Physics General Instructions + Reading time ~ 5 minutes * Working time — 3 hours * Board approved calculators may be used * Write using black or blue pen «Draw diagrams using pencil * A Data Sheet, Formulae Sheets and Periodic Table are provided separately ‘© Write your student number and/or name at the top of every page 2008 Higher School Certificate Trial Examination Section I Pages 2-20 Total marks (75) ‘This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A ‘Total marks (15) Attempt questions 1-15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B ‘Total marks (60) Attempt questions 16-29 Allow about 1 hour 45 minutes for this part Section IT Pages 21-29 Total marks (25) Attempt ONE question fiom Questions 30-34 Allow about 45 minutes for this section This paper MUST NOT be removed from the examination room STUDENT NUMBER/NAME . ....STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Section I ‘Total marks (75) Part A Total marks (15) Attempt questions 1 ~ 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question and indicate your choice with a cross (X) in the appropriate space on the grid below. Page 2STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: .............. Planet X has twice the mass and half the radius of planet Y. What is the ratio of the weight of a 10 kg mass on planet X to its weight on planet Y? (A) 1st (®) 2:1 (©) 4:1 @) 8 A.rocket takes off from the launch pad with constant thrust, Which choice best shows how its acceleration and velocity change as it rises? “ (B) © (@) Consider the following planets, X, Y and Z. = ‘mass =m % Zz mass = 2m ‘What is the correct ratio of the escape velocity of these planets? IM Page 3STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ‘Two astronauts landed on a very small asteroid orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. They experienced almost negligible weight force. Which statement explains this? (A) Because the asteroid is in a stable orbit around the Sun it will have zero mass. (B) Because the asteroid is in a stable orbit around the Sun, the astronauts will apparently be weightless. (C)_ Because the asteroid is very small it will have very small gravitational force. (D) The gravitational force on the asteroid is balanced by an equal and opposite gravitational force on the astronauts. Michelson and Morley expected to see a shift in an interference pattem in their experiment. They were destined to always get a null result. Why? (A) A positive result would violate the principle of relativity. (B) The Earth’s speed through space is too small compared to the speed of light for the experiment to give a significant result (C) Any variation in the speed of light could be explained by experimental errors, (D) Einstein had proven that the speed of light was constant in a particular medium. Which of the following devices could be used to demonstrate the motor effect? (A) Transformer (B) Induction cooktop (©) Generator (D) Loudspeaker Page 4STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Three long parallel wires X, Y and Z are positioned in the same plane and conduct different currents in the same direction as shown. The current in wire X is 3A, in wire Y is 2A and in wire Z is 1A. Wires X and Y are separated by a distance dy and wires Y and Z are separated by a distance dz. Wire X 3A dx Wire Y 2a dy WireZ 1A ‘What is the relationship between the distances if the force on wire Y is zero? (A) 3dx = dz (B) dx = 34, (©) Sdx =2 dz (D) dx=dz Page 5STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: 8. A conductor ABCD is situated in a magnetic field directed out of the page. The conductor has a galvanometer inserted in side BC and a condueting rod XY connects the sides AB and CD as shown, The rod XY is able to slide and is moved Sem to the left, then] 0cm to the right and back to its initial position. x Which graph shows the possible voltage changes that could be observed on the galvanometer? @ 3g ® x s Time s Time (© g (D) & > Time 2 Time Page 6STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ‘A magnet is dropped so that it moves through a coil that is suspended vertically. The coil is connected to a galvanometer. s Position P Position Q inside coil G Position R Which alternative could describe the galvanometer needle deflection as the magnet moves from position P through Q to R? Position P _| Position Q Position R (A) [To the right No deflection | To the right (8) |[Totherignt To the right No deflection _ © To the right No deflection [TotheleR (D) — [Totheright To the right [To the right Page 710. Elect STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ‘al power was first transmitted by Edison in 1882 and soon afterwards a competition developed between Edison and Westinghouse to supply electricity to cities. ‘What is the main reason that Westinghouse was successful? (A) He was able to use transformers to change the transmission voltage. (B) He spent more money on advertising, (C)_ He developed a safer system of electricity supply. (D) The Westinghouse company was better known. Use the following information to answer Questions 11 and 12. The diagram shows a charged particle entering a magnetic field (B) directed into the page. The charge is moving with a speed (v) perpendicular to the boundary of the magnetic field and moves in a semi-circle in time (T) before it leaves the magnetic field. Entry speed v Exit speed Charge into page x x 11. Which alternative describes the charge and exit speed of the particle? “” (B) © ©) Charge Exit speed Positive v | Negative v | sitive | Less than v | Negative Less than v Page 8STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 12 refers to the diagram on page 8, 12, 14 15 ‘What will be the time to complete the semi-circular motion if the entry speed is doubled? (A) @) © () ‘What is the energy (in joules) of light photon with a wavelength of 5.0 « 107 m? (a) (B) © () ost T 27 4T 6.0 « 10°F 4.0* 101 J 33x 1047 LLx 108s Which factors were responsible for the invention of transistors? (A) [Increased research into the structure | The need for satellite of the atom communication (B) | The ability to produce pure silicon | The limitations of previous technologies (C) | Inoreased research into the structure | The limitations of previous of the atom technologies (D) | The ability to produce pure silicon | The need for satellite communication Which of the following describes the band structure of a semiconductor? (a) @) © (D) ‘There is a forbidden band with a large energy gap between the filled band and the next allowed band, ‘The partially filled band valence overlaps the conduction band, On cooling, the band structure changes to allow electrons to cross the energy gap more easily. There is a small energy gap between the almost filled valence band and the conduction band, Page 9STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: . Section I — continued Part B Total marks (60) Attempt questions 16 ~ 29 Allow about 1 hour 45 minutes for this part, Answer the questions in the spaces provided Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Marks Question 16 (5 marks) ‘The period (T) of a pendulum is given by the equation: Teale Ve where / is the length of the pendulurn and g is Earths gravitational acceleration A group of scientists conducted an experiment on Earth to check the relationship between the period of the pendulum and its length, They then took their apparatus to the Moon and repeated the experiment (a) How would their results on the Moon be similar to those they obtained on Earth? 1 (b) Explain why their results would be similar in this way. 1 (c) How would their results on the Moon be different to those they obtained on Earth? @__ Explain why their results would be different in this way. 1 Question 16 continues on page 11 Page 10STUDENT NUMBER/NAME Marks Question 16 (continued) (© Sketch TWO graphs on the axes below to compare the results the scientists would obtain for the relationship between the square of the period and the length of the pendulum on Earth and the Moon. Be sure to label EACH graph. 1 Pr Question 17 (5 marks) Two students are 130 m apart. One holds a paint ball gun 1.2 m above the ground and fires a paint ball at the other. The ball leaves the gun at 40 ms" at an angle of elevation of 20°. (@) Calculate the maximum height of the paint ball above its firing position. 2 (0) Calculate whether or not the ball hits the second student. 3 Page ISTUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 18 (4 marks) (a) Give TWO reasons to explain why the concept of g-force is usefil. 2 (6) How would our exploration of the solar system be different if the slingshot effect did not exist? 2 Question 19 (6 marks) A group of students did two experiments to determine the acceleration due to gravity. Firstly, they dropped a ball from a vertical height of 3.0 m and measured the time of fall using a stopwatch. From this they calculated the average speed of the ball and hence its final speed and acceleration. Next they set up a 3.0m length of board with an angle of elevation of 20°. The board had a groove cut along its length the same curvature as the ball. They measured the time it took the ball to roll down the board. From this they calculated the average speed of the ball and hence its final speed and its acceleration down the slope. They then calculated a value for the acceleration due to gravity, (@ Compare the accuracy of the time measurements in the experiments. 2 Question 19 continues on page 13 Page 12STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 19 (continued) (>) Compare the validity of EACH experiment, 2 Question 20 (2 marks) (2) After being created in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays, mu mesons have speeds that exceed 2.95 x 10° ms. An observer on Earth measures their lifetime as 1.221 x 10° s. Calculate the lifetime of such a meson in its own frame of reference. 1 (b) Define an inertial frame of reference. 1 Question 21 (2 marks) Describe TWO different ways in which motors are used in industry or the home to convert electrical energy into more useful forms of energy. 2 Page 13STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 22 (6 marks) A rectangular coil of conducting wire is rotated in the magnetic field between the poles of magnets as shown. (@ () Propose ONE change to the experimental set up that would increase the electromotive force generated. 1 Sketch a graph of the emf generated as the coil is rotated through one revolution beginning from the position shown at time t = 0. 1 Question 22 continues on page 15 Page 14STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 22 (continued) (c) Analyse the relationship between emf generated and the flux through the coil. == 2 (@) Justify the difference in the energy required to rotate the coil when the coil is connected to a light globe compared to an open circuit as shown 2 Page 15STUDENT NUMBER/NAME, Marks Question 23 (5 marks) A rectangular coil of 20 loops is positioned between the poles of bar magnets and its plane makes an angle of 30° with the direction of the magnetic field as shown. The side AB measures 15 cm while the side BC measures 18 cm. ‘The magnetic field between the poles of the magnets is 5.0 mT and the current through the coil is 25 mA. (@) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force on side AB when the coil is at an angle of 30° with the direction of the magnetic field as shown. 2 (b) Define torque. 1 (©) Calculate the torque acting on the coil when it is at an angle of 30° with the direction of the magnetic field as shown, 1 (@ Many motors do not contain permanent magnets. State how the magnetic field is produced, Page 16STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 24 (4 marks) Part of a flat horizontal metal sheet is perpendicular to a magnetic field into the page, as shown. The sheet is moved out of the magnetic field at constant speed. x x x x x x B into page Movernent — x x x x x x x x (a) Draw on the diagram the eddy current that is produced in the sheet as it moves out of the magnetic field. Include the direction of the current. 2 (b) Using Lenz’s Law, explain the production of the eddy current in the sheet, 2 Page 17STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: . Marks Question 25 (3 marks) Describe a first-hand school laboratory investigation to model the structure ofa transformer to demonstrate how secondary voltage is produced. 3 Question 26 (6 marks) (@) Describe the main components of the apparatus used by Thomson to determine the charge to mass ratio of electrons 3 (>) Explain how Thomson was able to calculate the speed of the charges moving through his apparatus by measuring two quantities once the magnitude of the magnetic field had been determined. 3 Page 18STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 27 (4 marks) (@) Describe the quantum model of radiation put forward by Max Planck. 2 (b) Identify the contribution made by Einstein to quantum theory. 2 Question 28 (4 marks) (@) Account for the occurrence of “holes” in semiconductors and their involvement in the flow of current in semiconductors. 3 (b) Outline the use of heat in thermionic devices. 1 Page 19STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 29 (6 marks) (2) Name TWO of the three groups of substances that have been identified as exhibiting superconductivity and name an example for EACH group. 2 (b) Name the group of superconductors with the highest critical temperature. 1 (©) Discuss the BCS theory proposed to explain superconductivity 3 Page 20STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Section II Total marks (25) Attempt ONE question from Questions 30 — 34 Allow about 45 minutes for this section ‘Answer the question on your own paper or writing booklet, if provided. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations Question 30 Geophysics Question 31 Medical Physics Question 32 Astrophysies Question 33 From Quanta to Quarks Question 34 The Age of Silicon Page 21 Pages 22-23 24 25-26 27 28-29STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 30 — Geophysies (25 marks) (@) During your study of geophysics you carried out a first-hand investigation to model the principles of reflection and reffaction of seismic waves. Many trial runs of this investigation are recorded by a group of students and the data is not consistent. What is the best classification for the overall result; a reliable result or an unreliable result or a null result? Justify your answer by addressing all three terms, 3 () The dimension of the Barth’s core was determined precisely and its state was shown to be liquid due to its failure to support S-type earthquake-waves. By 1935, the inside of the Earth was thought to consist of a fluid iron core surrounded by a solid rock mantle. (@ State whether the determination of the Barth’s structure or the Earth’s composition is addressed most directly through studies of earthquakes. [dentify the most reliable source of information about the Earth’s composition. 2 (i) The diagram shows the path of seismic waves through Earth. Account for the features shown such as the curved path followed by all the waves and the difference in the behavior of the S-type wave and the P-type wave. 4 (ii) By 1936 Inge Lehmann discovered the inner core by carefally studying the shadow zone. Describe how this was done. 2 Question 30 continues on page 23 Page 22STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 30 (continued) (©) The Hamersley Ranges are important because some of the largest known deposits of iron ore are mined there. The picture shows folded rocks in a gorge east of the town of ‘Newman in the Hamersley Ranges (Describe how this formation occurred, 2 Gi) State possible impacts of geology research in this area on science and the community. 2 (@) A satellite orbits the Earth with a period of 6.5 hours. (Calculate the radius of the orbit of this satelite. 1 (ii) Describe how this satellite could detect changes in the density of the crust below, as it orbits the planet. 2 (©) The geosciences are not a purely quantitative science; itis still heavily dependent upon observation, carefull deductive reasoning and interpretation of data, These types of skills are often critical for effective problem solving or producing accurate conclusions. Discuss how this was applied to the magnetic surveys of oceanic ridges and to the theory of plate tectonics. 9. End of Question 30 Page 23STUDENT NUMBER/NAME. Marks Question 31 — Medical Physics (25 marks) (a) (b) © @ © The following table shows the density and the speed of sound in different parts of the body. Body part __ Density (kg/m’) ‘Speed of sound (mis) fat 0.93 x 1000 1480 blood 1.00 x 1000 1560 brain 1.04 x 1000 1521 kidney 1.04 x 1000 1561 muscle 1.06 x 1000 1570 liver 1.07 x 1000 1549 | (i) Does the data show that density is directly proportional to the speed of sound? Justify your response, 2 (ii) Calculate the ratio of reflected intensity to initial intensity when the ultrasound reflects from the boundary between fat and muscle. 2 X-rays and CT scans are both important types of scans in medical physics. @ Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of CT scans over X-ray images, 3 (ii) Identify ONE way a bone scan can provide better information thana CAT scan, 1 (ii) Explain how the contrast of a standard CT scan can be improved 2 Doctors and medical physicists can make use of radioactive isotopes to image a patient. (Explain how this process works. z (ii) Describe how radioisotope scans can be used to improve patient care and to catty out research, 2 Describe the use of particular types of electromagnetic waves that are involved in the production and interpretation of an MRI scan. 4 Science involves identifying a problem, designing a program of investigation to address that problem, collecting data, developing a hypothesis, and then undertaking a course of action. Discuss how this applies to the case of using a PET scan to assist a patient who is sick because of a tumour. 1 End of Question 31 Page 24STUDENT NUMBER/NAME Marks Question 32 — Astrophysics (25 marks) (a) The telescope was first used by Galileo to observe objects in the night sky. (i) Outline ONE feature of the Moon identified by Galileo using the telescope, 1 (ii) Define the terms resolution and sensitivity. 2 (&) @ Describe TWO different pieces of equipment used to produce TWO different spectra in a school laboratory. 2 (ii) Contrast the TWO different spectra produced by the pieces of equipment described above and account for the differences. 2 (iii) Identify a method to increase the intensity of short wavelengths of visible light in a spectrum being emitted by a black body radiator. 1 (©) Compare the relative limits to trigonometric parallax distance determinations using ground-based and space-based telescopes. 3 (d) The flow chart shows the key stages in the life of a star. Protostar Main sequence Red Giant | | Planetary Supernova nebula 2 2 | () Depending on the mass of the red giant star, there are two possible remnants after a supernova explosion. Identify the TWO remnants. 1 (i) Outline the physical processes involved as a red giant star becomes a supernova. 2 Question 32 continues on page 26 Page 25STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 32 continued. () The star Arcturus has an apparent magnitude of -0.06 and an absolute magnitude of -0.31, Calculate its distance from Earth in parsecs 2 ( (Sketch an H-R diagram, with the axes appropriately labelled, for the stars ina young open cluster. 1 (ii) Sketch an H-R diagram for the stars in a globular cluster. 1 Gi) Explain why the H-R diagrams are different for a young open cluster and a globular cluster. 1 (g) Binary stars are classed as visual, eclipsing, spectroscopic or astrometric binaries. Discuss the techniques used to identify binary stars and a limitation for EACH technique that makes it unable to be used to identify some stars as binaries 6 End of Question 32. Page 26STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Marks Question 33 — From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks) (2) Bohr’s mathematical model of the atom was an important breakthrough in developing a model that would better explain the observed phenomena. (Describe the observed phenomena that could not be accounted for by the Rutherford model of the atom. 3 (i) Calculate the energy of a photon emitted by an electron moving from the enerey staten=4ton=3 2 (iii) Justify the need for physicists to improve on the Bohr model of the atom. 2 (&) (Explain how de Broglie’s hypothesis accounted for the stability of the electron orbits in the Bohr model of the atom. 2 (ii) Describe the confirmation of de Broglie’s proposal by Davisson and Germer, 3 (© (Evaluate the relative contributions of the THREE forces acting on nucleons inside the nucleus of the atom. 2 (ii) Identify TWO properties of the nuclear force. 2 (a) Fermi and his team were the first group to cause nuclear fission but failed to recognize it Describe his experiment. 3 (©) Outline the Manhattan Project and assess its significance to society. 6 End of question 33, Page 27STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ....... Marks Question 34 ~The Age of Silicon (25 marks) (a) The potential divider is a very useful component found in many circuits () Evaluate the ratio of output voltage to input voltage for the potential divider shown in the diagram if Ry = 800 Q and Ra = 300. 2 Ry =8000. Input voltage Output R= 3002 voltage Gi) LDR devices may be used in a potential divider. Explain why the amount of light falling on the LDR device determines its resistance. 1 b) (Recall the TWO types of thermistor and describe how they respond differently to heat. 2 (ii) Explain why thermistors are considered analogue devices. 1 (©) Outline the series of events when an electro-mechanical switch or relay is triggered. 3 (d)_ The development of electronics resulted in major changes to life during the twentieth century. (i Distinguish between silicon chips, transistors and integrated circuits. Explain how the invention of these components improved electronic devices available to society. 5 (ii) Explain how quantum effects are causing problems for electronic engineers. 1 Question 34 continues on page 29 Page 28STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: . Marks Question 34 (continued) © (i Sketch a graph to show the transfer jracteristics of an inverting amplifier. 2 (i) On your graph, identify the voltage range over which the amplifier acts as a linear device. 1 (ii) Describe the TWO properties of an ideal amplifier. 2 () A burglar alarm on the door of a safé uses two NAND gates in its circuit shown below. When the safe door is closed and the alarm set, there is a current flowing to the top input of the upper NAND gate Switch ev on safe NAND Alarm door 1000 ov reset a NAND 500 (Construct a truth table for a NAND gate. 1 (ii) Predict the sequence of changes in the inputs and outputs of the NAND gates, when the safe door is opened. a (ii) The alarm continues to ring after the safe door is shut until the reset is pressed, closing the open circuit at that point. Outline the changes to the gate inputs and outputs when the reset button is pressed. 2 End of paper Page 29Physics es DATA SHEET Charge on clectron, q, -1.602 x 10 ‘Mass of electron, m, 9.109 x 103! kg ‘Mass of neutron, m,, 1.675 x 107” kg. Mass of proton, m, 1.673 x 1077 kg Speed of sound in air 340 ms Earth's gravitational acceleration, g 9.8ms? Speed of light, ¢ 3.00 x 108 ms} Magnetic force constant, (« 52) 2.0x 107 NA® Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 10"! N m? kg Mass of Earth 6.0 x 104 kg Planck constant, A 6.626 x 104 Fs Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1,097 x 107 m7 Atomic mass unit, 1.661 x 10°? kg. 931.5 MeV/c? 1eV 1.602 x 10°19 3 Density of water, p 1.00 x 10° kg m3 Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 x 10° Jkg! 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Companion is safe! 18 (a) The g-force scale is independent of mass so can be applied universally. The g-force concept can be used to predict physiological effects on astronauts regardless of their mass (b) Because the slingshot effect increases the speed of space probes, the time taken to reach great distances is reduced. 19 (a) Distance can be measured with equal accurately in each so it will not contribute to a difference in the accuracy of the results. The human error associated with the measurement of the time will be the same in each experiment but will be a much smaller percentage error in the second experiment. This would make the second experiment more accurate than the first. (b) Foran experiment to be vali, it needs to measure the factor it states to be measuring. ‘The first experiment does this better than the second. In the second experiment there is no indication that either frictional forces or rotational motion have been considered, so what is actually being measured may not be a simple component of acceleration of the ball due to gravity, 20 (a) y= ty 1 = Wie) = 12.21 x 10® « Vfl — (2.95/3.0)"} = 2.22 « 10% 5 (b) An inertial frame is one that moves with constant velocity. 21 Examples include fans, heaters, washing machines, refrigerators, CD/DVD record players. 22 (a) __ Increase speed, magnetic field, area or Number of turns of coil. (b) Cosine curve (must start with maximum). (©) The maximum emf is generated when the coil is parallel to the magnetic field and the flux is zero. As the coil passes through this position, the flux is changing at the greatest rate and according to Paradays law, emf depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux. (@ When connected to a light globe, there is a flow of current and hence a back emf in the coil, This opposes the motion so more energy needs to be used to maintain the flow of electrons. 23° (a) F=nBIé=3.75 x 10*N up the page. (b) Torque is the turning moment of a force. (©) T=nBIAcos® = 20 x 5.0 x 10° x 25 x 10° x 0.15 x 0.18 cos 30° = 5.85 x 10° Nm (A ssolenoid or coil provides the magnetic field, 24 (a) Clockwise current NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 ~ Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 125 26 27 28 29 (b) Lenz's law states thatthe induced current will have an effect that opposes the change that caused it ‘The clockwise current has a magnetic field into the page, interacting with the existing field and producing a force to the left opposing the motion. A transformer can be modeled by winding two independent coils around a soft iron core. ‘The coils should be insulated from cach other but in close proximity. Attach the primary coil to a voltage source and the secondary coil to a galvanometer. Observe the galvanometer while turning the primary voltage on and off, and while the primary voltage is unchanging, Deflections of the galvanometer needle should be seen whenever the primary voltage is changing (provided the change is rapid enough), ‘There will be no deflection while the voltage is constant. (a) Thomson used an extended cathode ray tube with a slot in the anode to produce a focussed beam of electrons. The beam of electrons was passed through a magnetic field perpendicular to the electrons” velocity, produced by current carrying coils on each side of tube. Inside the cathode ray tube, there were also parallel charged metal plates producing an electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field, (b) The deflection of the beam in the magnetic field alone was measured at the end of the tube and used to calculate the radius of the curved (circular) path of electrons in the magnetic field, B. The equation Bay = my"/r was uscd to find v. The voltage of the plates was then adjusted so that the forces deflecting the beam due to E and B fields cancelled, Bay = gE By substituting E = V/d and for v, q/m is found by measuring voltage and radius. g/m = E/rB* {a) Planck suggested that any oscillator executing simple harmonic motion can possess only total energies E that satisfy the relation E=nhf where h is a constant, n~0, 1, 2,3... and fis the frequency of the oscillation. Energy emitted is then in small discrete steps called quanta (b) Einstein was able to explain the photoelectric effect by using Planck’s quantum theory showing that it applied to experimental results, giving the quantum theory support (a) _ Insemi-conductors at room temperature, a few of the electrons have energies that put them in the conduction band leaving vacant levels ie, “holes” in the valence band. ‘The holes can move towards 2 negative potential making the hole current. (b) In thermionic devices a heated cathode readily ejects electrons ("thermionic emission") that can be utilised with relatively low voltages. (@ _— Maials eg aluminium, mercury; Metal alloys eg niobium-aluminium-germanium, ts Ceramic compounds eg YBCO (b) Ceramic compounds (©) Inthe superconducting state, an electron interacts with and disturbs the positive ions of the lattice. This results in the production of a phonon which interacts with a second clectron and the two electrons are said to form a Cooper pair. The supercurrent is carried by millions of Cooper pairs of electrons, As the pair does not collide with the lattice, its kinetic energy is not decreased and no energy is lost — that is, there is no electrical resistance. Collision with a phonon of enough energy will break up the pair and this is only possible at higher temperatures as phonon energy increases. niobium SECTION II Q30. Geophysics (a) Criteria ae Marks All THREE result types correctly addressed, 7 3 TWO result types correctly addressed, z 2 ‘ONE result type is correctly addressed. 1 Answers may include: The results are made more reliable by carrying out the experiment many times. If the results are fairly consistent then itis a reliable result. Here the result itis not consistent over many trials so it is unreliable. If the result showed no effect whatsoever when the variables were changed then it would be a null result NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 ~ Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 2yi) Criteria : ‘Marks _ | Identifies earthquakes as a source of structural information AND. gives meteorites as a 2 source of composition information. | Wdentifies earthquakes as a source of structural information OR gives meteorites as @ i | source of composition information. Answers may inchide: Studies of earthquake waves can only determine structure and state (liquid or solid), hot composition. Deep-Earth composition is inferred from the compositions of meteorites. (o)Gii) Criteria a Marks Bending of paths explained with respect to density AND the s wave shadow and the p 4 wave shadow explained correctly = : Bending of paths explained with respect to density AND the s wave shadow OR the p 3 wave shadow explained correctl i ay Bending of paths explained with respect to density OR the s wave shadow OR the p 2 wave shadow explained correctly ae ‘ONE feature correctly addressed, T Answers may include: The paths of both s and p waves curve because the different rock types found at different depths change the speed at which the waves travel, which results in the refraction of the ray along a curved path, Since the Earth has a molten, fluid outer core, the S waves cannot be transmitted through this region and a shadow zone is formed on the surface. ‘The p waves refract into the fluid outer core and continue bending as they are transmitted through this region; the transmission and refraction of p waves near the mantle ~ core boundary form their own shadow zone on the surface. (oni Criteria e Marks Correct description involving earthquakes inside shadow zone and reflection. 2 Partial descripti 1 Answers may include: Inge Lehmann discovered the inner core by showing that a sina solid object, within the fluid core, could cause earthquake-waves to be reflected into the shadow zone, where they should not otherwise have been. o8 = os aa Criteria ‘Marks Correct description involving bending AND forces. oe. Partial description involving bending OR forces. 1 Answers may include: The original flat-lying iron rocks have been bent and buckled by the massive forces associated with the continents crashing together. (oti) Griteri 7 Marks Identifies impacts on science AND community. c Identifies impacts on science OR community. 1 Answers may include; Geological and geophysical research work will help the companies mining iron ore to better understand how those deposits formed and subsequently, to help them to discover new deposits of this economically important mineral. @a Criteria Marks Correct calculation 1 Answers may include: PIP = GMi4e = (6.5 * 60 * 60)" = 6.67 * 10" x 6.0% 10% /4x? => r= 1.7710? m (ai) . Criteria Marks Measurement of the satellites height AND the local g-field mentioned ie ‘Measurement of the satellites height OR the local g-field mentioned. 1 Answers may include: By measuring slight changes in satellites orbital height, scientists can infer the strength of the local g-field from the underlying rock, which then tells them about the crustal density. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 ~ Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 3© Q31 @a (@)Gi) (bya) Criteria = : Marks — | ‘Thorough response, Earth's magnetic reversals described, specific information on 6-7 | magnetic ores given, all the stages in the scientific method addressed. Reasonable response, Earth's magnetic reversals outlined, many of the stages inthe | 4=5 scientific method addressed. | Partial response, some facts about Earth's magnetism oullined. Z 2-3 ONE correct fact about geology. 1 Answers may include: The scientific method is very important in the geophysical study of the ocean floor. ‘The use of observations can be seen with the undersea studies of the mid-ocean. ridges. Studies of the sea floor with magnometers showed a zebra like pattern of bands where the magnetic pole was oriented one way and the opposite way, centred along, and symmetrical to, the mid-ocean ridge. ‘The use of deductive reasoning can be seen with the correct interpretation of data. Scientists reasoned that the flipping magnetic polarity in the rock showed that the Earth’s poles keep flipping every couple of million years (north become south). The two regions on either side of the ridge are moving away from each other and new crustal rock is being created, The rock is called Basalt. These rocks contain minerals that are magnetic. One such mineral is called magnetite. If magnetite is heated over 500°C (called its Curie temperature) it loses its magnetism, So the magma pouring out at the ridge will not be magnetic until it cools to form new Basalt. The key point is ‘that when magnetite is cooled it once again becomes magnetic (a phenomena called remnant magnetism), ‘Thus as magma at the ridges rises and erupts onto the ocean floor forming new basalt rock, the magnetic polarity will be locked into the rock as it cools on the sea-floor and form a record of past geological events ‘The conclusion which scientist arrived at is that the Barth’s plates are moving and sea floor spreading is ‘occurring. This backs up the theory of continental drift, which refers to the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, The hypothesis that continents ‘drift! was first developed by Alfred ‘Wegener in 1912, but it was not accepted by scientists until plate tectonies was developed in the 1960's. Plate tectonics is actually 2 modern update of the old ideas of Wegener about continents "plowing" across the crust, and accommodates continental motion through the mechanism of seafloor spreading, Medical Physics Criteria ~ Marks Correctly identifies relationship is not proportional AND gives a valid reason using the 2 data, Correctly identifies relationship is not proportional T Answers may include: According to the data, the density is not directly proportional to the speed of sound, since there are two different values for speed for the one density. Criteria “Marks Calculation is correct and complete. ail Calculation is partially done. 1 Answers may include: Z (fat) = pv = 0.93 x 1000 « 1480 = 1376000 kgm? s’ Z (muscle) = pv = 1.06 x 1000 1570 = 1 664 200 kgm? s* The ratio Ivo = [1 664 200 - 1376 0O0}* / [1 664 200 + 1376000} > = 8.99x 10% [Criteria EEL Marks Correcily states TWO advaniages and TWO disadvantages. 3 Correctly states TWO advantages and ONE disadvantage OR ONE advantage and 2 TWO disadvantages ‘Correctly states ONE advaniage OR ONE disadvantage i Answers may include: The advantages of CT over X-ray; the CT image is more resolved for soft tissue, it's a digital image, it can be cut in almost any plane and has no structure overlay problems. Disadvantages of CT over X-ray; the image is more costly, it produces a higher dose of ionising radiation in the patient. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 — Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 4(yd OW ou) 29(@) (oni Criteria Marks Correctly identifies a way a bone sean can provide better information than a CAT scan. 1 detect shin splints. Answers may include: A bone scan will show a bone tumour at a very early stage ‘of development, as well as Criteria eH Marks Identifies that a contrast agent is used AND describes how the contrast agent works, 2 Identifies that a contrast agent is used. 1 where ever it goes (it usually follows the bloodstream). Answers may include: The contrast of a CT sean may be improved by injecting a contrast agent into the patient, such as iodine. This serves to increase the absorption of x-rays and so produce more whiteness Criteria Marks | Describes what the radioisotope does AND how it is detected. Teo 2 Describes what the radioisotope does OR how itis detected, 1 devices such as a gamma camera or the scintillation detectors in a PET machine, Criteria i Describes how doctors use the radioisotope scans AND how researchers use the | radioisotope scans. Answers may include: Radioisotope scans use radioactive elements (radionuclides) sent into the body by injection or orally. The isotope is attached to a ‘carrie’ substance which accumulates in a certain organ. The radioisotopes are radioactive and are continually emitting gamma rays, which arc detected using special Marks 2 Describes how doctors use the radioisotope scans OR how researchers use the radioisotope scans. i Answers may include: In general, doctors can use a radioisotope scan to produce a better diagnosis of certain types of organ malfunction and cancer, and so carry out a faster and more accurate treatment for the patient. For example, the thyroid gland produces a hormone which controls the body's metabolism. Iflodine 123 is injected into the patient and the patient is then seanned, doctors will be able to determine if the thyroid is uptaking the iodine normally or if there is some kind of abnormality in thyroid function, Researchers can use radioisotope scans to measure the effectiveness of a certain drug or treatment on a patient by carrying ‘out scans over a period of time and monitoring the changes which result in metabolic activity. identified and its use is described. Griteria Marks TWO separate types of EM wave are correctly identified AND the use of EACH is 4 described. 7 TWO separate types of EM wave are correctly identified AND the use of ONE is 3 described. TWO separate types of EM wave are correctly identified OR ONE type of EM wave is . ‘ONE type of EM wave is correctly identified, 1 Answers may include: Radiowaves are one type of em wave used in MRI. A radio frequency wave with the correct frequency (Larmor frequency) is sent into the body. The radio photons have just the right energy to boost nuclei from the lower energy state to the higher energy state, causing an excitation. This is followed by relaxation, where a radiowave photon is emitted. ‘The MRI coils detect the emitted waves. Light waves are another type of em wave used by the MRI. ‘The computer analyses the data and constructs an image and displays it on a CRT or LCD display, which is viewed using light waves by the person interpreting the image. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 ~ Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page §(e) Criteria E a ‘Thorough response, outline of the PET given, specific information on radioisotopes | and radiopharmaceuticals given, and all the stages in the scientific method addressed in. tecms of PET. : | | Reasonable response, outline of the PET given, many of the stages in the scientific 4-5 method addressed in terms of PET, H | Partial response, some facts about PET described. 2-3 | ONE fact about PET given. ae) Answers may include; We can break down the process of producing and using PET into many stages; identifying a problem, designing a program of investigation to address that problem, collecting data, developing a hypothesis, and then undertaking a course of action, Identifying a problem is the initial stage. This occurs when the medical practitioner, after consultations with the patient, suspects that there isa certain disease causing an ailment Designing a program of investigation to address the problem involves the use of a radioisotope. ‘The radioisotope is a positron-emitting radioisotope and produces gamma rays indirectly, ‘This radiopharmaceutical is introduced into the body on a metabolically active molecule (often fuorodeoxyglucose or FDG) and travels into the patient. As it travels it undergoes positron emission decay (also known as positive beta decay), whereby it emits a positron (the antimatter counterpart of an electron), After travelling up to a few millimetres the positron hits and annihilates with an electron, Collecting data involves detecting the pair of gamma ray photons produced from the annihilation event. The gamma ray photons move off in opposite directions and cause a simultaneous detection event. The PET system uses a large circular ring of scintillation detectors to detect the pairs of gamma rays emitted. The most active areas accumulate more radioisotope and become hot spots on the image. The less active areas produce cool spots. This is extremely useful since the image provides functional information, such as metabolic activity of certain organs, which camuot be accessed from x-rays or ultrasound. Since the image changes minute by minute (in real time), it also gives the medical examiner information about the speed of certain metabolic processes Because the doctor can see where the chemicals are going and how fast certain chemicals are being taken up, they can develop a better and more accurate hypothesis about the nature of the disease. This gives medical practitioners the data they need to design a more effective course of action, For instance, ifa tumour is discovered in its early stages, the doctor could order its surgical removal before it becomes bigger and more problematic. The medical physicist may even prescribe a course of radiotherapy which is made more precise because of the information provided by the PET, allowing the patient to be treated more effectively and with fewer side effects Q32. Astrophysics fa) (b) © @ @ Galileo found that the surface of the moon was “not smooth or uniform and its shape was not precisely spherical... it was full of craters and prominences”. (i) The theoretical resolution of a telescope is its ability to show two close objects as separate images. It is measured as an angle in seconds of are and the smaller the angle, the better the resolution. Sensitivity is the light-gathering power of a telescope. lens or mirror with a larger diameter has a greater area gathering light and greater sensitivity (i) A gas discharge tube can be used fo produce a line spectrum, and a filament light globe can be used to produce a continuous spectrum. (i) The gas discharge tube produces 2 spectrum made up of separate lines as itis the emission spectrum of one element in the tube. A filament light globe produces a continuous spectrum since it is emitting e-m radiation of all wavelengths. (iii) The intensity of short wavelengths (the blue end of the visible spectrum) will be increased by increasing the temperature of the emitting “black body” The smallest parallax that can be measured from the ground is 0.025 aresee, a distance of 40 pe. Measurements made photographically by ground based optical telescopes are limited by “seeing”. By contrast, Hipparcos, the European satellite based telescope, measures precisely to 0.00laresec, 10 times better, as observations are made outside the atmosphere. (i) Neatron star, black hole NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 ~ Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 6© oO @ (ii Red giants of original mass greater than 5 solar masses progressively fuse layers of their core until all the material in their core has been fused into iron. In smaller red giants, fasion cannot oceur in elements heavier than iron but in these large red giants, the deop in outwards radiation pressure means that gravitational collapse overwhelms the core which rapidly implodes, contracting to a very small size, between 10 to 20 km, The electron degeneracy pressure is not sufficient to withstand the forces of gravity. The electrons are “pushed into” the protons to form neutrons which are stable at these immense pressures. An enormous amount of gravitational potential energy is released as heat. The extreme temperature and pressure in the surrounding layers cause rapid nuclear reactions that synthesise the heaviest elements. A huge flux of neutrinos is thought to interact with the saperdense ‘material, ripping the outer layers of the star apart- the supernova explosion. ‘The collapse of the supemovae core may result in neutron stars and black holes forming from the remaining core material M = m—Slog( 1 931=-006 ~Slog(W10) d=11.2pe (i) HLR diagram showing main sequence only and appropriately labelled axes. Gi) FER diagram with a “turn-off” on the main sequence Git) Stars in an open cluster are young stars that are still in the “adult” stage of their life eycle, fusing hhydrogen to helium and hence are on the main sequence. The stars in globular clusters are considered to be an old population from which the normal complement of massive, fast- fusing blue stars has already completed their shorter life cycles and “petished”. These stars are missing from the top of the main sequence. Visual binaries are the most easily identified but observing the image ofa star as two or more separate objects is limited by the resolution of telescopes and hindered by atmospheric disturbances, Space telescopes can avoid the blurring effect of the Earth's atmosphere, resulting in more precise resolution. ‘The identification of astrometric binaries is also telescopic. Ouly one component star is bright enough to be seen but the presence of the faint companion is inferred from careful position measurements of the visible star. It is necessary that the companion has sufficient mass to cause an observable wobble in the path of the bright star which needs to be close to 10 parses away. In some binary systems, the orbits are so positioned that, seen from the Earth, each star masks the other as the stars move around each other. The light curve for these stars is used to identify them as binaries, As one of the stars comes between the Earth and the other star, light is blocked out and the result is two eclipses (reductions in light emitted from the system) during each revolution. (If one of the stars is a black dwarf, there is only one reduction in light during each period of revolution. Astronomers plot light curves that provide information about the component stars, known as eclipsing binaries. Care must be taken to distinguish between eclipsing binaries and intrinsic variable stars as these stars also have similar light curves. ‘Spectroscopic binaries are detected by the Doppler Shift of their spectral lines. As one star of the binary approaches Earth, its spectral lines are shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum and vice versa for the receding star. The spectral lines for each star will oscillate as they approach and recede from Earth, Q33 From Quanta to Quarks @) (b) @ Atoms emit line spectra when excited, not a continuous spectrum Additionally, ifthe electrons are simply like a cloud around the nucleus, they should be attracted to the nucleus and not remain outside it. If electrons were in orbit, they should be emitting e-m radiation (since they are being accelerated), lose energy and spiral into the nucleus. Rutherford's model could not explain these things, Gi) VA = Ry (1/3? = 1/4) = E=hf = he = he Ry (1/3? — 1/4) => B= 1.06x10""J or 0.66 eV (ii) Any two of the three other phenomena that were not accounted for by the Bohr model: ‘+ the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum observable through powerful spectroscope «relative intensities of the spectral lines * the Zeeman effect * Also the Bohr theory was based on a mixture of classical physics and quantum ideas () De Broglie proposed that electrons could be considered as standing waves around the nucleus, Such standing waves must “fit” that is, the circumference must equal a whole number of wavelengths, nA. Iefollows that 2 er =n}. Such standing waves would be stable and there would be no e-m radiation emitted. (i Davisson and Germer fired a beam of electrons at the surface of a nickel crystal and studied the reflected electrons at various angles. They found diffraction patterns which can only be the result of waves interacting. Hence de Broglie's proposal was supported. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 - Physies Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 7(©) (@)_ The electrostatic force of repulsion between positively charged protons would push a nucleus apart if it were not for the strong force holding them together. The gravitational attraction that acts between all the nucleons is much smaller. It is the strong nuclear force of attraction between the nucleons that is able to balance the electrostatic repulsive force. Gi) The muclear force acts between 2 protons, 2 neutrons and a proton and a neutron. It is attractive over a small range only, decreasing rapidly to zero (and is repulsive if extremely close), (@) Fermi and his team were bombarding different elements with neutrons and obtaining heavier isotopes of the same element. In attempting to make a transuranic element they obtained puzzling results as there were 4 products that were beta emitters with different half-lives. They did not realise that the uranium had split, that is, fission had occurred. (©) The physicists who had fled Europe before World War II were aware of the German breakthroughs in nuclear physics and persuaded the US government to set up the Manhattan project in 1940 to research the building of the atomic bomb based on the fission of uranium or plutonium, Fermi and colleagues designed and set up the first uranium nuclear reactor with the aim of producing a chain reaction. (Meanwhile other reactors were being constructed to produce plutonium.) Other work was carried out at Los Alamos in New Mexico by a large group of physicists to design the bomb and its detonation method. They tested the plutonium bomb before using a simpler uranium bomb against the Japanese at Hiroshima. The dropping of the bombs on Japan caused much suffering there but resulted in an end to the war in the Pacific. Some of the later impacts on society were: ‘+ Nuclear weapons have so far been a deterrent to full-scale war. © Society has lived with great anxiety worrying about possible nuclear wars and the use of these ‘weapons by terrorists. + The possibility of nuclear accidents, radioactive fellout and the resultant loss of lives and suffering was seen in Chernobyl, Russia. This is associated with even peaceful application of fission. ‘Fission reactors have been used to supply electricity for many countries relieving the pressure of declining supplies of coal and oil. + Radioactive isotopes have saved lives in their medical applications and provided useful tools in other areas. Q34. The Age of Silicon @ @ — Var= RVR FRMVin_ Vea=0.27Vin (ii) An LDR is made of high resistance semiconductor material. Electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency provides the energy (photons) needed by electrons in the semiconductor to move into the conduction band, This increased number of conduction electrons lowers the resistance of the LDR. (©) (The positive temperature coefficient thermistor has a resistance that increases as the temperature increases causing an increase in the circuit current while the negative temperature coefficient thermistor has a resistance that decreases as the temperature increases causing a decrease in the circuit current, (ii) Thermistors are considered analogue devices because the voltage output will vary continuously over time with gradual temperature changes. (© Arclay has two circuits, one through the solenoid that is often low voltage and contains electronic devices, ‘When the current flows through the solenoid which has a soft iron core, it becomes an electromagnet and attracts a pivoted lever. Movement of the lever pushes a contact to close the second cireuit which may be high voltage and control a motor or other device. © (i Transistors are solid state devices. They are composed of three layers of semiconductor material such as silicon and carry out a single function such as switching or amplification. Silicon chips are the layered silicon sheets on which a number of individual components are printed, eliminating the need for connecting wires between them. These became known as integrated circuits as the number of components and type (transistors, capacitors and resistors) on a single chip grew rapidly ‘The use of transistors and integrated circuits to replace valves in computers resulted in both an enormous reduction in size and enormous increase in computing power. Their development made possible smaller electronic guidance systems for missiles and space travel as well as meet the demand for increased data storage and processing speed of computers and better and cheaper global communication. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 ~ Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 8di) (ei) V. Gi) (iii) vi (ii) Gi) © @ Currently computers are used to control planes, cars and other transport and make possible the miniaturisation of mobile phones and cameras. Such electronic equipment, as well as televisions and ‘computers, have become less expensive although incorporating a much greater number of functions and are used throughout society. The de Broglie wavelength of the electrons moving through ICs cannot be greater than the distance between the components on an IC. ve Between V; and V; the device is linear. Infinite resistance to avoid putting a load on the input circuit, output voltage should be zero when the {wo input voliages are equal, Vie Input 1 Taput2 Output 0 0 i 0 1 i | 1 0 T 1 1 0 Initially there is 0 output from the top gate as input is 1,1. When the safe door is opened, the top input to the upper gate becomes 0 causing its output to become | and the alarm rings. ‘Both inputs to the lower NAND gate are now I and its output changes to 0 and alarm continues to ring, Resetting the alarm results in the current through the SOQ flowing to carth, The lower input of the lower NAND gate becomes 0 and the output is again 1. This makes both inputs in the upper NAND gate to be L, its output 0 and the alarm is off. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2008 ~ Physics Trial HSC Examination: Marking Guidelines - Page 9PHYSICS TRIAL EXAMINATION MAPPING GRID 2008 : ‘argeted Question Marks Content ‘Outcomes (H) performance bands Section I~ Part A | 9219.23 14 9.2.2 € 9.2.2 6 923, 9 924 10 93.1 3 93.1 i 932 7 932 9 933 3 9.4.1 o FAI9I2 942 943 943 Section I~ Part B 921 921 9.2.1 92.1 921 9.22 9.2.2 9.2.2 9.22 9.2.1 9.2.1 9.2.4 O24 93.5 933 EER 93.2 93.2 93.1 9.3.1 93.1 93.1 9.3.2 93.2 9.3.3 4 94.1 942 94.2 943 943 Ex 944 944 Section IT 330 Geophysies 953 953 9.53 953955 955 9.5.2 952 954 31 Medical Phiysies 9.6.1 9.6.1 9.6.2 9.6.2 9.6.2. 9.63 963 964 3.64 132 Astrophysics 91 9.7.1 9.73 9.73 9.73 972 9.76 9.7.6 O74 976 9.7.6 ‘i 9.7.6 & 975 133 From Quanta to Quarks BQO 98.1 i) 9.8.1 i 9.8.1 OO 9.8.2 @) 9.8.2 OO 9.83 i) 983) a) 9.83, Peele) cece Ee 9.8.4 134 The Age of Silicon 99.2 993 9.9.3 993 994 99.1 99.7 99.6 9.96 996 995 99.5 99.5