UNITS AND DIMENSIONS PHYSICAL QUANTITIES All quantities that can be measured are called physical quantities. eg. time, length, mass, force, work done, ete. Inphysies we study about physical quantities and their inter relationships. MEASUREMENT Measurement is the comparison of a quantity with a standard of the same physical quantity. UNITS All physical quantities are measured wrt. standard magnitude of thesame physical quantity and these standards are called UNITS. eg. second, meter, kilogram, ete. So the four basic properties of units are:— They must be well defined. 1 2, Theyshouldbe easily available and reproducible. 3. Theyshouldbe invariable e.g. step asa unit of length is not invariable. 4 They shouldbe accepted to all. SET OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES A setof physical quanties which are completely independent ofeach other and all other physical quant can be expressed in terms of these physical quantities is called Set of Fundamental Quantities Physical Quantity —_Units(SI Units(CGS) Notations Mass kg (kilogram) g M Length m(meter) an L Time s (second) s 1 Temperature K (kelvin) °c ® Current A (ampere) A Tora Luminousintensity ed (candela) cd Amountofsubstance mal — mol Physical Quantity Definition (SI Unit) 1 Length (m) The distance travelled by light in vacuum in 299,792,458 second is called | metre. Mass (kg) The mass of a cylinder made of platinum-iridium alloy kept at International Bureau of Weights and Measures is de- fined as | kilogram, Time(s) The second is the duration of 9,192,631.770 periods ofthe radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levelsof the ground state of the cesium- 133 atom, Electric Current (A) equal currents are maintained in he two parallel infinitely long wires of negligible cross-section, so that the force between them — is2* 107 newton per metre of the wires, the current in 4) any of the wires is called 1 Ampere. Thermodynamic Temperature(K) The fraction 57 ¢ of he thermodynamic temperature of triple point of water iscalled 1 Kelvin Luminous Intensity (ed) | candela is the luminous intensity ofa blackbody of 1 2 area ———m a ‘ surface area G59 999" Placed atthe temperature of freezing platinum and ata pressure of 101,325 Nim’, in the direction perpendicular to its surface. Amount of substance (mole) The mole is the amount ofa substance that contains as many elementary entitiesas there arenumber of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-1 2. There are two supplementary units too: t 1. Plane angle (radian) angle~are/radius. onise be 2. Solid Angle (steradian) ‘ DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES The physical quantities those can be expressed in terms of fundamental physical quantities are called derived physical quantities.eg. speed DIMENSIONS AND DIMENSIONAL FORMULA All the physical quantities ofinterest canbe derived fromthe base quantities, DIMENSION The power (exponent) of base quantity that entersinto the expression ofa physical quantity, dimension of the quantity in that base. called the ‘To make it clear, consider the physical quantity "force". Force =mass * acceleration length /time time = mass * length * (time)? So the dimensions of force are | in mass, | in length and2 in time, Thus {Foree] = MLT*Similarly energy has dimensional formula given by {Energy]=ML°T? ie. energy has dimensions, 1 in mass, 2 in length and-2 in time. Such an expression for a physical quantity in terms ofbase quantities is called dimensional formula. DIMENSIONAL EQUATION Whenever the dimension ofa physical quantity is equated with its dimensional formula, we geta dimen- sional equation, PRINCIPLE OF HOMOGENEITY According tothisprinciple, we can multiply physical quantities with same or different dimensional formu Jae at our convenience, however no such rule applies to addition and substraction, where only like physical quantites can only be added or substracted. e.g. If P+ Q=> P & Q both represent same physical quantity, Mlustration : Calculate the dimensional formula of energy from the equation E Sol. Dimensionally, E = mass * (velocity. 1 Since = is a number and has no dimension. or, [E] = Mx Ilustration + Kinetic energy of a particle moving along elliptical trajectory is given by K = ax? where s is the distance travelled by the particle. Determine dimensions of «. Sol. K=as? (MULT ‘a = 7 taj ( [a] = Mi Lo T? la} = (MT) Illustration : v The position of a particle at time t, is given by the equation, x(t) = ae @°), where v, is a constant and a> 0. The dimensions of v, & a are respectively. A) ML T&T! (B) ML T! &T (YM LT! &T! (D) ML T! <? Sot (VJ = (x] [a] & [a] (= MUP MILIT! [aq] = MLIT? Mlustration : The distance covered by a particle in time tis going by x = a + bt + et + dt; find the dimensions of a, b, cand d.Sol. The equation contains five terms. All of them should have the same dimensions. Since [x] = length, each of the remaining four must have the dimension of length. Thus, ja] = length =L (bt) or (by) = LT! [et] or fe] = LT? and jd#]=L or jd] = LT 4) USES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS () — TOCONVERT UNITS OF A PHYSICAL QUANTITY FROM ONE SYSTEM OF UNITSTO ANOTHER: Itis based on the fact that, Numerical value unit=constant So on changing unit, numerical value will also gets changed. Ifn, and n, are the numerical values of a given physical quantity and u, and u, be the units respectively in two different systems of units, then nu, +f TENE Young's modulus of steel is 19 x 10! N/m?. Express it in dyne/om?. Here dyne isthe CGS unit of Iustration force Sol. The unit of Young's modulus is Nim’. Foree This suggest that it has dimensions of (ais taneg)? (F] _ MLT Thus, [Y] = 7 MLT. ws, DY 3 r N/nt is in ST units, So, 1 Nam? = (1 kgi(Imp (Is? and 1 dynelom? = (Ig)(temy-! (Is? L = 1000 x — x1=10 50, 100 -(28)y'(ay? 1g ) Gem be) jm? = 10 dyne/em? on; ID on, 19 10! Nim? = 19 * 10"! dynein’, Mlustration = The dimensional formula for viscosity of fluids is, reM'LIT! Find how many poise (CGS unit of viscosity) is equal to | poiseuille (SI unit of viscosity). Copied to clipboard.Sol. MILI T! 1CGS units = gem! s! 1 Slunits = kg ms! = 1000 g (100 emp! s# =10gem! <4 Thus, I Poiseuilli = 10 poise Mustration + A calorie isa unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J, where 1.J = I kg m’/s?. Suppose we employ a system of units inwhich the unit of mass equals eckg, the unit of length equals B metre, the unit of time is ysecond. Show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 cr! in terms of the new units Sol I cal =4.2kg m’s? SI New system 1, n=? M,=1kg M, = akg Bmetre T, = ysecond Dimensional formula of energy is [ML°T*] Comparing with [M°L°T], we find that a = Now, Isle] (il) TO CHECK THE DIMENSIONAL CORRECTNI OF AGIVEN PHYSICAL RELATION: Itis based on principle ofhomogeneity, which states that a given physical relation is dimensionally cor- rect if the dimensions of the various terms on either side of the relation are the same, (i) Powers are dimensionless (ii) sin0,*,,c0S6, log0 gives dimensionless value and in cbove expression 0 is dimensionless (iii) We can add or subtract quantity having same dimensions. Mlustration : Let us check the dimensional correctness of the relation v = u + at. Here ‘u represents the initial velocity, ‘v’represents the final velocity, ‘athe uniform acceleration and ‘t’ the time. Dimensional formula of ‘u’ is [M°LT“] Dimensional formula of 'v’ is [M°LT#] Dimensional formula of ‘at’ is [M'LT?][T] = [M'LT“] Copied to clipboard.Here dimensions of every term in the given physical relation are the s cal relation is dimensionally correct. ime, hence the given phy Illustration : Let us check the dimensional correctness of the relation l x=ut+ Sat 4) Here ‘u' represents the initial velocity, ‘a’the uniform acceleration, x" the displacement and ‘t’ the time. Sol. by] =L length [ut] = velocity * time = ~—T * time = L lL. [Sa] = [at?] = accelecration * (timey’ (2. 5 isa number hence dimentionless) velocity lengthvtim € x(timeP? = —-——— x (time) time (time) time ( Thus, the equation is correct as far as the dimensions are concerned. TO ESTABLISH A RELATION BETWEEN DI "ERENT PHYSICAL QUANT If we know the various factors on which « physical quantity depends, then we can finda relation among different factors by using principle ofhomogeneity. Illustration = Let us find an expression for the time period t of a simple pendulum. The time period t may depend upon (i) mass m of the bob of the pendulum, (ii) length fof pendulum, (iii) acceleration due to gravity g at the place where the pendulum is suspended. Sol. Let i) tocm® Gi) tac (ii) toe g Combining all the three factors, we get tocm*/g* or Km*"/"g° where K is a dimensionless constant of proportionality Writing down the dimensions on either side of equation (i), we get IT] = [Me][LYY[LT?]° = [MeL T*] Comparing dimensions, a = 0,b +6 =0,—2c=1 a=0,c=-1/2,b=12 From equation (i) = Km®f¢"2 or Mllustration = When a solid sphere moves through a liquid, the liquid opposes the motion with a force F. The magnitude of F depends on the coefficient of viscosity n of the liquid, the radius r of the sphere and the speed vof the sphere. Assuming that F isproportional to diferent powers of these quantities, guess a formula for F using the method of dimensions.Sol. Suppose the formula is F = ky? 2 (Ly Then, MLT? = (ML? T° Lt | (Comparing dimensions) o=t b= : => [Vy = [Pip] UNITS AND DIMENSIONS OF SOME PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Quantity SIUnit Dimensional Formula Density kg/m Force Newton(N) Work Joule (J(=N-m) Energy Joule() Power Watt (W) (=I/s) Momentum kg-mis Gravitational constant Nmiikg? Angular velocity radian/s Angularaceeleration radian/s* Angular momentum kg-m'/s Momentof inertia kg-n? Torque Nem Angular frequency radian/s TH Frequency Hertz (Hz) TH Period s T Surface Tension Nim Mr Coefficient of viscosity Nesim? MILT Wavelength m L Intensity of wave Wine wrTemperature Specificheat capacity Stefan’s constant Heat Thermal conductivity Current density Electrical conductivity Electric dipole moment Electric field Potential voltage) Electric flux Capacitance Eleciromotive forve Resistance Permittivity of space Permeability of space Magnetic field Magnetic flux Magnetic dipole moment Inductance kelvin (K) Wkg-K) Wi(m?-K*) J Wi(m-K) Alm 1/Q-m(=mho/m) cm Vim(=N/C) volt (V)(=N/C) vn farad (F) volt(V) ohm) C2/N-m (=F/m) N/A? Tesla (T) (= Whi?) Weber (Wb) Nam'T Henry (H) K LyTK MIDK* ML? MUD K ve PTML! ur MLAT? ML"IT? MIT? PTYML ML‘IT? MUPT PT“ML MUPT? MIT MLIT? 1? MLPT: LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS (i) Dimension does not depend on the magnitude. Due to this reason the equation x = ut + at? isalso dimensionally correct. Thus, dimensionally correct equation need not be actually correct (ji) The numerical constants having no dimensions connot be deduced by the method of dimensions. (iii) This method is applicable only if relation is of product type. It fails in the case of exponential and trigonometric relations. SI Prefixes : The magnitudes of physical quantites vary over a wide range. The mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10°! kg and that of our earth is about 6 * 10 kg. Standard prefixes for certain power of 10. Table shows these prefixes Power of 10 2 9 Prefix tera gig mega kilo hecto deka deci Symbol G M da2 centi ¢ 3 milli m 6 micro u 9 nano n 12 pico P -15 femto f ORDER-OF MAGNITUDE CALCULATIONS If value of phycal quantity P satisfy 0.5x10°< P< 5 x 10* xisan integer xis called order of magnitude Mlustration = The diaraeter of the sun ts expressed as 13.9 = 10? m. Find ihe order of magnitude of the diameter ? Sol. Diameter = 13.9 * 109 m Diameter = 1.39 * 10!" m order of magnitude is 10. SYMBOLS AND THERE USUAL MEANINGS The scientific group in Greece used following symbols, 8 The a Alpha 5 bee v Psi Roh Y Gamma e wa 3 Delta ; ie A Delta a u Mu + “Tau h Lambda om 02 Omega x ut x x chi © i “Approximately do Phi equal to € epsilon 440 Qt Sol Q2 Sol Solved Examples Find the dimensional formulae of follwoing quantities (a) The surface tension , (b) The thermal conduct (©) The coefficient of vescosity n, P| ) Some equation involving these quntities are A(O,-O jt "=" an ind Fen A: grh ser o=k 2 d where the symbols have their usual meanings. (p- density, g- acceleration due to gravity,r-radius, h~ height, A- area, 0,&0, - temperatures, t- time, d- thickness, v, & v, velocities, x, & x; positions.) pgrh @s= or [S]= [pl [e]l?= A(0,~0,)t 6) Q= AO od or k= 476, 0,1" Here, Q is the heat energy havingdimension ML’T~, 6,~0, is temperature, Ais area, dis thickness and tistime. Thus, MET Murs k! tk] = Suppose A = B"C", where A has dimensions LT, B has dimensions L?T!, and Chas dimensions LT? Then the exponents n and m have the values: (A) 2351/3 (B)2;3 (©) 4155-15 (D*) 1/5; 3/5 (E) 1/2; 1/2 LT =(L2Tp (LT2]" LT = Leeman 2n+m=1 fi) n+2m=1 (i)4 Sol. Q4 Sol. Onsovling Ifenergy (F), velocity (V) and time (T) are chosen as the fundamental quantities, then the dimensions of surface tension will be. (Surface tension = force /length) (AEV2T" @B)EV'T (E*vITS (*)EV?T? {surface tension] =[force/length] =M'L'T? suppose [surface tension] =E* V° T° MILT? =[MILT2p (LIT (T° Matching dimensions ofM => a= 1 Matching dimensions of L => 2a +b=0 =>b=-2 Matching dimensions of T => -2a-b +c :, [surface tension] = EV? 12 Given that In (a/pB) = 07/K,0 where p is pressure, z is distance, K, is Boltzmann constant and is, temperature, the dimensions of Pare (useful formula Energy K, * temperature) (A) LOMO Te (LMT? (cy) Mer (D) LMT? (a) a = (ale Kk, faz]=[k,0] Also [ai]=[pB] [p Bz]=(k,01 KO L'T °K 'K O97 mT. The SLand CGS units ofenergy are joule and erg respectively. How many ergs are equal to one joule? Dimensionally, Energy =mass * (velocity)? lengh} mass «( | =ML Thus, 1 joule = (1 kg) (1m) (1s)? and 1 erg=(1 g) (1 em) (1s)? Ljoule (8)(22 (4) leg ~ (7g) (Tem) (is (anes ( 1000¢m “(Ig Il Tem | 1000 = 10000 = 107. So | joule= 10" erg.42 Q6 Sol Q7 Sol Qs Sol. ‘Young's modulus of steel is 19*10!°N/m2, Express it in dyne/em’. Here dyne is the CGS unit of force. ‘The unitof Young's modulusis Nim? Force This suggest that it has dimensions of 7) Thus, m-[£+ MET" Mir Nistis in Stunits. So, 1 Nim? = (1kg) (Im) (1s)? and 1 dyne/em?= (1g) (lem) (1s)? (1) (im "(4s “ig )~ Wem} (is) 1Nim? °- Tdynezem Si 1 = 1000 x 759 * 1= 10 or, 1 N/?=10 dyne/en or, 19 x 10! Nim? = 19 x 10!" dynefem? Ifvelcoity, time and force were chosen as basic quantities, find the dimensions of mass, Dimensionally, Force = mass * acceleration ; velocity Force = mass * time Forcextime or, mass = Soci on [mass] - FTV" ad ae A - The dimension of inthe equation P= where Pis pressure, x isdistance and tis time are bx => Pbx=a-? => [Pbx}=[a)= [7] ry r or [by] (T] [T'] [M'T!] © (PIB) (MET?) [LJ a) TT pe [§] = ay |RIR, |al=a, |bl=b 7 b sind R= (a+ beosd) + (bsindy* = Va? +b? +2abcosO a beos0 as in figure angle between and R is a bsiné tn a=— a+bcos0 Illustration : Sol. Two forces P and Q are in ratio P : Q = 1 : 2. If their resultant is at an angle tan" | vector P, then angle between P and O is (1 (A) tan (3) (B)4s° (©) 30° (D*) 60° Qsind tan a= P+ Qcos0 sind 3 sind 3 _ (_2sin0 ity - > ¥- = P + cos. cost 5 teos8 2 (1/2) 0 4 (3 0 3(1 + 2cos)? = 16sin'O 3(1 + 4cos°O + 4cos) = 16(1 — cos?) 3+ 12cos’@ + 12cosO= 16 — 16cos? 28cos°@+ 12cos9-13=0 => — cos0 = 1/2,-0.92 uuuy Important Results: The angle between @ and § is Oand resultant = +6 @ — fe=0° => ab then, | R|=|4|+|b| & | R| ismaximum @) = e=n => dantil|b then, |R|=|/a|-|b] &|R | isminimum49 Gi) Om wid sald eae 2} & tan o.=bia (cis angle with a) (v) If Ja) =|b) =a |R | =2acos0/2 la &a=02 (&) Ifa] =|b| =a &O= 20/3 then|R|=a Mlustration = Forces of magnitudes 6N and 4N are acting on the body. Which of the following can be the resultant of the two? @UNQ2N(O1ION@IN@8NGON(@ IN Sol. F.,, lies between F, (max.) and F.., (min). Fg (mar) = 10 Nand F,_, (min.) = 2 Thus, options b, c, e, and gare correct. Mustration : The resultant oftwo forces of magnitudes 4 N and 4.3 N makes 90° with the smaller force. Then angle between those nso forces is ? Sol 4 1 cosd= 42 ~ 2 o=45° angle between forces 4 N and 4 J Practice Exercise Q.1 Twovectors & Q arearranged in such a way that they form adjacent sides of a parallelogram Ly Which of the following options have correct relationship as shown in figure20 (A) Q=R48 B)R=P+Q C)R=P+S ()S=Q-P Q.2. Twovectors of 10 units & 5 units make an angle of 120° with each other. Find the magnitude & angle of resultant with vector of 10 unit magnitude. Answers QI (B),(D) Q25 V3, 30° Multiplication of a vector by a scalar : Letssay we havea vector a and isa Scalar. Vector =k is defined asa vector of magnitude [kal Ifk isa positive then direction of 6 isalong a Ifk is negative then direction of 6 IF k|>1> |b ++ 3 2 — k|<1 = [b|<|a| 1.58 A vectormay be multiplied by a pure number or by a scalar. When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, the new vector may become a different physical quantity for example, when velocity (a vector) is multiplied by time (a scalar) we obtain a displacement (avector). Subtraction of vectors: To subtract two vectors, reverse the direction of the vector being subtracted and add the inverted vector tothe vector from which you are subtracting Let say we wantto obtain & ~ 5 8 =a-b=atCb) ie, a—§ can beundersiood as summation of a+ (-5)24 Steps : (i) Puttail of j athead of @ (ii) Take— § (iii) Resultaul vector § fromtailof g tohead of 5. (iv) Angle between @ and 6 is 0, then angle between @ and—b or between ~a and b is (180°—0).. the angle between g and— becomes x—0 so we get s= (a +bcos(a—0))° +(bsin(z —9))" = la? +b? —2abcosd __bsin@z-0) __bsind and tan 0 7S bcos(#—8) — a—beos0 Mlustration : Two vectors of equal magnitude 2 are at an angle of 60° to each other find magnitude of their sum & difference. Sol. \a@+b| = +2°+2x 2x 2cos6P ~ da G@-b| ~ V2? 42° +2x2x2cosl2P ~ Zero vector > When i = & ifwant to find a magnitude & undefined direction. zero vector. It is a vector with zero Mlustration : Iris given that A + B= with AL*B and Al = 10, \G| = 20. Find | B\and angle of C with & Sol. cos a @= 60° and 0 = 30° j ~ ae Sols 4+B-¢ ép =|4p +1aP22 Illustration : Sol. A+B Two vectors A and B are drawn from a common point and G (A%) If C = A? + B?, the angle between vectors \ and B is 90° (B*) If C2 A? + B? then angle between the vectors A and Bis between 0° and 90°. (D*)IfC = A~ B, angle between K and B is 180°. C2 = A? + BY + 2AB cos 0 then C? if A> 90° then C? = A? + B? + 24B cos 0< cos will be negative If 0< 90° then C ifc A? + B? + 2AB cos O> -~B>0=180° Unit Vector : (i) Aunit vector is vector of unit length used to specify direction, i) Aunit vectoris a dimensionless vector with a magnitude of exactly 1 (iii) Unit vectorsare used to specify a direction and have no other physical significance A unit vector in direction of vector A isrepresentedas A A &A or A can be expressed in terms of a unit vector in its direction i.e. A =|A\A Unit Vectors along three coordinates axes: unit vectoralongx-axisis i unit vector along y-axis is j unit vectoralongz-axis is {23 Mustration : The value of a unit vector in the direction of vector 4 = 51-12} is ? Sol. |Al=V5' +12 =13 . si— 13} 4 2B Co-ordinate Systems: Co-ordinate systems are used to describe the position of a point in space. Coordinate system consists of () A fixed reference point called the origin (i) Specific axes with scales and labels (iii) Instructions on howto label a point relative to the origin and the axes Cartesian Coordinate System: Alsocalled rectangular coordinate system x-and y- axes intersect at the of Points are labeled (x.y) 2 In figure, points P and Qare shown as (5,3) and (3, 4) respectively. Mlustration = Express the vector in unit - vector notation. [ae Mustration : Acceleration due to gravity is always downwards, How will you write it vectorially if +¥ is (a) downwards (b) upwards. Sol. (a) downwards taken as postive ¥ direcation. Sol, 2i i=gj (b) upwards taken as postive ¥ direcation. i=-gi Rectangular Component (resolution) of vectors: (components means parts) ‘We can move from tail of g to its head via various paths. But, if we move with j as the diameter of circle _ as shown, then the two vectors (@ & dand a, & 4, ) would be perpendicular to each other. Such perpendicular vectors are called rectangular components of @ . But, if24 we choose a, & dy, Then we can write them in terms ofstandard unit veotors j & j respectively. Then we would say that a, is the component of vectoralong the x-axis &¢ a, is the component of vectoralong, Now according to triangle law of addition: axis. Y a a, +ay So, we write i =a, ( +a,(j) = acos0(i) + asin ()) Thisis a very convenient form of representing vectors. cos0 is known as component of g along x-axis (a,) asind is known as component of g along y-axis (a,) ‘Thisis best form of representing vectors because we can do exact addition and subtraction using simple laws of algebra without needing to draw vectors MMustration + A body is thrown from ground making an angle @ with speed u from horizontal. Write its initial velocity in unit vector notation. Sol. f x cos@i+usind j Results : 1 Unitvectoralong A is A. ((cos@i +sin 6j) 050+ jsin ® 2. Ifeomponents ofa veetor along x & y-axis are known, then that yeetor can be completely represented 4 Gisangle with x-axis,25 5. The components can be positive or negative and will have the same unitsas the original vector 6. Thesigns ofthe components will dependon the angle y A. negative | A, positive A. positive | A. positive A. negative | A, postive A. negative| A, negative Mlustration : Express the given vector , (shown graphically) in unit vector notation. y (ii) Gi) x x Sol. (i) A=3(cos30i+sin30j) (i) A =3(cos30i—sin 30}) (iii) A = 3(-cos30i (iv) K =3(—cos30i + sin30)) Mlustration = Angle made by the vector with positive direction of X-axis Find angle (ci) made by the vectors with the positive direction of X-axis. i4N3) / Ae ‘ana =" a a= 60° Ans. a2 =60° y +3} ‘ \ tan6 = 0 = 60°, @= 180°- 0 Ans. @= 120° x Y 0= 60°, a= 180° +0 Ans. a= 240° a y lo » 0= 60°, «= 360°—0 or a=-0 Ans. 300°, 6026 MMustration = A man moves in the following manner in X-Y plane. Find the magnitude of displacement of man from origin as shown in figure. Sol. \cos3 7°i + Ssin3 7° j ti + 3} Resultant vector ith a 843) Illustration : A force of 4 N is acting at an angle of 30° to the ho mntal, Find its component along axeses Sol F,=4 sin 30°=2N x= ol F,=4 sin POR F,=4 cos 30° = 23N io ,. Mllustration = Find a vector — of magnitude SON parallel to — 41 +3} Sol 405 +30 Illustration : A particle is moving with speed 6 m/s along the direction of 2 +2}j—k find the velocity vector ofa particle? Sol. Mlustration = Find a vector of magnitude twice of 12) —5} and anti-parallel to 3) -4} Sol. Suppose % =12i b=31-4} required vector ¢27 Mlustration : An insect crawls 10 m towards east, turns (0 its right, crawls 8 m, and again turns 10 its righi, Now crawling a distance of 2 m it turns to its right and stop after moving 2 m more. Find its net displacement. Sol. Net displacement is OD OD = \(OM)? +(MbY = \(OA- BC + (AB-CDYP = 8746? OD =10m in AOMD y- MD _6_3 ‘an OM 8 4 (3) Displacement is 10m at 0= tan!\ 4 )*37° Sof E Alternate N Initia postion| wo E ‘o ig —(0i+0j) Concept of Equilibrium : Equilibrium means net force acting on body is zero. ie. © F = 6 (fortranslational equilibrium) State of rest or moving with constant velocityare the condition of translational equilibrium. Mlustration = Three forces (F,, F;, F,) are acting on a particle moving vertically up with constant speed. Two forces F, =~ 10}, and F, =~ 6} +8] N are acting on particle respectively find F, Sol Lp= ie 029 To find HE, You can movein the path OA—> AB > BE Find the vector OA. OB» OG» OD: OF OF + OG ai + bj+ck similarly, OA =ai OC =b) OG=ck OF Al these veetorsare called position vectors as it defines the position of aparticle in space with respect tworigin IMustration : Can you tell the co-ordinates of A, B, C, D, E, F& G Sol. (A) (a,0,0) Bab.) CO. ~=—(D)O.be0) Elbo Fla, 0,0.) G0,0,.0 Mustration = What is the magnitude of the diagonal Of ? Sol. OE =ai+bj+ck PE) = Ja’ +b’ +c Mustration = What is the magnitude of the GB? Sol. GB=OB-0G =ai+bj-ck Thus, from now on we shall understand that |GB Displacement Vector: Suppose that a particle displaces from position 7, to 7, , then the particle’s displacementis given by:28 Subtraction of vectors (applications): 4 » To find change in velocity. Mlustration = A car is moving northwards at a constant speed of 5 m/s. it makes a right turn and continues to move with a constant speed of 5 m/s. Find the magnitude of change in velocity. Sol. w Position Vector A general way of locating a particle is with a position vector j , which is a vector that extends from a reference point o the particle, This reference point is usually the origin. Pox yz) 0 Zz In unit vector notation: # = xi+ yj+ 2k30 z * ) v.of §=pwv.of j= [821+ Y2 Jezok | j= [axieayieact) Illustration : Find the displacement of tip of hour hand of the clock between I pm to 5 pm where the length of hour hand is 6 em. Sol. 2 * 6sin60° Zoe [68] 5 siom « 2 Mlustration : The position vectors of two balls are given by F, = 2) +7}, 7, = -2i + 4j Whatwill be thedistance between the two balls? Sol. Distance = (p43? = Now, sofar we have learnt about different kinds of v tors, They were velocity vector, displacement vector, position vector etc. Similarly, we can have acceleration vector as well. One would have studied earlier about basic laws of kinematics. =u tat ls S=ut+4ar 2 In the above equation, other than time, rests physical quantities are vectors. So, a better representation would be. vau+at § if tna 2 And we should remember that the above equations are valid when the acceleration is constant. Ifat the acceleration is zero, then equation will be: Mustraiion : A particle has initial velocity of and has constant acceleration of 3} . Find its displacement and velocity after 3s. Ifinitially, the particle is located at 31 + 43, find its final location. Sol. i+ at = 27 + (33 = (21+ 9) _ 1 ea). Lat tte Sat? =23)+5G)9) 27s ap 5, 6842 aah g 2 (6.353 =| 9+ ] Mlustration = A particle who has a constant speed of 50 ms. it moves along a straight line from AQ2,1) to B( 9,25). Find its velocity vector. If at initial instant of time it is located at (2, 0); find its final location after 3's, Sol. AB=B-A=7i+24 +29) 5 25 AB)|¥ = =5(3), and 5, 43+ 144) )+ Product of Vectors There are two ways in which vectors can be multiplied : (1) Scalar product or dot product 2) Vector product or cross product () Scalar product a =|4|.|b|cos®, where 0 is angle between a and b Itis called a scalar product because its product isa scalar quantity i] [i}eosor jekk |.|j| cos 90° (ii) £5 =0 > a Lb : Usedto test orthogonality. (means two vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other). diajeae 6 i+ b,j +b,k 4)32 a || b|cos@ yar tas +a? fb: a,b, +a,b, a,b, +b: +b? cos cos (this is used to find the angle between two vectors), (iv) Work done by vector F is defined as w= F-d Where d displacement vector. =-2-9+1=-10 Allustration = If i+2}+nk és perpendicular to 4) +2}+2k then find the value of n ? Sol. (li +2j+nb).(4i +2) +20 4+4+nQ=l0>n=-4 0 Illustration : A force of (-3i-}+2k) N displaced the body from a point (4, a straight line. Find the work done by the force Sol 4=(4i-3)-Sk), B 5) mo apoint (1, 4, 3)m in i+ 4i+3h AB=B-A=(-5i+7} +88) W= FAB =(-3i — j + 2h--5i +7} + 8h) = 24joule. Projection (Component) of Vector : & on 6 Find the vector component of (i) 4 along § (ii) iL to 6 (1 loos0¥6 @ Magnitude of Projection of & on b =| \cos33 Thus, vector Component of vector @ in the direction of j, is (.5)b (ii) Vector component of vector @ in the perpendicular direction of 5 is (& — (a.b)b). Mlustration : For vecior § = 31 +3} —2k , what are its component along X-axis, Y-axis & Z-axis. 4) Sol. 3. along X-axis, 3 along Y-axis, - 2 along Z-axis Mustration = Just after firing, a bullet is found to move at an angle of 37° to the horizontal, Its acceleration is 10 m/s? downwards. Find the component of its acceleration in the direction of its velocity. Ans: = 6m? 1 37° Ans, $= <4 +3)) vector Component of vector § in the direction of Gis @.y)y- Thus ~ 6 mis’. 2) Cross product or vector product of two vectors : The vector or cross product of two vectors @ and j is defined as Axb=ab sin A The productis defined tobe a vector of magnitude ab sin 0 that points inthe direction of the unit vector 4 normal (perpendicular) tothe plane of & and . The angle 0 isthe smallerangle between the vector, The direction of { isstill ambiguous. This ambignityis removed by usinga convention called the right- hand rule, Curl the fingers of your right hand andstick out your thumb as if you were hitch-hikingas in figure. The sense of rotation of the fingers should be from the first vector 4 tothe second vector 5 through the smaller angle between them. The thumb indicates the direction § Because of the right-hand rule, the order of the vectors in the cross productis important, The vector product is noncommutative xb bxd=34 Properties of vector (or Cross Product) 0 (i) ii) (wv) w) wi) (vii) ftaj tak and Cross product non-commutative: axbsbxdie.bxd=-axb Follows distributive lw: ax(D+Q=axb+axe Ifaand b are any vectors, and mis any real number (positive or negative) then (m a)*b =m(a * b)= a x(mb) Does not follow associative law ax (bx Q¥@xb)xe ixj-k,jxk witayjtak b=b,i+byj+b,k Exb=@itayjra,k) x (bi+b,j+b,k) =(a,b,-a,b)] +(ab,-a,b) j +(ab,-a,b) & Angle between to vectors la < BI=a| |b] sin ® sin @=|a * b|/|al|b| bf +bj + bk @*d = (a,b, ~a,b,)i ~ (a,b, ~a,b,)j + @,b,-ab)k => [4b] = J (a,b, -a,b,)° +(a,b, -a,b,)? +(a,b, -a,b,)° ja|= Jay +a} +ay |b) = yb) +b} +b; a,b, -a,b,)° + (a,b, —a,b,) +b, ~a,b,)° sin6= * SSS aa (ix) The cross product of a vector with itself is a NU ya? taza} by +b; +b; axa fa||a|sin0°A=0 (x) The cross product of two vectors represents the area of the parallelogram formed by them, (Figure., shows a parallelogram PORS whose adjacent sides PG and PS are represented by vectors a_and b respectively,35 Now, area of parallelogram = | PQ| - |SM |= | PQ|- [PS | sin 6= | |-|b| sin @ = |x| hence cross product of two vectors represents the area of parallelogram formed by it. It is worth noting that area vector 4b acts along the perpendicular to the plane of two vectors a and b. Unit Vector Perpendicular to two given vectors Let be aunit vector perpendicular to two (non-zero) vectors a, b and positive for right handed rotation from atob and 0 betheangle between the vectors a, b then axb =|8|[b|sin on | 4 *b| = 5. S17 sq. units 5a = =VI7 sq. units Gi) Area of parallelogram jormed by Od and OB as adjacent sides 37 G@*b| =SVI7 sq. units.Solved Example Ql Sol. Sol Q3 j , but of three two are equal in magnitude and the magnitude of third vector is times that ofeither of the vectorstwo having equal magnitude. Then the angles between vectors are given by (A) 30°, 60°, 90° (B) 45°, 45°, 90" (C) 45°, 60°, 90? (D) 90°, 135°, 135° (D) From polygon law, there vectors having summation zero, should from a closed polygon (triangle). Since the two vectors are having same magnitude and the third vectoris [J times that ofeither of two having equal magnitude. ce. the triangle should be right angled triangle. Angle between A and B is 90° Angle between B and Cis 135° Angle between Aand Cis 135° Ifa particle moves 5m in+ x-direction. Show the displacement of the particle- wsi @)si ©-5i Msk Magnitude of vector=5 Unit vector in + x direction is { displacement=5i Hence correct answer is (B). A car travels 6 km towards north at an angle of 45° to the east then travels distnace of 4 km towards north at an angle of 135°to the east. How faris its final position due east and due north? How far is the point from the strating point? What angle does the straight line joiningits initial and final position makes withthe cast? What is the total distnace travelled by the car?39 Sol. Netmovement along X - direction = (6-4) c08 45° j Y 4 sin 45° j) + (6 sin 45°)j w EO) 4.08 45°-i)} 6 cos 45° i o s Net movement along Y ~ direction = (6+4) sin 45° j 1 10x Pp Net movement form starting point (Total distance travelled) =6+4=10km Angle which makes with theeast direction Y —component X—component v2 @=tan '(5) 4 Abody ismoving with uniform speed v on a horizontal circle in anticlockwise direction from Aas shown in figure, What isthe change in velocity in (a)half revolution (b) frst quarter revolution. N Bly vw Mt) d a ” ‘6 Sol. Change in velocity inhalfrevolution AY = Fe- Vy =v@ j)-v(j) Copied to clipboard.40 Qs Sol. Q6 Ay =-2v \AG|=2v directed towards negative y-axis, change in velocity in first quarter revolution AV = Ty Ty ave pv) =vG + j) |AG|= 2 vand directed towards south-west. The sumof the magnitudes of two forces acting at a point is 18andthe magnitude of their Resultant is 12. if the resultant isat 90° with the force of smaller magnitude, whatare the magnitudes of forces (A) 12,5 (B) 14,4 5,13 (D) 10,8 Let P be the smaller force then is giventhat PHQ=18 (1) 2PQcos = 12 ) Qsin O/P + Q cos O~ tan = tan 90° ~~ P+Qcos0=0 3) Substituting the value of P Q(1~cos 6)=18 (4) and subtracting square of equation (2) from (1) 2PQ [1 ~ cos 0]= 18? 12'= 180 Dividing equation (5) by(4) 2P = 10i.e.P =5,s0Q= 13 So the magnitude of forees are (5 and 13) (5) Hence correct answer is (C) let §=21 43): 6 =— 143) 44k Pvatuate @ a |; 1 (i) a.b (iii) the angle between the vectors @ and 5 (iv) the projection of @ on 6 (v) the projection of 6 on & (vi) area of the AAOB where O is originat Sol Sol. (i) €.5 =2(-1) +3 %3 + 4)=3 (iii) The angle 0 between the vectors 4 and 5 is given by 3 vi4V26 (v) The projection of 6 on 4 =|b|cos 0 26 * 1426 1. (vi) Area of AOR = = |i b| sin @ Now sin? 0 = The torque of force F =—3i+ j +5k acting atthe point ? =7i+3 1+ kis (A) 141-385 116k B)4i+4I + OR — C)-2is4i 4k (D)-14) +345 16K (A) The torque is defined as 7 = F x F42 Qs Sol. ij i oa .|/7 34 ix F- 314 7| .|7 3 -3*KL3 4 = i151) + 13-35) + KT-C9) =14i ~38) +16k Thus theansweris (A) The vectors from origin to the points Aand Bare g =3i -6 1 +2k and 5 respectively. Find the area of: @thetriangleOAB (ii) the parallelogram formed by OA and OBas adjacent sides. Given OK = @=31 -6) +24 and OB = § =2i1 + 1-2k wom =(12-91 (6-45 -G+12)k =10i +10) +15k = 425 = ld * bI= Vl0" +10" +157 7 ; in i (i) Area of AOAB = 5 a * |= 5-5 IT sq. units 7 sq.units (i) Area of parallelogram fromed by OAand OB as adjacent sides =| < §|= 517 sq. units.43 Qo Sol. A buoy is attached to three tugboats by three ropes. The tugboats are engaged ina tug-of-war. One tugboat pulls west on the buoy with a force F, of magnitude 1000N, The second tugboat pullssouth on the buoy with a force F, of magnitude 2000 N. The third tugboat pulls northeast (that is, half way between north and east), with a force F, of magnitude 2000 N. (a) Drawa diagram of forces acting on the buoy to representthis situation, (b) Express each force in unit vector form (i,j). (©) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force. - ‘F5(2000N) F{UO0N) Xo @ ~« * ) F, =-1000i (N), Ww Ex E=-2000 j(N), F,=2000(cos45° i sin45°j)(N) = 1000V2 i + 100072 j © Fresuttant B+ B= 1000(v2 =i+ Ni-1000 (2-V2)j N = 1000 (v2-1)N 10002 ~ V2) N IF| 1) x V3 = 1000(/2-1) J3 NBASIC MATHEMATICS Trigonometry A le ‘The angle is defined as the amount of revolution that the revolving linemakes withits initial position From 0 is positive ifitis raced by revolving line in anticlockwise directionandis negative ifit is covered inclockwisedirection, 1° =60' (minute), 1' (min) =60" (see) x 1 right angle = 90° (degrees) also 1 right angle= rad (radian) One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle, whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. 180° Trad = S717" 57.3° ‘Trigonometrie ratios (or T ratios) Let two fixed lines XOX' and YOY" intersecting.at right angles to each otherat pointO. Then (i) Point O iscalled origin. (ii) XOX’ known as X-axis and YOY’ are Y-axis, (ii) Portions XOY, YOX', Y'OX' and XOY'are called I, Il, Il and IV quadrant respectively. Consider that the revolving line OP has traced out angle 0. (in quadrant in anticlockwise direction. From P, perpendicular > PM on OX. Then, side OP (in front of right angle) is called ‘ hypotenuse, side MP (in front of angle 8) is called opposite side : or perpendicular and side OM (making angle O with hypotenuse) i is called adjacent side or base. y! The three sides ofa rightangled triangle are connected toeach other through six different ratios, called trigonometric ratios or simply Tratios. la 5 oI sing = Perpendicular _MP cos = _base__ OM hypotenuse OP hypotenuse OP «ula 5 tang = Detpendicular _ MP cot = base OM base OM perpendicular MP. potenuse p ofenus oP. seco = RPAH op cosect) =HyPotenuse _ OP base OM perpendicular MP45 Itcan beeasily proved that 6 se00= od cot no cosecO = in28 + cos?0 = | 1+tan20+ sec? 1 + cot2@ = cosec?® Mustration : 3 Given sin 0= ~. Find all ihe other T-ratios, if 0 lies in the first quadrant, Sol. In AOMP, sin 0= So MP=3andOP =5 + OM =(5P - GP =V25—9 =V 16 =4 , 9. OM 4 o- MP 3 9 OM 4 fon cos O= Gp m= tan = Oye = co = p= 3 p- OPS gh 5 see Og cosee OP 3. ‘The T-ratios of a few standard angles ranging from 0° to 180° Angle(®)| 0° _| 30° | ase__| 60° _| 90° 150° [180° 1 \ sind 0 1 ; 0 43 1 1 cos 0 ri [a la 0 “1 LL aL tand of aR fi © - “1 Blo sin(90 —0)=cos0| | sin(90°+0)=cosd | { sin(—0)=—sind sin(180°— 0) =sin6 cos(90° -0)=sind | | cos(90°+0)=-sind | | cos(-0)=cosd cos(180°— 0) = cos tan(90°—@) = cor |_| tan(90°+ 6) tan(—@)=—tan® tan(180°— 6) = tan sin(180° + 0)=—sin@ || sin(270° —0)= sin(270° +0) =—cos0 | | sin(360°— 0) =—sind cos(180° +0) =—cos0 | | cos(270° cos(270° +0)=sin0 | | cos(360° 9) =cos0 tan(180° + @)=tan@ || tan(270*~@)=cot | | tan(270° +0) =—cot8 | | tan(360°— 6) =~ tan46 Mlustration = Find the value of (i) cos (-60°) (ii) tan 210° 1 (i) cos (-60°) = cos 60°= 5 Sol. (iii) sin 300° = sin (270° + 30°) = ~cos 30° = (iv) cos 120° = sin (180° —60° A few important trigonometric formulae (ii) sin 300° (iv) cos 120° 1 (ii) tan 210° = (tan 180° + 30%) = tan 30° = 75 -cos 60° = — sin (A+B) =sinA cos B + cos Asin B sin (A—B)=sinA cos B—cos Asin B tanA + tanB tan (A+B)= 1 tan AtanB sin2A=2sinAcosA cos (A+B)=cos Acos B-sin Asin B cos (A—B)=cos A cos B + sin A sin B tan A ~ tanB tan (A~B)= 1+tanAtanB cos 2A = cos? A~ sin? A cos 2A=2 cos*A~1=1~2 sin? A ‘Small angleapproximation : is verysmall and it must bein radian when you are taking approximation. sin @~0, tan0~0 sind ~ tan 6. cos 0~1 Illustration : Evaluate sin 2° ® = Sol, 2°=2x™ rad = Za ° 180 90 Now (™ T sin 2° =. rad). z sin? =sin( nad) (2)a7 Mustration = Evaluate sin 2° (1 Sol. Sin 2°(1-1+ 2sin? /%) cos2°) z\(r¥ |2 |= 39,-940™/ hour (Ah 1 / Gi) Rateof growth permin | Ar }=3o,9qx60 mm Similarly if we want to calculate the rate of growth exactly at 12.0 clock mid night then we take time interval Atis zero, So in that time Ahis also zero becasue nothing can change in zero time. So, rate of 0 growth becomes 5 , which is meaningless 12 O'clock orat any instant of Now the question is how two find the rate of growth exactl time. Differential calculus play an growth at any instant is known as instantaneous rate. In many si necessary to use the concept of instantaneous rate. The basic tool for this is calculus, invented by Newton and Liebnitz independently. The use of calculus is fundamental in the treatment of various problems in physics. nportant role to find the rate of growthat any instant. The rate of ations in physics, itis sometimes Numerical interpretation: Mlustration = A car moving on a horizontal road whose position changes with time t as x = 32 + I compute its changein position _ Ae) = ange position _ “| between average speed (average rate of change in position) | v,.. timeinterval At ) (W From 2 sec 0 3 sec (i) From 2 sect 2.1 sec (ili) From 2 sec to 2.001 sec (iv) From 2 sec to 2.0001 sec (v) at 2 sec (instantaneous rate of change)