1

Hi ngh khoa hc ln th 16 k nim 50 nm ngy truyn thng Hc vin KTQS

(28/10/1966 - 28/10/2016)
Tiu ban: Cng trnh - Xy dng
H Ni, ngy 15/8/2016

Mt vi phin bn ci tin thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn

v nhng ng dng gii bi ton ti u kt cu
TS Nguyn Qun Thng1, PGS TS Bi c Nng2, ThS Hong Mnh Khang1
1
Vin K thut BTL Cng binh
2
Vin K thut cng trnh c bit, Hc vin KTQS
Email: qthang48@gmail.com

Tm tt
Bi bo trnh by khi qut v thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn (Differential Evolution - DE) v mt s
phin bn ci tin ca thut ton trong thi gian gn y. Thng qua kt qu gii mt s bi ton th a ra nh
gi u im ca tng phin bn, ng thi so snh thut ton DE vi mt vi thut ton tin ha khc. Lc k
kt qu p dng thut ton ny khi gii nhng bi ton ti u kt cu ca mt s tc gi trong nc qua cc ti
liu c cng b.
T kha: Ti u, tin ha vi phn, kt cu, thut ton DE

1. M u
Cho n nay c kh nhiu thut ton ti u xy dng trn c s cc hin tng t nhin c
cng b. Trong mt s thut ton c ng dng nhiu gii cc bi ton ti u k thut ni
chung v ti u kt cu ni ring, c th k n nh sau: Thut ton gien GA (Genetic Algorithm) do
John Holland pht minh nm 1975; Thut ton m ht PSO (Patrticle Swarm Optimization Method)
c James Kennedy v Russell A. Eberhart gii thiu nm 1995; Thut ton BB-BC (Big Bang - Big
Crunch) do Osman K. Erol v Ibrahim Eksin a ra nm 2006; Thut ton n kin ACO (Ant Conoly
Optimization) c trnh by bi Marco Dorigo v cng s nm 1991 v thut ton DE (Differential
Evolution Algorithm) do Storn v Price xut nm 1995. Khi chn thut ton gii bi ton ti u
kt cu bn cnh kh nng tm c nghim ti u ton cc, cn phi quan tm n tc hi t ca
n. Do vy, cc thut ton ti u tin ha sau khi cng b thng c ci tin nhm mc ch ny.
Thut ton tin ha vi phn (DE) l mt trong nhng thut ton thnh cng do cu trc n gin,
d s dng v hiu qu khi gii bi ton ti u ton cc vi s bin ln. DE vt qua nhiu phng
php ti u khc v tc hi t v chnh xc khi gii nhiu bi ton th cng nh cc bi ton
thc t (Nguyn Qun Thng, 2014). Tuy nhin DE cng ph thuc vo cc tham s iu khin l: s
c th np, h s t hp sai s F v xc sut lai ghp Cr. Khi p dng thut ton DE cho bi ton thc t,
c bit vi bi ton ln thi gian mt ln tnh ga tr hm mc tiu v kim tra cc iu kin rng
buc ko di th nhu cu tng tc hi t ca thut ton DE l thc s c ngha. Do vy, ngay nm
2005 c mt s phin bn ca DE c xut s dng cng vi phin bn chun u tin (Lei
Peng, 2010). Nhng phin bn l: DE/best/1/bin; DE/Rand2Best1/bin; DE/Rand2Best1/Exp, tc
hi t ca tng phin bn l khc nhau i vi tng dng bi ton th. Cng vi Storm v Price, nhiu
tc gi khi nghin cu thut ton DE ngh nhng phin bn mi c kh nng tng ng k tc
hi t so vi phin bn chun. Tt c cc nghin cu ny thng tp trung vo ba hng chnh l: Ci
tin ton t t bin v lai ghp; Thay i ng cc tham s iu khin DE; Tng cng cht lng
cho qun th ban u. Nhiu phin bn mi ca thut ton DE c xut v lm tt hn ng k
 Nguyn Qun Thng, Bi c Nng, Hong Mnh Khang 2

tnh n nh nghim cng nh tc hi t ca DE tiu chun. Trong khun kh bi bo s trnh by

mt s ci tin mi v nhng kt hp ca chng c hiu qu r rt vi mt s bi ton th cng nh
kh nng ng dng khi gii bi ton ti u h kt cu.

2. Ni dung c bn ca thut ton DE tiu chun (Differential Evolution)

Trn c s tng ca thut ton GA, vo nm 1995, Rainer Storn v Kenneth Price hon
thin c ch t bin v lai ghp to ra mt thut ton mi tin cy, hiu qu hn (Storn & Price,
1997). Thm vo , im khc bit ln nht ca DE so vi GA l lun duy tr v b sung mt cp 2
qun th bao gm n _ popsize c th vi m chiu cc tham s thc v ng dng thnh cng cho
nhiu bi ton ti u cc lnh vc khc nhau.
1 2
Vng lp t bin
Qun th ban u
[X]g -c to ngu nhin, Qun th [V]g -c to ra do
cc qun th tip theo [X]g
t bin cc c th trong
[X]g+1 = [Y]g qun th [X]g.
[Y]g

[V]g
No
[X]g
Kim tra iu
5
[X]g
kin dng
4 3
Yes [Y]g
chn lc lai ghp
Qun th [Y]g l kt qu Qun th [U]g l kt qu lai
[U]g
dng chn lc cc c th tt trong ghp gia hai qun th
[X]g v [U]g [X]g v [V]g

Hnh 1. S thut ton DE

S thut ton c trnh by trn hnh 1. Cng nh thut ton GA, thut ton tin ho vi phn
cng khi to qun th ban u P(t)=[X] theo qui lut ngu nhin phn b u trong min xc nh
theo cng thc:
xij rand 0,1 * BU ij BLij BLij (1)
trong : xij - gi tr ca bin j ca c th i; vi i - s c th xem xt ca bi ton i 1 np ; j - s bin
ca bi ton ti u j 1 nx ; Buij v BLij- gii hn trn v gii hn di ca bin xij; rand(0,1) - s
ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0, 1].
Ngay sau qu trnh to qun th ban u, khc vi GA, thut ton DE thc hin lun tin trnh t
bin (khi 2). Trong tin trnh ny, DE s to ra mt qun th mi [V] da trn qun th ban u [X].
K thut t bin trong thut ton DE l s kt hp gia h s t l cho trc v gi tr c chn
ngu nhin ca cc bin. Phng trnh (2) biu din gi tr phn t t bin vij t vic t hp ba phn
t khc nhau c chn ngu nhin trong qun th ban u [X].

vij xr0 , j F * xr1 , j xr2 , j (2)
trong : r0, r1, r2 - l cc gi tr ngu nhin khc nhau c chn theo lut phn b u trong khong
[0, np]; F - hng s t l nhn gi tr trong khong [0, 1] iu khin mc tin ha ca qun th.
Trong qu trnh lai ghp (khi 3), DE cng tin hnh lai ghp theo kiu cp i (dual crossover)
to ra mt qun th lai ghp [U] c cc c th c chn t hai qun th [X] v [V] theo quy lut ngu
nhin sau:
3 Mt vi phin bn ci tin thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn
v nhng ng dng gii bi ton ti u kt cu

vij ; if rand 0,1 Cr or j rand 1, nx

uij (3)

xij ; otherwise
trong : Cr - xc sut lai ghp nhn gi tr trong khong [0, 1] v c ngi s dng nh ngha
nhm iu khin mt phn cc tham s c sao chp t qun th t bin. Thm vo gi tr ca
phn t lai ghp uij vi ch s chn ngu nhin c ly t qun th t bin [V] s m bo chc chn
phn t lai ghp khng trng vi phn t ban u xij.
Trong qu trnh chn lc v ti sinh (khi 4), cc c th trong qun th lai ghp [U] c so snh
vi cc c th trong qun th ban u [X] theo hng c th no c gi tr hm mc tiu thp hn
(trong bi ton tm cc tiu) s c la chn vo qun th mi [Y]. K thut la chn ca DE c th
biu din nh sau:

uij ; if f uij f xij
yij (4)

xij ; otherwise
Qu trnh ti sinh s c thc hin bng php gn [Y]=[X]
iu kin dng ca thut ton DE cng rt d dng v thun tin. Khi 5 biu din iu kin kim
tra dng v xut kt qu ca thut ton. Cc gi tr v s th h tin ho (Sth) hoc mt gi tr v cng
b (EPS) c a ra so snh vi cc sai lch ca qu trnh tnh. Biu thc iu kin dng ca thut
ton DE c th vit nh sau:
Np

F x i
F x min i 1
(5)
Np

trong : F x min - gi tr nh nht ca hm mc tiu ti th h xt; F x i - gi tr hm mc tiu ca

c th th i; N p - tng s c th trong qun th ang xt; - gi tr v cng b cho trc ( = 10-4 10-
6
ty theo loi bi ton).
Ngoi ton t t bin theo cng thc (2), Storm & Price cn ngh mt s phng n khc vi
mc ch tng tc hi t cho thut ton DE (Price et al, 2005).
Bng 1. Mt s phng n ca ton t t bin ti khi 2

TT Tn gi Dng cng thc (2)

1 DE/rand/1/bin
vij xr0 , j F * xr1 , j xr2 , j
2 DE/best/1/bin
vij xbest , j F * xr1 , j xr2 , j
3 DE/current-to-best/1/bin vij xbest , j F * x best , j x F * x
ij r1 , j xr2 , j
4 DE/rand/2/bin vij xr0 , j F * x r1 , j x F * x
r2 j r3 , j xr4 , j
5 DE/best/2/bin vij xbest , j F * x r1 , j x F * x
r2 j r3 , j xr4 , j
3. Cc phin bn khc ca thut ton DE
Chng ti khng hy vng vi kh nng ca mnh v ngun thng tin hn ch c th trnh by y
nhng ci tin mi i vi thut ton DE c p dng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau. Di y ch
c th l nhng phin bn ci tin chng ti bit v lp trnh tnh ton th nghim khng nh
tnh u vit ca nhng ci tin ny.
 Nguyn Qun Thng, Bi c Nng, Hong Mnh Khang 4

3.1. Thut ton DE vi k thut lai ghp cha m trung tm (parent centric crossover - DEPCX)
Khi nim cha m trung tm (Parent Centric Crossover - PCX) khng mi trong cc thut ton
tin ha v c dng trong mt s phin bn ca GA. tng c bn ca k thut ny l nhm
to ra nhng th h mi c nhiu kh nng tt hn cha m. Cc tc gi s dng ton t lai ghp cha
m trung tm (Ali, 2010) do Deb xut theo cng thc:

Vi , g 1 X p , g d p Det (6)
i 1, i p

p dng cho thut ton DE cng thc trn s c ci tin nh sau: Chn ba vc t cha m
a , b , c vi a X best , g cn b , c chn ngu nhin trong cc c th cn li ca qun th. Tnh vc t
trung bnh g ca cc c th chn. Vc t ch hng d p X best , g g ; Khong cch trung bnh t b , c
n d l D. Khi ny ton t lai ghp c vit li:

Vi , g 1 X best , g d Det (7)
i 1, i best

Cc thng s , l gi tr phn b chun c gi tr trung bnh bng khng v phng sai ln

lt l 2 , 2 .

Khi s dng thut ton DEPCX gii cc bi ton th cho thy s ln tnh hm gim ng k v c
bit hiu qu khi s bin khng ln.

3.2. Thut ton DE vi c s i - Thut ton OpDE

Trn c s khi nim v s i, im i, ti u vi c s i, Rahnamayan v cng s (2008)
xut phin bn mi cho DE bng cch thay qun th ban u bng qun th i v qun th ti sinh
bng qun th i tng phn. Ni dung thut ton OpDE c th tm tt nh sau:
- Xy dng qun th ban u [X] theo cng thc (1)
- Xy dng qun th i [Op] vi qun th [X] m mi c th xc nh theo cng thc (8):
opi , j bl j bu j xi , j ; i 1,...., np; j 1,...., nx (8)
- Qun th ban u mi c chn t nhng c th tt nht trong [Op] v [X].
Qu trnh t bin, lai ghp v chn lc thc hin nh DE tiu chun theo cng thc (2),(3),(4).
c qun th mi cho qu trnh trnh tin ha [X]g+1, mt qun th [Op]g i tng phn vi [X]g
c xy dng theo cng thc (6) khi rand(0,1) < Jr =0.3 (H s nhy)
(opi , j ) g ( xmax, j ) g ( xmin, j ) g ( xi , j ) g (9)
Nh vy ch c mt s c th trong qun th [Op]g (khong 30%) i vi c th trong qun th
[X]g. Qun th mi [X]g+1 c chn t nhng c th tt trong hai qun th [X]g & [Op]g.

3.3. Ci tin ton t t bin (BoR - Best of Random) - Thut ton BoR_DE
Gn y Shen v cng s (2012) xut mt phng n t bin mi c gi l Best of
Random (BoR), trong thay cho ton t (2) ca DE tiu chun theo cng thc (10):
vij xbest , j F *( xr1 , j xr2 , j ) (10)

Khc vi phin bn ca Storm & Price ngh (DE/best/1/bin) y xbest , j l c th tt nht

trong 3 c th khc nhau chn ngu nhin (r0, r1, r2) nh DE tiu chun. Theo cc tc gi vi s
ny s gim c xc sut hi t sm do ri vo im cc tr cc b.
5 Mt vi phin bn ci tin thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn
v nhng ng dng gii bi ton ti u kt cu

3.4. Thut ton DE vi la chn ngu nhin DE_RS (DE whith Random Selection)
Khc vi thut ton GA, ton t la chn trong thut ton DE tiu chun cng nh cc phin bn
sau ny ca nhiu tc gi khc c thit k tng i n gin theo cng thc (4). Cch la chn ny
c biu din nh trn hnh 2a v tm gi l cch la chn tng ng. Vic so snh gia c th ca
qun th [X]g vi c th tng ng (theo th t) ca qun th [U]g cho php chn ra c th tt hn cho
qun th [X]g+1.
m bo tnh ngu nhin ca qu trnh tin ha trong ton t la chn, t thc t gii cc bi
ton th v so snh vi thut ton DE tiu chun, Nguyn Qun Thng v cng s (2012) xut s
la chn mi mang tnh ngu nhin hn. Nh trnh by trn hnh 2b, khi chn c th mi cho qun
th [X]g+1 ng vi mi c th ca qun th [X]g ly ngu nhin phn b u mt c th trong qun th
[U]g. Cc ton t khc gi nguyn nh DE tiu chun, thut ton mi c k hiu l DE_Rs.
[X] 1 2 3 .... np-1 np [X] 1 2 3 .... np-1 np

[U] 1 2 3 .... np-1 np [U] 1 2 3 .... np-1 np

a) La chn theo DE tiu chun b) La chn ngu nhin

Hnh 2. S la chn

3.5. Thut ton DE vi la chn theo nguyn l bnh xe (Roullet - R_DE)

Trong phin bn R-DE c hai ci tin chnh l:
Th nht, cc c th tham gia t bin khng la chn ngu nhin nh DE gc m c la chn
da vo mc thch nghi theo nguyn tc bnh xe Roullet nh trong thut ton GA, ni cch khc l
la chn thc hin theo nguyn l tri (Padhey, 2013). Nguyn l qu trnh la chn ny nh nh sau:
- Tnh xc sut la chn cho mi c th theo cng thc:
F X i
pi np
(11)
FX j
j 1

- Tnh v tr ca mi c th trn bnh xe Roullet:

i
qi p j (12)
j 1

- Qu trnh la chn c tin hnh bng cch chn r rand (0,1); nu r q1 th c th u tin
c chn; nu khng chn c th th i 2, np sao cho qi 1 r qi .
Th hai, bc la chn (khi 4 - Hnh 1) cc tc gi khng s dng cng thc (4) m tin hnh
chn np c th tt nht c mt trong hai qun th ban u [X]g v sau lai ghp [U]g.
Phin bn R-DE vi nhng ci tin trn c tc gi Nguyn Th Thanh Trc v cng s
(2015) p dng gii bi ton ti u kt cu h dn vi iu kin rng buc l tn s dao ng ring.
Kt qu cho thy c hai v d s ln phn tch kt cu gim 58,4% so vi DE tiu chun.

4. ng dng ca thut ton DE cho bi ton ti u kt cu

Cho n nay, ngoi cc thut ton ti u truyn thng chng ta c kh nhiu phng n chn mt
thut ton mi ph hp gii bi ton ti u ni chung v ti u kt cu ni ring mt cch thun li.
 Nguyn Qun Thng, Bi c Nng, Hong Mnh Khang 6

Mt trong nhng phng n l thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn DE. Trong phn ny chng ti
trnh by tm tt kt qu ng dng thut ton DE gii bi ton ti u kt cu trong nc.
Cng trnh u tin xut bn trong nc gii thiu thut ton DE gii bi ton ti u kt cu l
ca tin s V Anh Tun (2007). Tc gi s dng thut ton DE tiu chun (DE/rand/1/bin) gii bi
ton ti u h dn khng gian, kt cu Facade vi ct c dy cng v khung phng 2 nhp 6 tng, bin
thit k l tit din ngang nhn gi tr ri rc. Qua ba v d tnh u cho kt qu tt hn nhng nghin
cu cng b trc . Cho n nay thi gian khng lu, c kh nhiu bo co c ng trong
truyn tp cng trnh hi ngh cng nh trn mt s tp ch c ni dung lin quan n p dng thut
ton DE gii bi ton ti u kt cu. Nhng ng dng ny ch yu dng thut ton DE tiu chun
gii bi ton ti u tit din ngang cho kt cu h dn, thanh phng hoc khng gian vi in kin rng
buc l bn, cng, c th k n nghin cu ca cc tc gi Trn Minh v nnk (2012; 2014),
Bi c Nng v nnk (2015), Nguyn Qun Thng v nnk (2007) ... Sau ny khi kho st nhng h c
k n tnh ngu nhin ca c tnh vt liu, kch thc hnh hc v thng xuyn chu tc ng ngu
nhin ca mi trng (c bit l cc dng cng trnh bin) th gii hn tin cy ca h c xem
nh iu kin rng buc tng qut cho bi ton ti u kt cu (Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng,
2013; Bi c Nng v nnk, 2014). Thut ton DE_RS c cc tc gi Nguyn Qun Thng v
Nguyn Trang Minh xut c s dng ti u nhiu dng kt cu vi iu kin rng buc
khc nhau (Nguyn Trang Minh v Nguyn Qun Thng, 2014). gii bi ton ti u kt cu chnh
ca dn cu trc 10 tn chu ti trng thay i chu k, khi ny iu kin rng buc c b sung thm
l tn s dao ng ring ca h trnh cng hng (Nguyn Qun Thng v nnk, 2013). Cng tng
t nh vy nhm tc gi Nguyn Th Thanh Trc v nnk (2015) s dng phin bn R_DE gii mt
s v d mu, thu c kt qu tt v gim c mt cch ng k thi gian tnh.
Bi ton ti u trong kt cu s dng thut ton DE vi vt liu hn hp cng c quan tm
nghin cu, nh kt cu b tng ct thp (Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng, 2013); kt cu dm
thp b tng lin hp (Bi c Nng v Nguyn Qun Thng, 2014). S dng thut ton ti u DE
cho bi ton kt cu v c trnh by trong lun n Tin s k thut ca V Tng Lm (2015). Vi
thut ton DE bi ton ti u kt cu hin nay c th c gii khng ch vi bin thc lin tc na,
hu nh tt c kt qu nghin cu cng b sau ny ph hp vi thc t cng ngh cc tc gi u
s dng bin thit k ri rc.

5. Kt lun
Trong thi gian khong 10 nm, bn cnh nhng thut ton tin ha khc c p dng gii bi
ton ti u kt cu, thut ton tin ha vi phn DE cng ng gp phn tch cc. u im ca thut
ton c th tm tt nh sau: n gin, d lp trnh, c kh nng tm nghim ton cc vi thi gian tnh
ph hp, khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca hm mc tiu cng nh tnh cht ca bin thit k. Mc
d l mt thut ton mang bn cht tm kim ngu nhin nhng c tnh n nh nghim cao, cui cng
l iu kin dng c xy dng tng minh ty theo yu cu kt qu.
Hy vng trong thi gian ti thut ton tin ha vi phn c nhiu cn b nghin cu cc lnh
vc khc quan tm p dng.

Ti liu tham kho

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Lei Peng, Yuanzhen Wang (2010). Differential Evolution using Uniform-Quasi-Opposition for Initializing
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Optimization. Springer Science & Business Media.
Rahnamayan, S., H.R. Tizhoosh and M. Salama (2008). Opposition-based differential evolution.
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7 Mt vi phin bn ci tin thut ton ti u tin ha vi phn
v nhng ng dng gii bi ton ti u kt cu

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