zH+kO-2 = 31-7) 46kVector Algebra www.tnschools.co.in 29 ja+s| = FOE = = ¥OF units . The wit voor [Ito 4 ie 2 —S4E = = RTE [atbL, a 8 Find the unit vectors parallel to 32 —2b-+4¢ where a= 3i-j-4 kK = 2i + 4j- 3K o = Pe 2s-F Sol @ = 37-75 4B; f= -2i+aj—3k jo = i .3a-2b+4 48) -2(-214 4j- 32) + 47227 ® im 3j- Wk +4i— 8) 46k + 4i+8j—4k Te +444) +j(-3-8 +8) +k(-12+5-4) = 171 =3j-10k Let f= 3a 2b 4c, 7 Then 7 = 177-3j- 10k The unit vestors ||P to 7s Now [7] = VIF +41? = VROFTT IO = /OE *, unit vectors ILtwor ia Us 9. The, vertices of a triangle have position vectors 4457 +6% 57°46] 4K 61% 4] SK. Prove that the triangle is equilateral Sol. Let ABC be the triangle with position vectors OA, OB and OC. Ge) OA = 415) 46% OB = si+oj+4k and OC = 6) +4; 45%. Now AB = OB-OA = Gi+ .7 Pj-2k PAB EPiEe V6 em a at BC = OC-OB = 7447+5#) - (7467+ 4k) j+4k) - (47457 46%) =ip2jpee 1BE] ~ WEFAET = Emig AC = OC-OA = (61 +4] 45k) — (47 +5j 46k) . = 2inj-k v [ACL = VIFTFT = V6 units Now | AB| = | BC| = | AC| = v6 units > AABC is an equilateral triangle, | 40. Show that the vectors 27° j + 31 4]- 4k 1-3] Sie form a right angled triangle. Sol. Let, the given vectors be a. = 2i-j+k B= 3i-4j—4k and c= f-3j~5k210 www.tnschools.co.in ete= eis j-5k) =3i-4j-4k = 8 = the given vectors form the sides of a triangle. Now [2] = VPs 04. = WSFTFT = oer =6 [0| = VP4eee = FIST = vat So, |B]? = 41 le| = VIFOFS = V3 le |? = 35 Now |[b/?= 41 = 35 +65 |eP+ial? =» the given vectors form the sides ofa right spaled lana. S LL. Prove that the points 27% 3]+ 4% 32+ 4) +26 47% 2]+ 3% form an equilateral triangle. Sol. Let ABC be the, given triangle with vertices OA, GB ané OC. Now OA = 2/43/44; OB = 37447428; OC = 474 2j43% So, AB = OB-OA Gi 47428 - @i437+ 4k) ies sa4ie- 3)+kQ-4) M72 | ABE vIFTSS = BC = OC-OB > ainaead) -feaiod) = i@- +7e- 4) +k G-2) = i 27pe > |BC|= VIF4EI = aE = O-OA saat an alia nad) -i@-2+)@-9+0-4 = ij = VaFTHT = ve = |AC| » ABC is an’ equilateral triangle, Ee.) Se gees posts form an equilateral triangle, 12H the veces of c triangle have position vectors i+ 2j+3% 2043; +k end 347 2E, find the position vector of its centroid Set Wire 2 E LHS = RHS “. we are able to write one vector as a linear combination of the other two = the gen vectors are coplanar (i Vek the given yeetorg be a B and ¢ . Ge.) @ = S7+674+7E, b = 71-8] 49K onde = 372 2j+5k If we are able to write a = mb-+nc (where m and n are scalars) then we say that the vectors a, 6, ¢ are coplanar. Lt @=mbtnc (ic,) 574.6] + 7k = m(7i - 8) 49k) +n Git js 5k) Equating 7, j and & components 5 = Tm+3n ~@ 6 —8m+20n = 3 = -4m+10n (+ by 2) = 2) 7 = 9m+5n B) Solving (1) and (2) (x42 Bm+12n = 20 ow (4) @x7 = -28n+70n A+O = 820 »Vector Algebra_www.tnschools.co.in 2.13 Substituting m and n values in (3) we get, LHS = 7 9,5. 14 nus = 9(3) +5 (3) = 305 = 3 LHS = RHS = we are able to write @-as a linear combination of and ¢. @ the vectors @, 5, ¢ are coplanar. 15, Show that the points, given by the vectors 4itsj+k -j-& 3149) + 4k and -4i4 4] 4% are coplanar. Sol, Let the given points be A, B, C and D. To prove that the points A, B, G, D are coplanar, we have to prove that the vectors AB, AC and AD are coplanar. Now OA = 47457, ; OB = OC = 3i+9j+4k 7 AB = OB-OA 6j-2k. AC = OC-OA ~ Peay 3k AD = —(4i4+5j+k) = -8i-j +3k Let AB AC = b = -i+4j 43k AD = To prove the vectors 2, b,¢ are coplanar we have to prove that a@=mb tne Let 47-6) 2% = m(-i+4j+3k) + n(-87-7 43%) Equating i” j and & components we get —4= -m—8n 2 mtB= 4 = () -6= 4m an = 4n— 6 Q -2= 3m+3n 2 3nt3n= 2. B) Solving (1) and (2) m+ 8n 4m =n (2) (2) x8 > 32m—& @> m+8 3am= —44 «ot. 4 m= 33 3 Substituting m = -{ in (1) we get,2.14 www.tnschools.co.in —— « cn A 3 ole = 2 in @ we get, oe 26 = e+ 3, al “ we are able to write one yector gs a linear combination of the other two vectors > the given vectors a, b, ¢ are coplanar. (ée.) the given points A, B,C, D are coplanar, 16. Examine whether the vectors i+ 3] +k 2i'-j —kand 7+ 5k are coplanar. Sol. Let et the given v vectors | be. + a= i43j+gb = 2 f Rand? = 1j+5k To Prove, that + the vectors a, é, Care coplanar we have to prove that @ = nb tne where m and n are scalars. Let P+ 374k = m2i-j-k) +n 45k) Equating i, ji ‘and k components we get, 1 = %m+0 (ie,) m= Lem =4 = (QY) 3=-m+Im (e,) -m+7n = 3 = Q Los -m+in —mtSn = wf) Substring m = 1/2 in @) we get -12+ Tn =34i.2 (ie) m= 345= 3 wears B "= 9x7 72 Ssbstitating m = > and n = > in (3) we got = we ate not able to write one vector as 2 lincar combination of the other two vectors = the given vectors are not coplanar.www.tnschools.co.in Vector Algebra 215 OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (TEXTUAL) 1, The position vector of A is 27+ 37 + 4%, AB vector of B is . : @ we 17+ 10% ® 7- ©) Ws 07" Si+-7j + 64, then position 10)" 10k @ -7+ 17-10% Sol. OA AB oB 46) + Git 7+ 6) = 1+ 197+ 1k fans. (@)} 2 If @ is a non-zero vector and k is a scalar such that |ka| = 1, then k is equal to : () lal 1 Sol. |ka| = k la] = 1 Given) lal fans. (@)] Let a, & be the vectors AB, BC determined by two adjacent sides of regular hexagon ABCDEF. The vector represented by EF is . » (@a-5 @) a+b B Ou @ -b Sol. EF = -5 r ie ces ahs z (. FE = BC) aa fans. (0) 4.1f AB = & AC where k is a scalar, thea q.. (a) A, 8, C are collinear @AB Care coplanar (c) AB, AC have th © magnitude (¢) A, B, C are coincident Sol, When AB = & AC it * the points A, B, C are collinear. {Ans. («)] The position wetors of A and B are 2 and b. P divides AB in the ratio 1. Q is the mid poist of AP. The position vector of Q is + M+ Sa+% tw Be @) o #2 @ op. te Sa OP = 4 B suo Mid point of AP OAZOR = [Ans. (@)}216 Www.tnschools.co.in 6. If G is the centroid of 2 trimgle ABC and O is any other point, then OA + OB + OC is equal t> __. @O_ s _@0G_ ©3706 @40G Sol. OA + OB + OC = 30G Ans. © 7. If G is the centroid of 2 triangle ABC, then GA + GB + GC is equal to @3@+b+0 OG 00 ethers Sol. When G is the centroid of a A ABC, then GA+GB+6C = 0 (Ans. ()] 8. If G is the centroid of a triangle ABC and G' is the centroid of triangle A‘B'C, then AA’ + BB+ CC" = @ _ 0) 36 © 26 @ 460 Sol. OA+OB+O0C = 30G OA’ + OB + OC = 306" 2. (OA - 0A) + (OB - 0B) = (OC - 0C)=30G' - 30G=3[GG)] (ie,) AA’ +BB'+OC = 3GG" [Ans. (6)] 9. If the initial point of vector —2/”— 3 is (-1, 5,8), then the terminal point is Ores Sol Gen OA and AB > - — 8 (d) 3+ 3-8 . OB = OA+AB = -i+5/+8k + (-2- 3) = 947+ se fAns. (0) 10. Which of the following vectors has the same direction as the vector i-R QF wwrg OF OFF Sel. 3 — G& 3@-%) [ns. ()} + 2k, then a unit vector i+jtk @ tit _ . Tei ek VP+P42Vector Algebra 2417 12. if a = H+j-K and b =1+F — 4k, then the magnitude of a+b = @B o® oo @s So @+5'= (G+j—8) + G+ 9—M&) = H+ G-1HK - ja+b| = WFIOTIG = Vi = 2 [Ans. (a)]} 13. If the poston vectors of P and O are 21+ 3)— Tk, Mi — 3 + 4k, then the direction cosines of PQ are . =6 1 2-6 = © ep Ten Var © Fer ver vier © 2, 1 | @4330 _ Sol. PO 4) - G+ 5-7) +k is i v des of PO ate ier. gr Hor [Ans. (a)] www.tnschools.co.in