168 ‘Strength of Members wih Flexure and Axial Load ut _ f __60,000 ™ = gasp ~ Os x aogo = ‘7 0678 Aye = bhp 16 x x TS ‘= 148 in? (0,548 mm?) Itshould be noted, ‘on a diagonat and loading on a major ats for introduce significant errors. These errors have bet as 10% on the unsafe si a8 Design Charts of Row and Paulay The accuracy of the linear mterpolation method of Weber may be mj the constant toad interact accuracy of the equivalent rectangul fed for rectangular compressed areas when used for column areas, as has been discussed in Si yy e of the load (See Fig. 5.34) may be ex- terms of a dimensionless parameter K = e,t/e,b, where K = 0 Compatibility of stains and assuming astese-strain curve forthe compressed ‘conerete which is parapolic up to a stress of 08 hhas a constant stress of 0.857; up to a maximum strain of 0.003 at the extreme compression fiber. The charts do not inciude the capacity reduction factor @. An example chart 1s presented in Fig. 5.35, Interaction curves for four values of K are given in the chart, one mn each quadrant of the axes, arts mn design the steps are as follows: ‘Eccentriclly Louded Short Colas with Blasal Beading 19 YAKeo of eccent O =e 3. Determine the steel requirements for the K values lying each side ofthe calculated K value from the chart. Calculate the @ value corresponding to each of those K vaues. 4, Caleulate the steet requirement for the calculated K value by inter incarly between the steel capacities of the adi ‘method of interpolation 1s accurate to Example 58 ‘The rectangular column section in Fig, 5.33 1s to carry the toading psi (414 N/mm)FEU SOLBOIPUT SMUD s Keine pu OY FuIsN o'¢ aIduIEK SUNYLOMoL 8° PUE (5 Sardurexs, IS Ou UE aouaATAYID 40) a1gIsuodsaz ox UoNNguISIp ssouIs zIa:909 ue Butpeo}| 04 DANIEALOSIOD SB J2G2A4 PIP SP’E0O)9 Jo NUIKEUE B paUINSsE KvINeg PAY Moy ' Id 000 5 :f 10} Yoo sso.15 sejNSuEIoay TuaTeAINbS 2 ‘i Buxpuag perrenun 104 1 £q woAtd 90105 241 I DaNBAASKIOD st KvINe PUR MOY 4 pardopE anand 3D 230 B St YOK “toNIsod S1afou09 ywEITSOx OM aALIOP o2 ayeI0409 eu 10} tue pasn Avineg pure Moy “PE UONDDG UI passt ‘88 10129 awos 07 peat eur uous ampaooid ¥ ‘sare passcudwioo emBuejoa1 10} AALS 9019, 380415 semnfomser yuoyeambs aun Butsn seore passoxdusod 3 "WU SI 2OUOIOYIP STUY, “POUTBUI S.2gaq4 BuUISN ('s adurexy UI 19s ouTES BU JO) PalmtULEAap yUD}OD 12098 aN LEE uieup sAeineg pur MOY FuIen g's ofdumxy . (ume ose" sou - BU se x 1 = yg = Soak YE x 9 = "aq = "y coor x seo _ 24680 soup ~ OOF S80 _ APO _ SLT ‘00009 G ang os = 0 ery —eg0) 4 c0— uid 080 = PSF (600 80) + 6x0 S9A18 1 0¢ = g 20 BuNROdrayUT «80 = wid Seg Ba WoH Lose “OT » UI = g) 01 = ¥ 30) {GL = WS ses Bq wos ‘LOE = LES," = g) LISO = ¥ 10g ‘OTT = ue Lis = ¥ 30) soar 1o0sn109 Bunrejodsoqut &q pouteigo sq eu Sz"g = sy 30) IO Joeis aL ‘Pasn 99 dem se'e “By ‘suO}aIAYL “LQ = f= 6 ouMssy xO _ af xo oL8'9E = SLO, T= 9 000 = Ps ut evo Toren Ha suo HOM pop ELUNE oro = scl x scr = ot x ot) |] hte * 91 000% sees 01 X OPUS Eela"a/u9) + YX 91 x 000m _ wis zue0= 41 00 us = co/oo oor = #/c00'00" = "Jo Sones usec, uoamog er Te uw Nx} WH SoquDyY Jo IANS poao Jo sos a SES Fu utwai | \ | | | m ‘Street of Members with Fesure and Axial Load than by Weber’s method. It is evident that Row ana more steel 1s requ 7 hod may Paulay's method wil grvea conservative result whereas Weber lead to errors on the unsafe side. 5.8. SLENDER COLUMNS 5.5.1 Behavior of Slender Colemns ‘The sienderness ofa column may result in the ultimate load being reduced by lateral deflections of the column caused by 1m Fig, 5.36 for the particular case of an 1m single curvature caused by load P a Fig. 5.36, Ecentnealyloaaeastender colura, to P(e + A). This is commonly referred to as the oflateral deflections due to bending depends on the ns, The PA moment, ymes been called the type of loading on referred to here as ‘Sender Columns m3 secondary moment, but that term tends to imply that the moment 1s of secondary importance, Whereas in some cases it may be of considerable significance, ‘A short column is defined as one in which the ultimate load is not reduced by the bending deformations because the ad either negligible or occur away from the critical section. A slender column 1s defined as one m which theultimate load is reduced bythe amplified bending ‘moment caused by addi gwen in Fig. 5.37. If the adc yal eccentricity A 1s negligible, the maximum. moment M will equal Pe tages and 2 linear PM path will be followed with mereasing load. This 1s olumn benavior, and a material failure of the section eventually occurs when the imteraction line is reached, If the column 1s slender, the maximum moment M will equal P(e + A), and because A increases more rapidly at high load levels, the P-M path will be curved. Two types of slender column behavior may occur, ‘may be stable at lateral deflection A, but having reached the interaction line of tie section occurs. T of failure generally ocours in ings that are braced against sway. Second, if the Colman 1s very slender it may become unstable before teaching the mter- action line. This instability failure may occur in unbraced columns,tu opvauout ath pu “sutunjoo aus Jo spua amy 18 poonpa 9q {6 SIUBKHOME 241 Jo wed Jo8sey © sono waneurse Wau aw sjuawOU KreLId2U foocnppe wunuraou sar "kumepts wurde bebe Tow 3 HOCIO ‘oumo) ah wt asmoag E69 amass ainoy \ uss aysodelo jo ang yonbs axe so 2 raven 9svo azayeamno offuts ayn ur wausoU yeUor PPE Aq peseatout Tuiog i mnonbar ysey6tUs E Uo2q Sex SsoUOpUD|S LUI Pus sjuetow uo suoroepop Jo sioyo ou) ‘SiaquIotd jo sassouytis [enIoe aub tumnosae ovat Btye1 “ounjonns ayp jo siskj2ue 29p10-puones BLION PUNOJSonI0} ue siuewoU! oy) Uo posEA aq UD siaquioW uorssaxdiI09 Jo UBISep ayL suuiyor ps 105 yreOHdy URE IX,, TSS sunjoo s2puays jo ‘wuans au aseatoop sypeusou II aouay ‘suonaayap turnjoo a sosRax0m uypeot pourersns Butunp arosoU09 Jo dae1) “3upeo} ‘uonD9s Hulnjoo aut Jo AUpsse pesmoy pu Wh eur ag Jo widuans U20J0]U 12018 JO pavasq v uv4) J9B0M KeaypUts SUSU -20njdsip pua sures paoesquma uusnyoo Y ‘Ures¥S94 [89 ‘Suans wumjoo 9) saya ogy wa8Ks tuvaq Zungouuoo 24) Joys ay. "IUIBIISO UD jeUONTIOA Jo 291800 211, 1 paresis spu> puld ype stJoS Uo sojgeUe 2sSKN ua aq Jo suals pue ones aun pus “y/o ones & -21s1U3900 pus eu 4/7] ldap uor}29s 0} 1uHI2y poysoddnsti Jo OTe YE, T Sio}]o] $e au Suuunjao xapuays Jo URBUaNIs auy Sunoaye SoyquUE sofa ays you soyESIpUT ToLABYIaq WUNjOD Jo MaLAOY JolsG HuIOFO104 ot ssouys ureaq a47 Sutsv2I0 24 TBuOTIE}OS Jo casBop aq Surseozout {Jo urpusq om to azo puodap [EM eer sumo 2p Aq sourey pooeag tt Sursvarout ween er sea $e PUR ‘voRIDaYaP ULANIOD 0 PE aun PAPNIOUI Y IE IUSKIOUE at, “ssaUyHS taEIq 9% | wer Apyprnb oxour pasearsop ssaug ? on diagram of >t 644) _—— Fare tcad end moran deere es Fig. 5.43, ‘Stender Colmes 181 where C, = end eflect factor to be taken as 06 + O4(M,/M,) > 04 for ‘columns brace idesway and without transverse toads between suppoi ‘n= L0 for other eases -M, = smaller of the ultimate moments at the ends of the columa, found in the frst single cu: if member is bent in survature M, = latger of the ultsmate moments at the ends of the column, found in the first-order analysis, always positive P, = ullimate load on column (9 = capacity reduction factor EI coretical Euler elastic km effective tengtn factor 1.0 for frames braced against sidesway and being greater than for unbraced frames 4, = unsupported length of column Ei 25 Tsh El= Ba = concrete creep factor equal to ratio of maximum design dead load moment to maximum design total load moment, always positive, and in the range 0 < fi, < i. There are a number of cases where this definition of f, breaks down (for example, ‘minimum eccentricity, moments of different sig would appear that a more satisfactory definition w take fas the ratio of maximum design dead load to maximum design total load. ‘The equations for the moment magnifier factor 6 and the flexural rigidity EI, ang methods for calcul he effective length factor k, are briefly discussed in the folfowing seu 20UHIS9p ou) SM “Ks0RS 943 UH Jo SSOUYHIS oY} Jo wns OW Seu (09 4095 y8U IF Kemsapis WwBax.aq suwunjoo yey sPUDLMIUODDA |-B1E [OV UO Hc UI ang00 wOPIEs Sou} padeaGUN 40 pONTIG i 10 poowg St ure st ‘souoB 2189 oak} as9UN UI SOUTEA) 40) Want a 2 Jo SONTeA.“TUAIOYLP (95 aze saureyy paoeiqun pun padteg JO sLOMLNYOg 2M asnEIOR ‘AES HED IPE souteay ur farm spasoxo ewe 3 Jo antes at 420) sonjza 2avy Sens Yen SwONIPUOD PID ZO) aannaye Aurdsip 9's ue ces seundty ‘sutunjo9 Jo spua au} Ie yurEZISAI TeUOREO: puR [HEE] Jo seaop aun wunoaoe onut ax) ist UBIsap UF posh ¥ YOO") WUD] AANIDAYS "1y sioguiapy worss2aduo fo ysur7 aansogfy ous remxodde 10) ‘nies J 3m seanpa1 poo} poureysns of anp daas; “usIN09 ad spimbas ing ayeinage avout Lys wontnbs, wrameDI0}3H03 aif Jo 1929 et soPPUINSS nuBly 404 ayqeuoseas st gps “be LL Fupeo} utsey-t204s jo oseo oxy Jey SuERoEp aunwasno-quotOT pourdaos are up's pa ops sb ‘H's 814 UT swuouioU fexoMppe jo woNyIRoyeD 40} aAryEAtostioo eae SonTeA 17 280un 20Ua}]"SuoMes S8019 fevIDeAM 405 17 0} SU ZOMor yuDsasdar Kam] eq 19 1ooIHoeW, aq suNsoH IS. pu SuoNIAPIsUCD feorIeHOeK} HO3} ‘ourergo asoys suoryenbo esau, a|qoyyeae you ase sonfea apeanone az0U uot asm aq Sew zp’s pure op “bat Kq uaa 77 Jo sontea o@y “onan ures rarou0 om) jo AszeoUH|KOU puE “doax9 “BupypwIo Jo s\oajo axN IO} MOHTE nous posn 1 Jo anya a4 “paninbas st wondes xn Jo 13 “pps "BA 404 7g MUARI0D aXN Jo peor ZuypFoNg JeonAD au} Jo 1 ‘05's ba Hoss “W/"*H Jo W203 UBIs—p am Sig 40} p's UoNEAbY ,..,9PIND [HoENED ouvesmy UENO aM ut suONENbS yuEAdIOX LaNJO GIL ParedwtOD {199s 39 ‘sear AOBINOOL SIT PUL ge tOKtwayIoeds HoT}ONs war sou. spurs (oss) sowoseg gis ba say “woned wowow remov ays 03} peureigo yeu se icons uUANODrapuots.aes a oD spear dans “py ,uazour wnfun yuojeambo, ce fa “yy uraeigs8 ka pores 2q to TueRioMs sIOD aunKuTXYM a stuDUTOKE 40 2889 242 204; "URS oures ata jo 30U axe syuotsOKE pu ata uOUN “sanyeazasuaoan0 soutocog gps “bal “endow ax siuowon susazour pus yenbo 44 sanyeasn aus ws yH9q sutanGoD J0} popuouIEUODoK tq se gps “hs sroumxoudde afduss aun sayy, ‘<9 > “df 45 %TT omni Buraq "sone “ald Sot jo #8%3 tonsn oan tt f amt 3nq “pis wo} amp S09 8 SZ ESI EST TET rT y's uoNEne HORS WOH OOS OST WOT LIT EHT STI IVT spe uonWba memwondde WoL o1 80 90 $0 wo co zo 10 “ala somtea “Pe yy Jo wosuedeD TS 508, uo JeuMatOS are yeIp sjuowoM urnTURCeUE seats gps “be syewNKoAdde OGL “TS 919% m Sones 7g/y snoUA 204 parmduroo axe gy's pure gp'g sONEAbA, INL) ope om ors) (2S) W 24) wo 9x91 0} Butpro99e Yor “enuLz04 \UED3s "yy 20p anyeA 1oeXD OWL, "1YSlOyPTIE Ye 31990 2) put justo tonuxeur oun aseo sig Uy peo} payidde om sg pure ywoLwOUE onde 3g 10} peo} eon Sea UR stg (OES ag = "14) stsAreue s9pro-iszy uroy uauiour wnIKeUL ay} st WY 3I9UN, Cai syeurayeu jo wBuans UALR $1 9909 SIN 104 eyep muuNyo> uMUATxeA Aq tani st camyeain ajdt quag syuouroun pu reribo yaya st ‘ut juowonr Zurpusg umuUTXeUs oy) 10) UOTEUIKORddE Ue 2st oNSeIO 2 pun 9 ‘saoiang 12267 Puy pun uonvoyusnyy mowoyy 24.1 Per FeRy pow auxaty MM SioqUEyY 30 WINS wersat va 7, sala od sarah of section a aes 3 f ae a L n L oe °F 38 cr ® Fig. $44. Comparison of equations for Rexur!siffoess with theoreti! values from moment-curvature diagrams *° (2) Equation $46 (6) Equation $47 | al poe 98 sous pur poy Powonsid Ceasops i suuinoo jo mater MANE Ss BEers ita aauie puE AION PE HoSyoe| ures poorquo (g)soues paeag o) suuijen jo sory wu anu 495 E849 & oz oe os 008 z0 £0 v0 10 20 80 sot wot 20- sot a . © 2 8 2eesee- wg ost 2 8 S seexges Bed s ° & 8 $ 8885838 8 EEe, ‘or sadey wowout 47 Jo inoge uonses tur erep ao No)“: Dassnosip st sto1}998 23910009 J joos0ywos ou BuMOUB ‘SIxe ona 3 ‘191909 SSOr8 ay} Jo vrLsOUT Jo wowour amp st °F azaUA “posh 9q ADLU stuvaR, 3tN 30) "1-969 pur suuiniod aur 10j 7° “uFisap AreUMANaxS 204 "HOH}I9S Pauusojsuen1 paxoeI0 om soy porndwo> 7g wrea v puE ‘T's + "170 Woy pandios 737 uuinjoo v uo pasee 2a pinous 10} suorenoea “powpows Jayrurm quowour 94) jo Konsnaaw |9NO a4) YH ajqneditos Aouingoe uP UrEgo 0} Yeu DopN|aUOD sem I] 2-512 ¥ UOIG Aq passnosip usoq seu) yiSuans uuanjoo 19p COE ah tO enjea 141 34 Bupnoyeo Jo pouraus eu Jo Hays LL, TuNEDDR OU yuO}UED [2048 DUE SunppeIp syarou0o aye1 pinoys posn sonyen (7 ayy pur "A FuruIUDIep {uy "uuunyo9 ot Jo spue on aun Ie StuHOf 24) 0} J2E g UE F SaLOSGRS OH, ‘uray Keqninar pooeiqun 20 peovsg wv UL YONA $8040 JUEISUOD Jo LUEN}OS 8 20) ¥ Jo wonreutuasmap jearycesd 2ip mos SiIEUD O804, {GP'S Bil) SIZE 3uounudiye pucjaz0yy pre wosyore 94 Jo osn Kg pouteigo 29 ED PUP, ‘ovo 18 umoUy aze 40 semen un Jt poanduzoo a9 HD 9 0} sone, "Pa =o Bulag st uno aun Jo 1" pur a] payioddnsun =" “weaq Jo weds seaI9 = * wOL}9RS trE=R JO reanxay = 77 arma cis ass) ta" aroum “f sajoaresed aut Aq passasdxo se swulof aun ye 1urENso3 Ieuoumor a4) Wo spuadap sates] paoeigun puB Paovsa JO} 7 Jo ONIEA 2H, Newsops suede poesaun ( ‘Keasspe ware paoeng (0) souesy paoeaqun pur para 20} sep0u Buyoag “LPS “By Le en PRT (ey pw awxa}g HH SANDY o TIONS om188 ‘Strength of Members with Flexare ava Axiat Load ‘As an alternative to the Jackson and Moreland charts, Cranston*?* the effective length of braced columns be taken as the smaller of the following two expressions b= 07 + 00504 + a) < 10 (5.52) = 085 + 005m 1.0 (553) Furtong*2? has proposed that the effective length of unbraced columns ibe taken as for yn <2 ke MoH ey, 654) for Wy 22 ke O/T + Hy (655) ‘here Ya 18 the average of the y values at the two ends of the column, Solumns in braced frames ean be designed safely for values of k taken as In unbraced frames, the value of k should always be calculated and shtould exceed 1.2 Use of the Moment Magnifier Equations MacGregor et al*#° have checked the ‘magnifier method equ ‘measured ultimate test columns had a range of end eccentricity and restraint con- sare 5.49 18 a histogram comparing the measured and computed is evident that the design method is conservative in imate loads computed using the 5 Eqs. 5.44 to 5.47, ‘most cases. "ACI 318-715 requires columns to be treated as slender in braced frames when ki/r > 34 — 12M,/M;, or m unbraced frames wnen kl,/r > 22, where ris the radius of gyration of the section. For columns with kly/r > 100, an analysis of the type described in Section 5.5.2 should be made. For rec~ ‘angular sections, r may be taken as 0.3 ofthe section dimension in the direc- tuon of possible buckling. Tn frames not braced against sidesway, the value of 5 from Eq, 5.44 should be computed for the entire story, assuming all columns to be loaded, by taking P, and P_ as the summation, EP, and EP,, for the story, In designing each individual column in the story, 6 should be taken as the larger of the above-mentioned vatue computed for the whole story or the value computed for the individual column, assuming its ends 10 be ‘Slender Columns 1 aan = 139 Shodedpogon pres tevewitnll < 100 ol a ne ae ot birt 80 | 1.00! 120! ho ' x60 ' 10! 200° 220 messi (ecolums loae computed by tne ACI 318-71 moment magn ig. 549, Comparison of Ser method with ws results" braced against sidesway. In structures not braced against sidesway, the beams should be designed for the magnified end moments of the c at the joints. When columns are subjected to biaxial bending, the moment about cach axis should be amplifiea, using the 5 value computed for each Design aids for the moment magnifier method are available m the ACT handbooks.**5° Althouga the column design handbook? ® is based on the 1963 ACI code, which used a recuetion factor approach for siender column design, the handbook also includes design aids for the moment mags method. The more recent design nandbook*® contains some examples of pplication of the moment magnifier metnoe. Some useful desig aids are also given by Furlong. Example 5.9 load kip -ft G92 KN+m) and P, = 200 kips (890 are M, = ). The concretedy 6OE = LOT x 68 ="W puw “sany 09 = "gare utuNJO9 21H) oF suoroR UBISOP Om, (eee ¥ Lovooe — 1 o1 wore ie ‘auunjoo seinonaed sith 304 “a/"a 01 renba Sjamunvordde st roy ou 40} "g3/"as TON ‘uinsse 94j “Svassopys isutESe poonag rou sowseyy Ur O'T = > asaUN ‘gold 1 “2 =e prs “ba wor, Lo120f uoroyfubow mowo yy sdey cep = a1 001 X09 a —"d sys ba Woy Seater eae ogser = yor x 9 Co x og = “ops ‘bg wory seua> fo poo} wows “sapuats st uuunyoo aun ‘or0}as0qL SOs ws ele FS ay usoz Sx guns « syooyo umunjoo s9pus}s wt samy pS “UOST =O1 x 6ST = "PY GTM LTHIACO= "AE IS60O=4 — seg bq toy oye x SOxXT, ZX or z= We x 7 mi a az Otter x axe om 15'5 “bay WOK ‘SeuMoD af 205 “yy pur sureag aur 305 “f"7z6'9 BuISH A aqeinsie SHOREEL = 0X OE% = eq =p auMI09 104 ‘aunyoo fo yrbuoy sarsoelfg ‘L050 soroRy wononpos Aioedeo v Buisn “wuunteo OM 105 posinbar jaais reurpnatduoy Kou 'f wamow pro 182 SUL “(tI 004 ~"F puw (uRW/N pty) 1d QO‘ =F sey fos oy, {ptmET/N, 082) 01 XE = "a Pur (,uW/N 912) 18d Og = if sey 16 agnor yo ours “955 hy ml a A ors v0 400. PROT JY pu oman ay suOUDYY 0 WENBNIS ost2 ‘Strength of Members with Flxore and Axial Load For the column, let g = 0.7 and design steel using Fig, $22, which incorporates = 7. Py 200,000 Fibh” Bo x 20 x35 * 125 Pre MBOX 12 _ 9 116 ib ~ 00 x 20x 20 = From Fig. 522, we have pym = 0.42, where m = j,/0.85f!. 085 x 4000 0,000 = 9.52 in? (6140 mm?) Ag = 042 x 20 ‘The stecl 1s uniformly distributed around the column perimeter. Note: The design could now be reworked more accurately using ‘more exact ET values, inciuding the estimated stee! areas, to calcu late ¥, P., ZP,/2P,and 8, hence to obtain a more accurate value for Aq. However, the procedure would not be warranted in this case because the moment magnification was only 7%, and any change in this value would res ible change im the required st area. It should also be checked thet a larger vaiue of 5 is n tamed for the individuat column with its enas oraced ag sway. 56 REFERENCES rni-i32, 55 H.B.H. Roy and M, A,Sozen, “Due Dp, 224-238. Theory of Reinforced Concrete Design.” Proc neers, December 1940; Tansactons ASCE, Vol. 107, 1982, pp. 251-536 References 193 57 ACT Committee 439, “Uses and Limtaions of High Strength Steel Retaforcement rich Standards int S18. D.C. We al ACI. Vou aucioa 10 the Mechanics of Sls, rencesor sodoreana qwowow Zuipusq ui siuawout Suipued ead ur uF UoNONpAI sejqeuO IF PUR ‘sJoqiuau snonuntos Jo stioddns om ye quaurasrosmar Jo woNsoBUOD ay sonpea Seur nt esnvoae Sefeiueape faxuoo weD WorINglsisIpax TuOLOUT Jo 95() yap om uo uIpusdap “usisop ur spoMour Jo UoKING 8 sep09 180 yy ‘Padojanap st tustUEYD_L axdeTJOD w 'saB onsvid wustowas Jo uoreUILE) oy7 JayE “Woy poyoRAL st ouNIONAS om JO Peo} ayeumnin oy “onwA axeWNH stew oF aseaiour axoUMEsTO sIUDLHOUL 2U) Sv poLiae9 9q ue> peo} jeuoRIPpE ‘pourszureUr st oMOK OM 990 WED 190 axoj20 s}uaWoUL slau Uoved Kem suoNdoS owos “payovasdde st Peo} areuNIN se ‘sie 2oeid 242) ues wonngunstpar wusurous jt panayype 2a HD SiSf4LUE Te samonus onseje sour] ¥ wy pourergo rey: wo4y FuLIOYEp sjuoKOUTSuIpUDG Jo map aun uo Duadap is SEoquOUl Jo any suosear Suimot]og 24 105 Axvss9o0u st sroquiout Jo sonsuaisezey uoNvULIOJeP-pRO| amp JO VONeIEPISMOD “Del pute 01 du srequrow s1a:0N09 peouoyutos jo 4oTABWAG LONZ2Bap-vO| Jo Sak, NOMAGOMINE 19 aNxopy YTEM saaquisy Jo Ayrjong pur uopeULOpg aw 9 21-688 u61 Azan "99 0A TOY founop ,*uBs9g 30} sum) pe stousUatS ULI 4 "4 (461 s9aURHON “If “ON 69 TOA TOF Muay DIN 95800 sopNDS 10) OE {She] sepagg Jo woud, BIL “0 3 PR ORONO 'C-TENIG“A"T LES vor16 ‘Utinate Deformation and Docdity of Members with Flexore ese ‘eteswen Ducal oor exit bohaear Defoovon Fig. 6.1. Load-dofoction benawor of a flexure member. 3. In areas subjected to earthquakes, a very important design considera- tion is the ductility of the structure when subjecied to seismic-type loading, This is because the present seismic design philosophy reli absorption and dissipation by postelastic deformation for su earthquakes. Thus structures incapable of behaving m a ductile fashion ust be designed for much higher seismic forces if collapse 18 to be avoided. In this chapter we consider the load-deformation characteristics of flexurat members at yield and at ‘dependent on the moment-curvature characteristics of sections, since most of the deformations of members of normal proportions arise from strains _ associated with flexure, Additional deformations due to shear or torsion, ‘when important, are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8 62 MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONSHIPS 6.2.1 Corvature of a Member Figure 6.2 shows anim with equal end mor straight element ofa reinforced concrete member ts and antal forces. The radius of curvature Rs axis, The radius of curvature R, neutral axis dept (rain in the extreme compression fiber ¢,, and (ensi ry along the member because between the cracks t will be carrying some tension. Considering only a small element ‘Momeot-Curvatare Relationships dx of the member, and using the notation of Fig. 6.2, the rotation between the ends of the element is ven by dx _gdx dx. RO ka ~ dl =H Ss “ee teenie ot member Suan cuter ig. 6:2.Deformauon of a ecural member Now 1/R is the curvature at the element (the rotation per unit length of member) and is given the symbol g. Thus we have =o 8. arr a) Tes evident thatthe curvature g is the gradient of the strain profile at the clement, a8 n Fig. 62. % 1)stuns jooys ays “py undap stww rennau puv "s 1099 worssard urou1x9 241 UL reais syazoM0o aad Jo, “BInKoiy pate PEO} Tex Yat oroyurar wskerdsip 259 amnBia (re o1geL PUB PEE La WE sans opto at wey ssa 26 Ke Zf ssans su TaqdoRn 1 ur 91335009 Jo ws 10 wiBuans pppUk =f axoyat‘s1a19 too pute [BOIS 30} SOA roid MoUs 45'9 Bue 9 Sound 010] Jo umMIgyTbS duxoo resis Jo syuouissibes 943 wos} pu’ suonduunsse asat top 9q Kew spe0j [ene Due syuotoU Fu;pUg Jo aBuEI YH nvordde syeana0e ou8 29 pur gh’ “SSL, if JO J9SUO =uR OF pro} OFZ WON] 1vOUN, wr umous sdiysuone|ar 183 2qp Jo s04219 01 zoqnany 949 anand axp a7HTEOPE OV aT Savur uy “221909 oun ur uRBS}S THyasn. Jo Uworsto: aun Jo pfaté o1 puiooas aun “FuryaeI9 paiuasoid diysuonpyox xeauy yp HOI ar “uHe9q TeOR: sswoq 20) posn Skee 248 (pT'p ‘ba antea uBtsap paouereg 24 wean sso syua}UOD 10998 “onaDId somvusg aRanp smnsua oF “Aoedeo BuIkzre> syeipouut ue Hutsneo “spjoré reais oun a1ojoq aunyeasno jfeu Saustiia a}as9U09 211 “Pouyuod You st ayas0409 aun JT “saniad ‘dnamis avoro &q paurytoo st ayax0U09 eur ssajun apg atINb 2q uno axnpey puP 4 ta 995) dyysuonejar urens-ssons oq jo ued onseiour aun ui 00 {9¢'9 Sti) soyuios Kyavou wy Burspax9op woM} "uuAE 9X3] ;oUIDIUE OM tH BsE—ID 1 WAUIXEU EO} AIMOIS SUIS uoUFOW 2x9 “IuetONE SuApUO wou Ye S4nc00 amnywAIno UT oseaxoUT BBE] B SpfeiA 1921S SUN UAL 38 J0 1urod ay o1 dn onan py svar Ayjvonsexd v ur ynsaa (PED a0juIOL ANUBET JUoIUOD Ta0}s etn UO AruTEUL yUApUAd>p st ULL uono9s pooroyuton fy}xvay asout om Annu] 943 20} s0¥8a18 Burg Kypyas ut wonanpox or sdyseoney srneang- ower n ‘storoas ayy uowous ut asea‘ou BL reaRxay 24) SaonROE BI9!0N0D ays Jo BuDyoerD IM “wonoes aun Jo Mapu reamxoy. amp St Jar 2IBU, 9) oa awe n uworenba anse raise mn Ka ‘onl st 6 asnyeaino pue jy ywourow Yaomiag diysuonma on pu “sabes 0 d uotsatH09 oe tag posiojunn Bus 10) sos eoloyuias A1Bus Ko syusuIaInsEIW WOI} paUTeIGO 10 9401 ONDAS M1 10F dmysuonyjes axmreamAo uno 24 “amy 188 YOYS B JeAO pomnsea NoroNOD paoroyUI ¥ JO worTES TORO "uorioes payoei9 ayy yw sureais O41 80 pL Aq woar8 st amreamo ayy “yoe19 v 1940 pu TELS st “srons9 amp uaoMieg sures axn pue ydop sre Jo2enE02q roquioM oq) Jo urs} a4 BuO AraA, SOLE MK snaUMYY Jo SyRHONG pu HOpENAD;EG HMRI sorFig. 64, [deatized moment curvature curses fora singly remforeed section fling a fension can be determined from similar tangles ofthe strain diagram, For example, for bar iat deptn d, 3 Te stresses fy figs fae Corresponding to SEAMS By ay fg = MAY then be found from th srs-stran curve forthe see, The the scl fees 5), Syn, ty be found from the see steses and the areas Of te! For exam for bat the ore Ss. Sun 64) ss over {he compressed past of the section strain diagram and the stress-strain curve ‘The distribution of coneret of Fig. 6 5c may be found from “Moment-Cursatere Relationships aH ‘sues ‘wanes “a o ne es AR Pk Fy fa—| 38 eee fu = | : Vy Ate 4) = | a Pawn Eieton sieton ‘stn See ano ta Fig. 68. Theoretica! moment-curvatureceterm (6) Concrete m compresion. (6 Seenen with for the concrete. For any given concrete strain ‘extreme compression fiber, the concrete compressive force C, and is position may be defined in terms of parameters « and 7, where C= afte (65) acting at distance yd from the extreme compression fiber. The mean stress factor and tne centroid factor y for any strain ¢,, at the extreme compression fiber can be determmed for rectangular sections from the stress-strain rela- tionships as follows: ne ner strstr ce 62) = [= ft [hae Fon (66)‘pauyttooun 9q_ 0} paraprsuos 24 9ULL ‘moIea PalaprsuoD are NL Pre possoudxo 1g Fe VONTEALIOIEp 94} 01 jens st Joquiats © Jo amyeasncy pu mowOpy 9 Im S190 meu np ay “UBisap onUsI9S pu WAKE 241 Jo s1e10G09 possaxd SyeUUNIN soqwAL d}aIIH0D 34) PUT spjei€ 1siy jeors worsuat ou2 uaua aIMeaIn9 puE Iu>WOUI Jo sonNTEA 9) Joones au sv UL rojop aie 0 pw PER eo SNOULDIS WVaa GANIINOONA sO ALTUOAG ¢9 sansuonep jw eomaIoeN, 9-H 0 stoma arog pag yo ec Snavoyrusis| au) seseaiout Joors worsssuduto9 Jo aouasoud Sb s2se0r09p st07}998 PaDK fen) ataiouga wununxea Waals ¥ YO} EAL MOYS SAIN DULL F000 souoKaN “2 ress a}azat09 axsssazduuo soqy oWNIXD 41 LON poreUTUAD) We9q ene PUE TBaIS LOrSU aM Jo PjaKK Ij We KuuMUTIUODSIP pO SOAIND OINYRAIND-NOWOM OY] YoOIS UOISUDY 917 JO pIETE oF Oud ssn Sutouatutos uorBar aun soy Kio peunduroa u2eq envy sanano amMIwAINO =1usuLoU 2u7 Jo ISOPY ‘sInBY om] ur eadde sonvadosd toH}I9s a4 pute 21219, soo auf pe Fors 2) Jo} SoAINO UIENISssaNs poUNssE eT “PagHzosap isnt poyrour 398 weaq 9191009 FEIMBULIDA! FO] POUTEIGO das uaIoDt 2WOs saat 919 ‘uot 248 puny os ainxay Jo aseo aut \dop stew yosnoU pue so910} JeuIDIU UL “0 = A “Ai *¥9 by Apsnes 99 01 ¢'9 ‘sha Buisn payer: snfpe q punoy sx uMLEgy|INbs aaxoy soystes yous soy 9 “ragy uorssexdwoo jouiauout Aq, pout Joxot peoy yence want ¥ 40) diysuonejas ounqeaano-ruowow j (ors) 19 ba on 1 amgea9 a, 9) (19 2pvey 4 (rt 2rcse= we co) oy + omife= a ‘se uantZA. aq utes Suorenba uanLaqi Ne 2940) 94, 1-9 01 °9 Sby wo] pouluLiaap oq Aeus UoTIOE Jo out siE PUE -so10y ayarou09 aun *(1°Z onDAg 28 EAMONN st BAInO UTENS- "6 puv posparow st‘é axojeroty ‘pasvorour are » pare “gf ig np ou soseaisap unuans pole Janus aM1 ur axea.OUT UY “E ‘paseatout og esmesag I$ worssoiduon oun UL asbOLOUE UY *Z ‘pasuaxout 3189 pu 4 WI0q rnp ath So8ea109p YaHO9 fa9H§ WOISUOY AUR Ut seaI0U WY “T uysteo pled selqelses s0M0 at 1 yom SONS 12°9 bg OF Pup Sauny 2s0TN o} 2OUAIA;RL ‘OLY Ue 6D BL “ahd ou wo santadosd wousos 219 Jo S}99H> 2, ‘adr sire payeurasay st aquno aun pucoes amy wt Pu nano ou) 9889 14} at] THOUOU rans do} 24) as9UNs 10 f spa2oxe fP018 UOISTEY futoo a}asott09 Winer 917 91049 pantord mij, steanape are ¢¢'9 10 Z7'9 30g wt APRA SOT 24) Ut Aju panold u2oq aAeH| O19 PU 69 'SBLH d—d uous ‘aun aiqvondeur 1 UH £7'9 UOTE “HOH 40} pur s101 Jo aBues 8 30} 019 Pur 69 SAL ar is — a da] wares iz n]- me 04 hee a 58 wou 2010) fyponp omtessno a es wo pa “expat eonjas Knope )o os “129 ba ov p19 paw 119 sba 8 se wanna 9g dew ones o41 ¢1'9 PUP 919“ “wora9s ain Jo Aitmnonp aumeasno aun Jo amnswaus v SeArd “6!"6 Sf wosd 40 °ST9 pur py'9 “sb 4q wea st Surpja 2q our ones SI, t0q ut esEaIOUT a4 JO aINSROUN Y no aye 1996 UF passhosip si su pasn’2 0 onyea ou ‘9 ba Sq wont st" pus eee Sa a atv +(£—p)aorgeo= (oz) vas av +(5 rhw:e0 1 avg am perp nue 9p tha wos omy “pouTNGe A HoIYN HOH e ~(ogiliteg) E+ (OE wn on Feta (wHaa)e* OF soatd fisnooueniauns pep EC'p “sbg Smajog “(epiluonts pjork oip Jo peaisul) pommyysans 09 pInoys 469 uaat@ ssauns jas anrssaxduro> Jo} onjea fenroe aun pu® SupIaUK ‘paysnes Jou st g['9 "bq TBH) SOUS HOOD 2 ‘iquoydde 94 01 91°9 0} P1'9 “sbq 10} poysnes oq oF uaOYS 24 YSMUL g1°9 LONENbg, a (Ee 2V) 7<[C tae) } sovensuowep 19 bg ofa pg ‘bg Bun inc pe women} EARN 902 ppars srotg as sogUoyne et oe ot ‘unin st “sn 18) 909 ~ “fp svar p sy sr 30) 8/ Jo EORUA “ey son aoe 2 te s a TY a tes 0m ‘Utdanate Deformation and Duet Example 6.1 A reinforced concrete beam has a rectangular cross section of 10 in (254 mm) and overall depth 25 in (635 mm). The tension four No. 8 Members wth Flexare ‘cover to the steel centroid. The concrete has a cylinder stren 3000 psi (20.7 N/mm?), a modulus of rupture of 410 psi(283 N/mm), and a modulus of elasticity of 3.2 x 10° psi (22,070 N/mm’). The steel has.a yield strength of 0,000 psi 276 N/mm?) and a modulus of 10 ps (200, ses Fores te rent 088 Solution Steel proportions: : 7 36 | A, = 3.16 in® (2089 men) P= peggy — 001374 A= 1.58 in? (1019 mm*) = gk = 0.00687 ; Pox (ee Fig, 6 sean Siew ‘Thesection may be analyzed usingelastc theory and the transformed “ section (see Section 10.2.4), | Je | Ls, ment Ibn TOF (aN Ccureture, rain x 10% atm x 10-9) Fig. 611. Brampte 6 at fist ye. (A e a3woz te Puy om uredfeap ures at wor 921000 = yoo = fs “126 = slave = 2 o1 x ove x sO, (ss ~ or oon urgpe = fe Si a9S Morssardurog om) yw axunssy pay -¢ $19 ba wou Sunppa Pes 0 % 190) PE 01% 2e'6 = B= ty 100 £19°0a Woy pue (te NP 162) 8-4 GOT x B5z = THOT * 000° * 91's = “A @9 bq wory wepor = 8st - fz = 4 — p= PoeeeeeObeverEEeseeeaa (E68 * 07666) + (orPet ION| wro=K asp=0 Duy om “Ty = Z Pue HOO; = “2 yum Z9 aTgEI WH: 247 apysino aya.9009 ay 405 WO9TET = 9 x par ~ ST ~ Fpais worsuan 94 1 000'8L1 = 9 6 * ODD x Peso ‘2y2r9uo9 patyyuos a4} ur 29305 antssaxdutoo om ‘230}21944, raro=4 tego = PUY ON “Ty = Z PUP BOO'D = “9 HUH TO aIgeL WoL sau 1 at2sow09 24s Jog ‘rato peuyuos Jsssansaues 31 34BH OF PoUNsse 2q [9 212201109 ADE BY, LTD “Be ‘3a 01 pouspisuos st pog'9 He aaissordwod ¥ Butney ooiUe> pouyuoaUN jf lm se unesp 2g Sew wesdeIp urens ay) “gNVO 49 01 SI pouytiog agy Jo don auy ve Urens om 2sne909 UDI," sey onsinp us zessuoo Jo mu paisecea3 (g) sone $ fete | BLE oe Srl SHE a ‘243 Jo dot ou ssoroq ur ¢'Z 99 01 six reanneN om oyeum sxe pena om sutuaizep 01 pextnbas st wonnios 10119 2000 — 1/6/1000 x $+ donee + ©) ae (€9 a1grL Woy 10) £79 bg Org "IOP: peax6 (oo + eva 10 ssdnsans Jo souy 21099 0} suotsuounicy “us 47 ‘am Jo apisino 0; 2400 pauywod Jo uOISUOMLI, 16000 = “a E99 Aa qu g st sana ty Barsn ‘gog79 st 2ya10u09 pauyyuon 6¢ 0 Arrouseja Jo sminpour vB _aG/N GSE) 1sd o9g'zs Jo tnBuans pjoxt v sey joois ou. (anus ge) UI Fy si sdoow n sen0D OU, S14 [BUIPMyTBUO| (F97NFEIP ULE {'$2) 6 ‘ON INO} pu siayua0 (m1 Zo -sdizins pasoy> (I0}aureIp UK $6) € “ON sureia09 (9Z1'9 “Ri) uonio2s wreaq oIax9Ue PadiopIOT KRU Y 79 mduexg saquiow 24 Jo eamearn> 2) PamojIo) axzU YK IE asM¥DEG apjona oF UIE aFuENO YEnEiH 4°q 9M] JO ‘sumyeatno aun “osty “Aeate pojjuds sey saA09 oy) snye Ure stxO KeUU B}OIO09 Smpunosins arp toxy yuresises rwieNel PWS (6*¢] UONIAg 225) ATBIEINIIE 2yeUMIS9 OF IMD|GEP 51 str¥aq UE YwoUTsDZOYUTOL TeaIS Jo PET FuILyONG aH, ‘Baypyona wuoraed 0} sxoyu29 asojo Anuetoyjns 18 Staats asTOASUENT 2Uh 1th S98 1 asE9N9 PALOUDLKjjesOUDS s faIs HoWsadtOD 9 Jo BULPyONG 10 80d yy, “sonyea Mo pu “f/"f wuesegyp Yur Toors 105 IO pazifeouse P smoyiop 1 64) idzoxe . $015 pure sung Aq poute}ao eh OVE wonenbg 9¢¢% hg ut pave 769 0F gz'9 ‘Sb UN pase H ceo) (te9) aumaxg a saquoqy 16 Cec pur eoneMBEA EUR wzm ‘Ulimate Deformation and Ductlty of Memes with Fecare acting at distance from the tension steet = 17.96 ~ 45 — 0432 x 3 = = © = 178,000 + 29,200 = 207,200 tb For the steet from the strain diagrams 1756 15-6 e, = 0008 78 AOS = 0.0134 Now 52,000 a= apy = 000179 «, ‘Therefore the steel is at the yield strength, J, = 52,000 psi T = 52,000 x 4 = 208,000 Ib Now T~ C Therefore, the correct neutral axis depth has been chosen, | moment M = (178,000 x 13.16) + (29,200 x 11.76) = 269 x 10° Ib-in GO4KN- mm) curvature g = 22% o-"6 = 0.00133 radjin (0.0523 rade) Xote:Ttean be show! 0.003, ind ng but the curv Example 63 Determine the postyield_ mom 40,000 pst 276 N) Gu = fay + O14, cover adh = nd 0.055, distributed uniformly around the p ansverse steel: a range of transverse steel 27 mm) diameter overlappmg rectangular hoops at 6 1n (152 mm) centers to} in (19.1 mom) diameter overlapping rectangular ‘Members wit Confined Concrete ms oops at 2 appears in Fig. mm) centers, The arrangement of transverse stec! Solution teel contents may suggested at the 5 Zo nt 328), 2, 90x02 [i (San) +(x aseateays) 80" Similarly, for the transverse steel arrangement Wi overlapping hoops at 2 in centers, Z = 5.6, The Z values for other transverse bar diameters and spacing may also be c 19° (493 mn) ———>| 34° amet fr ep | y O (98m <0" 782 mn ig. 618, Transverse steel arrangement, Example 63,'W9°FE0= 4 Wm ons enamioa sp seams se ox a a 4 4 io 2m) 40} sdrysuonsjex eimeasno-tuawou au sio1d gz9 amt "dep wots = pue Jaqy worssoidaIOs suerxa WOH Baru yi JO ou Jo aouisip = 'p aroun (oes) ns moqe saa104 ‘2a jo stow ayy Bury £q 1 St q De9} puv 2 jo antes yeIn ©} Turpuodsosso9 py yuowous ay way, “UTE yo Taq =u puv “eure “uray a oun ue fs se oy Zaren Ena soysties domi punoy stp) madop joqy twoissardiuos ouiesaxo 9 99 OU Fat nagoamn UL zc9OrsT9 7 pue ves samosas guy 30 aN26 ‘Unrate Defer oetty of Members with Flexare form for the given of Example 6.3 ifa reasonable moment capaci ‘hing of the cover concrete nas comme! amount of co in general, the higt column exceeds 0.4P,, where Py corresponds to a P/f:bh value approximately 020 to 0.23, thus special transverse steel would be required 1m the column of the example. The amount of special transverse ste! recom- mended by the code for tne arrangement of hoops used in the exa be obtained from § in (15.9 mm) diameter hoops at 28 that the moment capacity after crushing of concrete has commenced is fairly ‘well maintained at higher curvatures. The amount of transverse stec! required 1m more general cases is examined in Chapter 11 66 FLEXURAL DEPORMATIONS OF MEMBERS 6.6.1 Calenlation of Deformations from Curvatures ‘The rotation and deflection of a member may be calculated by sotegrating the curvatures along the member. Since the curvature is defined as the rota- tion per unit length of member, the rotation between any two points A and B of the member is given by ue [ex 635) where dx 1s an element of length of the member. Flexwral Deformations of Members a ig, 621. Deflection due to fexvraideformatton ofan clement deflection of point 4 from the tangent to the axis of the member at point B due to curvature along the whole length of member between those points is siven by Equations 6.35 and 6.36 are general and they apply whether elastic or ‘equations may be used to calculat when one knows the moment- vious sections, and the dis using Eqs. 6.35 and 6.3 shear and by bond slip of the reinforcement. These ad 6.6.2 Additional Effects on the Deformations of Members Caleutated from Curvatures Effects of Concrete Tension Between Flexural Cracks Figure 6.224 represents part ofa reinfor ‘member has cracked at discrete of the concrete has been exceeded. AtMembers a0 cracks, however, Decause Detween the cracks some 1m the steel to the concrete by bond stresses. The iched when a tensile force of sufficient magnitude to form an additional crack between two existing cracks can no longer be transferred by ‘bond from the stee! to the concrete, Figures 6.22c, 622d, and 6.22e pie idealized distributions of bond stress ud concrete and stee! tensile strosses petween cracks. Because the memper Is son between cracks, the flexural rigidity clearly will be tne cracks, as mndicated in Fig. 622f spacing 1s range may be estimated by substituting the Tinto Eas. 6.35 and 6.36, where ine elastic Rexural rigidity at the element. The between the uneracked and fully cracked values suggests use of the following effective moment fo determine the flexural nigidity for deflection calculations of cracked members im the elastic rangeFiz. 623. Flexural cracks o9 9 reinfored concrete beam near vltimale moment without ‘sgniisnt shea force iffening effect of concrete tribution of bond stress to on relationships for beam elements between wssed in Section 6.65, Effect of Diagonal Tension Cracks and Bond Slip The determination of rotations and deflections by integrating the curvatures along members using Eqs. 6.35 and 6.36 ignores the effects on the deforma- tons of diagonal tension cracks due to shear force and of bond sl anchorage zones. Diagonal tension cracks form in members because of the presence atively large shear forces acting with flexure. The principal developed as a result of combined shear and flexural stresses, angie to the axis of the member and results 1m the diagonal tensio1 clined) cracks. Figures 6.23 and 6.24 show cracks developed in reinforced Concrete flexural members near ultimate moment in the absence of shea: force and in the presence of shear force, res ‘due tively. The inclination of the cracks presence of shear force is evident. As Fig. 6.23 indicates, when only Alexural cracks occur the ylelding ofthe tension steel concentrates across one oF two enitical cracks. When diagonal tension cracks are present, however, the yielding of the steel occurs over a much wider zone, as the morecxteasive cracking of Fig, 6.24 reveals, This effect is discussed in Section 7.5.1 in Flexural Deformations of Members 2a Fig. 624, Diagonal tension cracks ia 8 remforeed concrete teams nes ultimate moment wih steniean spear Force" connection with the effect of shear force on flexural steel requirements. shown that when diagonal tension cracks are prese tension in the flexural resnforcement at sections away ‘maximum moment may be larger tat Fig. 7.19, Its evident that the internal tension remains nearly constant tne mania value over a distance e, fot he crit section The distance ¢, will depend on the depth of the member and the content of web reinforce- the region in which the remforcement is yielding (the plastic hinge zone) be more exfensve than the bending moment Giagratn mpi Use of investigators (¢g, Rosenblucth and Diaz de Cossio®!® and Sawyer®!"), Bond slip of reinforcement in anchorage zones deformations. The effect of bond slip is known, For example, the core of the beam-column jo1 ‘Notwithstanding obvious difficulties in accu additional deformations due to shear and bond and displacements directly from the bending moment distribution andmw ‘timate Deformation ané Duty of Members wih Fenare Fig. 628, ict of bond sip of cenforcement on eformation, since the effect of shear and bond slip 1s not always important. cffect of shear and bond ving a conservative indic 646.3. Wdealized Ultimate Deformations Cateulated from Curvatures Figure 6.26 shows part of a reinforced conerete flexural member that nas reached the ultimate curvature and bending moment at the critical section. End A of the member, for example, 1s the free end of ‘of contraffexuce, and end B is a ‘along the member is apparent. The region of over a length of beam, as discussed previous a whien the bending moment exceeds ine yield: moment of the section, In the regions of the beam, the curvature fluctuates because of the mcreased 1 fof the member Detwicen the cracks, as previously described. Each ing ¢ = M/EI. The elast of the member (the unshaded area of the curva a= [ pax 638) Fesura Deformations of Mewbers 2 where the flexural rigidity BF is given by an appropriate id fully cracked section 1s assumed _ The shaded area of Fig. 6.2618 the melastic rotation thet can ooour atthe plastic hinge” in the vicimuty ofthe critical section. That i, the shaded areame [itinate Deformation and De of Members wth Fleurs be constant. Hence the plastic hinge to one side ofthe ertical setion may be wr! (639) the pomt load, determine ical end deflection when section. An idealized Figures 6.28 and 6.28c represent the bending moment diagram anc the distribution of curvature assumed at the ultimate moment, Note that Oy 1s the area of the curvature diagram. Flewal Deformatioas of Members us ‘The vertical deflection at 4 1s given by Eq. 6.36 as the moment of the curvature diagram about A. «t= (222) +0004) 664. Empirical Expressions for Ultimate Plastic Rotation Caleulated from Curvatures ‘the curvatures at ultimate ‘equivalent plastic hinge length, The strain diagrams when e stages appear in Fig, 6.29. (640) concrete‘2 aumxoyes3409 0 yu10d at OY wondes POND a4) Wo zeaUEASp a ¢ oun ur aumneaano 0uk aarnaainyeaam| 1p2yo qiBuans oyoIoUO> puw ody Joos“) Buy ser a Jo WyBuoyjaqeatnba ay souaRYU oF SoA SO|GELIEA aU SOTEVpaT 0€9 1g Sp 3 itm paTeUTISO aq JOULES saRI9 feHOREI PE au) sodey Saree (PLE) wuowou reuuosdde A194 WS ")A) Bempark jo worRo1 reo Ur aanreamo jo uonngzasp oy ‘Rupp s OS ah “py uatHOR pyOHK ut spoen> qwauiow eur oxp a104 tag ap Jo sUOEBax (TO aL Butya039 10 sesr9 Wog 204 uowow Sutpuog wnwunxow Jo Words ay) WHO Kea suONSOS 1 tnsBeyp yuowou Tuypusg an poauat ueys aeraoIOjuts esnxg a) 1 J $2010) wotsua} J2U31j 0} peaT s4>FH9 VOISUAL feUOdNIP “T9'9 UONDAG Ul Pajeaipur sy tuososd are s9a9 waa 91d ov syO0:9 JoIMAEY KIUO was BFE ath J ‘wesSeyp pure yo} ou, BuPypeI9 jo sas on J) wos ys soquioW 2if Buore pL, WalsoU rousDIWE poe pious upuag jo wotinquisip ath seni gog'9 anh “s9aUTaU BJO suor}o08 040; weep aimreasm. 81 0E'9 sung “MoU 99 asNET ons 34) Jo mua} suoyeambs aun “y'9 “ba wos 49 aeUis2 OL yf St J0N9 URI “PKK 0) S0UOKRUOD [9 worsuay aun tats wens 2yasou0D om) 20 aBuaE aeMfootn Jo Due ou) 18 wrens sjauouoo ayy Jountest™s aDU}1 (Zz 40 1'Z Bly 996) aazoU09 at Jo UNBuIINS oun uo Bupusd: 1001S toys 90 Leu aaLOUOD AKA Jo sues oNSOIO 248 Jo pus om ye ures ay SPJnd Jors worsay a4 a20}oq ABUL OSHA BT aut or 2th 'SHORID MOKsUOY TeUOBEEP GIFe TOQWUO 94 30.1 seat a la i ‘ Irtt uauou je NeFUSUMEUNOAENEO (wakes YE gS cs g a S unm pu pA Ww Sui HNNS GE ‘umsfep uotow (aus put Suppaog (9) yma. sige JST pe WoCARD;DC BAL oe| 248 of Members wth Flere the greater the value length of yielding. To these variables needs to be adiea shear, probably best expressed by the nominal shear stress intensity V ba Empirical Expressions ine maximum conerete strain ¢, imate curvature. These are reviewed below. A. For members wit inconfined concrete senn(e)"« wa Where k, = 0.7 for mild steel or 09 for cold-worked steel, ky = 1+ O5P,iPo, where P, = axial compressive force in member and P5 = axial compressive strengih of member without bending moment ky = 06 when f{ = 5100 pat (35.2 Ni pst (11.7 Njmm?), assuming concrete 2 = distance of critical sector 4 = cflective deptn of member Baker has indicated that for tne range of spanjd and 2/d ratios normally found in practice, 1, lis in the range Detween 0.4d and 2.4d. 2. For members confined by transverse steet work reported by Baker** proposes an expression for 6, for members with tension over part of the section 4 oaes(j)e (642) ‘where cs the neutral axis depth at the ultimate moment and the otter symn- bls have the previous meaning, When Eq. 6.41 1s used in conyumetion with Eq, 6.40, Ea. 642 is used in conjunction with Ea, 6.40, e, has the fo = 0.0035. When "ng value eexoarfisisy,sa7=iy!] r oe (99) [co Ta |! pois apes orepomzayut 20} or 92d PUP IE] Aq patmtusor9p sonIEA roa AuIAK mg Dire way Sue Kq pasn potew au. ps tien 1847 0) Surpuods ‘Sunge s3010) 20uB}eq He Sa910y Szoysiy urens snovaid oxy Supyer pur ste oun pee ayyoud ures aun woxy pourasras9 ‘un yan paysnipe ee midap sexe 10 sequoUr aun Jo Z0qy too aunwaino pur wowour ox Fi aunyeAino-yuaKUOU! ai. T9OIS BUR 91230009 105 So Puy tonses au Jo uidap an uwop aygoud uIons 0: 10 50H 6, wosdures pt PHY MONET. OAS umm ot [UN é|peontojoKoW paydéy uaaq ABH speOL 2u YONI ut $9891 10 oN feonez0941 wos} pouteigo uaea SeU Si3q\HDLH 219:0U09 72010}, Wet Jo sotaeuag onsejaisod ay Burassouoo eouapyaa Bi SdrswonHy amen wMOW T9 IM SUIMIW JO SNOLLYHRUOAAG £9 Papeou st yoressas az0u ye4 .9q 194 yoUUED sways yr saUeZ OBuy onstNd JO ‘2UOZ JOpIM v 1940 3N090 edo uorye}01 oniseia ta Due ;oBesp ese 01 USNOuD USI st 1d Funnsay oop pur su0z ssans sous am. A 0 SL pur HORE; HAAN is296 Utne ‘of Member With Flere confined concrete. A linear stress-strain curve for concrete n tension may be assumed, having the same slope as the curve for compression at zero stress ‘The modulus of rupture can be taken as tne value given by Eq. 22 ‘of concrete under repeated loading 1s indicated in Fig, 24. ‘The idealized behavior of Fig. 6.34may be assumed. On untoading from pornt E it as assumed that 0.75 of tne previous linear path of slope 0.25E, 1s followed to p ‘concrete fas not cracked, i capable of carrying tens b loading stage, the tensile strains increase but no tensile stress develops. On Teloading, the strain must regain the value at G before compressive stress ‘can be sustained agai. If reloading commences before untoading produces zero compressive stress, reloading follows one of the paths IJ. Note that average slope of the assumed loop between E and G is parallel to the initia, ‘tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve. Il 1s considered that a more sophisticated id m of the 1oop would be unwarranted, ‘The stress-strain curve for the cover concrete (outside the noops) in’com- pression may be assumed to follow the curve for the confined core at strains less than 0.004. The cover conerete at strains greater than (2004 may be ‘considered to have spalled and to have zero strength, This follows because the transverse steei will lead to a plane of weakness between the core and the ‘cover concrete, and the cover concrete may become ineffective after sevecal reversals of high-intensity loading. Deformations of Monbers ele Loading 257 Method of Anatysis: ‘The determinai Pig 635, numbered from average strain ‘and steel in each eleme An iterative technique may be used to cal curvature curves. The train fq amount. For each vaiue of ¢, stresses the elements are compuIAs OQUIOW B 10y 5, -PAIBKOY Aa pe 2 so} yowoudde apo oH>4o 4 staqwoyy Jo seo; 18 Dauzojap Jo “ET = “0) stay (ui §'95) F pour Paso JoIaUIEIP (tuLH ce ‘dep aun st p pu "ure0q Jo wou1og pire doy 109 pur dor sonin9 ammybaano-]n2WOUL Ini 19018 WoH0e ue eatiedou sv sureais aais nog pur dor Is SUNS aay Woy Foe wrag 3.0 muouaarOyeax eye ureoq & smous N26 "UOH joKo Sem DeoT 2Y “qs EURTOD fom Duv eds porsoddns «dus 4 pout a1am stuwoq ay “daop (eur ¢92) bn (eau ZT) Ur $6 woKIES ssoxD sejnRIO—: © SureM ste ‘}910109 paaLojuterS|qnop“papeD} KjqwoyfoKO Us ado wee paxpogo uosq sey passnosip wnt yavordd jeonaioath tL 317 Jo wots pean at ‘wonog paw dor sosuodsoy 2amouins-suowoyy fo wospediuey 1 Baroq Jo LU, ‘PoxporD axon sen suaUsTD ou p0988 PRD WOKE 40} 2010) WoKEo}> 3 JOHN 49 01 anp suoningunsip ssasisxeKti0D ¥o0 Jo afIEADS oxy sey onbLEYDO} WHaWD alaIOIp “d ou red ou) 10; pareinares 9x8 6 osmyBAMO pu Jy yuStuOU Inbo pouttage BurscgE “po 25 10U $1 09°9 "ba tN tuo Sunoe ‘(eavaq Jo ase ou; ut o1a2) 9 St g Duw ‘Kraanoadsax ‘SyuoUto}2 9] PUL oxrssDidWOo au aL J HUE 3 Yor Ur da4k-9% jawazinbat ain Butsn Xq pox9au9we & PASE 2 CrcLEs Aon Fig. 637. Moment curvature cuves for ital stion af beam 24 with p= | 11% and p, = 230% wo ea ae Currtweimiresran/in? PUSE 2-C1LES 4-1 cere rt ace | Fig. 638. Moment-cuvasure curves for eical action of beam 27 wth p = 354% = 114% and p, ~ 230% 3‘ou 07 anp ssouyns ut wonionpos ou) syxpodd pure simsox js yITe yHOUTAARE poo saiwiisuolap Koa ONS “e909 PuE Tears auNi Jo} Seam uTENS “sens pazieapt pur egoxd urens meauy| # Surunsse panuap 2q «RD FuIpeot pasiasar pu pareadar op soefqns sioquiour ap2x9K09 pa ur yeonarooin WEAN DapnIgMOD eq Ae “apssgoau 99 0) 1wadde pynow st nu are sayjeuss yuu door & poe pur eiuoutsadyo omy kq umoys yoyo ut Sa Jo] puv ‘spare jaais worioq pue do: mazap aq) wi s¥9es0 a Ns ut aseasou! ay, UoIssaidwi0s Ax1e> 0} saDUaUItOD 9}519 Butsg st tuatou im SuONd9® 10) ‘sauasaid ait anno aanyeasnon 8 Jo vore ofrey oxy asnao oF jaais Jo vase (fou 2 tuo 9u uF 1X2 Ie janesado srowore.y Be Uuotssoiditioo ut [2018 Jo iP OU UY [70104 aasssaxdwon syDeU9 at seIQEUD pI spjetf yaais worssauduzo> 9 wad, -uneey pee peo respi Ty Hams REN 26a 201s Baxa4N8 ansn onaLOAKH: ‘By UL ‘payuwUE aim aq ose ABUT BuIyOeID Jo 199Yo 401 ‘2idno9 years xn Aq {Josuortarau 69 N stones wunnjoo EOF et WOrSiNOXD pjaut LE9 Pg Jo wreaq ou, vare [eis oy SonaMou 009 os s4n9¢ = P0207 FoKy268 ‘Uitinate Deformation and Ductile of Mesners with Fexare ” Fig. 6.0, xt moment caraturo responses (e) Ramberg Osgood respont, (#) Clough Aegeading sifoss reponse by the reducoa stiffness, but subse ‘The maximum moment capacity does crushing of the concrete causes a reduc center ofeach element to be constant over the length ofthat element. Changes of deflection were oblained by adjusting the concrete straim at the €x- treme fiber of the centermost element of the beam and by using the iterative technique described previously to find neutral axis depth, bending moment, ‘and curvature for that value of &,, for the element, The load pro bending moment could then be established and the bending moment remaining ciements determined, For each of procedure was as previous increment, locate the n rium, and compute tne bending moment f¢ Deformations of Members le Londra, xs nated and the required bending moments corresponding to the bending m: -esponses of the beams between 2 could then be calculated. | deflection curves so calculated for beam 24 are each half span ofthe beam (each side of the column stub) was divided into 9 longitudinal elements of equal fength and the section of each element snto 10 discrete horizontal elements. ‘The toad-deflection response 1s areatly influenced by the curv: . che maximum moment region; thus the choice of the length of the Jement may nave 4 marked effect on the computed deforma. should have been taken; xd, considerable comp many iteration processes are im nave been necessary. Figure 6.4 . Generally the shapes of the theo! nd. experimental Joops are required to produce the Ne. Figure 6.42 lated using Clough’s ‘and 100 longitudinal elements m each sment between theory and experiment given by this 142 18 good. Note, however, that Clough’s assumed [M-op relationship does not simutate the pinching elfect that occurs in beams ‘when p and p are significantly different, and in columns; thus it should be ‘used with caution in those cases. “The preceding theoretical deflections nave been calculated ignoring the racks. This evidently has not ve been negligible and was not taken into account. jons also ignored the effect of shear; and the ined from the actual moment diagram rather than ‘curvatures were d Figure 6.36 indicates that very litte diagonat tension cracking occurred in the test beams analyzed, and the use of the actual moment diagram apparently was satisfactory. It should be noted, however, that other tests”?268 Lntmate Deformation and Duty of Members with lexare an ar. High shear causes a pnching. Joad-member displacement curves, due mainly to sliding along and ci fof cracks in plastic hinge zones. Thus although stiear that causes dia, in spreading the yrelding of flexural steel, ‘compressive force, each cycle of loading may ‘The behavior of members with shear force 1s discussed in Chapter 7. 68 APPLICATION OF THEORY ‘The determination of flexural deformations at the ultimate load has been improved. The theory of members is of no design ana to seismic design is discussed in Chap 69. REFERENCES 5.1 ACI Commitee 318, “Bullsing Code Requremenis for Remforeed Concrete (ACI Bi8+71," Amencan Concrete Insutute, Devo. 1971, us with Confined Concret:" Journal ofthe othe Destn of Reinforce and Prestressed 6,91 9 Ultimate Load Desi of Concrete Srututes," Proceeds fond and Rovers of Bening.” Proceeding Mechose of Reinforced Coneste, ASCE-ACI, Miarn, November 1964, Pr. and KH, Gentle, “Response of Doubly Reinforced Con- 12, No. Tuy 1965, pp. S386.EL wemp co a ‘si pwun Stunuuncem © sears st gt = b oy snays amp atau AN pe “y 1 sree reprontiag ain on yoadsox yam reun soldioutad asng wosj whtoys 99 tO 11 ‘woro9s au3 JO ROLE Jo ytlUIOMU PuEdes 21 StF BOTH (io) st ssouys a¥aus reqwozts0% ‘aan uot paysnes aq qEm yWouoyo urEoq aun Jo ued poyomy-sso19 211) japisuco woxy poAtiop Affse> 8q wHD UTEOG Ox auaBowou v Jo soqyy Aue Suore sassans vous ieIwozTz0N ay “ons ssouis sus aL ur DL “paatIOp 24 seals Jo estoqsuren ayy “wn 1of AOSV-IDY Aa we amy jo-21e 9ee BAHIEMLIED ADSV-IDV £8 poLiodss sem “E561 Inoad 9909 TOY WIND 2 Jo pumno8 oe" AI ue paredoza 080109 PUBS, rustunyoou 8 pasn jajqaad a¥2us94J0.N2H 199 aUOS Ut POsSNasIP oe ogo ass suas noausd Joutisop 24 woseea siseydwe Kno ny @ ons seauddns OY es0Uo8 wt cane) Hus 10) pur Sioidayo som ‘apynonand wr saan peu oa yeq) Suisudims jou st aytsuay aun so Arvo sayfas st reanyonuys 29M90 2 ‘projatoin ‘suoye Suse 9: -aorsso} sdequed pa ‘pol fence “ano 1am to jow WOPIPs 9010} asa “SA youtres 2qarou09 peovostad Ur siSqUoUT poorsiept ‘raqliout reinxay e1as0u09 peaxoyUtel Jo FosnEKEN BAT JO SBMS 94 Nonanaowint ARAYS YB SAVqUIDYAl JO uoneurroyoq pur (pSue.ng Lm ‘Strength ané Deformation of Members with Shear The shear stresses so generated ci stresses at any fiber. Again by considering the eq (73a) (3b) the principal tensile stress with respect to the beam's| id from, or tang = 2 30) f (7.3¢) The inclination of the princrpal stresses 1s uniformly loaded simpiy supported rectang: strated for the case of a am in Fig. 72. The stress Fig. 72. “Traectones of pene! stresses i 9 homogeneous sotrone team neutral axis at 45° When t cessive, cracks develop approximate! pal tensile stress trajectories. of rexnfor ‘concrete theory to the i reed section of a cracked reinforced concrete beam, As Fig. 73 shows, the horizontal force to be transferred across the ‘cracked zone of the section remains constant; hence the shear flow in the tension zone is constant. Using the concepts of Fig. 71, the incremental tension force 1s dT = vb, dv, and hence we have Lav aM iV. Un ae de b,j Bid 74) £ i B | . = i bee ees r fmmncion —Florasvenes—Stmrfow Sher set Fig. 72. Shear stress atone a idealised cracked rinfored soerete section.six a + | ' | pamgunsyp Ayusrogrun Buné309 a9 DU 9 J0 BOTINGLNSIp 2 Jo SeSe9 Jodou se uo ac SMU 9°. “ba Uf Jo ANTEA at ‘SHED 2A St TUN ‘aswarout syuowtous Boqpuog oth HON WE woUDAsTP auTeS 1 Jaqiuot gf Jo idan 2h yt Kio paonpar st seas EIST ML oN WH aru Fea g=pwg-a=omsa-A= "A ov iW ‘annoaya aun ‘pg “By Jo woRIOU om FuIsp] "TOKIOAS ou Iuauodu09 1eorz04 8 SEI] 9 509/,) = 2°2040} Trorseaadaaoo yeusayue Suidoys uy Yeu) Wapiao stat pe Fra woz “sxmxay £4 ruroqut aun Kg paroaye qf S98800)8 Toads BussMeD eNO} 2 nua) sit Boye SOLA JoquIOM 2y) JO NAP Ui UAL ssoaind, ‘quis aun ur uouseouopmos eanxoy amp “Bmpr ‘surnoa uf -Papoatt aq Kew aBuey amy wr yaussax0;As 9 auro999 eu WoraUnt qaM-8UEy 3 ‘O} ALE HOPES aH IBKO SE ‘2OLOj WOISFAICIHOD ‘aBuvy} 907 NOAA "VONDDS 2M JO gaMs 9m TH nis svat ana 91) S08 LED 2outuantt0s Jog UBER 2axs109 pDsO}UIOH PIATEHD UE ikaw yo stasis 200ue v BuuAtS se pazaprsuo eq youNe juanbasans at se qq “Gisuetur resus SaTs¥atE 01 XP osm jis st woryenbe ssouts seus YeuonTpes sr sourETOD A ‘sypero wang, {Jo sonesoud up Jo axttvadsaum ‘St0n sossauns svays ywon}728 Ye $9! fe Jo duo woIsua} paxoeI9 at "uiwaa 91210009 PoorO]UDS wuodetp jo aunseout aq se pas N) sxem6 ‘teenth and Del sation of Members ith Shoat 7.3. THE MECHANISM OF SHEAR RESISTANCE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITHOUT WEB REINFORCEMENT 7.3.1 The Formation of Diagonal Cracks “ie member, flexure and shear combine to create a . Tho principal stresses so generated are Fig. 7.2. Cracks form witen the principal tensile stresses ex: strength of the conerete. In a region of large bending moments, these stresses the extreme tensile fiber of tne member and are responsible ‘on of flexural cracks perpendicular to the axis of the member, jon of high shear force, significant principal tensile stresses, also as diogonal tension, may be generated at approximaicly 45° of the member. These may rest lined (diagonal tension) ied cracks are extensions of flexural asin webs of flanged beams, are diagonal vieumty of the neutral axis. ‘The principal ihe assessment of subsequent beba’ spses immediately new shear carrying et load in a cracked after the formation of diagonal cracks, o an et ‘mechanism develops which 1s capable of sust beam. The diagonal cracking load originating from flexure and shear is usually ‘muuch smaller than would be expected from principal stress analysis and the tensile strength of conerete. This condition is targely due to the presence of shrinkage stresses, the redistribution of sneer stresses between flexural by transverse reinforcement, ies along a beam. design, diagonal cracking was considered to be undesirable. However, it is now recognized that diagonal er service lond conditions is acceptable, provided crack widths ‘the same limuts accepted for flexure. stages of remforcea conere 7.3.2 Wquilibrium in the Shear Span of a Beam Figure 7.61 shows part of a simply supported beam over which the shear force is constant, The mternal and external forces that maintain eq {or this free body, bounded on one side by a diagonal crack, can be ‘Shear Resttance n Reinforced Concrete Beams Witt Wel Fig 746. auilibrium requirements an the shear span ofa Osan. It may be seen that the total external transverse force V, is resisted by the combination of 1. A shear force across the compression zone ¥, 2. A dowel force transmitted across the crack by the flexural reinforce- ment Vy 3, The vertical components of inclined shearing stresses 2, transmitted ‘across the inclined erack by means of interlocking of the aggrogate particesL uzoMie@ iuewaD40jUISH UL = Ey "20x mnxay Ou UT 204 sea {C4 81420) worse saompaw ajo sauodwon 4 vane sgn rot oy stone a Aap dq tow suri ap uaustinber © xh ou usa 0: Seer ass ueago 9g es P80; peg Dun sud oye 07 uonoe Hog ajo 30) fan TT: 1 omoug cen “euro 2).900, 6 0) Pout 2 ya at oe ono anna owsnjues aon suey a pave pus ey 5 pee atebuco ayo save von eat eat eo} use (091 Ho o¥oqa0 ect ere bor rst a) spp ag pouoddts sas ao po) Foon so8!9 nds avoyg, 241 w won oy wnvog uo porsisas 9q eo says [eUID}xE ou) soDURISUIMDLID Yons 29pUP, “Y= x} ‘suruo youve 1 20104 2jsuo) 24) “ueds reays aut Jo L8taY &q papstsan sea Aruousiwos uae9 seu pounexs “pug J aaideuo WoU 24 Sunpunouins oy10u00 wun sod ea20y puog eu} aromas "apy “Be UE pouTeIqo sem ysoz aures at, ( xp y= = b= ma soup poureigo 8 . gone tvaq tsayod jo uonenbo oxy °p = xp/(pfip wu 0s (Sieaumow resto snows jo ssfieute toon onser9 aun jo vondumnsse pardoooe Afjewiou ®) yuEsHOD nous (€ ‘Bie ose eg) “weg Jo uABUET aN ide * "20303 pod a) UU S304 pwas33 a “AsuoyON WaUEO ‘suoye uted o3 010d woy sa8te9 Pf ‘2 WoIyA wr soqUIEA Lappe wo) SU, twoisuat Wt rusorx9 au fnovxe dourteg 03 "wre34 suo to But 4, 2040} asus TousD yaeusuid ann v Jo sorKeued au sossaudxo ( ne xp ot = wl = A wp" * ae » WP ynsax soueystsau 290ys [BUIDINL Jo SoPoU ut¢MOIIO} orn ‘ureaq # Foie uowow Auspuag Jo 98uegD Jo axes aM} puE TeOUS waaMioa, “nysuortejas umousy-lfox oun que pauiquios are g'y “ba Aq woAsS aoueNss21 0 tMguou jeusoyur au) Due IuSUIONT TEUReINe ay} WoosIeq CHYSUOLEOY uP USN oourgstsoyy EDYS Jo SUSTURYPOIN TEAM ML CEL avout St aguerstsas yesmxay pre 1004 + LPr= 94 Jo yuoLNOUT a, owop pue 1404‘Shear Restance m Reiforced Conerte Beats Without Web Relafrcement 2a be transferred by means of the dowel action of the flexural cement. Where the bars bear against the cover concrete, the dowel by the tensile strengin of the concrete. Once a cast bars, they require considerably larger shear displacements than bottom-cast bars of a beam to offer the same dowel resistance, ‘Tests indicated” ®" that in beams without web reinforcement the contri .on is more significant when stirrup reinforcement is used because a flexural bar can more effectively bear against a stirrup that 1 II develop approximately forces. The stiffness of the dowel mechanism depends greatly on the posi off crack relative to the adjacent stirrups which would be capable of: ing a dowel force. Taylor,”* Baumann and Risch,”® and others have st 2, Provided shear displacements occur at the two faces of generated by means of agaregat lacements may also mduce dow shear ean occur. (See Fig. 7.29.) ‘When the two faces of a flexurat crack of moderate width are given a shear displacement to cach othicr, a number of coarse aggregate particles projecting enable small shear forces (o be transmitted. Clearly among many variables, the width and coarseness of the crack, displacement, and the strength of embedment (ie., concrete strength), are& am‘Strength and Deformation of Members wih Shae * because other causes, such as fon away from the observed crack, terminated the load carrying, y. When such failures were suppressed and the crack width was ‘The maximum capacities of the three mechanisms of beam action (dowel segate mterlock, anc tne flexural st n, Of the load. A sudden reduction of the aggtegat a, lock force, such as 'az in Fig. 7.7, on one side of the cantilever causes imbalance unless a ‘Shear Resistance in Reinforced Concrete Reams Without Web Reaforcemeat as corresponding tension can be developed at the springing of the cantilever. Such tensile forces normally-lead to further crack propagation, which in slender beams cannot be arrested. This is referred to as diagonal tension failure, Itis particularly undesirable for it usually occurs Beams 7/1 and sare not f fecent experiments have shown, ‘ease. Taylor”? examined tne compression zones ip. 710. Slo nica with rch action mn an ideazed beam.lar paonpas fqqex9pisuon 99 wee JeInoKUNd UL suOHSE 390 281yj 05 10u si nA DUR FOC gr ‘uoz woissazdtuce aun ut papeo} Sul lwo no porsiv u99q oney sso} aways ayeBordse soya 94S, tvaq daop wt ouerstses 3004s} FL Beg us p/o) ones ndop 0} weds x20us ou ISMN JO uoissauduroo yeuodeyp 2 8 Jo "PayypoutUtODDR 2q UL S98 “poumnsse 0 adh vomuro> 180%288 ‘Stein sed Deformation of Menor sarge veams if aggregate and reinforeang bar sizes are not correctly scale. g Experments at the University of Stutigart indicated, nowever, that the i loss of shear strength of large beams was not significant when beams web reinforcement were compared.”° 7.3.3. Shear Failure Mechanisms wa FL Femina Marans /She og = i Type 1. Failure of the beam mechanism at or shor ‘of the diagonal cracking load, when 3 sep “donee oy stp uPA) tudap 0) ueds awous amy pur ‘p*a/"y = "d ka passardx9 $e I uouioa10juiog Gay IRONPLAA SUHRDGL JO JWDHS 405 UTI HL EL (ere ta 295) ‘yusjuos Jaois eansoy 198 | | | comes ap oF eos ous a JO WORSITY «SE poe ee Ee ee vf “boo I eu ro aze orem OY @ ‘st 2 20) paw soda0p 09 114 $Z = p/O we S211, roars soul tog “az sms (I'L Bk Ut powuasaxdan susesq otf 304 yUAITOO FOIE TeIMXOE ULL, 11rd “Big Ut woue papays 211 £q paresipur st swz¥ea a8041 Jo qifuanys nays pansasao aun pure Aaroedo yeamxay peoi2s09un ayy waaN}oq KOU -dos0sip aU, MNBWANS soy} pousaAd arnxay 90 3 asain Jo yiBuaNs remxay an popasoxe mnBuans zeays oun‘ em zaRaey stp way *E uO sie] st p/o wows 1OTART}9q OU swuDAOF UONDE urZaq YEU ayEAISUONUAD oun pareduroo usqag “I1'd “Bly ut som pouseD 9 weds anes omDeformation of Menere with She expression such as Eq. 7.15, which attempts to (wo mechanisms so different as beam action and id > 2.5) and the three most important parameters governing shear (diagonal eracking) strength a (ee) an ratios less than 2.5, loaded at the top and bottom edge, Zsutty proposed the ‘Shar Rositanc i Reinforced Concrete Besms With Web Reinforce 2s following, wera tn) to account for arch action.7?? 74 THE MECHANISM OF SHEAR RESISTANCE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH WEB REINFORCEMENT 74.1 The Role of Web Reinforcement ‘The imctusion of wed reinforcement such as does not change the cantilever blocks by means ing from truss action. Fig. 74. Concrete cantilevers acting a8 sat.a ie) fq pareutxoudde oq uo wistueyoou ssa on jeuoBep aun sty (y 109 + 2 109)» us pf “o % 5 st sdnumns weemjeq Suroeds ou) ‘ssnan snoforeur aun Jo Snataoa8 oq) wo. 2 ED TeuOTEP eu} ssor9e seox0y day 2th 0} anp sassans uorssa j (W100 + 100) is _ (109-4 9160)» gts "a _ sa | oro (9109 + vr03ph=s “=P rss = Jo Uidop aansayo uv ano syns og, SU 3 8 ere gus‘, =us'y = sossans ttsoytin 27819098 oy pauansse si") 040] worssasdut0d FeO 2m STL Bed ML X WHOL 205 wHLeAP WORKIOd 3010) mugiinbe ayy wor TenuoZtz0y ot3 0} 2 21TuE Ue Ve peut Suysisea ‘snns uowssaidurop,(eUOReIp ay “SoH Tut ou £q paysisax 2g 0 “4 s010y J¥eYS [eUIEIXD aM UIOIIeG HORETAS au wuozuow aM) org aigue we ve pauyfout ew: ‘gam Jo 2509 TBs0u0H OU spoldop GT’, “ty wi Butvadde ssn snoBoyeuD OU ‘paustoxdde axe suortpuo: issanZord soui090q “porous Ef (00 + #100) f ws _, = a (a '¥ som029g “f= Mf uot te mguraor0yutox gam Jo vase pasinbou 2) ‘Zz Puv oz ‘SOA Hu wo ary aco baat 19q paquasop Aisnotaaid 2th §@ red parsisas 29 0} pounsse st 4 300us {Jo Suu9) Ur aways ssardxe 01 1wetw9a409 woyeambo OU JO qo4 24) eu _Kamuso 219 Jo BuruwsBaq aun w uosioy £4 p: ‘tus 1929u09 Jo ydagued pO 1 pure seni proys jaqjeitd © Jo aouvisisar seays ax woadteg AForeue at, astuRyDOT SSM, ON, PL ‘ustueyaur ssn aun £q parstsaz aq 0974 $90s05 2094 J wstrayoow uivoq pauyep Afsnotsard 943 Jo “unBuaNs o¥n su0;—IeuR fun aasasand ppm yuousozQyUrar Gam pe tqmims teu pres 2q eur ‘20u9] atexOUoUe pu faRop Jo asneaag souo7 aBes0YDUT Ms sya030 yoUOHUIP jo Suiuodo a4 | | pinay v6296 For the common cases of web steel arrangements, Eas. 7.23 simplify as follows: 1. VERTICAL STIRRUPS, f= 90° Compression diagonals at 2 = 45° A, (7.23a) fog = 20, (7.24a) Compression diogonats ata = 30° 4, = 058, (7236) a= 2310 (9.240) +2. SLOPING WEB REINFORCEMENT, 8 < 90° Compression diagonals at a = 45° oh ae 4 Gap oR (1230) “Troop ae Weo reinforcement and struts at 45° (7234) fam (7248) ‘The stope of the compression diagonals has been traditionally assumed to bbe 45° to the beam axis. It has been observed, however, hat the slope of the diagonal cracks at the boundanes of the struts vary along the beam. ns show that tne optimum. struts 1s about 38°. From Eq, 7.23 itis evident that tne wed stee! demand is reduced as the angle of the compression diagonals becomes less than 45°, because more stirrups arc encountered aeross a fiat crack, This 1s often the case, and design equations basea on compression struts at 45° are conservative. On the other hand, the struts are steeper in ‘of point loads, However, i these areas local arch action boosts the capacity of the other shear carrying mechanisms. Ge ma beam having high concrete strength and low web steel content, representing 2 less rigid tension system, the compression struts are at an angle fess than 45°, hence the stirrups are more effective than in a 45° truss. Conversely with large web steei content up participation." #* The slopes of the diagonal cracks Joads and a potnt of contraflexure are displayed m Fig, Flat diagonal compression struts and steep stirrups imply large: compression stresses (cl, Eqs. 7.24d and 7.24b). This indicates that the web stecl content cannot pe increased indefinitely thin-webbed flanged beam with heavy web reinforcement, In stich beams, shear failure may be brought about by web crushing caused by diogonal compression (Eq. 7.24). When assessing tne compression strength of the web of beams, essary (0 consider the following additional factors: Aare aiso subjected to bending moments if they are to ‘beam action (so because of the absence of true 2 Sti ough transmit tension to these struts by means of bbond, so that generally a biaxial state of strains prevails. The compression capacity of concrete 1s known to be di reduced when simultaneous are imposed (see Fig, 2.8). 3. The compression forces are mtroduced at the “joints” of the analogous se forces are far from being evenly distributed across the wed. ile stresses may be present. n ofthe truss mechanism to shear strength to vative value of», = 8Y'F (psi) Thus from Egg. 7.15 and 7.21 ‘the adsomute maximum nominal shear stress m a beam (in psi 10VT. < Youn < S/F, copending on the value of »,. Kepler and Baumann”™ and otters nave shown that with closely spaced stirups, xs used in the double-anged precast concrete beam in Fi. 716, nominal sticar stresses of the order of 20,/f; (psi) could be reached even alte: 50 applications of load to one-half that mtensty, As rule, shear stresses Of this magnitude could not be attained in deams of rectangular cross section Stirrups ean develop ther assigned strength only if thay are adequatety anchored. A stirup may be crossed by a diagonal crack at any point slong 4s lengtn. Since te erack may be very close tothe tension or compression edge ofthe meinberstirup must be capable of developing is ye strength(3 ojqissod st 1 auojeuain ‘sanimns am Jo 84 Jo }osuo aun 8 20 2307 op watworoyurer gam oy) ut turvaq attroarogtiag gam 20U2f] "2AISS20XO 2uN09q TOU SOOP $4810 JO NAPIAs ay st 24 ur pasoyaue que wistueu: dao uy IeL soUMTy2u10S, ‘Atgesapisuao aseaiou 18 S9p0) " DuroKoq papustxa aq put 4 og pogo un ® af BARBED, EID. 9T LA cquu/newr sezenizn gz, \ U Aa Z i IS NSAA conservative value for ¥., specified by the ACL, was gn 72 n by Eq. or Ba. 7.16, this quantity being essentially a function of the tensile strength of the concrete. Herice the remaining shear ¥, = 0, ito be allocated to web reinforcement in accordance with Eq, 7.23 verti “ups, Dent-up bars, 0} the total required shea ps v, 1s represented in Fig. 717. It must be remembered that in the ACT combination of both. The simple relationship between ngih v, and the required strength of vertical specification compression struts are assumed to be inclined at «= 45” mative view 1s” that tne contribution of the conerete 0, 1s negligible ion of the diagonal concrete struts is less than 45°, therefore, ‘ups cross the potential crack. (See e.g, Fig, 7.16) The broken lines in Fig. 7.17 indicate the corresponding relationships for various values of For most beams the shear strengtn predicted by the two approaches 1s very similar. ‘The ACI design approach 1s compared in Fig. 7.18 with the benavior of beams tested by Leonhardt and Walther.”” It 1s seen that the contribution of the concrete st ultimate toad, ‘theoretical relationship (Ea, 7.23a) re 1 underestimated by the ACI. The en to express the stirrup stress as & i es an 1s shown by dashed lines. Figure 71 from four beams ‘wed remforcement. Only the web width varied in these beams; width to wen width rat on. of tae concrete, as the wed by the fests. Moreover, 3 seen that the shear prior to the significant nse of stirup stresses, previously referred to as shear causing diagonal he stirrup stresses rise to yield eve remains almost constant). The same dehavior is illustrated by four identical 1m which the theoretical share ofthe stirrups m the total shear 1 = ty, Varied between 27 and 93% Irrespective of the shear intensity, @ minimum wed reinforcement, cor- responding with at least v, = 50 psi (0.35 N/mm*), should be provided in every team’ (Eq, 7232). Also, to ensure that every potential crack 1s the spacing, s, should not exceed 4/2. Where 1s mevitabie mat diagonal cracks, being a cracks, will also merease. In these areas the contribu- tion of the concrete toward shear resistance v, should be ignored ana web reinforcement provided for the whote of the shear (ie, 2, = 0) ‘When moment reversals are to be expected, as under seisrmc fonding, the lose spacing of closed stirrups (ties) is particularly important. Such sticrups I provide confinement to the compressed concrete and Iateral support ihe compression bars in regions where the flexural strength 1s developed, Diagonal wed reinforcement is effective only in one ditection; therefore, it should not be used when the loading may be reversed uniess its provided 1m both directions, An example, ven at the end of this chapter, illustrates the application of these principles. Further aspects of shear, as they affect tne det structural members, are discussed in Chapter 13, ‘78 ‘THE INTERACTION OF FLEXURE AND SHEAR Expenments with normal reinforced concrete beams with adequate web reinforcement indicate that the shear force has no recognizable influence on ‘the development of flexural capacity. is enables the designer to ignore Interaction and to deal with flexure and shear separately. The previous discussion shows, however, that an intimate relation does exist between flexure, shear, bond, and anchorage in the shear span of a beam. This 1 evident from an examination of the behavior of the flexural reinforcement ‘long the beam, When targe shear forces are to be transmitted across a7.5.1. ‘The Eifect of Shear on Flexural Steel Reauirements ‘The tension induced in the flexural reinforcement by the forces associated with the truss mechanssm only can be established with reference to Fig. 7.15. ‘Taking moment about the compression resultant C’at section 1-1, gives the following Monte Mt Midote= TH +E Temp C25 where M; and M are the bending moments generated by the external forces at sections | and 2, from Eqs, 7.18 and 7.19, we obtain Pal, Leta eat 029 id ly, by considering beam act of & beam without web reinforce is ease the shear V. My Ww gat Mest (rata) which stows ‘moment at section 1 Let us combine the two mechanisms in accordance with Eq. 7.21, whereby tension force at section 2, T°, is governed by the bending wawey M=Mi+M) and T.=74T ‘Then the total tension force mn the flexural reinforcement at section 2 16 ‘obtained thus M, % T= + Vicota + “(cota — cot n= ag + Veoota + 3 cot A) (7.28) “The Iteration of Flexure and Shear as Tuas convene troduce tne factor (729) ‘which expresses the share of the web reinforcement m re force. Using this factor, the tension force becomes, wg the total shear (730) where ‘ata suitable position one-thira of Jhieh 18 required under the midspan positive flexural reinforcement is required required moment of resistance nand shear span. This is shown by the dashed line env ight smaller size bars can be cut off in pairs. fof the flexural reinforcement may be conveniently determined from the envelope of the moment of resistance Tid, shown by‘OR'L Bt w sieadde uno v Jo ao¥y au DUE UIEOG F JO UOHDUNT aUa 1 Hope uy Woddns aun 61 1ua9eIpE WOH oDA aM JO aoe uworssoiduroo axp ssosse pausajsiesi 39 03 anpy IM 2010] 1224s 10UM at aun ayeBURE yo a pangjsuen paw “inp ur asearout IA “luiod peoy 241 78 jexed But0q Jo peaysur S¥9220 req 591 ort amméig wamayS ESL syoe1 asau) “papforé sou TuaUIBDIO}UIDS fesMXOY 207 vorssoxduioo 24) Wo3j ae4pEx 0} pus euofeip ay tag @ jo woddns sousrin an sof ug nse ‘squoumtisaxs ut paypias u29q anpy euawousyd ‘asari], tuonses at Jo yidepprtn ay seau dorsAap ym soz0} uorssoidwieD woddo pue jeaba we 's0u0) woIsua) osau1 an reonaooip Jo yurod o4p ye “99 amnxage: sureus20z0juta1 woyio pur don au; JBIJY ‘POYCOL!DAO UBYO ‘uouRUION m9 o4, “iwowour 0122 109 0 yutod au Te worsto} tt 109 °549019 1euoBUIp Jo mtawdoraxop 24 1d sotOUR SayesISUOMIDD I'L ABN uted sity puoea papirosd " enBus} wuoudorarep oUL P St “GIL Bly UL UNOUS se 9 TENT UL, Foquraut aun Jo tndop aaiooyo am 0} ena 2ouwrstp v 30) 92Nx9y sssa1 0} psu 180} ow Aaw qoiqan we 1wod au puosag papuarxD ag sseq yemxoy ween sornbox __,2p09 [DW aun ‘Smpa20xd UFISED on Apes Of, P dap annidey9 ax 01 24 01 Srareunrxosdde st “9 Jo amen am op un ssa, ssa ao 06 06 sri 980 §50 06 oe 00 sO 06 SP oo sro ovo isp cor Pimga FRI "50 > le'siuonoo joans gam ayesapoU x 1a pure 5 Jo sanyea yuas2ytp p poou 24 Cow at -1L age 18 St wpe’. “bg twodsp/"9 Jo ante 4, I gorse wuomaosoyuiat gam uws8ep wawow Supuaq ou Aiduts st sty “61, Bl ut uve eos pu amy 1H IH cusuonmas uy ot pt wonpor yo wowtos Jo suoubimbes pee py sesuou Spon rave ay wea SUOMI LAL SL m Lx. | > 3 Ls0s ‘Strength and Deformation of Members with Sbear rt af} ‘nex Tension Force Rata os 45 Distance along boom 4/: Fle. 720. The diatibution of 5, may be assumed diagonal compression zone of the beam at ‘across the Compression zone between the last stirrup and the face of the ‘column, Its evident tnat the capacity of the Nexural compression zone of a “The lnteracton of Flexate and heat 308 beam 1s reduced when the shear force across the plastic hinge is large. However, the confinement provided by and the adjacent ted ynal cracks is shown 1n Fig. 7.20b, are assumed to resist a force fotce resisted by the stirrups crossing a 45° diagonal, section DD, 1n accordance wiously discussed truss analogy. This may 01 value of 7 (ie, 0 < ogy shown, we have eb steel capacities 9 that M/Vd = 2, ly vertical flexural cracks had formed, the tension force at any section would have been .20e. In this example i was arbit 4s indicated by tne dashed line in Fig. 7.20 cracking, caused by shear, can have a marked Steal stresses in the vicinity of a pot thatin suen Portion of the web that may be required to carry compression cannot be Utilized for this purpose.” to the underside of the compression flanges. This imp!(ove) ene 911 ents Sunoe 's90%0) yore Jo yoaya au 8 3g] Fo "UiBans sways 4 9020} sways w srequieu paorofurar Gam wi Te4 Aisnomead UMOYS Sem IT oyssoxdiuo:) [RIX pUE AEN 19°. ‘Jaquiour aysrouod paosojuras Jo Katoedea 4eOUs 9u}—as¥2I99p [IM WOISUSE Ie ‘{7S19AUOD JO—asvaLOU! [JIM UoIssLdMLeD yer” yeyR P9I2odx9 29 0} seyarp (Wt Z6QT) UF Ep au pOsaMaNO Wry “aanyTe] worssanduro9 na yeotdky B Squasaud [ZL aUNBL "UOSUAL I9U ayEI9URR Kew scoueqamyep owuisies “sSuypjing Jo sIowo9 om 18 AtyoIMonzEd tureuaa uy woissasdu0a mmppe ur axnxay pure sea40 2220s 810] 0} po}ofgns ore ormonns KtoystynUT v Jo swUINIOo au “xeA9MOy ‘SON ~{pu0> pro} stuIslas 1opUN “AeAB Woy sopeUIBUO auMonnis ax LO HUIPEOK 2 tay eon a9 wopyas st 2510) [wreP pire ‘aunYoy “seOYS Jo HONeUIgUIOD U, saouoa AWIXY GNY “SUAXGTY °UVSHS JO NOLLVYSINE THL 94 ESTI wondas ‘sotseryog 07 taadsax THE seotranbasti0D st] pe wonog put dor au ut sno30 renbo st ‘a soueisip oun uou.y “6F'd ‘St UT waOYS eDg ai Jo aImx2yeNIH0 fo ujod oun Jo Auruiow, srepourt ou) UF pu y2 adojaaue py 2my Aq poreaypur sordeqg Ut possnosip a4 sureaq Yons jo uBisap pu soraetog 2uf, tONDe yose 4q Aqurew si sype19 youod ep Jo ou sueag do9qq mt S1o9yg MoNsEIaINT ESL gs 8 soap J OHPEMION pe INS aea ‘Strength aed Deformation of Members with Shear ‘where fas the overall depth of the member. Thus the nommat shear stress at diagonal cracking becomes from Eq. 7.15, a= 197+ Meet sy 7340) Because Ea. 7.4 is frequently difficult to appl in desiga, the ACI code? allows the use ofthe following simplified equations to compote tne shear carned by the concrete in beams subjected to axial forces v= a1 + 0000s NTE en (7350) However, o, shall not exceed ip | Ne en3syF. fi v0 9a 3s 18 the gross conerete area ofthe section and the q and fate expressed in ps. (I psi = 0.00689 N/mm?) ‘One might expect the foregoing equations to be suitable predictions also ne case, Mattock ‘question? anc found from a comparison. of num ine procuct of the modular ratio and steo! content, np, Was a parameter to predict shear strength becauseitisa good measure ‘of the neutral axis, hence the depth to which flexural cracks ies NYA, ‘rinetpal stress at the root ofthe cracks responsible shear. Hence with small flexural steel content of Eqs. 7.15 or 7.34b for such a situation has also been pointed out by Rajagopalan and Ferguson.” It was also found’ ?® that a the magnitude of shear at the onset of flexural cracking, but appar does not affect the increment of shear between flexural cracking and the onset of diagons racking. In the presen 1 compression, the diagonal cracks tend to be flatter than 45°, therefore, the current design approach for web reinforcement, ‘based on the truss analogy with 45° struts, 1s conservative, 7.62, Shear and Axial Tension If the previous assumptions with respect to diagonal cracking are correct, Eqs. 7.34 ang 7.35 should also predict the shear cracking capacity of “The ttracton of Shea, Flere am ual Forces a8 value of N, as negative fof shear stresses permitted by the ACI Code,"? and cesigned in accordance ried loads that were at least 30%, in excess of appears that axial tenston does esses, one col angle greater than 45° to the axis this ease the number of tered by a diagonal crack would be 7 nave from a test senes™!® in which was varied between 1 and 3. The st possible that a large ax strains) may cause cracks to form over the full depth of a member, at right angles to 11s axis, before any shear force 1s applied. An example of such & ‘region is a point of inflection at whica moments cracks or, worse, the flexural steel may be m0 tenst asin Fig. 7.9. not be effective sn res Inasencs of shear new diagonal cracks formed an cracks had no effect om the strength ‘A similar situation can arise n the colunnns of mt severe seismic disturoances, At the istory buildings during. flexure, large concurrent lock shear transfer, which is examined in greater remain operative, and the shear capacity should not be less th high momeat regions of the same column, where the cracking ‘more extensive,sans oyster jerxe we 10) g = 72 pu wowusy om yy 2f/%Z = “a uaaMIG se ua) 90 fe ‘sporans sous (eeu) ode ou wv wo; pasiexas Jo 27240 snouioud w Sursmp pawoy y SunpeBedoad yewurxordde st yor ‘0 219109 819M pow sBunog st 16d wo ‘smoptoe 3014198 uac ts 30u -ewuO}op ou ‘suIaQ_ 1 sor 19 40} PUR SULLAg Ye|AUPID91 39 3I0US 30.4 SNOLLYEQOUAG UVAHS CL arreBau sty assur ew) (sd) te zoo + t)e= a 2404 2a sn. 15d 095 Jo ste sooner sansand 45° diagor (Fig, 7232) For the purpose of aete ‘chord members are assumed to be infinitely rigid: that, the area of chord ais nity (Fig. 7.236). The elongation of the stirrups is A, and the shortening, of the compression strut 1s A. Applying Willio’s principles, tne shear distortion can be found from Figs. 7.23b and 7.23¢ as follows: AA d= A, + JR, (739) ‘Using Eqs. 7.22 and 7.23a, the stirrup stress can be expressed as (740) oat) ‘tear Deformations a7 Si 'y from Fo, 7248 the diagonat concrete compression stress 1s obtained (142) By maki mn for web steel content p, = A,/sby. 1s found that (7.436) truss actio lar expressions can be derived for other inclinations of compression struts «and stirrups f. Using the notation of Fig. 7.15 it may be easily shown for tne general case that the stirrup stress will be ~ pilcota + cot pysin™ B ‘where the stirrup lengtn 1 sin. ‘The compression scesses forthe d/sin a jong struts are given by Eq. 724 By combining the foregorng relationships the shear stiffness can be defied by the following expression p,sint a sun 8 (cota + cot Bi? Kat at mp, ante Pet aed i (ayy where p, = A,/sb, sn f) forthe general case. Dilger nas further refines these expressions by com, of the compression struts from strain energy consider truss”? Hisexneriments snow that this approaca un ing the melinationJsor0yoIOF 94) Jo woNe Burcurets auy aBeBua ox wwn aMopLAD ‘uvid s8ays yequoiod aun yo sopis nog We paloyaue Atyebop2 9q Wr sea 9s0u) ‘SSNS Po otn Jo iuautdoyoAap ou amnsua OL “S208 Sup ood zox0y Buidareo v Axldns o1 {yorum ‘oueyd seats UBL 1 AeraU98 “popracud st yuaueoxoyus ‘pestnbos vou 2024 14 wi04 01 yoooxdde udtsap xn YBNoW} UaNa ata:9U00 DayaEID as peyDe.oun § gS oops Jo wsEyseE Uosua) v jo worwuusoy eu) Aq Ba) pouayan st UnoDO ueD 2eaqs jenuefuny souay) auowooeidsyp snaqs ot Suoqe "woriooe Ad ® uayw 10 (59> “Kes jouds £294 51 oneD tadop oF unds says 34 JF Afwo peo 2q ui sraquUaUs TeInKay Ui JysuesT TeOKS on - yHozz0y paosoyuias Aforenbepy T :paftowe mA oun Te IMO! yusuiods wor suonvaiosqo Bammoyos aun ¢_,Ammgze1ue) ‘uorianajsueo so souvuuuopzad at to payanpLeS ‘aypudosdde st uot +20 asn mn 212 a $50] 2q pINOD 43 20uI, “piaM0H “payidde 9q ued “uors9s snowort juanbasue; -paydde st reays Ate x0joq 30 “ooyaroin “RoRjarUt au S800" sud v Jo o]2x0U09 4], (wowsuan jeuoBep) 3 ny pend sear ne isn AatonceD Sit TRUD astULOZG 2M Go paswa 29 ys ear mw saw wuoREND}9 pe ABA oeJresh concrete, will be affected by the watertigntness of the formworks and 6 ste used to givea very optimustic estimate ofthe strength available immediately below the plane of a horizontal construction joint isplayed in Fig 7.32. seismic design, inclu ts of gravt al accelerations, is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 12. 79 THE EFPECIS OF REPEATED AND CYCLIC LOADING ON SHEAR STRENGTH The contribution of stirrups in the s beams has been mau joad was increased ‘monotonically ms high-intensity repeated loading, resulting from traffic or wna, can be applied to the struc- ture, In seismic areas an even more severe criterion exists n that the: ofa structure may have to be fully developed several tumes in alt directions (eyclic ioading), with the possibility of large excursions 1n postelastic range, Therefore, we shall briefly reexamine some aspects of shear resistance that appear when the effects of repeated and cyclic toading are present, resistance of reinforced concrete ©0900! tro aplienons 7.9.1 Effects on the Web Reinforcement A study by Mayer?*® has indicated that the current design approach for shear 1s also applicable when a large number of load repetitions occurs. Figure 7.33 snows tne stresses measured in plain stirrups in one of several rectangular beams during some 900,000 cycles of loading, Stirrups were provided to resist 114% of the shear force associated with the flexural stmennton—DDOOOOO sro 18t230 201920 370870 15 hours, As may be ex truss action of the we As Fig, 7.33 reveals, the im the first 100,000 eyctes, 400,000 cycles. ‘Assuming that inthe elastic range the shear stress resisted by the concrete ig 733. The increase of trop stresses during repeated Foading repeated load continued. se rs the stirrups increased considerably the shear-resisting mechanism stabilized after Bs‘wonoty Jo Twarays209 4 ssoutnor dowsONUH OM Bupuodsass09 Buipeot porvad: 20999 “aIO;PHSUH “doypsap syae9 yearn £q von] 179YS gS um pautuny ut pasuasgo Hoag seu sty, StupvOr AUSUDA sofako may 9 Joye pajsadys oq to Kase vous aogjiaur Guunp sued sous 380) spoyovuro1eB0I9V ue WO} pot ARausssons teaus qwordsa v ‘SEL yearn 2a yesotrarap asnv9 ‘yeAdsOU ‘S¥ORI Jo NAUGO}OAAP BUN JOUTY “oj 1 9]os tuwoguis ou sey aowjroyur om Sutssozo fons asveAsuEs) a1 uo dorasep you op s49"0 u au vwor}anpos spySUEL, 89YS SOEHDIOT wo SHAT TEL ‘unog put a som yas 940) BES THO) UL HLH Se om z a woe dj see bard sojog jo roquinet ay uo ueyy somnex Supeo! pssodun Kjsnomaid aun Jo apnytuseu ayy wo {prounsd spuadap ssaugns ur wononpasouy ereUe8 Uy ..,"Uapra oy PITTI faye y9w9 (UOREP GDHK. Wap monued st wel STL worEpEsTOp Ssouyjas otros seréa ot Sujpeoy oxpok> ApisusyurysHy wodx> ism IAA massod ‘8 s Suupeot pessoas oyoXo sepun yuousasoyuTos TeINey am JO FuIpyoue isu suotazrono 20:0) Svous yejoLatD ISOs 0} waUTsOzOyuTOX gam FupIAOIE oy pu suisteuseur ‘ayerDu0 oth) FUUOURE 10} Aa9s202% od sysar 1$9} au, Grains ayy q paisisos Zeays poydde 12101 MONS PEL Rid U UOAIS seBeruediad ay, ‘aa woMKE om Aq paystsay sa vay pordde o1n9 oth $1 3c Se pur Juouo.OyUTax uTeu aUI Lo posoduu sum BupA:4 BurywareyTE Sok yuy om sayy Teowtoouostnas jeunxDy 94) ut paxma90 platk ou Beis scuByooUE &q Parstse3 210M (NI SLT) Bun eI Uods Saf ORD OTNITES 1598101 S11 8CZI ‘mag oupuds axons foweustosdde ut ut ‘sinaans aq) ye Sq yo! ampey reuoseIp renvaIod ai) 480158 pause 2010} seaus (e101 ayy swoUS ye, B7N8L BaNpBO| PesI9ADs aoa Aysusnu-uay jo ansay ¥ se Spa yuouTLoyuN TeAMADY ea yt PEEL axour won: 3894S 2140100 ap JO UOT BZOUD.OD 2H eBlog pour Dougan NN 20} PamIDN Ha9q ‘sre sea {ayy 6) 184 QTL Jo stnisseous yours ® qua “paqdde peor ‘elas jo 91980 og sae sossans parses Ot seatout ous Awo py Us “orojmax qo off jo Uonediored yu aq, P19:0U09 aun Jo wHsTUELOOE aya Jo Won tao1I2p 9 294045109 PoUTsO|P Aq paplroxd ooo peu rreq ath Jo saneaag AIqagoud S| sty soy ouS uaso atom ‘sdnumms 40] pasn 370m 3209 pauojap wort wt wvag fonapr ue UI “Bu;pEO|parPadas fat go] Yet ax0ut says weds vous aun iweuozopuas yeMKay amy Jo ammyzH Jo ynsa © st 4 ‘pol9pisueo 2q pjnaus "328 roueseIp renuIod sous uvaus aun ‘Sones jog) ssomn Fuurndeuo> wou ECL Hl ML om) asouLL {am/N Osz) SX ONE = TF uy “USTOBYDOU 231200 9 uy pausep Aq pareudisop ame ‘0 a8¥ou0U O} AnEK PINON: [249] PE uy a pactze9 aa 0) 1eauS 2H so mono oom mS tereed eect rhe a el nC Lang Sh Sg Ye i| aa t Number of oyctes pe | —S-2 me ae 173 18-37 Non “ | | Tava Ontos | 1 sat ep 0.025 in 64 mm) | i (0.085 (2.18) ea Loading yee 10% ig, 7236, so effectiveness pavements under repented londina. "9 function of the crack width, was studied by the Portland Cem tuon.?® Some results appear in Fig. 7.26: 100% effectivene | om tere 1 no relative displacement along the interface. The - ‘was 28 ps (0.19 N/mm). The drastic loss of effect ee ‘opening (crack width) smost evident. The eect ofc. force and slip, at moderate shear stress intensities along an mterface wi Fig. 735. Shoat e738 3 Tor eepeated leading of agerpate lacge shear oads(e, + 125,/7ipsi, = L04/F: Nimm4) were applied whiles = ack width was maintained by exemal camping wal sip inereasesat a diminishing ra & some increase in the stiffness ‘of the system occurs. When the clamping force 1s provided internally by Eon ransverse reinforcement, tne opening of the crack will not be so well con- ; trolled, and a more rapid deterioration must be expected. Ho) 73%D snows the mene tensity reversed joading ee amen ET Fie. 73,sossains says auafeambo ysseu 0} poou sdausns ay “syenbepe ase Suoteusumporssouosam amis Ysdg0$ < i809 = 2 luoraeg 995) arom 2g jou pnous uot aus taMUUTEM OM SOUOEL (OTL ba) 8d OCT = SNOT uo aU sd ODS * (Be X H1VO00'SIT OTOH ASOT = SROISTE = 4 = "4 seous “A scz = OF [ZIiMee + &) — St) ‘worsua| jauodeip Suisne> “reays unuETNeU 94) Sa, Uuidap eanaye avout v ‘su sascauis pun saot0f nays W-1OCL6 < OPF'OI = OOD'IT x 69= "HW aIqvPUEd>D ~ ‘M+ OO0'IT = STSE x 09x S'S = "W u = Phim GE = Ty = PULL = fot x 9° x SBOVO9 x os = S'S = "V8 ON MYbr0 suunoo 9 waMaduofere4 worog Z (ase't 4) =OCr'61 * 60-= "WO ="W aygepusaag AORI'6I — WSE * OFS = MLE = "1 Lt x So svue= 19 ~ p= P'ULLe = (BF x 9E * SB'OVORS = Ur OSL H uy Stig = ce t= “payndiioo useq anny sivaurou Supusy Sujpuodso:s09 2 oe (OBP 8 tHUNJOD Yow To peor 2 suunoo papeor KqTeKe OAs (ose, Tig WE uMoUS avog vonepano & ut woua.4opuiey yeImxa}y axp Jo you ENIN ‘ayy pue yuewHD.OjUION 4agK 2H JO UBIO Aq, “TL ondwex two majgosd seoys 2149s Aqroinoted YZ JaideyD wl passnastp axe [va se2us urens29 jo lotayaq oun syeuTTOp Kou siaqy wre daa] ouaes tonise yore Jo ssn RIN Hons aq eur UMEEG ¥ or poxidde peor ax “g] aandey ut poururexo youa are sotrewoyrod sways uo 129y9 Jo. spour weuWOpesd: Daosojutos ur 1H9H8 Jo pojgeep y “PotnUI9%9p qn SUH any Jo ssedse rexpous 0 ovo aU su SONIGVOT ONY SHIGA TIDadS OTe te stosisnau ssons aietduioo Jo: want st (,WULH/N. TTT) 189 491 Buuinp sip oR Tesa3d om ur agnaz0Us POAI05q0 91}, 'Sla8SOA TUBLE steytog 2y912H09 PIYOPIO Ur SVssasIS eMTEsAWALT 3} sIaAAL AYES YSTQEISS 129q sy SEH “SYRIA YORID Tosa wwg an 4 ‘ 180 — | peered 7 sug 3 sires oe > ko 13 ea —ole-te! ero} fee-17200 x in y 7 | qe Tew ielet oral | eae of Hes wavengtmcuies | Spor svangt roves i biti 8 Ser sven 2 Fig 738 The enforserent in foundation beam (I ia = 25-4mm 1 foot = 0305, 1 psi = 0.0069 Ninn, Lk in = 0113 KN mm) we‘und 99 18 91°C “bal Jo syeumnsa ards ‘24 puBMO} pure “OARS SHUN UL SOUSET cov'tt % wd Teh LT I= X OPL * S10 Ost + FIT = uno aq {a “areaq aun Jo aU ved gc = SC + PTT = (1 % 100 * 0087) + ose/6T = "* 1 -< 00rclse % ste = "IPA su enexBepp yowsou Hetpug 2 se ut-4 qg1 "WY pe “tr BE =P “100% (BE tious "A/PPA"E OOSz + 2//M6T = 70 oF woHD2s FeO a sus 9 a) 6q pois 490 IANS aN STL "PA OI ‘pane Yo1s Jo et G70 20 zt OPO BAN TIN. sdAIHS Jo os Jo Bumst5U09 uamaauofare anainis 9 wsannaus ou 01 18 199 309 ¥ 2418 0 0g sou 1uI04 YF 9 4989 Ul "Ure req yes pre undspyut Sy sing g “ON wonog amy sositod tt 3a tv aunpoosd OWES a1, > pue peayds are sig om, aptaoad 05 T2aI€ ‘dua SOUS GBEL ANAL (gsaxdeuy 228) m1 Ze 96 = Ob x uy &q 94ind =x 01> p09 [DV a) 12H BION) "UE OE ~ PSO 4 aosear sq 10.4 9L°0 > h aouo 2243 2 paufisse oun sdnuins “osemou “Ure, vex = P( + DLO x S0~ 1 = pig 109 + 0 100) = 2 100] = "9 se 8964 4 Sourupsoaae at pamurausy 24 I TSS TeANKAY 2H vawa2uofiian pansy mn fo 10 ore B42) mo, 06 = sf sdnasns maTDK PUR *,S =? 3g tm. USIP OUI, “9L'0 = OOS/OBE = GCL “ba word “Wd ORE = OCI — 005 = ous tp asqungy 0 sonemnya PoE ENS aeStreatham Deformation of Members with Shar If Dison, ASCE, Vo. 9, STS, Jae 1993, pp, 13. 123 T. Moreen, “Der Eivenbeton. Seine Thcone und Ansendng.” Withee, St “Pee We Know be Dapp em Concrete? A Historia) Study.” Um a7. 16 RC. Fenwick and T Journ ofthe Sratarol Dies 27 F. Leona | fet a jumann, “Staflelung ocr Bicgczupbewenrung bei hohen Schubspan- | nen Sabotage tt ue Berd Shea, ‘Intuenee of Axal Teno on the Shear Strength of Reinforsas Thess, ingen Collegeof Science and Teennoiogy, University of “Proposes Change smn Shear Siresses in Reaforad Concrte London, TRA 438, February 1970, 27 pp. \stoss Cracks in Remforoad ment ang Concrete Associaton, “How Sale Are our Large Retnfrced Concrete Beste? Jowal ACY, Vol. 64 Masten 1967; pp 123-141 1s HP. a. Tay ASCE, You 8, ber den Einfss der Balkenhhe auf die Schubtopfhisien von ein oakea mit und ohne Schubbewearuae.” Deine Thess, Univers af 4p. pareedy? Kame "Bose Face Concng Shear Fare" Jarnel ACV. 1m 66, | mason ‘Exploratory Shear Tests Eimpnasizing Percen- ee," Journal ACL Vol, 5, August 1968, pp, 634-638; VoL. 66, February Strength Prediction by Asaiyns of Exiting D 94-951 Concrete Subjected 18, 1971 Supplement (x Soural ofthe Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, ST8, Avgust 1972, pp 1835-1882, pearsonorate rrduco stay aos pron ssa jo a0 ua aang suo smn G0 pus uo) deo te rei so se us on pds a saps an ae 2 void ontard on ty soy eee pu ses ary stones sine sein nano fies sama sae Ut tek Supnor uh ose sno We soInjons a}o20U09 paorgiNay ayeuruTa}apUT a un ety sso seria yo soitanoey “rg ey Kawpucoes 20 sas 8 Avepu0ses (on: ‘ou ara 1 ore Jneuyaos yons 30} prvousicy “A ‘eopuoooe vse ast ostP U9 HOTS: juoo Jo sjuaurasinbar oy) wos} woo 13 "Ud ur porensnyp se “S19 ‘uads s1 Zuore sBumpeot eum o13342000 3 aq youu ‘ay asnoog wojqoud duens w Kyowa saapar 99 ste KeuL ase sIy PaUNtUsDI9p Sfanbren 9q WED “tN ‘reject 02 pasinbas ‘worsvo1 ath suonenTs Yons Uy "worsror Ka ‘ou st poy yousarxD ays Ha4y% sund20 vOIszO {39 seo auf “suonDe KrepuOdes 3 re Kew uorsso§, soso st syoya woswasar yuou4no Woy) uorETZOpa! [PUN 1} 99 7 Aya ae Katy nq “Zoueplne peyuorszadx9 JO yePETTIGIONDS 2S3HL], UOISIOL JO} 40 ‘eanyon | ‘juom Buri2eu0%d 2jgentea ath JO YOMU SNATAD! OST 9HETIOA cNISoG suy ayazou0) uvoriowy aU Aq parosuods uTnisodunks ¥ See nyo Yoreasa1 PUP sApaIsoury JO Food paztuezIo yweayLUsIS sont ou) Jo sized snoweA tr pouUTeND ‘Fug axe ATMOLIND UE 19409 Mt Jors10) Jo sHadse smozoUN, “KaLROYTUBIS Moqqosd opin amp poouwape soy ALANON se] ayn Suunc]‘ssouanbssvoo snoties ow peu) Apworedd op tog} UOSSHUIO ay pue “CaryUaD sImD Jo TEA ISAT fen paataoes Torso} Losear sty JO_{ “SiaquoNr ray saunonais 92,0409 paoUOyUaH Ui HOrSIOY NOULAGOULNI 18 UOISIOY, YILA SMaquIayy JO uonVML0joq pur yy 3uUI.95 8Me 82. PLAIN CONCRETE SUBJECT TO TORSION ‘The denavior of reinforced concrete in torsion, before the onset of eracking, ‘can be based on the study of plain concrete because the cont forcement at this stage 1s negligible. on of rem= 8.2.1 Elastic Behavior mechanics. The mn of St. Venant can be ap; rectangular Accordingly, the maximum torsional shearing stress v, 18 ‘middle of the long side and can be obtained from. nade xy 0 pais Coneret Sabine 19 Teron where T = torsional moment at the section ‘dimensions of the rectangular sect son yj, as given in Fig 83 yx = over ‘i = 8 stress factor being a 62) a function of the distance along the span : he modulus m shear as defined in Bq. 7.37 ‘onal moment of inertia, sometimes referred to as torsion ‘cquivalent polar moments of inertia for the nonlinear distibut Terms enable the torsional stiffness of a member of length / to be anal 20 a5. == ie vipa is ae ae 30 AaB igs. Sie an sess factors for tecangiar sections sbjected to tron 02552200 Supe if 20404 2wa4s (EO) aL] “SHEAPEND ox WEES se 1d oy} ‘wondes ajous a1 1998 $9019 TUIMOHLIEG JO ware a}OUN atl JaA0 In9 ‘unis B uneN® OF 2]q5ss0d nonp uy JoUnpA sed TTR Daystes axe soIsEYOg oTeeIa 1a UL Yo 4apua stontptIOs sup Poowoyuios Uy stoud ays “Sojeue auesquiout §, 8029 piinoduaa 1980 powioosse suonduunsse Str030s0) xog ut sv aq sq .299y9 Hon ‘snvsng axnpasoston st ae a Fg Og wow st ssous reays touorssoy wanturxeRL Buninsea ain pu p= a St pg Pig ut Z sunwoye 4 uxoadde suse Buse) potsisoa 1 ands} (e se soy or walang smioaey mid ‘ssmue uowt 20) suonses punodutco Jo uosaNs UL 8 SM 109 v st sayy ‘to|si03 ammd Jo 9529 21) JO gy SHY tung} arouse uoye) 2q Jou pInous afFuPIDON SurINAI a ‘sweeq Jo so8mey om Dinous safuey am Jo spied Susueur940 2m “swous Mpg By SV“ euorszoy sy 0} wonsodosd wr anbuo1 jeusoix9 ay yo word » ssi94 9 yeu awunsee o} KiEWIOISND SEH, ‘ojduuos a10ur st ‘fodtays 7 pue fs 108 an osteo oF postnbar TuaWHOKT ‘Pourensar pu 28} yi zBqUIOWE e Jo ssouyNs jeANAY auI JO} pv pareaunoo 2q var saquarout v Jo su, ‘Paribas 9q fvur siaquiou jo ss0U) ‘pea ‘oun 9 uot sip so0 Jo 2pnytaseur aun se pouyop o5e‘Strength and Deformation of Members with Trson torque sust uon (see Fig. 8 aay ig. 86 Nidsis sand heap analogy where x = sinall dimension of the cross section, Thus the volume of the pyra- mid over the square section (Fig. 8.5) is 66) ‘The volume of the heap over the oblong section (Fig, 8.6) is + ya -£6-8 Tex Pia Concee Saeco Tos a9 Hence 7) where 2 eet 1a) ‘bo py (79) vident that y,, = 3 when x/y nay be seen that Eq. 8.7 iss Yo = Zhen x/y = O. api ty of the tensile ine simplified design equation for the determination of wate shear stress mduced by torsion in plain concrete sections, proposed by ACI 318-714, 1s acceptable: 31, By =e = Sa 6s) where x "HL eounouosd azow st UauKoUF SrIpuoq OM UOUAL 4p POAIOSGO cog sey azn) 0 <"WhL ouM, {8 Aig ut pareoypur se sed Bureysa40 wo storey 2m euorsi01 0 ewer) rk eer ‘santd ¥g'g “bq ‘stongas punodusoo 10} ‘Arn £ (asin 0) 8d Sve = CLP WO =" (cau fs 0) 9424/9 0} Bugpuodsais09 ss01)8 18948 PUOISION ‘paxoult 2 U9 ny ous os s¢ poraaee snip anbs01 ae, $49839 JO WOR an sea ou sm ‘aunxay wo sousny ‘sus0} aun Jaye poueysns 2a WED Buryes9 Fursne9 nbs se jaye pu m8 se° 0486 ig, 10, Tntercuon of engin of the rly, both 0 ps unis, laced by 0.2,/F N/mm? and 2.0,/f: pst 2 8.14 controls tne design of beams with only above-mentioned stress being assumed t0 tied across a eraeked section by mechanisms not mvoting the Wed reinforcement Now from Eq, 8.14 we have of Caf) eee Torsion Members Reqiing Web Reiaforcnt ‘Therefore, the permissible nominal carned by concrete it may be shown that the permissible nominal uitimate shear ress that can be carried by the concrete alone in the presence of torsion is (8.156) In design, only one of these equations need be computed because it 1s evident that the permussible stresses v,, and x, are related to the inducec stresses 0, and 0, By (8159) 6 appears indicate tension chords and the strips betweet suggest compression struts,2a wBnosmy seve syjem sam souwysisar [edoIsi04 241 soa ip pue Tewozoy oj dauins reoran au, ay0aye sBor daans Jo Joquun ayn aia (oc) aavu am gop ENC kT? oo uns OE + ods axn Jo oud doy euy wt 029 sso1ne padoraaap uorsuat aun “Kurepg sana eur os seb gu sigur, yo vousszo;,68 ‘Sereagth and Deformation of Members with Torso space truss, which has its panels n the planes of the ongstudinal reinforcement 4, as T.= 2x0, 620 Nos Tx +) Lampert showed™!7 that this equation is valid for any compact non- symmeinieal section mn the form AEA 7 T= 2p AAR @2ia) where 4g = area enclosed by the connecting lines between the centers of longitudinal bars 1 beam subjected to pure torsion, cracks form 1 axis ofthe beam, rrrespective of the shape ofthe eross and arrangement ofreinforcement. As the load approaches {his angle changes if the volumes of honizonlal and transverse ‘ment are diferent (ie, where m, For steel with equal yield strength im oth directions (ic, fy = fh the theoretica! minimum sleel content for @ gwven torque is obtaizied wien the volumes of the horizontal and transverse reinforcement are made equal." This corresponds to m, = i and a, = 45° (oe Bq. 8 its in a design expression that gives the required area of one 1p A, to resist a given torque T; as Ts WXo¥o 8 should not exceed (xy ++ y)/4.0r 12 im An (8.22) TThe spacing of the closed (250 mm), whienever is sma “Torsion Members Reqsring Web Relorcoment ws It does not seem to matter how tne longitudi cross section, provided anchored beyond the se bear. This stool enables the longitudinal (cel 1s distributed in a ly arranged and 1 well elongate after diagonal cracking, contribute toward strength, Any restra ression has the same effect as providing additional | Otherwise the outward he diagonal concrete compression stresses may hen these are longstudinat ‘widely spaced. Its suggested ‘bars be not less than one-sixteenth of the ‘The analysis of the space truss (Fig. § the benaige ofa torsion member tothe behavior of he thin-w crete struts do not, ‘mechanism. It appears that a workable as tong as the diagonal compression between node points sn be developed. This can be achieved efficiently in thickness 1$ not too conclusion may be reached by examaning Fig. 8.11, Therefor: that the core of solid reinforced concrete sections does not significantly contribute toward torsional strength. ‘The thin-walled tube or the equivatent space truss the mathematical mode! for ‘model were x, and ‘many of the propos by Zia) and in the formalation of ‘These dimensions were used im very good review of these 1s given ‘present ACI recommendations.[aa aE risers | 5 on oe Sac oo sous soho Saree won pou om ‘moursump eno renop! uum sseea noon pe moet ja ou oo si(s/' jaureaed déoams ou) puv anbzoy areusnin passesqo ain u2omrea drysuonsiex ronb9 u9ya tee MC pue autumn (ec) poosoyutoxro40 fjord 41 ty [HON A194 Sem: ouseas upmuBuo) aq) pue sdrast ~aspun, 98 UY T= st uonenbe IDV ou “7C'R ‘ba 01 SAMHEICUS Sey, g9D09 IOV mNDsasd au £9 paxdope twotiaoxoputor dnams pasoy> Jo yunoure 2th oj oneNb aH, om 18368 Strogth and Deformation of Member for when a, = 45° and Eq. 8.20 is considered, (826) joc the stress one would obtain using conventional as Bg. 89b, and tne concept of princypal stresses. Strain Fig. 813. Bending ofthe diagona stra ce to torsion formed between diagonal cracks, bemg part of a hyperbolic paraboloid surface, are clearly subject to curvature. The bending moment so generated Torsion Members Reqring Wb Roreemet 1 be excreded, The reameeren eS AVF Pt Uy LOSFENIm) 2 type of failure, the torsion member . 8.13, 8. bined, Hence using the notation of Fig. 8 closed stirrup reinforcement for pure tors content, as given by Eq. 8. 1s, These tests? stiow (see Fig. 10h #8 unconservative when the le specified by Ea, 8.28. im amount of torsion reinforcement must be prow ro immediate collapse follow: toraue of an unteinforced member 18 attained. For thi recommends A, 50 Pome Sem, ith fins in Nim? (829) ich for convenience nas been kept the fe. However, with an in- the torsional resistance amount of longitudinal ip is required, the ACT (8258) (The numerical 400 snould wtons per squareoj ans get stows ‘oor of fan re ainxog soy 060 = rows pus uo1ss01 10} GgO=O s pbT % POT !2}a1oTI09 Jo THIOL res)ursoc = (ser cy) 1 ZI = (unr gps) U1 z= B lw PrvO) 84.09) 99p) oT = "a= * “Suo%suoCh gem aun =puiag aanisodt pu an ey, sumnsse vu 998 184 ‘pls au, “pauaprsoo 2q 38 rg anduexg ge ba xn 9q poou suoryenbe asoqn jo auo suc “Stun 4g Ut passasdx9 asP ‘uous 5° Due O'T Aq paseIda1 ac Prous OL HUE ZI sfeaTaUINL OF ue suns.sor sso vse pe JES PPA (ues) (res) soanpeooad ustsop usoffoy tn tw pafuenzvas 09 we9 Q¢'g “ba “2oUatUaAUIOD 10 sours o}¢1paat scors ba vou dan axe gy pur ZT sIwouoKnu un ba Sop Jo stm SH insu of “vores oydtouud sr yo uoneoydat a, zed 9s UOIS301 PUE WOH 10} su], IuTBATOFUTON aoe suimoq Jo 454tINM # HO SIS WOI] PUNOS BRU 5, gHOSMRIDT Dt oRJsHeS “OADMOHL “THOUS PUE UOISK Sswstueusou asein MoU Kfesioasd MoWTy 1OWE OP 24 “IUaUDOIOVUTEY a> tweiy socio stustrmygaus £ pats129 SF vorss0% at JO 2010) 20aNS 2 20h ttonod e reuy asrazazd oun Uo poseg ame, ,stiowepUoUILUODAL JY WressN9 tL quod Jo 9889 2) UI 18 INNTDNOINED IA. HIN SINVIN NI NOISYOL ONY UVEHS GANIGINOD 98 vorsng | aang 9 vonmMa9jed pu EONS msing Service dead load: sia 120 x 5x 1.04 = 624 1b/f web (24 — 5) x 16 x 1.04 = 31 ial = DAD T fh 10x 100 = 1000 Ib itroduaing a lend support section: Full dead and live load Vy = (14 x 094 + 1.7 5 1.00) x 20 = 60.3 kips T=0 Full dead load and live toad over half-width 4% 0.94 + 1.7 x 075) x 20 = 51.8 kips 7x 225) x 20 = 765kip in Design for case ii and check for case 2. Estimation of flexural reinforcement gy, WI 2 x 603 x 40x 12 : Mynx p= PAEN 8 0 5020 Kip- mn Assume the internal level arm is 0.9 x 215 = 19.3 m, ana neglect ton steel, Then find a 3620 , So ea OS ap cag = 2h (36 mm (deptn of com= 42193 in, a *d 18 approximately by pro- portion 518 : f Ay = 521 x 2S = 4.48 in? (2890 mom) nal steel will be required for torsion, The total stet in the ne Section must be at east 5.21 in? as required by ease 1 Strength and Deformation of Members wit Torin ‘Combo’ Shea and Torso i Beas With Wed Renorcerent a 3. Nominat shear stresses XM) +2XF% 19) gins EaEeeeee Torsion: yixty = SS r, 765,000 Ye = pe me SO 07 pei, Bg. 880 m= obaety ~ O85 x ape 7S lowable nominal combined stresses = 185, Bq 831b 10x 60 x _ 285 > 177 ps, Lap ~ 285 > 177 Eq. 831 locate actions to resistance of concrete 20, 2x 60 = = RH stp, Ba B50 PFE (oul 2a) > T+ 85% 7 97 392 = 57 = 126 Rise FEST = 126 ps, a 1. The web reunforcement for shear and torsion si ‘up area required for shear resistance: 6 x12 40000 bus A, =n) = (177 ~ 51) = 0.576%n gs. 721 and 7238 Torsion tobe resisted by see T= (04 ~ 8) 222 = (92 ~ 1262298 = 611 kipan, i gs. 88 and 824 20s 2.065 + 033(%!) ~ 056+ 033 x 23 129 < isa Eq. 8238wy sre woss01 4of 12) We! PLEO = 8 UF FEL TP y-ON OPHOL Wms 9er9 = (650 ~ si80Ke — 9450 234 pisos 3a sauut ou 40 pasa sry “soevauou sojoeoadde scns 1 88110 = 965°0 + €/9LC'O 99. Plnom so} Ja;NO ot JO ‘ole oui 'p1'g iy wt UMOUS Se ‘posn are sdnasns padBoy-oaxtN IT uw 8160 = SOU FIPS ON ASN, a oscot ina yee ty #980 = 96504 55 =F nase (aye ous am po8o1-om0 eceba i 0g x S21 > OF x oct _ fee Ho zi 19) 40} pestnoar sdnaag conan miea hen the ratio of the maximum possible nominal torsional and shear strestes ss about 1.5. This anomaly arses fom tne arbitrary ciular anteraction limitation for the maximum shear and torque, shown by the shaded outer cic. The minimum web revaforcement to be used in this beam {4.829938 Py = 50) f, = 0.00125, andits cor by the raner shades curve i) The required stet for the exampie beam could have been ined as follows: gives a radial dit The point of Pp, = 0.0092. Hence 0.883 n/t for one leg of the surrups a8 obtained previously. () With 10/7; = 206/10 x 60) = 0.343, pare shear 1s obviousty not critical as Fig, 8.15 reveals (par = 0.002 < 010092). 9. Design of the web remforcement m accordance with the CEB recommenda Hons*® mn 8,22 was derived on the assumption that the equivalent space truss 18 to resist the whole of the torsion. The stirrup area required on this basis 1s Ts 765 x 12 4 DDhxoye ” ORI x Ax ID Fg. 822 ‘Since the web stee! for shear alone is as derived in paragraph 4 of this, ‘cxampie, tne total area of one leg of a closed stirrup required for combined snear and torsion is 0576 Ay = SE + 01646 = 0.934 in? (1976 mm*/m) ‘Combined Flext and Torsion a which 1s 5.7% more than the amount obtained from the ACI code ma correspondingly larger amount would also bbe required for torsion atone, 87 COMBINED FLEXURE AND TORSION Considerable work has been carried out recently to assess the ultimate strength of remforced concrete members subjected to combined ston and flexure. The theones put forwara differ mas and the number of components ofthe resisting ism, eau torsional and the assumed to be aiong an melined compression hinge, whereas the required tensile supplied by the longitudinal and transverse bars at yield 976 this concept was done in , Lialin® ion of a f joc in T beams appea ‘Using this modet, observed capacities m bendir jon, and shear can be p 28 put the equations seldom lend themselves easily to design office use, Also, depending on tne relative magnitude of bending, bending and torsensto} Jere 20 Buypuod se tons stor} ZoMIO JT étsHOIAsAd passNesIp ourssts94 991 ut wauraozoyuraz euIpmitFUO] 2x9 Jo 210% 3, 830) Ut Joos sors svo.our ySuenns woredde ayy 9q dU Waduans eno uasedde (17g Dg ]38 reuEpMyBO] ax soars siyp “ausODI9\0 aq) ysMLT sIo:AUOD e004 pn upg ae ls iS | eo wane erg. pe omg pou Supunoains oy ut asnxay FOo}s UoISsoxdUtOD feanxay, MN Auvoiy “L1'g Bry UC UIA axe swresKeNp uoKeIAIU ZuypUEds3sI09 341 ove WaUmady ypla juaui2as8e ook mous sdiystortejas Say, cea) ypumyn poridde =“), auaua, ‘ouoz uowsaid -too many au nao fo yeu fuo, 9 Jo BPA usu wun on ey vere (2 ces) eti= pue u0r vorsuat resnxay auf Ut n390 JN (eUIPMAFSUOI BUD Jo FUIPIPUE wo Noy and 204 24eANDd2 st B49} uoIsIO} yoexF09 ot) asMEDS “punoy sea woisio} pur aimxoy w22%j2q Atoous Suipusg mors pure ABojeue ssn aM Teuipayuor aus ue Airoede9 luawout am Jo SUED UE passaideo aq we oud pPonyjaur yoe2 40} uteaq # Yons jo AvlovaND ayy Tu1puog wt aueTd pacTTOUT ue ‘Suore re) ammxey pue worsi01 peutquioa ut stuvq Yin asiuraNd at7 tO paseq st BILL ‘pose ase “A pur Ox sme ‘WoISI0} sjoypard 19eI0) OULE St Due raquiew oxeursizd aif mownosty qeISUED aq OF PaLUASsE st (ssn: B St 9809 Sm TT MOLY) WIE 1949) FeUsD|UE 24} coURySISAT 1 -fa0atn Burpusg mays v pue KBojeUE ssn 0D PUP usdwey 20nd ou wioa Butsn q wiaygoud ain pauaRoxdde «,. ove 20 20 wionog aq ssoz0e WHO} Keur Au UoKssatdtOD a4} se=ye pure "TOIsIO} omy Jo tontaD;AG poe WtENS wus80 ‘Strngth and Deformation of Members with Torsion ‘8 beams beng nese bars 1s recuced. Therefore ‘The interaction diagram in used for torsion. the flexural contribution of ‘each aetion could reduce tne capacity of tne rongitudinal bai result of the tenston generated by torsion m the space truss mechanistn. ‘The current design approach proposed by the ACT and the CEB is based is proposition was shown in Example 8.1 ‘of tne approach®"? seems to outweigh the advantages of cated analysis that could offer some economic benefits. teraction relationship,*" as shown in Fig. 81 jon and a comparison with the ACT procedu ‘ensure that by ‘content, premature (Eq. 4.49) and torsional (Eq. 8.28) ing of the concrete cannot oecut. Example 82 Check tne adequacy of the beam section designed for torsion and shear in Example 8.1 using te mnteraction relationship of Fig, 8. jonship Lampert and jon of the space truss tion of the concrete T, ‘The dimensions of the section appear in Fig. 8.14 Solution 1. The approximate flexural capacity Tension steel, 4, = 5.71 in an top of beam. Compression steel, A, = assume three No. T bars = 1.80 in® in bottom of beam. Stoo! at middepth, $4, = 1.20 in# Combine lexue and Torsion se 1ppose of the flexural and torston comps fated to both the top and the +05 x 120) x 40 O85 x36 x 16 _ 631 = 240 sii a 055.16 + 3.20) = 4210 = 516 in x $16 = 3.2010 Myy = 631 x 40 x 19.4 = 4897 kip in, the pure flexural capacity of the section, The vending moment from dead anc ive Toad is for casei Wi _ 2 S18 x 40x 12 oe M2 SB OH 653 kip in Me lb 09 x 16 eae M,_ M53 Hig 4897 = O78 2 The sional capacity From Example &1 up steet provided No. 5 at 4in ors = 0.918 in?/ft up steel required for shear 0576/2 = 0.288 i ilable for torsion = 0630 i Longitudinal steel is provided as m paragraph i, For pure ‘the weaker ofthe top or bottom steel will determine the beginning of ing. Hence assume A, = 180 + 1.20 + 1.80 = 4.80in? Note that this is un excess of tnat computed in Example 8.1, 328 [Asa matter of interest compute, m sA, 12x 480 SRY iad = ise 3x + yA, ~ HT + 19) x O68 ints, Eq.8.19sreu09 passansaid 10 prosojinar vo stuaUMZGK (pg PU ¢'Y “Sbz 295) 08 ss010 smoLIBA Saray stuivaq snoouCBOWOY JO ssoUyfIS TeUOISIOY ‘211 Jo WoneAL-ap a41 0} po AuoHSea YO AJOaH] TEoISHEID aH Jo SUOLTEIRPISUO.D SSINIMUS TYNOISHOL #8 seypuondde , uonaezaint ou, puv , wonsera1ur,, oun ueamicg roweasde ro1oysies saatd sty sesodund UBISap 10.4 UL AP 906 ~ UI-ALy L6R = GbOr % 1EL'0/* =“ pm reco (iso tect ~ (a oxeu 2 ‘ezeg bs ‘ogg pe “ces = googitzet ="AI"W S00E = PI x OF x LEW Anoedyo yeanxoy oyeusriia oun asvanour is"ba u-aiy 6401 = 4 aoa “qu sez uy out pauses 3q inom up 0 dot we St (rg ly) wreq paiopist 1 “uSisop oyvs v soreonp 2 jo ywawaBumT 3 soidummxg ut pouinbas Puraunxay ut parsneuro Aue. yvoxdde wonoesoyut pasodoad oPy ss6 UAB tod anbyoy muMMATARUE aN “SIOPUL, wena suo toro tese= (FA — 1} = (2) “Ww a “agen se ngeg ‘ba vem (13 Be WOU} PID SE 'GOLD = RTH SV ovo +081 TY peg ype = SOL BIH, hae oe oorus ¥ = 180t SE cry = Ot = dh1 006 = S8'0/S9L = IL = arsisas aq 01 UOISIO], mo 9901 = 18a ge C9O/ Ww x GE TT XE (C+ 92 Noy ont fxg = OY = yf Len La ‘SHOR gp JO 9869 949 UT UE YOU TeUOTEIP 2 £q pazammnoou aq pom sd. Sn 66 = HOjOIDY we 6f= poe OC pur TP =T—y— 91% Ox aI egaduexg{fons ‘Stregth abd Deformation of Members wth Tatson | ams tested by Hi. 22° “Torsion Senos sas concrete compression strains and stee! tensile strains im the iongitudinal and transverse direc! the angle of twast. The deformations ‘of the space truss section can be derived the same way as the shear deformations ofthe equivalent truss in an ordinary beam, outlined in Chapter 7 space truss depends tant assumptions and the results of hives, for the common case of equal transverse feet content (ie,,m, = 1), are present in Fig. 8.19. Fg. 819, The sat sities of diagonal erackes rectanguar and hollow reefores sion reinforcement om t beams of practical dimensions, ical results derived from a ‘on this analogy, suggested by sn we compare Eq. 82 ‘The effect of transverse and lon; thas also been considered by Lampert Collins,*# may be derived as follows. WIn-daisist = hx 62 x osto xs = sist = lx sz xasvoxs st 99 jo pO w¥IG OPI y OF stp ArmuoytaN ® XO tou ossonsues an ‘eds: 941 J0 9pI8 240 WO , Wa] OST Fo POT aAH or a en twrg 8 ose jexanas among panesrey {Jo awououyor sonny ‘yg oduexg, re sureag 813 “rg mt “sia 3us1oyu oneuops op £q pouiaco8 Ape] st yt 2M] pu wWweytaBis yBuLIO}9p BJos9U09 ou “U 19} 2ouoyuaNEpUN 2a 01 IDL. “suipaq 2]qesn uy “9¢°g "Dy YIU JOU OP e1a10U09 B49 Jo soRDdOIg, payoeso Ay[puO%RIp ® Jo f= g uonmunvordéy ou furyra A so aqmn w KQ pooeydor oq ey sisafins SRL. sens venenso} owend Deformation of Members wth Torsion ‘Therefore, we write 1875 » (40 x Be 470 19,170 = 1916 x 10° rad ine beam has not cracked, ing for cracking, the reduction factor from Fig. 8.19 is oy = 2.0306 x (125 + 20.5) Po% = ax 16x 2b From Fig. 819 Kzaeat Innate 001916 wo NS 022 cad = 122° Alternatively, using Ea. 8.36 and the information given in Example 8.2, and putting E, = 29,000 kipjin? 2 Co eserce = = Ex 19)? x 0.63 (#19) x visa = 2757 % 108 kip-in? “Therefore from proportions Gc a nae = Geer 1916 x 10 _ 1470 219,170 x 1.916 x 10° Ces 4, = 00197 rag = 113° This is of the same order as the angle obtained from Fig, 8.19. ‘The torsion increases linearly from the midspan toward the supports, ts middle and the beam 1s not likely to have diagonal cracks i portion. Therefore, the foregomg resutt will overest im 50 across ely to be acceptable, torsion will be greatly affected by the iffness, owing to diage isn flexure, the effect of cracking on stiffness should be taken account when the bending moments and torques are determined in a tunder the service loading. ynarel beams supporting secondary m Fig. 82), supplied under service ‘assumption of zero that the member ‘excessive crack widths at service load."“ust sogong “Sausousing ta 30 womreaeg “omsOIe, _ oto amg on pamalgng sumo alae “au pe acon “sos-one 60246 0) Muy uy—wownyu09 pa rebossy 5405 par wou 4 pagsugnd won ysy2u) que sun ‘sseg “uOig np wean, Doin Jo nonnga pa wlg, ‘unog Beng, Posner's 9S 6 61 WHEY ON ZI fansovrbeg a4 fo susos SBapH0" PouyqHO 1 Pars SNR, 7 wis] in. "UORRIROAWN OC PERM WY Opi ite dd, spoany senate —a2395 Dn wosnRIed WY PE MOHT (OF ‘STONTIAITH so, saguary jo soa FR HES9 Bond and Anchorage 9.4 INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 Basic Considerations the two mater pK factory performance in bond 18 the most reinforcement lural components, Bond forces are messured by the rate of change m the force veang, ‘bars. Bond stress will not exist unless the steel stresses change between any {wo sections. Bond stress u, customarily defined as a shear force per unit area of bar surface, is given by en where q = change of bar force over unit length Zo= nommnal surface area of a bar: smeter of the Af, = change of ste! stress ov Ay = area of bar Bona strength was 2 more serious problem when on! boars were used. Bars with a deformed surface provide a un remforcing exira element of eels and large diameter necessitated a reexamination of Since existing code requitements are om y empirical, tne full Background snsroction ws to numerous design rules 1s not discussed in this chapter. However signer must be aware of tne aspects of bond and anchorage that can ‘Therefore, these are examined in some depth to to effectively detail reinforcement. Several problems in bond that require clarificatic tee 408.°? The report - nave been reported change of bar force ‘due to change in bending moment along the member. 9.1.2 Anchorage or Development Bond ‘A bar must extend a distance J, beyond any section at whick to develop a given force, tne distance 1, being re‘ force to the concrete by bond. If the average bond uniformly distributed over aut Fig. 9.1a) yx T= Af = oly (92a) Hence tne development length becomes dy un By, (920) iues for the anchorage bond stress 1, perm be calculated from Eq, 9.2b. The ACT co ig for various design situations,‘srott09 Futevou9 ay) wtO%y SKOOSIP 4g OM SMUDY Woy} LAE 7 aanBie oa s0ojmMs at uo spuadap souz}sIsa1 feuoNoIy ‘ain pa 3eq otn uodaog sojonzed puss pape) se 2g pu uoH913jJ0 suvour fa Kru0 podorenap.ag We> pu0g 19H 821} pul 2}92009 24) U2aN}2q WoIsSype 2uy 2914 0 .9mMOH] ‘SOR}ANS 3g pus aised 3 ino Uo}Jo st Siva UTETd Jo doUEIst693 PtIOG 2H soueystsox puog, Jo soumray IEE 17'S SONVISISAA GNOW 40 SNLLYN BHL 76 Agsres 0) sFesoyou 10) su aang way un 8 Jo vue omy suorSax yons 1w) oe 012 St 010) Pays 9819 OM udaNAEG aTezDu0D 2UI q poLLtED PET syINsas oquTOU wHUOTE TEAL suey “a10j2s001. uoq reurayx9 ayn se ayes sures aM Te 1€ 4 uoT}a0g ur possnastp se ‘sorid az: now UDG raph J “WaLIMOH XVORN = LV WIN souInbas (q1°g kg) 3g Jo yiSua} HOYs v Jo uINLIgIINDD au) “UIO YoeD 0} a60F9 ‘SLOTIDES OM jaanuog parnqurstp Anusio} pawunsse “IL pur Z'L sy 998) wrwaq uw jo ua vay ayy Ut JuatUBOLO;WIAL TeANKO ay) Buore padojarap aue FY S020) puod TeH) UNOYS Sex IL saVdeEyD UT Puog INXDLT ETS ‘Sxpuy pe pg wea6 Bond and Anchorage y increased bond capacity becat nding concrete. The bo concrete by bond over a shor ‘obtained from a simpie ea AT = dif + ey, where each term can be identified in Fig. 9.3. Fig. 93 The stresses between two FDS of a deformed bar As the load is beg mereased, the adhesion along the bar surface inevitably breaks down. The remaining frictional shear strength 1s very small rength developed around the ribs; therefore 2, irposes. The reat between the remaining 1 rib spacing 1s approximately ¢, 2 Since a © 0054, te bea aca one bi OS ns ata there dy the nominal diameter ofthe bes. Fig. 94. Failure mecnansms at the ibs of deformed bars. (0) aie 0.15 (Bae < 0.10. Hence from Ea, 94 we have AT ~ rasaf, © mdser; therefor, aad 03) Rehm? succeeded in relating several aspects of the bond problem to the geometric parameter afc factory performan eight, the part crete may form a weage 9, and failure 1s n0% ‘of the surrounding concrete. The concrete ib can sustain a bearing pressure several times the cylinder crushing strength because of the confined condition of the concrete. The two types of failure ted in Fig. 94. Clearly the y and service behavior of deformed bars, whicn confor are examined in subsequent sections. One of the most important aspects of bond performance is 1s effect on ‘rack development. This s closely related to the bond slip characteristics of the s associated with 2 usable bond fores, the better the qual bond, 9.2.2. The Postion of Bars with Respect to the Placing of the ‘Surrounding Conerete ‘The load-bond slip relationship for deformed bars is primarily affected by ‘the behavior of the concrete immediately in front of the ribs. The quality of * Tye deformation requirements of ASTM A 305 ae ust? that 0057 < ale < @072+g Soueaio88 pug wo sinpsod Kone jo pean ELF AML on twngse £020 19 S90 %00 200 190 25 232°, Asura ree NW me 40g on Bore Sums reuparduo| jo asneo 1ofeur 29 ue9 wonse FurBpem SUL 9-689 om Wor} Kose d}a1OUCD axN Usn O: SPUD 1 ay put q4r oi jo 208) 7 #UOTE Nd00 EO dips "MoowS st SONS OH PUT os stn afige agp J “Dw SOTHO aUA UO (AH'G HL 2H8) sq 10a UH Jo UO ‘aust09 om Jo Bu ‘rarexa 24 04 Sex st 109 2un JO. us “oy wen soyeau8 st offuv oun Ju em 8 nogind raioeds 100 Jo sop! [0 uo 40 apis qoee Wo LOTOsuEP Ur pess9xaz 99 SHUT SUONL Jojap ah *,01, PUR Sp USDI10g St AASUE OUD UOH|AL "OL ee vou st} aye 01 W098 Jou SSOP (£'6 Hl mw a1BUE) suowrpus aoejing pue soIvodd He £76 “sieq peuusojop 1se9-dor 20} Sumber Xq vousuouayd sip s9z0uF000s fect ‘pUOG UO IDUIOHIES JO. 19aH9 4 SoMUTU Qh Ka 2423000 “gSpInOUE O18 PEO}IN. InOHINS s1zq JO SOUTELIO} ‘aq pasnva ‘o1az009 rongppe uy “seq do nowy a, 2820199 199° twawianour puBAUAOD OANA ‘ure ap pure s9ye a4 ous SH $89 Jo 1099 HLL, ‘aan axtssauduioo 1v0q poynauro> p80) 904 “PMO OTP Bory 949 ‘91210009 J0 494 soatn sou SOUS 56 2 podojosap ag 01 ase Curso tusoy wea o}azue9 jo 3947) KBUOAS pi ooya om 01 Jandy ut wasp sea en uatI® uoNISOd aurasora 20001 on oq _ 90 Alb oo 215 oo aE 213 ood a OO; —OOF0s BAAR Tam) ‘a No.5 (16 mm) plan round bar i deren casting us fe eens < i Sof 7 snr |_| ot oLL ‘0007 ‘0005 ‘Bor tm ° 97. Bond sess reatinshin for un round aleted by the settlement “The Netw of Bond Resistance on \e bond characteristics of deformed bars do not appear to be adversely affected by varying degrees of surface rust or ordinary mill scale, provided 1¢ unit weight of cleaned piece of bar meets the minimum requirements of standard specifications. Kemp et al?® found that it ss not nevessary 10 clean or wape the bar surface before using it in concrete cor enven environment causing rust, th for all bar sizes, Therefore, larger diameter bars, which have higher ribs, 1 ess affected by rust, 9.24 The State of Stress in the Surrounding Concrete In the previous sections we examined the conditions prev ite vicmity of one rib of a deformed bar. To enable the bar to be developed, bond forces across numerous adja transferred. Therelore, the stress conditions 1n the surrounding concrete uctuateaiong an embedded bar and afiect the bond performance. The bond oranchorage strength ofa bar cannot be obtained from the simplesmmation h of a given number of individual ribs ise coe 98, Deformed conoretebetwecn iennavere crack of tension member? ‘ransmutted to tne concrete, subjects the cover ‘nic tension. The deformations of the conerete res generated tena to pall the conerete avtay from this st -kness of eoncrete to evcen- from the stresses $0sn oo anion pauuojap prepuEs WIM ai -suyuoa jetoyeusg ~tuiop0d puog stout 199 ‘Aisa 01 Peay pynoa ses89 ow Jo dno. 40 129» Buppunoasns Sou U] ‘Poe PapLor pphoaute oF w9UE ‘asroauog “ue ue sig jediourad 8 sud} sz9ASURN Yong sqjs sont ouesioy pert S1eq do} au punoze ojoz0u09 ain uE paanput aq Aout worst ars ‘siBq oui o1 Kjasiaasue poonpu st uorsuay 40 ing Ur sureaq Jo uoHoasrater any ‘Suonoe 4H asneoaq ‘puoa fq pareround a6 MF sessanis 0} potoofgns 2a ket 369 sP]na%yzed ¥ Buipunouins saris IP © 3 qu aMA Jo U0.) rdwo9 a4, ‘sql ou “Puodsexi00 Jo saypnys wwowray suay WoL) sssosts osou 2th patruisiap £98395 pu ua penuasapuunons Joeiuoo Ur Ktenotsaad “onan aaz0U09 ay Jo aouerajunoN at "pee Around 8 ve a ¥ punoze moss joey sopezedos sesoug a Uotga ‘yors0 Crowd ay jo Aisurota 24 w o}azouoo atp pur 39 a1N w2on79q YoHeTEdas ay mLYadx> POYLIOA Oste AF {6 "ld 508) syanio KaepHooes ZuIdoys punoy g, ,o10e) =ya:0u0> woof "309 at Jo aoqins ot) 94400 O41 UI HONS) 2uN Jo aLHOS ‘joy08 vane Penmusuen ‘Pesino00 9191909 DUE Faas sSe1eey pee peoBond and Anchors ‘The widening of splitting cracks can be restricted if the concrete that sur- rounds a bar can be confined. In certain areas, such as atthe simply supported ends of beams, normally available from the re- action force. neficial to the anchorage of is subject when various aspects in Chapter 13. (see Chaps benefit more from added cover: ‘ten closely spaced, prevent the openmg of cracks ided bars and enable greater bond forces to be trans. 9.106) this is only possible if shear ck, are tramsmutted across splitting cracks, iB cracks, which always form when large bats used in beams, but they enable friction ied in Chapter 7. Stirrupsdo not appear bout they ensure that a more ductile to improve crack {ype of bond failure 0° Special reinforceme ls oF hoops may be required performance of such reinforce- terface shear transfer (sce Section iment ean be assessed using the concept 78). ‘The aim of confinement by means of transverse compression o: reinforcement 1s to prevent failure along a potential spl enforce, if necessary, a shear failure (Fig. 94a), which is associatea maximum attainable bond strength, Larger bars benefit more fro finement than smaller ones. 92.7 Repeated and Cyelie Reversed Loading ase force ava bar is increased and the adhesive bond between the 's Broken, some frictional slip taxes place before the ‘mobilized, After removal ofthe load from a bar, ‘onal resistance 1s developed, accounting for some residual “The Nature of ond Resetance i i | pelt TARP ° ue a ° Fig 9.11, The effect oF cover om hone strensth fension in the bar and corresponding compression in the sutrounding deformation in the vici of the ribs, microcracki uns result in some permanent ide primarily depending on the mtensity of the previously ‘not close completely after the removal ofthe load. irctionai resistance diminishes, resulting ina deter i ‘of the bond mechanism. Bresler and Bertero™'? have used carefully ‘mented experiments to observe the loss of bond under repeat ‘Figure 9.12 plots the strain distribution along a 16 in (406 mm) length of 3‘un Jo sass} 1 SB paUljap 9q eur ssazRS PLUdG , pur foun ‘pla You oye Bupjiom spun padoyaaan sus9A08 30g 247 Jo pua peprorun 10 yourered JofeKE ay Steg eH POxO}UNOOUD nom ‘E16 Sex) ss mnolIad BLL "SanHS MOU OU} JO SS90X9 UF 9m 99 01 HaKCUY 88 xcs S21PMI8 duI0s UT PautUNsD}9p IDq AARE Lor IEA ssouis puog R24 Su sons poppaque fq padojep ssans Possoudy9 st yiSttaNs pUog at Sis0} asoKp Uf 1m popidep ae syuoweBussse 801 aaneiuosouday. -worssondwoo foods 160) Jo stx0) snoIsEA jog “SOMIDNAS UT paxojuNooUE suoTENYS Jo Feary 220,190) joyatiag ® pry uotssosdtion 28134 RN SI ‘paONpUT OsTe SoM Si¥G aU SUIETE UoKssaxduoo asI9AstEN Ie ‘eis ons ur ajazouo9 Zupunouins 9g) wos palind asom sIMq 2M KIfes0HD ‘1801 MoI tos] pOUIEIIDIaP us9q smu SUBUDIIE yMOIEYP Jo 1919109 Us oppaquss ‘sieq Hutoz0juras stones Jo aouvuuxoyied puod auf} HIONTULS GNOM ATAYSA 4O NOTLYNTAIAG HL £6 1 sodey 0 Paururexa si wipiqozd sty. “seumpauis ut pausyundoue weyO ast 189) Porsxo wen ssans asionstesT Jo suORIPUOD aIGEION $87] 5, 221 UE UORIDYAD 1 J©%99 01 an of quno29" or aBesoypuP ay} 0% 8d 9001 01 poids! 100 0 UoU Ns SHOIOWEIP 129 gf OF pI JO AUEISIP v O1 PEOLOAG. Luorrestoued pjais parsosa0 Par yrewsy “3eq 2x9 fo unuaNs pjaik iMatudojax2p aanaayo oxy HulystUNUP “2uoz aBeioypur a4) orur 2uyppaKk Jo “saree poo] parpuny /R:9A98 30} paurETE SHA YsBuANS oneYS areUNA oY uy "stounseds aun Jo spua papzoyu au O1 papro} aU WO} 38 pltog Jo wonngHtisipar rempes v yeM puNOy 4, <1PUNE pu Auog “isa; nord atsiuacna ut Zuypwor onueukD pur ones poreadas 0} s1ug (ZoyoureIp 9 “ON Sunsofqng "Wifuaus jaye Cour 1 asnE99q jueroduir 2x0w uonut st pzoy paivadai zepun 2uo7 aBexowoUR ou Jo 301g SL “{Juo suppIK Joe pu ssoagRis Io2yTe om Joy “snOUAS You are wae u9WOW iWeISUOD ¥ UI puog Jo UONE:OUEYDp aN Jo seOuaNbasUOD 21f ‘mjanins a1afouo9 pearoguras Jo S30{ []832K0 2iN 01 aINgzIUOD PIttom Pudg Jo SSO] st, "eq 1 aL, "ssot99 (UU OZ) UT g Ye PaDeMs are SyDEID UoHA“MIBDg v Jo aLEZ |yrauiour jueysu09 auf tt 1B9 & plunoxe suompuos pucg ay} Jo aaniviuasidas st, vsuoads sip Buoje uonngusip Tess ofsuay ou, “TOTEM xoe. w st paIoe Kemprur uoiow Jejnuio y “Iopué> oyosou09 zeroureIp Sr oF se or St or SOF 2A YN eae (8“the Determination of Usabie Bond 9 s . bond stresses associated with either a free-end slip of 002 in (005 mm) { (fa foaded-enc slip of 01 1n (0.25 mm) in beam tests like that in Fig. 9.13, Le ‘can be considerably affected by the position of the bars when cast 2 some slip atthe free ena of top-cast ars has been obser- any cracking 1 face of a crack) is oo fg Steet tensile sess developed (sl) oS" ee a ee Bar seer diametor ig 913. Yaous bond test methods?" Fig.9.14, Steses developed in pullout specimens a 0.01 in (0:25 min sn? *(ean ore) en 960) ‘uy our Aypides paxsoysuesr st 90 ‘oun Buoye pasnseous (3098 ‘jasou0o i ss91u9 20a au) A1AUAL Jo soda sniowes wy lyons wo4p pour ns 244, S004 feat speoy aResousu a]qusn aq aYPOIPA $1891 ‘6 814 209) payout sm iesouo9 reunions Jo sisauoNd aun &q poziako902 ram rem samireape jounsip avy steq punos urpid 405 ssHerOUDTE payoo ‘aBeroyoUE pre oF powtsoy aq ]geyteEAR tun syfous 5709 oy pu subg 2830] £394 1] app ase suorstaosd ZENS {qexds jars ree aso}ous 81109 U8 F967 £4 paonpad $7} uzoUOjuI: Tess Woutdozojuas resnx9y s590x9 Jo 98m a (¢) req uoontaq Stoeds rrare} pur 22n00 Jo 19949 219 (p) “=Ja1au09 aye8a183e fees J an nun. 91») fl Qo0}09 ues seas Jo uiuans pypU te tou in st 389 a4) UI Zo» Aq paseasour st} s3Eq se>-401 UO ‘mom 420190) Wourfipnt 10 1409 A010 1} 94) 01 euoodoud {yosz0AU eos ts pour pauinbor s1 ipa} yusudojesep ywsTesIS w yor puofeg quod aq 1 Yo ind 81 eq BuOgUdtou ¥ o1oYN pUR ULPAG F BuO}E UBL UMLETNBU Jo SuOKODS 1B UONOPIsUOD v st yPSUA} WowIco}oA9Qy“yiSUA] Inauidoyanap ain 10 wABUD] eBes0UDUE aU SE UMOUY SI 1eq 9U) JO Ural 1044 eq Jo {HBO} OH, “oND>s YEU} ons # aasou0D ayp UT sPUALxD 18g au} DOPEAOEM "ONDA Bw podojarap aq fiqeasn eo 289 pouLNojop v Jo uUANS 2[SUD [Iny ON, -so12p 9q steaye oun orsuD | UM Sieg 10 SONDEY WIENS FP'6 ‘SUV 10 AOVAOHONY THI 6 sSeumpey pu pang, iBond and Anchorage “The Anchorage of Bars a0 s. However, bearing area, considerable seatter nas been observed in such test the inferior performance of topcast bars, such as types 2 ana evident, The average anchorage cap: nree different bar sizes at various Fi ‘For the tests eatured in Figs.9,16and 9.17 deformed bars were use may be obtained by hook. related to an acceptable slip a auureayes Fig. 917, The safence on von strength et ven sip of Hook poston at he casing of Renms pullout tests of hooked anchorages also demonstrated that bend with fess than 180° turn does not nevessarily provide anchorage superior to. straight bar of the same iength.?** When osm Fig B18 sete) are compared, iis formance between various bend anges bevome less sgnfiant | See pulls against the direcuon of concrete casting (ee Fig. 9. tage the anced bars bear agarnatconerete not aecte! by water Lec a gin ana sedimentation, ee ‘A smaller bar curvature at a bend or @ hook 201 a ee concen loaded aL ae) Paes fh BS soe Therefore a large diameter hook wil transmit a larger load for a given - acceptable slip. Typical data relating to this observation? ** appear in vont for Hooke ancora of éfomed bar? Fip.919.sSoroueee an, Or 6 t 1 4, eg \ g a: pO? @ ao srvoyusts 99 pos “swe woTTeYS H nedronad ays uo pur s39839 us Yo aAIEAIN HOD 0 HH A,“ {yy 10 sejouorp 311) Ys ese 1 2% a sg yo taogpey 30g seo-tionoa (q) s70q sro 1 (0) y¢ «HDG JOSTAHTOp MONA MN NEG paULEPp ossBEIOHPUE o=DUAUOpEE UE STG AY 3 a ‘aso42 bua) 260.0400" £109 Dew.njepopeusico)wuE re oy ' | A Ee fe a a a“ / EA S 2 © —e Nace csta6 Bond and Anchorage Fora hook of the type shown in Fig. 9.15, the bar diameter does not appear to influence the steel stressslip relationship??? up to a slip of 0.02 in the usual grades of concrete, the Rook capacity onerete strength. Experiments at the Tecknicat of Munich? ® established the following relationship St Sou on where ff = steel stress at the loaded end of the hook at a slip of 0.004 mn (0.01 mm) ‘Seg = compressive cube strength of the concrete , = experimental constant given in Table 9.1 Tele 9.1 Value of ky Position of Hooks ‘Type Plain Bare Defoemed Bars Bottom-cast hooks 1,3 10 315, Topcastooks 2.4 0 200 * For identification of hook ype, see Fig. 9.16 ate load the tensi of a hook, uniess transverse forcement prevents ACI code*? indicates t rength of the surroUt the concrete = 1on of appropriate confinn rem the plane ofa hook. This is the hook capacity 1s dependent ot tne tensile 8 conerele and considers that standard hooks can ss equal t0 f= Ky/F: st, where fis m st (1 pst = 000689 N/men®) ang K is given m Table 92. The vatie of K may be increased by 30% when enciosure is provided perpendiculer tothe piane of the ook. The code also species the shapes and dimensions of Handard hooks. 943. Anchorage for Bars with Compression The me is by which tensile and compressive bar forces are anchored slffer significantly. There is less tendency for splitting to occur along a bar 'm compression, and a part of tne compression force can be transferred to the concrete by end bearng?** However, significant bearing stresses at the end ofa square-cut bar can be developed only ifthere 1s suficient mass of concrete behing the end of the bar. Codes recognize the improved development con ditions for bars in compression and accordingly specify considerably smaller Anchorage Requremeats for Flexural Bond ar Table 92 KValues™ (am) No. 18.67) Ni No. 1186) No. 102) 360298) 480.09), No. 909) 360298) 540 (448) No. §Q5) 360298) 360298) 540 (44.8) No. 7@2) 360298) 360(298) 540 (44.8) No. 6 450674 360 540 (4.8) Now 549448) 360299) H0(448) 360099) osu 6) * Vatues in parentheses are applicable when SI units are used, development lengths? Certain problems that may arise in connect end bearing are discussed in Section 9.6.3, whica treats compression splices. 9.8 ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXURAL BOND In the regions of members where the external bending moment is near zero (eg, near the supports of simply supported beams and near pomts of contraflexure), the extemal shear force may be large and the area of flexural reinforcement may be small, possibly making flexural bond strength require~ ‘ments (see Section 9.1.3) cf ung the bond stresses given by Eqs. 9.2a and 9.3, we find ASM, (080) where M, is the theorenical flexural capacity of the section at the support or point of contraflexure provided by the bars in tne tension face. Ifthe specified Dond strength u is not to be exceeded, the ratio M,/V, must be equal to orseq Baar ae 16°84 Kv isso! uy ® StoTe 01 peat eur size, 10 uoe Jo yaya Burspan das ogissod v 1uoxo3d pms -oyany sonsosop soya poddy vo Ctuursta 047 ut a1220U09 ou) Jo olAwUea aL ‘suonsos Smmpanaud ou) ui passnoeyp SBM Pog Jo ANTE BUY, "OHTELIIO}EP ‘asss00x9 10 Ip MONI 2¥=US J9SUEII o2 S189 OY ax PUNOSE ‘rasouo9amp Jo Ange 9m) Wo pu Sieg axp Jo so9pjINS UN TuoTe puog aTENbOPT Jo ywamdojasap 2) Uo spuodep aoyds pedde] w jo Asoyar ou, “se0205 jam sb sasseays 2oaus yay a}e32u08 WED so0I0} asamN “332r9U0 Js ou Surar9) sted aun jo 289 JoM0 au3 03 puOA Ka osre ‘KjsNO. “uesqnuits pug o7022400 Supunorsns 3yp o1 puog Xa 1eq 240 Wow PaxIgSuEN Sura anv Saou, ‘omids v Huore yu1od Are yy “s3Bq Wiog Burpunozsns 2yor00 yt uBnosty JaqjouR o} 4nq 2u0 wos 2a40} aM} siaysuEN aoyds padde) y wonoaponmy 1°96 suorlas 96 sma ats sypeus Jo oquina 39828) Bain £q 9°6 ba Ka uant® “yuo: uoUdojensp pastnbad om aonDow “E “(I'L Brg tt Y poddas 235) sueaur 19410 Aa 10 “Kress200U seq dn fpaaa fa ton 29s amy puoseg *)wifwor aSesoUoURe om OSEAN “Z “paswaouu sn st ‘A sda Burno1o3 es yom 9816 PULA, voyye or ae Ka Jospue ‘un iru) of psonponttt s ssaquiod Jo suoddns au 1B wonszax eu UOqM, (ase) eur 0s payipour st 6° ‘siyBuupzoooy “zemnasd st zasoyony “YpeL 40 Joquiow su Jo mdap annoaye nas “7 “pasopistoo 29 01 wiBua} auetapaquia aun ‘aINKely “envos jo YY ‘sBerayaue yeorunyasu 40 Yoow paystuaN w WTO uupaquia usjeamba Au snid ‘izodddns jo 19}000 943 pu1o0f99 WUD] *y uoddns 2jduas w yy "popraoud st") wyBud} of “69909 IDV ON joraxap pasinbay oq) wean 198381a development tength, depending on the tap arrangement. The code” prefers staggered splice layouts, located away from the sections of ion 9.2.6 we outlined the role of transverse reinforcement (es, or spirals) in providing bond strength. The failure ofa tension je strength, restrict the growth of splitting ture #7 ‘racks, and ensure a di 9.6.3 Compression Splices The transmission of compression forces by recetved less attention than the tension case, The splice length in compression ‘may de specified either in terms of an acceptable bond stress w (Eq, 92b) or interms of the deveiopment length 1,” Because ofthe better bond conditions bars in compression, codes allow higher bond stresses and corres wer development lengths for these bars than for bars in tensior axially foaded columns, the transverse remforcement, consisting of tics, ‘hoops, or spuras, gives added protection against splitting along a splice, anc this property ss recognized by codes. Because transverse cracking does not occ icing reinforcing bars nas compression zones, the harmful effect of such cracks i splices. From recent experiment Stutigart,?2* tne fol splices became evident, te of the Unversity of havior of compression51 8400/8 [2018 # UDIKaL [pOU9jap 24 rene y Bq oun JO UNBUD.HS [1H OU UOYAA “HPQ aK soto ou st 2arls pace ar uy asexPDM aU WWD WapsKe stp sods mei Jo RMA H0'6 -poqas a4) 8 2 ur sands uorssasdwaoo 09 Aq Jo4sue 2210) Uy pow ag srt 1 SI §30q Jo seDeUINS Pus Y9E}UOD 2g uo 1oerH09 we eine aU THR OF PoUtEIGO 99 SPU MALES 30 INO-arENbs Axpssanoir st sagea dons Uy "wosUay K1ze9 0} paxtnbay x9)9U ame sea et ‘uontemiquico puot asroxpe Isou! oun ZepUN yeMY UTED $1 s8UTISAP aM inn Ato posh 2@ up Zutzvaq pua Aq soysuen cox0,} “Butseaq pus £q 184 1p 3q te STR IS MT SIO] AAISSAIdUIOL Jo asnmooq sousturamp sua ipeot wniay-Buo} 9pu) fad aoqds aun aouau Sc ‘yi Jo spue ary zapun sunssoid Suuwoq ay fae osre ayenbope 2g ssiaasuen prepuers ‘proyds are soroureyp (ar py uorssasditoo ¥ 1040 49K09 }219U09 Jo SSOUDDIKT aN UT ase “pesnsvaul 1am (uray. oct) 184 09021 40 42px0 aut Jo sassanns SuLzEaq a}aI0;09 ston POD fopuy “sear esoH} Ui ayoIOUOD ayp Jo NOKSTEdYA Te paiuan ‘Surayuco Jo souasaad aun £q pasvosour sea sreq spua yn ou 18 2y220uI09 om exo Teatda y “pasRaxoUu stozis s¥q 24 uodm 919498 KseMoNTed sowor2q ajaiouoo atn jo Bumysnr9 ay, A1SWIEIP 109 OU aails ote Buysods a, wyas Bond and Anchorage 9.7 REFERENCES ppartunites » Bond Rexearsh” Reported by ACI Com: 67, No, II, November 1970, pp. 657 86 4, February 1967, Unversity of New 1968, 90 98 L.A Luana. Gere," Mechanics of Bond and Journal ACT, Vo. 64, No. 11, November 196, pp. 71-72 99 ELL. Kemp, F.S. Brean, (Chatacenstes of Deformed Res pp. 162-756, D0 _Y. Goto, “Cracks Formed in Concrete Around Deformed Tension Bars," Joumat ACT, Vol. 68, No.4, Apc 1971, pp. 284-25) 9.1. M, Ferguson and J. N, Thompson, “Development Length for Large High Sten Reinforeing Bars" Journal ACT, No. 62, No.1, senusry 1965, pp 7-33 9.12 “An Invesugation ofthe Bond of Deformed Stee 112, Cement and Coneete Assocation, London, 1964, 28 pp 9.13. B Breer and V. Berteco, "Behaviour af Reforsed Concte Uder Repeated Load.” Journa ofthe Strcural Dicsion, ASCE, Vol 4, S76, June 1968, pp 1567-1589 ion Under State and Dynamne Repeated Loading" Journal ACI, Vol, 6, No 5, May 1968, 99.377 386 9.15 M.A. F Ismail and J. Sisa,“Betawour of Anchored Bars Uncec Low Cyc Ove Toads Producing neste Journa! ACI, Vo. 9, No.7 Duly 1972, pp. 433-98. 9.16 R. Brus and M. G. Claude, “lat des Conmassanees fue Mecansme Anctags," Essar ee Sythise BOvgrepioue, Oetoder 1965, CEB Anni 1968 pp. 185-213, 3.7_R. ML Mains, “Measurement of the Distribution of Tensile and Bond Sueses Along inforeing Bats,” Jourat ACI, Val. 23, No, 3 November 19S, pp. 225-252, 9.18 "A Guide forthe Determination of Bond Steagta in Rear Specimens,” Revered by ACI Commits 408, Jounal ACT, Vol. 61, No, 2, Febraary 1964 pp. 129-135, 919 “Test Procedute o Detecmune Retave Bond Vale of Reinforing Bars” (ACL 208-8), Jowrnat ACI, VOL 38, NO. 1 Hy 958, 9p. 1-6 Concrete," Transtaton No References 2s 921 P.M. Ferguson, 2, E. Bren, snd J. N. Thompson, “Pullout Test on High Strength Joural ACT, Vo). 2, No.8, Aust 195, pp. 933-98, ‘As unseren Forscungsar 923-1. Hibarand RC aural ACI. VOL. 66, No "End Anchorage of High engi Steel Rewnforeng Bas, NNoverner 1959. p. 875-883, 927 P.M. Ferguson and... Breen, Jouraat ACI, Vol 62, Ne, 9, Stem 9.28 F. Leonhardt and ‘Aweohss fr StblbetonSuonpuoa uisop jeard rapa “3 jusiaygood doa 2 tue}suo> paunsee sepur 15 UE SS01I8 aTeja1 OF (eo Se worm aq Seu 7-9) ‘bg Woy YoU“ “doato Suypmpout“oresou09 auR JO 4 ov wotnd- pee ed u}ae0 8019 =“) Due Rapeo| J0 snynpout uses = "7 as9H im Bja1oUO9 Jo uoKPWE}AP dani oH, PUI SP ‘sures d2edo Jo asm#9q PaonDal sk tog “610 Kioqaunxoxdde 18 snyqpour jaw398 ‘ba fq uous ae SONVAMORIIE AVOT AAAS OL AOTALYag PLOT 901195 ol= Sere Lea Behanor As Fi the load is removed, immediately, and some creep recovery occurs ss recovered 10.2.2 Flastie Theory Assumptions ‘Three assumptions are made flexure 4. Plane sections before vending remain plane after bending. 2. The tensile strength of concrete may be ignored if cracking has com= ‘menced at the extreme tension fiber. 3. The stress-strain relationships for concrete and steel are linearly elastie. clastic theory for members subjected to 1 first assumption, made in strength theory, was discussed in Section rat whi the stress sn the extreme tension the concrete will crack up to the newiral axis. This assumption is reasonable because onice cracking commences, tension steei and compressed concrete merease iy owing to the redistribution of stresses, and only be teft carrying tension between the stress concent at the up of the erack neutral axis. The third assumption, which 1s true for steel at stresses less than the yield strength, 18 reasonable for conerete at service load stresses. Creep an be taken info account by use ofan effective modulus of elasticity for the conerete. tne cylinder strength. Nevertheless, the departure from ity Decomies iarge only under strosses a great deal higher. When the neutrat axis depth changes because of n of stresses due to the ereep of concrete, the use of the effective ‘constant creep factor gives only stresses. Ths follows because the effective modulus applies to constant stress conditions, whereas the magnitude and of stresses changes over the cross section with time. However, use ofthe effective modulus of elas Vea reasonable approximation for the stresses, Ifa more accurate approach considers tne effect of stress history, the ep method!°? oF the superpo: ‘method’® may be used when creep-time data and load-history information are available, 29 las Theory fr Sucsses m Meners due 1 10.2.3 Analysis of Beams Using the Internal Couple Approach Rectangular Sections the service load range after eracking, The dimensions ofthe concrete section section Sao Stas Fig, 1.1. Doubly rentorce con cracking, ‘The straims ¢,,,, and s, may be Wi rms ofthe stresses as follows; f eee BEIT, Ga Be ame where E, = modulus of elasticity of the concrete (at instant of loading), nd C, = creep coefficient of concrete. diagram, we have (On substituting for g,,¢,, nd ¢, in Ea. 104, the stress are obtarned:{IWIN 6S'0) 8 9011 = 2 uo uo est — Lescne eos + £ ' 7 (g- ew) X91 x HD = sor x 8ez s2Ai8 OY OT ba 20uaH Yori x WOO ay WSL eg 7 eos = “sig, x — PB _ as Wt Tae um 28 901 te SOI Sbg org COS = LER x FOE = PY foro = (6zs000 + tot0' wf! x . _l s1f ESE « sean + soxoo)e + als nba 2% G9] Dg Woy Ol X98 001 X 6 Ise= eso = HM y goygy a EEO. g ore 1 sg voranp HL rs) pur ‘(wits 608) <0 IL 8 JO Jamis tows ‘au Jo promuao aun or midap {usu TL) wr ZE°Rz Jo ToaIs worst $0) Jo prone ou} 07 sndop aanoayj ue seu at !eplo (WUE 90P) UE OT ‘norjoos ssox9 reynuvyoas v sey wHPRq araNDNED Proz0yuTOT KIAHOD ¥ Tor ardurexg ns azkiene 01 pasn aq to suorenbe ath ey 210) fq pu ‘seaye 12818 uf “UONGAS a}axoUOD auf Jo SuOISUALEI ‘uh Gata 559038 Yani p 205 THoWONL axp 20 “oUIOTE UOATS e ‘pyaxou09 ath oT 39683898 a7 UTULIA.AP 0] PISN-2a WED OT'OT 015/01 SU w= niviss (E-r)emco= yp so030} antssoxduton ywuIaTUH oe JO Jo oweysso1o itawoW! at, “GOL By Ka oad sty 212m araus (2a 4 dle ue sere t~0 : va WI soni® gor ‘ba-otwt 90T paw cof Sg wouy sossans ors aun SunAITSANS Gon YESS mae 0 La '9+ se wantin aq eur s9ou0y peusayat Jo winisqyMbs 20] wonenbe ext P97 '9 St ToaIS uorssaxduto9 au) ka paoerdsyp ayai9U00 jafouoo at) it 9040) aarssaidwon jueryns9z ou, ‘ones seynpoul au) Se UIROUY SH OTE BU, orcry Seence Loa Bebawer = 505 x 1100 = $560 psi (383 N/mm’) — and 751(1 + 1) = 1502, From Eq, 109, « = 0.383, From Eqs. 10.5, 10.6, ana 10.10, i 4.3 N/mm?) The effect of concrete creep on the stresses ie creep under constant bending neutral axis depth, and leads to a decrease in the maximum conc ‘compressive stress, an merease serease in the st tensile stress, OF thes sttess 18 the most significant, In Example 10.1 the doubling 0 has resulted in a 61% merease mn the compressive decrease i the concrete compressive stress, and a 3% increase in tensile stress. Note that the concrete creep has caused some of compressive force to be transferred from the conerete to the steel FSections Figure 102 displays a sing service load range after 1 steel areas and po: mnforced conerete T-beam section in the ing. The dimensions of the conerete section red to be known quantities, In ine wed. When the neutral axis necase can be analyzed using thoequations fora rectangular B ‘Sreton Fig. 102. Reinforced coneste beam s a3 analyzed using instant of loading), E, = iciemt of coneret the stramn diagram, we have the following equations for fe and steel stress are obtamed: kd = hy re (1012) fa 3) where ‘The compressive force i The ‘small because of the smi because of the oe Ra hy ce os( i + A)caret $= 9EK2 YE gy S$ xXT—9S KE, me eeu an gor ‘bg wong pocunse sb Go ay} ut soy st 8H} 9} BOIS Wy < mops = 02 « S70 = m4 _ sto $500 _ OO com + s00 sxsw on gr or ‘ba wou HIsans UO sro=-EaP wao=6x OX OS _ ay 9 £2 Race shyt! op = Xt Tyay 8 gut ‘9018 2m oy sv espa au BYR aLNSSY sie fom anoqe sofauern au Jo seaz” ou) Jo SwsMOW! aq) Rue DUR “So/BuUEL (uN 991) sd 0go'pz peaox9 0} jou st ssenis fois aU pu (UHLY/N’ (£6) 84 OSE ‘p200x9 01 JOU st Ssanis a]asou09 tMIRBUT AU Jf Ka4e9 WED WORDS wamou! Suxpuog winunxew om (2) puE “(H+ NI 9Zz) 81-4] OL X T | oa ng 40 ani reprozoden at jo pyemusa aun so wontsod aun Wo spuodop wie Jona oq, pois pasa 24 nous oro} 0 yor ‘Sha Wonoos sniurpaL ay paw vey eM wT SH see sors 9Fo1 “Da 8) 9731 (py < 9°33) gow amp UE 2x0 fugpmnosd sod 901 a wos} Puno} 3] 2088 9 “Papy = 0 2184 (ron 2a 2m HONK ONa Sernice Land et 1, Stresses for M = 2 x 10°1b-in From Bq. 1019 ve wnte 2x 108 a f= ZI = 18.350 pn (1266 Nim) 4, 10.20 we wnte 2 x 10° fee <5 = 795 psi (5.52 N/mm?) 50 x STL = 5/2 x 5.6)]18.17 95 psi (5.52 Nina) of, from Ea. 10, 0.280 18,350 _ ae fom Rg p= 195 psi (552 Nim?) 2. Maximum bending moment fj, < 24,000 pst and. < 1,350 pst If f, = 24000 pst, Ea, 10.19 gives us M = 6 % 24,000 x 18.17 = 2.62 x 10°Ib-in If f= 1,350 pa so(.— pay pa M=50x5% 2x36 = 339 x 10% Ib-in ‘Therefore, the steel stress controls. The maximam permussible bending moment is M = 262 x 106 lb-in @96 kN-m), with 8.5 Nimen!) and f= 1380 x 2.62/39 clastic theory approach employs transformed sec ransformed into an eq analyzed by convent Consider an element of eon: Fig. 104, Iran external (10.21) tate Theor for Stoses 0 Members dv to Flare “7 r ¥ 4 where ‘The toad area and A, = steel area. Its evident ly to a concrete area n4,, and hence coul where A, = con theory for a section of homogeneous material may be used to analyze the transformed section. For a beam, the stress f andoor - Je-21 ional | t Is 11.32/7740 = 10.530 pst (72.6 Nj?) Note the significant increase an stee! stress after cracking occurs at a bending moment of 639,600 Ibm (72.2 KN -m) 58 increases from 520 to 720 pst (36 t0 ess increases from 2300 to 7480 psi considering the compression stecl. The value taken for E, “29 10° pst (200,000 N/mm}, and for dotn normal weight and lignt 18 31.000/7; pt (4730/7 the nearest vito numer. ‘The recommended value for the modular ratio ignores the effect of concrete creep except a6 it effects the compression stee, whereupon te creep oo- efficient is taken as C, = 1. The reason for this s revealed in Example 10. stress. This approach means that when a doubly loaded, the concrete will be more highly stressed than cal(cama or6t) <4 96% = "F ee aeeee ears (Eg ~ eve = cove ¥ = 01 x21 and am w97 9] 10. 97'0] Sby Wor (wma ggg) Tet =P A B10 axeu on 86701 20670 = 000 + OSE 6 | woud sien = SOME OSL 6 y anvu ay p01 ba wos, eed en “OIO}OOYL “G16 = (OT % CHEM AOI % 6 = Mai" = 4 sO 18d 501 * 7 “osty “sd oc¢T = 000¢ x sO = 7 paw Gi aaenorre vounes (gumu/N £'02) ue (.tH/N! 922} 184 QOO'D = ff are suiBvans vans padoraaap aq 01 ome “2GHO =f 109 pure oats aI qeMO|TE OH {W- NY SET) 1l- qi Of * ZT Je 1uouow Fu1pusg pear aolazes & aed 03 (ut $C) ‘ar OF Jo Unpias & yun wonsas xeIMBuPIORE pon eusisoq, or anes adorenap 29 weo 29305 ssami8 anissorauto9 12204 ofsapun i | | pmo) 9901 vane fats pastnbot ou) Sjqeue Hoya, wr- wt _, (eszor) fu Kew oor “ba osty “sassans argo Jo mioworeKep snoDLTE pure juotour waif 404 SuorsUNAp WoRD9s JO UOHDeTes

You might also like

• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4610)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (843)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5808)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (608)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (821)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1716)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brene Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1092)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1898)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (346)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2521)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4203)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1946)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1850)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• Hand Book On Seismic Retrofit of Buildings

  

  Document617 pages

  Hand Book On Seismic Retrofit of Buildings

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  100% (2)
• Report On Self Supported Roofing System 08.4.15

  

  Document40 pages

  Report On Self Supported Roofing System 08.4.15

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  100% (1)
• Circular Slab Estimation of Steel

  

  Document3 pages

  Circular Slab Estimation of Steel

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  No ratings yet
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (806)
• 4.10) Arch Shaped Self Supporting Trussless Roof Specifications PDF

  

  Document11 pages

  4.10) Arch Shaped Self Supporting Trussless Roof Specifications PDF

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  No ratings yet
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• Guide To Fire Safety Design For Caverns

  

  Document16 pages

  Guide To Fire Safety Design For Caverns

  HoSeeMing

  No ratings yet
• Park & Paulay3

  

  Document148 pages

  Park & Paulay3

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  No ratings yet
• Park & Paulay 2 PDF

  

  Document154 pages

  Park & Paulay 2 PDF

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  No ratings yet
• Tunnel Collapse

  

  Document6 pages

  Tunnel Collapse

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  No ratings yet
• HwyTunnel 12-15-03

  

  Document24 pages

  HwyTunnel 12-15-03

  Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

  No ratings yet