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Bùi Đ C Năng-Bài 1 - V3 PDF
Bùi Đ C Năng-Bài 1 - V3 PDF
Tm tt
Bi bo trnh by khi qut v thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn (Differential Evolution - DE) v mt s
phin bn ci tin ca thut ton trong thi gian gn y. Thng qua kt qu gii mt s bi ton th a ra nh
gi u im ca tng phin bn, ng thi so snh thut ton DE vi mt vi thut ton tin ha khc. Lc k
kt qu p dng thut ton ny khi gii nhng bi ton ti u kt cu ca mt s tc gi trong nc qua cc ti
liu c cng b.
T kha: Ti u, tin ha vi phn, kt cu, thut ton DE
1. M u
Cho n nay c kh nhiu thut ton ti u xy dng trn c s cc hin tng t nhin c
cng b. Trong mt s thut ton c ng dng nhiu gii cc bi ton ti u k thut ni
chung v ti u kt cu ni ring, c th k n nh sau: Thut ton gien GA (Genetic Algorithm) do
John Holland pht minh nm 1975; Thut ton m ht PSO (Patrticle Swarm Optimization Method)
c James Kennedy v Russell A. Eberhart gii thiu nm 1995; Thut ton BB-BC (Big Bang - Big
Crunch) do Osman K. Erol v Ibrahim Eksin a ra nm 2006; Thut ton n kin ACO (Ant Conoly
Optimization) c trnh by bi Marco Dorigo v cng s nm 1991 v thut ton DE (Differential
Evolution Algorithm) do Storn v Price xut nm 1995. Khi chn thut ton gii bi ton ti u
kt cu bn cnh kh nng tm c nghim ti u ton cc, cn phi quan tm n tc hi t ca
n. Do vy, cc thut ton ti u tin ha sau khi cng b thng c ci tin nhm mc ch ny.
Thut ton tin ha vi phn (DE) l mt trong nhng thut ton thnh cng do cu trc n gin,
d s dng v hiu qu khi gii bi ton ti u ton cc vi s bin ln. DE vt qua nhiu phng
php ti u khc v tc hi t v chnh xc khi gii nhiu bi ton th cng nh cc bi ton
thc t (Nguyn Qun Thng, 2014). Tuy nhin DE cng ph thuc vo cc tham s iu khin l: s
c th np, h s t hp sai s F v xc sut lai ghp Cr. Khi p dng thut ton DE cho bi ton thc t,
c bit vi bi ton ln thi gian mt ln tnh ga tr hm mc tiu v kim tra cc iu kin rng
buc ko di th nhu cu tng tc hi t ca thut ton DE l thc s c ngha. Do vy, ngay nm
2005 c mt s phin bn ca DE c xut s dng cng vi phin bn chun u tin (Lei
Peng, 2010). Nhng phin bn l: DE/best/1/bin; DE/Rand2Best1/bin; DE/Rand2Best1/Exp, tc
hi t ca tng phin bn l khc nhau i vi tng dng bi ton th. Cng vi Storm v Price, nhiu
tc gi khi nghin cu thut ton DE ngh nhng phin bn mi c kh nng tng ng k tc
hi t so vi phin bn chun. Tt c cc nghin cu ny thng tp trung vo ba hng chnh l: Ci
tin ton t t bin v lai ghp; Thay i ng cc tham s iu khin DE; Tng cng cht lng
cho qun th ban u. Nhiu phin bn mi ca thut ton DE c xut v lm tt hn ng k
Nguyn Qun Thng, Bi c Nng, Hong Mnh Khang 2
[V]g
No
[X]g
Kim tra iu
5
[X]g
kin dng
4 3
Yes [Y]g
chn lc lai ghp
Qun th [Y]g l kt qu Qun th [U]g l kt qu lai
[U]g
dng chn lc cc c th tt trong ghp gia hai qun th
[X]g v [U]g [X]g v [V]g
F x i
F x min i 1
(5)
Np
3.1. Thut ton DE vi k thut lai ghp cha m trung tm (parent centric crossover - DEPCX)
Khi nim cha m trung tm (Parent Centric Crossover - PCX) khng mi trong cc thut ton
tin ha v c dng trong mt s phin bn ca GA. tng c bn ca k thut ny l nhm
to ra nhng th h mi c nhiu kh nng tt hn cha m. Cc tc gi s dng ton t lai ghp cha
m trung tm (Ali, 2010) do Deb xut theo cng thc:
Vi , g 1 X p , g d p Det (6)
i 1, i p
p dng cho thut ton DE cng thc trn s c ci tin nh sau: Chn ba vc t cha m
a , b , c vi a X best , g cn b , c chn ngu nhin trong cc c th cn li ca qun th. Tnh vc t
trung bnh g ca cc c th chn. Vc t ch hng d p X best , g g ; Khong cch trung bnh t b , c
n d l D. Khi ny ton t lai ghp c vit li:
Vi , g 1 X best , g d Det (7)
i 1, i best
Khi s dng thut ton DEPCX gii cc bi ton th cho thy s ln tnh hm gim ng k v c
bit hiu qu khi s bin khng ln.
3.3. Ci tin ton t t bin (BoR - Best of Random) - Thut ton BoR_DE
Gn y Shen v cng s (2012) xut mt phng n t bin mi c gi l Best of
Random (BoR), trong thay cho ton t (2) ca DE tiu chun theo cng thc (10):
vij xbest , j F *( xr1 , j xr2 , j ) (10)
3.4. Thut ton DE vi la chn ngu nhin DE_RS (DE whith Random Selection)
Khc vi thut ton GA, ton t la chn trong thut ton DE tiu chun cng nh cc phin bn
sau ny ca nhiu tc gi khc c thit k tng i n gin theo cng thc (4). Cch la chn ny
c biu din nh trn hnh 2a v tm gi l cch la chn tng ng. Vic so snh gia c th ca
qun th [X]g vi c th tng ng (theo th t) ca qun th [U]g cho php chn ra c th tt hn cho
qun th [X]g+1.
m bo tnh ngu nhin ca qu trnh tin ha trong ton t la chn, t thc t gii cc bi
ton th v so snh vi thut ton DE tiu chun, Nguyn Qun Thng v cng s (2012) xut s
la chn mi mang tnh ngu nhin hn. Nh trnh by trn hnh 2b, khi chn c th mi cho qun
th [X]g+1 ng vi mi c th ca qun th [X]g ly ngu nhin phn b u mt c th trong qun th
[U]g. Cc ton t khc gi nguyn nh DE tiu chun, thut ton mi c k hiu l DE_Rs.
[X] 1 2 3 .... np-1 np [X] 1 2 3 .... np-1 np
- Qu trnh la chn c tin hnh bng cch chn r rand (0,1); nu r q1 th c th u tin
c chn; nu khng chn c th th i 2, np sao cho qi 1 r qi .
Th hai, bc la chn (khi 4 - Hnh 1) cc tc gi khng s dng cng thc (4) m tin hnh
chn np c th tt nht c mt trong hai qun th ban u [X]g v sau lai ghp [U]g.
Phin bn R-DE vi nhng ci tin trn c tc gi Nguyn Th Thanh Trc v cng s
(2015) p dng gii bi ton ti u kt cu h dn vi iu kin rng buc l tn s dao ng ring.
Kt qu cho thy c hai v d s ln phn tch kt cu gim 58,4% so vi DE tiu chun.
Mt trong nhng phng n l thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn DE. Trong phn ny chng ti
trnh by tm tt kt qu ng dng thut ton DE gii bi ton ti u kt cu trong nc.
Cng trnh u tin xut bn trong nc gii thiu thut ton DE gii bi ton ti u kt cu l
ca tin s V Anh Tun (2007). Tc gi s dng thut ton DE tiu chun (DE/rand/1/bin) gii bi
ton ti u h dn khng gian, kt cu Facade vi ct c dy cng v khung phng 2 nhp 6 tng, bin
thit k l tit din ngang nhn gi tr ri rc. Qua ba v d tnh u cho kt qu tt hn nhng nghin
cu cng b trc . Cho n nay thi gian khng lu, c kh nhiu bo co c ng trong
truyn tp cng trnh hi ngh cng nh trn mt s tp ch c ni dung lin quan n p dng thut
ton DE gii bi ton ti u kt cu. Nhng ng dng ny ch yu dng thut ton DE tiu chun
gii bi ton ti u tit din ngang cho kt cu h dn, thanh phng hoc khng gian vi in kin rng
buc l bn, cng, c th k n nghin cu ca cc tc gi Trn Minh v nnk (2012; 2014),
Bi c Nng v nnk (2015), Nguyn Qun Thng v nnk (2007) ... Sau ny khi kho st nhng h c
k n tnh ngu nhin ca c tnh vt liu, kch thc hnh hc v thng xuyn chu tc ng ngu
nhin ca mi trng (c bit l cc dng cng trnh bin) th gii hn tin cy ca h c xem
nh iu kin rng buc tng qut cho bi ton ti u kt cu (Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng,
2013; Bi c Nng v nnk, 2014). Thut ton DE_RS c cc tc gi Nguyn Qun Thng v
Nguyn Trang Minh xut c s dng ti u nhiu dng kt cu vi iu kin rng buc
khc nhau (Nguyn Trang Minh v Nguyn Qun Thng, 2014). gii bi ton ti u kt cu chnh
ca dn cu trc 10 tn chu ti trng thay i chu k, khi ny iu kin rng buc c b sung thm
l tn s dao ng ring ca h trnh cng hng (Nguyn Qun Thng v nnk, 2013). Cng tng
t nh vy nhm tc gi Nguyn Th Thanh Trc v nnk (2015) s dng phin bn R_DE gii mt
s v d mu, thu c kt qu tt v gim c mt cch ng k thi gian tnh.
Bi ton ti u trong kt cu s dng thut ton DE vi vt liu hn hp cng c quan tm
nghin cu, nh kt cu b tng ct thp (Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng, 2013); kt cu dm
thp b tng lin hp (Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng, 2014). S dng thut ton ti u DE
cho bi ton kt cu v c trnh by trong lun n Tin s k thut ca V Tng Lm (2015). Vi
thut ton DE bi ton ti u kt cu hin nay c th c gii khng ch vi bin thc lin tc na,
hu nh tt c kt qu nghin cu cng b sau ny ph hp vi thc t cng ngh cc tc gi u
s dng bin thit k ri rc.
5. Kt lun
Trong thi gian khong 10 nm, bn cnh nhng thut ton tin ha khc c p dng gii bi
ton ti u kt cu, thut ton tin ha vi phn DE cng ng gp phn tch cc. u im ca thut
ton c th tm tt nh sau: n gin, d lp trnh, c kh nng tm nghim ton cc vi thi gian tnh
ph hp, khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca hm mc tiu cng nh tnh cht ca bin thit k. Mc
d l mt thut ton mang bn cht tm kim ngu nhin nhng c tnh n nh nghim cao, cui cng
l iu kin dng c xy dng tng minh ty theo yu cu kt qu.
Hy vng trong thi gian ti thut ton tin ha vi phn c nhiu cn b nghin cu cc lnh
vc khc quan tm p dng.
Shen, Y., M. Li, and H. Yin (2012). A novel differential evolution for numerical optimization. International
Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology, Vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 2431.
Storn, R., & K. Price (1997). Differential evolution - a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization
over continuous spaces. Journal of global optimization, 11(4), pp. 341-359.
V Tng Lm (2015). Nghin cu phng php thit k ti u kt cu khoang tn la i hi di m. Lun
n Tin s k thut. Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Qun s - BQP.
Nguyn Trang Minh, Hong Mnh Khang (2014). Thit k ti u kt cu thanh khng gian c k n iu
kin rng buc l tn s dao ng ring. Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh khoa hc ton quc C hc vt rn bin
dng ln th 11, Tp H Ch Minh, 7-9/11/2013, tr. 757-762.
Trn Minh, Nguyn Qun Thng, Hong Mnh Khang (2012). Gii bi ton ti u kt cu ui my bay trc
thng bng thut ton tin ha. Tp ch Khoa hc v k thut (Hc vin KTQS), s 148, tr. 108-117.
Trn Minh, Nguyn Qun Thng, Hong Mnh Khang, Nguyn Trang Minh (2014). Ti u kt cu mi nh
dn DKI c sn my bay trc thng bng thut ton tin ha vi phn. Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh khoa hc
ton quc C hc vt rn bin dng ln th 11, Tp H Ch Minh, 7-9/11/2013, tr. 763-772.
Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng (2013). Tnh ton ti u kt cu khung b tng ct thp cho cng
trnh khu vc bin ng - hi o c k n tc ng ca mi trng. Tuyn tp cng trnh khoa hc Hi ngh
c hc ton quc ln th 9, H Ni, 8-9/12/2012, tr. 742-751.
Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng (2014), Tnh ton ti u dm lin hp thp - b tng ct thp vi rng
buc v tin cy. Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh khoa hc ton quc C hc vt rn bin dng ln th 11, Tp
H Ch Minh 7-9/11/2013, tr. 783-791.
Bi c Nng, Hong Mnh Khang, Nguyn Qun Thng (2014). Ti u kt cu dn vi iu kin rng
buc l ch s tin cy trn c s phng php PTHH ngu nhin (SFEM) v thut ton ti u DE. Tuyn tp
cng trnh Hi ngh C hc k thut ton quc k nim 35 nm Vin C hc, H Ni, 9 /4/2014, tr. 331-336.
Nguyn Qun Thng, Hong Cng nh, Nguyn Trang Minh (2007). Kt hp phng php phn t hu hn
vi thut ton di truyn gii bi ton ti u kt cu h thanh vi trng lng cc tiu. Tuyn tp cng trnh
khoa hc Hi ngh C hc ton quc ln th 8, H Ni, 6-7/11/2007, tr. 569-577.
Nguyn Qun Thng, Nguyn Th Minh, Bi c Nng (2009). S dng thut ton tin ha vi phn ti u
ha cc kch thc dm dng hp chu un. Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh C hc ton quc k nim 30 nm
Vin C hc, H Ni, 8-9/4/2009, tr.235-242.
Nguyn Qun Thng, Nguyn Trang Minh (2012). Nng cao tc hi t ca thut ton tin ha vi phn -
DE (Differential Evolution) bng phng php la chn ngu nhin v ng dng gii bi ton ti u kt cu.
Tuyn tp cng trnh khoa hc Hi ngh c hc ton quc ln th 9. H Ni, 8-9/12/2012, Tp 2-C hc vt rn
bin dng, tr. 951-959.
Nguyn Qun Thng, Nguyn Trang Minh (2014). Kt hp ton t t bin mi vi la chn ngu nhin
tng tc hi t ca thut ton tin ha vi phn - DE (Differential Evolution) v kh nng p dng khi gii mt
s bi ton ti u trong c hc vt rn bin dng. Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh khoa hc ton quc C hc vt
rn bin dng ln th 11, Tp H Ch Minh, 7-9/11/2013, tr. 1073-1082.
Nguyn Qun Thng, Bi c Nng (2014). So snh thut ton GA, DE v PSO khi gii bi ton ti u kt
cu h dn. Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh khoa hc ton quc C hc vt rn bin dng ln th 11, Tp H Ch
Minh, 7-9/11/2013, tr. 1083-1092.
Nguyn Qun Thng, Hong Mnh Khang, Bi c Nng (2015). S dng thut ton DE tnh ton ti u kt
cu chn cng trnh bin v nh gi tin cy bng m phng Monte - Carlo. Tp ch Khoa hc v K thut
(Hc vin KTQS), s 2/2015, tr. 144-152.
Nguyn Qun Thng, Hong Mnh Khang, Bi c Nng (2016), Xc nh li chiu su ngm ca cng
trnh dng mng cc s dng phng php cp nht m hnh PTHH v thut ton ti u DE. Tuyn tp cng
trnh Hi ngh khoa hc ton quc C hc vt rn bin dng ln th 12, i hc Duy Tn - Tp Nng, 6-
7/8/2015, tr. 1294-1301.
Nguyn Th Thanh Trc v nnk (2016), Mt gii thut tin ha vi phn ci tin cho bi ton ti u ha kt
cu dn chu rng buc tn s dao ng ring. Tuyn tp cng trnh Hi ngh khoa hc ton quc C hc vt rn
bin dng ln th 12, i hc Duy Tn - Tp Nng, 6-7/8/2015, tr. 1450-1457.
V Anh Tun, Nguyn Quc Cng (2007). Ti u kt cu thp bng thut ton tin ha. Tp ch Khoa hc
v Cng ngh, s 4/2007, tr. 111-118.