APPLICATION MANUAL

LONG PIPING
 ACSON
Long Piping
Application Man
pplication ual
Manual

Fir st Edition
First
August 2005
Intr oduction
Introduction

Introduction ................................................................................................................. Introduction-1

Objective .................................................................................................................... Introduction-2

Section 1: Long Piping Limitation

Limitation

1.1 Capacity Loss ........................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Oil Return Problem ................................................................................................... 1-3
1.3 Compressor Failure .................................................................................................. 1-4
1.4 High Installation Cost................................................................................................ 1-5
1.5 Unit Orientation ........................................................................................................ 1-6
1.6 Piping Length Limit .................................................................................................. 1-12

Section 2: Pr ecautions on Long Piping Installa

Precautions tions
Installations

2.1 Additional Oil ............................................................................................................ 2-2

2.2 Additional Refrigerant ............................................................................................... 2-3
2.3 Oil Trap .................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.4 Suction Accumulator ................................................................................................ 2-7
2.5 Oil Separator ............................................................................................................ 2-7
2.6 Pipe Sizing ............................................................................................................... 2-8
2.7 Crankcase Heater ................................................................................................... 2-19
2.8 Pump Down Cycle ................................................................................................... 2-21
2.9 Minimize Bends ....................................................................................................... 2-22
2.10 Minimize Excessive Height ...................................................................................... 2-23

Section 3: Ca pacity Ef
Capacity Efffect

3.1 Pressure Drop Charts ............................................................................................... 3-4

Section 4: Piping Installation

Installation

4.1 Pipe Material ............................................................................................................ 4-1

4.2 Pipe Insulation .......................................................................................................... 4-1
 4.3 Horizontal Runs ........................................................................................................ 4-2
4.4 Vertical Runs ............................................................................................................ 4-4
4.5 Pipe Bends ............................................................................................................... 4-7
4.6 Vibration and Noise in Piping .................................................................................... 4-8

Appendix A : Common Compr essor F

Compressor ailur
Failur
ailuree

A.1 Liquid Flood Back ..................................................................................................... A-2

A.2 Flooded Starts .......................................................................................................... A-3
A.3 Liquid Slugging ......................................................................................................... A-4
A.4 Loss of Lubrication ................................................................................................... A-5
A.5 Overheating .............................................................................................................. A-7

A.6 Contamination .......................................................................................................... A-9

A.6 Refrigerant Migration ............................................................................................... A-12

Appendix B : Suction Accumula

Accumula tor
ulator

B.1 Applications .............................................................................................................. B-3

B.2 Installation ................................................................................................................ B-4
B.3 Sizing and Selecting an Accumulator ....................................................................... B-4

Appendix C : Oil Se par

Separ
paraator

C.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. C-1

C.2 Function ................................................................................................................... C-3
C.3 Installation ................................................................................................................ C-3
C.3 Maintenance ............................................................................................................. C-4

Appendix D : Useful Table and Char

Charss

Copyright 2005 by ACSON International. All rights reserved. This publication is strictly confidential and is meant
for DISTRIBUTORS of ACSON International only. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of
ACSON International.

The data and suggestions in this manual are believed current and accurate at the time of publication, but they are
not a substitute for trained, experienced professional service. Individual applications and site variations can
significantly affect the results and effectiveness of any information. The reader must satisfy him/herself regarding
the applicability of any article and seek professional evaluation of all materials. ACSON International disclaim any
responsibility for actions based on this manual.
Introduction
Intr oduction
Introduction

Split type air-conditioner units consist of an evaporator unit and condensing unit which are both joined together
by two lengths of copper piping. Generally, one of them will be in the indoor room while the other will be located
outdoors.

The performance specifications of the air-conditioner unit have been given based upon a specified pipe length.
Deviations from this standard length will cause variations to the unit performance. There is also a maximum
pipe length allowed for these units, whereby if exceeded, the unit may not give reliable performance. Most
manufacturers will publish these longest distances in both the vertical and horizontal directions where their
evaporator and condenser can be installed apart. Most of the time, installers are not aware of these limitations.
As a result, they encounter problems when the units are not performing as specified.

It is important that during installation, these pipe length limits are not exceeded. It is recommended that the
pipe lengths be as close to the standard lengths as possible. The relative location of both evaporator and
condensing units are also very crucial to ensure an effective and reliable system.

However, this will not be so easily achievable in practice. The building architectural and structural design may
not allow such straight forward installations. It is very common for these pipe lengths to be longer than the
standard lengths, if not exceeding them. Therefore, it is vital to understand what the failure mechanisms of the
air-conditioner unit are when this happens. With this in mind, we can then take the necessary precautions to
prevent damage to the units.

Introduction - 1
Objecti
Objectivve

The purpose of this Application Manual is to give guidelines into long piping installations of split type air
conditioner units. It gives recommendations on the necessary precautions and modifications which are needed
to be carried out to maintain the life span of the system. Information is also given on some of the common
compressor failures encountered with such installations and what are the counter-measures which can be
used to prevent them.

The topics covered in this manual are as follows:

a) Long piping limitations.

b) Precautions on installation.
c) Changes in capacity performance due to long piping.
d) Practical piping installation.

Introduction - 2
Section 1
Long Piping Limitations
There are a few points that an installer and contractor need to consider when dealing with long piping
installations. These points are:

a) Capacity loss of the system.

b) Problem of oil return to the compressor.
c) Compressor failure.
d) High installation cost.

1.1 Ca pacity Loss

Capacity
Capacity loss is due to pressure loss which is caused by friction in pipe and elevation. Consider the Darcy-
Weisbach equation:

p = f (L/D) (
V2/2) ............ (1.1)
where,
p = Pressure drop, Pa.
f = Friction factor, dimensionless.
L = Length of pipe, m.
D = Internal diameter of pipe, m.
= Fluid density at mean temperature, kg/m3.
V = Average velocity, m/s.
Therefore:

p L and V2
p 1/D

This equation can also be expressed in the form of specific energy:

h = p/
g = f (L/D) (V2/2g) ............ (1.2)
where,
h = Energy loss, m.
g = Gravity acceleration, m/s2.
And:

h L and V2
h 1/D

1-1
The remaining terms are the same as mentioned in equation (1.1).

By considering equation (1.1), it is known that L is directly proportional to p. When L increases (with other
terms remaining constant); p will increase proportionally as well. In other words, when the piping length
increases, the pressure drop encountered will be increasing proportionally as well.
Again, considering equation (1.1), it is known that D is indirectly proportional to p.
When D decreases (other terms remaining constant), p will also increase proportionally as well. Therefore,
when the piping diameter decreases, the pressure drop encountered will be increasing proportionally as well.

The pressure drop and capacity drop are directly related to each other. If the pressure drop decreases,
the capacity drop will be also do the same. If the piping length is long, therefore the flow will encounter a higher
pressure drop. Therefore, the capacity for longer piping will decrease as well. Same for decreasing pipe
diameter, the pressure drop will be large and hence, the capacity will drop as well.

Why will the pressure drop cause a reduction in capacity? Basically, there are three reasons:
a) Suction line pressure drop due to friction loss will force the compressor to operate at a lower suction
pressure with a resultant reduction of refrigerant mass flow.

b) Pressure drop due to friction loss in discharge lines causes the compressor to operate at a higher
pressure resulting in reduced refrigerant mass flow and increased power consumption.

c) Liquid line pressure drop due to friction loss and liquid static head may cause flash gas. This flash gas
will reduce the performance of the expansion device as the liquid column cannot be maintained.

1-2
1.2 Oil Retur
Retur
eturnn Pr ob
Prob lem
oblem

The functions of oil in refrigeration systems are:

a) Minimize mechanical wear
b) Reduce friction
c) Lubricate moving parts
d) Seal clearances
e) Deaden noise and
f) Assist to transfer heat.

In the compressor, oil and refrigerant will mix continuously. Refrigeration oils are soluble in liquid refrigerant
and mix completely at normal room temperatures. Since oil must pass through the compressor cylinders to
provide lubrication, a small amount of oil is always in circulation with the refrigerant. Oil and refrigerant vapour
do not mix readily and the oil can be properly circulated through the system if gas velocities are high enough
to sweep the oil along.

If refrigerant velocities are not sufficiently high, oil will tend to lie at the bottom of the evaporator
tubing which, decreases heat transfer efficiency and possibly causing a shortage of oil in the
compressor. The problem arises when the piping is longer than the standard testing length of 7.6m. More oil
will tend to be trapped along the longer piping and only a lesser amount will be returned to the compressor.
This damages the compressor internal moving parts due to lack of lubrication.

As evaporative temperatures are lowered, this problem becomes more critical since the viscosity of the oil
increases with a decrease in temperature. Since the longer piping will cause a lower evaporating pressure
due to the higher pressure drop, the oil becomes more viscous and more difficult to be swept along with the
refrigerant. For these reasons, a proper design of tubing is essential for satisfactory oil return in a refrigeration
cycle.

One of the basic characteristics of a refrigerant and oil mixture in a sealed system is the fact that refrigerant
will migrate through the system into the oil in the compressor. On reaching the compressor, the refrigerant is
absorbed into the oil and this migration will continue until the oil is saturated with liquid refrigerant. The
amount of refrigerant the oil will attract is primarily dependent on the temperature differential between the oil
and refrigerant.

When the pressure of a saturated mixture of refrigerant and oil is suddenly reduced, as happens in a compressor
on start up, the amount of liquid refrigerant required to saturate the oil is drastically reduced, and the remainder
of liquid refrigerant flashes into vapour, causing violent boiling of the refrigerant and oil mixture. This causes
the typical foaming often observed in the compressor on start up, which can move all of the oil out of the
compressor in less than a minute.

With longer piping run, more refrigerant charge is required, thus causing more refrigerant to migrate into the
oil. Foaming will be prolonged during start-up causing higher probability of the compressor failure.

The introduction of excessive liquid refrigerant into the compressor can also cause a loss of oil pressure or oil
delivery to the bearings even though the level of the refrigerant and oil mixture in the compressor is high. The
high percentage of liquid refrigerant entering the compressor not only reduces the lubricating quality of the
oil but on entering the oil pump the intake may flash into vapour, restricting the entrance of adequate oil to
maintain proper lubrication of the compressor bearings. Should this oil dilution effect continue, compressor
failure will occur.

1-3
1.3 Compr essor F
Compressor ailur
Failur
ailuree
With longer piping installations, the chances for compressor failure to occur becomes higher. The following are
the common causes of mechanical failure due to long piping applications:

a) Refrigerant flood back.

In long piping application, the system will need to have a higher refrigerant charge level in order to obtain
reasonable capacity. Therefore, the system will accumulate more liquid refrigerant. Refrigerant flood back
occurs when liquid refrigerant flows through the suction line into the compressor during the running cycle.
The liquid refrigerant will wash away the oil off the bearing surface and result in excessive wear.

b) Flooded start.

Liquid migration happens when the compressor is off for long periods. Refrigerant migrates to the compressor
and mixes with oil. During start-ups, refrigerant foaming will wash the oil away from the bearings. With
longer pipe length, more refrigerant gets to migrate into the oil and the foaming becomes more violent
during start-ups. The moving parts get starved of lubrication during this period of time, and this will cause
failure.

c) Slugging.

Slugging is the result of significant quantity of liquid refrigerant entering into the cylinder of the compressor.
The hydraulic force from liquid refrigerant, oil or a mixture of both will damage the compressor cylinder. In
short, slugging results from severe flooded starts where some of the foam gets sucked into the compression
chamber, resulting in liquid compression. The risk of slugging is higher with long piping installations
because of the higher refrigerant charge required by the system.

d) Loss of oil.

With long piping applications, there is a higher risk of the compressor oil flowing through the system and
being trapped within the system (evaporator, condenser, piping, accumulator and other components) and
returning only a little oil to the compressor. Lack of lubrication will lead to:

i. Oil not reaching the bearings.

ii. Oil dilution.
iii. Oil thinning by overheating.
A symptom of this problem is the compressor gets overheated due to the friction in moving parts.

1-4
1.4 High Installation Cost
Installation

Consider the equation below:

Q = AV ............ (1.3)

where,
Q = Flow rate, m3/s.
A = Cross-sectional area of pipe (based on Inside Diameter), m2.
V = Average velocity, m/s.

When a smaller diameter pipe is used, high velocity is required to convey the necessary quantity of fluid. But
based on equation (1.1), high velocity causes larger pressure drop and hence, the capacity will be reduced
drastically. It will also increase the operating cost due to the compressor having to do more work.

When larger pipes are used, a lower velocity is required to give the desired quantity of flow. Low velocity will
create less pressure drop. However, from the stand point of initial cost, the larger pipes are more costly than
the smaller pipes.

When applying long piping, the following should be noted by end users (which will increase the cost of
installation):
a) Longer pipe used.
b) Bigger pipe used to reduce the pressure drop.
c) More refrigerant charge.
d) More installation work.
e) More potential problems encountered (flood back, slugging, oil return and etc).

1-5
1.5 Unit Orientation
Orientation

The location of both indoor unit and outdoor unit are very important. Different types of orientation in different
operating mode will have different effects on oil return, refrigerant migration, and liquid refrigerant entering
the compressor. The following section will show what could happen if :

a) The indoor unit is below the outdoor unit, or

b) The indoor unit is above the outdoor unit.

Cooling mode oil return case.

Consider when the indoor unit is below the outdoor unit. When the system is operating, the oil will have to go
back upwards to the compressor against gravitational forces. The amount of oil return may be very little and
will directly harm the compressor internal moving parts. If both the ambient temperature for both indoor and
outdoor are low (e.g. 19 C or lower), the oil viscosity will increase and this makes the amount of oil returning
back to the compressor much lesser. This is a very critical condition with the outdoor unit located
above the indoor unit. With long piping lengths, this phenomenon becomes more severe. See Figure 1.1.

[cond]
O/D 19C
oil return up

low fan

I/D

[evap]
19C
Figure 1.1 : Oil return - cooling mode

1-6
Cooling mode cold start case

For the refrigerant migration case, the vapor refrigerant will tend to move to the compressor when it is off for
long periods. This phenomenon is explained in Section 1.1.2. Note that this condition becomes more apparent
when there is a larger ambient temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor units. When the
indoor unit is above the outdoor unit, the migration of refrigerant becomes easier as the downward
flow of refrigerant is helped by gravity. See Figure 1.2. With longer pipes, the degree of migration increases
due to the higher refrigerant charge.

[off]
I/D 35C

refrigerant
migration
O/D

[off]
19C or lower

Figure 1.2 : Cold start cooling mode

Cooling mode liquid flood back case

When the system is operating in cooling mode, any unvaporized liquid refrigerant will flow out from the
evaporator unit and flood into the compressor. Generally, a compressor cannot tolerate any liquid flow into it
as liquid compression will occur. This will damage the compressor moving parts. This phenomenon is more
critical when the indoor unit is higher due to the gravitational forces making the liquid easier to flow downwards.
Figure 1.3 represents this case. This situation is aggravated with long piping installations due to the extra
refrigerant charge required.
low fan
[evap]
I/D 27C or
19C

liquid easier to
flow down to
compressor
O/D

[cond]
46C or 19C
Figure 1.3 : Liquid flood back - cooling mode

1-7
Heating mode oil return case

When running under the heating mode, the connecting pipes become the refrigerant discharge lines. By having
the indoor unit (condenser) on a higher elevation with respect to the outdoor unit, oil will be pumped upwards
by the compressor. Figure 1.4 represents this case. With long pipe installation, the oil velocity may become
lower and gets accumulated inside the indoor heat exchanger.

[cond]
I/D 20C
oil pumped
up

O/D

[evap]
8C or lower
Figure 1.4 : Oil return - heating mode

Heating mode cold start case

For the refrigerant migration case, the same phenomenon as explained in Section 1.1.2 will occur. When the
indoor unit is above the outdoor unit, the migration of refrigerant takes place much easier due to gravitational
effects. This case is more critical than the Cooling Mode (section 1.5.2) as the outdoor unit ambient temperature
is much lower, causing a higher temperature differential between the two indoor and outdoor units. Figure 1.5
represents this case. The longer the pipe is, the higher will be the migration rate due to the higher refrigerant
charge.

[off]
I/D 20C

refrigerant
migration

O/D

[off]
8C or lower

Figure 1.5 : Cold start heating mode

1-8
Heating mode liquid flood back case

When the indoor unit (condenser) is higher than the outdoor unit (evaporator), and the system is running
under the heating mode, the liquid refrigerant from the condenser is able to flow down to the outdoor unit
more easily with the help of gravitational pull. With a high refrigerant charge, there is a higher risk of having
liquid compression. Therefore, due to this type of unit orientation, and also because of the defrost cycle (see
Section 1.5.7), it is considered as a critical condition for heating cycle. The longer the pipe is the higher
will be the risks due to the higher refrigerant charge.

[cond]
I/D 27C

liquid easier
to flow down
to compressor
O/D

[evap]
24C

Figure 1.6 : Liquid flood back heating mode

Defrosting cycle

The defrosting cycle occurs when the system is running under the heating mode. The purpose of this cycle is
to help melt any ice build-up on the outdoor coil which has been operating as an evaporator. If the ice is not
removed, the heating performance of the system will deteriorate as the ice will act as insulation on the coil
surface, preventing heat transfer.

To defrost, the system will momentarily switch back to the cooling mode (when the operation of the 4-way
valve reverses the refrigerant flow) where the outdoor coil becomes the hot condenser to melt the ice. When
the defrost is completed, the system will then resume back in the heating mode. During this defrost period,
the indoor unit fan will stop. As a result, this may cause the liquid refrigerant entering the indoor coil to not be
able to evaporate fast enough. The excess liquid refrigerant will then flow to the compressor. By having the
indoor in a higher elevation and with long pipe length (hence higher refrigerant charge), this becomes more
evident as the liquid flowing down is assisted by gravity. Liquid flood back and slugging may occur. This in
turn will lead to compressor failures.

See following diagrams.

1-9
 Indoor coil (condenser)

Expansion device

4-way valve
Ice build-up on coil
surface

Outdoor coil (evaporator)

Compressor

Figure 1.7 : Refrigerant flow during normal heating cycle

Incomplete evaporation,
liquid floodback to
compressor

Fan stopped

Indoor coil (evaporator)

Expansion device

4-way valve

Outdoor coil (condenser)

Compressor

Figure 1.8 : Refrigerant flow during DEFROST cycle

1 - 10
1.6 Piping Length Limits

In summary, compressor failure is the main consideration with long piping applications. See Appendix A for
more detailed explanation on compressor failures. Piping length should be as short as possible to prevent the
compressors from breaking down. In view of the importance of unit orientation, care must be taken to keep to
the allowable maximum height difference.

Special precautions must be taken when there is no choice but to use longer pipe lengths. Understandably, the
extent of these precautions must be balanced with the increased cost of installation.

The following table shows the recommended piping length limits for different condensing units:

Maximum Maximum Maximum number of

Model
Length (m) Height (m) bends allowed
SL10B/BR/10C/CR 12 5 10
SL15B/BR/15C/CR 12 5 10
SL20B/BR/20C/CR* 25 15 10
SL25B/BR/25C/CR* 25 15 10
SL30/40/50C/CR* 45 25 10
SL60/61C/CR* 35 15 10
VCU25A 15 8 10
VCU30/35/40/50A 20 10 10
MSS60C/CR/75C/CR* 45 25 10
MSS100/125/150B/BR/C/CR/D/DR/E/ER* 45 25 10
MSS200/250/300D2/DR2* 45 25 10
Note* : Applicable to model with built-in accumulator for long piping application only. Please refer to distributor for further
details.

Table 1.1: Pipe lengths for different condensing units

The standard pipe length, where the units are rated at is 7.6 meters (25 feet). A more thorough explanation
on precautions needed with longer pipe installations are given in the next chapter. Pipe lengths longer than
those specified in Table 1.1 is not recommended.

It is also not necessary to change the recommended pipe sizes for these units, as long as these limits are not
exceeded. In general, the outdoor unit pipe size connections should always be used as the reference. Table
1.2 shows the pipe sizes for different condensing units.

1 - 11
 Model Pipe size**
Suction () Liquid ()
SL10B/BR/C/CR 3/8 1/4
SL15B/BR/C/CR 1/2 1/4
SL20B/BR/C/CR 5/8 1/4
SL25B/BR/C/CR 5/8 3/8
VCU25/30A 5/8 3/8
SL30C/CR 5/8 3/8
SL40/50C/CR 3/4 3/8
VCU35/40/50A 3/4 3/8
SL60/61C/CR 3/4 1/2
VCU60A 7/8 1/2
MSS60C/CR 3/4 1/2
MSS75D/DR 1 1/2
MSS100B/BR/C/CR/D/DR/E/ER 1-1/8 5/8
MSS125/150B/BR/C/CR/D/DR/E/ER 1-3/8 5/8
MSS200D2/DR2 1-1/8 5/8
MSS250/300D2/DR2 1-3/8 5/8
Note**: Subject to change without prior notice. For updated information, please refer to Technical Manuals.

Table 1.2 : Pipe sizes for different condensing units

1 - 12
Section 2
Precautions On Long Piping Installations
There are several considerations when dealing with long piping installations. These include:

a) Additional oil.
b) Additional refrigerant.
c) Oil traps.
d) Suction accumulator.
e) Oil separator.
f) Pipe sizing.
g) Crankcase heater.
h) Pump down cycle.
i) Minimise bends.
j) Minimise excessive heights.

2-1
2.1 Ad ditional Oil
Additional

Each compressor has a rated oil holding capacity. It is important to check with the compressor
specifications on these oil charges as each compressor comes pre-charged with oil. This specified
compressor oil holding charge is sufficient for a standard piping installation of 7.6m (24.9 feet).

With longer pipe lengths, it is important to add in additional oil into the system. This is necessary
because some of the oil will be pumped out of the compressor and stick to the internal pipe surfaces.
Additional oil is needed to maintain a safe oil level in the compressor sump.

As a guideline, from the actual pipe run, for every 10ft of extra length from standard testing
length, 3 fl.oz of oil (1 fl.oz 30cm3 0.03l) should be added into the system.

Sample calculation 01:

a) Standard factory testing length = 7.6m / 24.9 ft
b) Actual pipe length = 10.0m / 32.8ft
c) Compressor specifications:
Oil charge = 38fl.oz.

Extra length = 32.8ft 24.9ft

= 7.9 ft

With 10ft = 3fl.oz. , the extra oil charge for the extra length of 7.9ft = 2.37fl.oz.

Therefore, an additional 2.37fl.oz of oil should be added into the compressor in this example, giving a
total charge of 38 + 2.37 = 40.37 fl. oz.

2-2
2.2 Ad ditional R
Additional efrig
Refrig er
efriger ant
erant

Similar to the additional oil case, each compressor has a rated refrigerant maximum holding capacity. As a
general practice, do not exceed these limits in order to prevent the compressor from breakdown. It is important
to double check with the compressor specifications on the refrigerant charge limits.

With the longer pipe lengths, more refrigerant is needed to fill the extra volume. The refrigerant charge in the
delivered unit is sufficient for the standard pipe length of 7.6 meters.

It is also important to understand the difference between having the expansion device located in the
indoor unit or the outdoor unit. If the expansion device is located at the indoor unit, the entire liquid line will
be filled with liquid refrigerant liquid before expanding at the indoor unit. This will be considered as a single
phase flow in the liquid line. The refrigerant amount required will be significantly higher.

When the expansion device is in the outdoor unit, the refrigerant will begin to expand along the liquid line.
This will be considered as a two phase flow in the liquid line. As a result, the refrigerant amount required
is lower.

The additional amount of refrigerant required can be calculated once the density of the refrigerant along
these pipes is known. As a guideline, this value should not be more than the maximum refrigerant charge of
the compressor.

Sample calculation 02:

a) 1st option pipe length = 40ft = 12.2m
b) 2nd option pipe length = 75ft = 22.9m
c) Standard pipe length = 7.6m
d) L type hard copper tube with OD size =
e) Density of refrigerant R-22, R22 at 40oC = 1129kg/m3 (saturated temperature of liquid at condenser outlet).
f) Standard factory charge = 2.50kg
g) Compressor maximum refrigerant charge = 3.60kg
h) Given that total charge must not be greater than the compressor maximum charge.
i) The expansion device located at the indoor unit.

From Table D.5, we look at L type hard copper tube with OD = , ID = 0.430in (0.011m). Also from
the R22 Thermo Physical Properties, R22 at 40oC = 1129kg/m3.

It is known that:
Mass = Volume x Density
Hence,
m = V x R22 (2.1)
Where, m is the additional refrigerant mass required for the additional pipe length
V is the additional refrigerant volume due to the additional pipe length

If d is the pipe internal diameter

L is the pipe length which is equal to the on site pipe length minus the standard pipe length
Then,
m = 0.25 x x d2 x L x R22
mL=12.2m = 0.49kg (for 1st option pipe length)
mL=22.9m = 1.64kg (for 2nd option pipe length)

For 1st option case; Total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 0.49 + 2.50
= 2.99kg ! 2.99kg < 3.6kg

For 2nd option case; Total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 1.64 + 2.50
= 4.14kg ! 4.14kg > 3.6kg
Thus, the second option pipe length is not recommended.

2-3
Sample calculation 03:

Continuing from sample calculation 02, but this time with an outdoor expansion device. As explained earlier
this will be considered as a two phase flow in the liquid line. The refrigerant amount required would now be
lower. It is difficult to exactly quantify the refrigerant charge in this situation as the actual expansion process
that occurs in the expansion device, is not known.

However, it is estimated that the refrigerant required is 40% less compared to the amount needed when the
expansion device is at the indoor unit.

Hence,

mL=12.2m = 0.49/1.4 = 0.35kg (for 1st option pipe length)

mL=22.9m = 1.64/1.4 = 1.17kg (for 2nd option pipe length)

For 1st option, the total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 0.35+ 2.50
= 2.85kg ( < 3.6kg )

For 2nd option, the total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 1.17 + 2.50
= 3.67kg ( > 3.6kg )

The second option pipe length is still not recommended in this situation.

2-4
2.3 Oil Trap
In normal installation cases, oil traps are not required. However, when piping is long, oil traps are required
to be installed at fixed intervals along the vertical suction pipe. This is especially so when the outdoor
unit is located on a higher elevation than the indoor unit. These oil traps help to get any accumulated oil
to move upwards, as shown in Figure 2.1. The design of the traps will forcibly cause the gaseous refrigerant
to pass through the oil thus, carrying it upwards back to the compressor.

As a guideline, an oil trap is required at every 10 to 15ft (3 4.6m) intervals.

Figure 2.2 illustrates how oil traps are installed.

However, the high pressure drop across such traps may cause high capacity reduction.

Figure 2.1: Internal refrigerant flow inside an oil trap

TO TO
COMPRESSOR COMPRESSOR

30
45

15 15

EVAPORATOR

15

EVAPORATOR

Figure 2.2: Oil traps installations

2-5
2.4 Suction Accumula
Accumula tor
ulator

A suction accumulator serves as a vessel to store any liquid refrigerant which may return back along
the suction line to the compressor. It will protect the compressor from liquid floodback and slugging.
All OYL heat pump units have a built-in suction accumulator in the outdoor unit, but not for the
cooling only units.

Nevertheless, it is not recommended to have an additional suction accumulator installed in the

units as long as the maximum pipe length limits defined in Section 1.6 are not exceeded. The existing
accumulator in the unit is able to provide sufficient protection to the compressor within the specified
pipe length limits.

A more thorough explanation and study on suction accumulator is given in Appendix B.

2.5 Oil Se par

Separ
paraator

The oil separator has been designed to remove compressor oil along the discharge line. It is useful
to ensure sufficient oil return back to the compressor. However, it is not recommended that an
additional oil separator be installed in the units as long as the maximum pipe length limits are not
exceeded.

The unit will be able to function properly within the specified limits, provided that care is taken to have
oil traps along the pipe line (see Section 2.3) and that the refrigerant velocity in the pipes are sufficiently
high to carry the oil back to the compressor (see Section 2.6).

Appendix C gives a more detailed study and explanation of the oil separator.

2-6
2.6 Pipe Sizing

Refrigerant pipe lines must be selected for optimum size with respect to:

a) Initial cost.
b) Pressure drop.
c) Oil return.

It is desirable to have line sizes as small as possible from the standpoint of low initial cost. However,
the overall system performance must be evaluated and the following recognised:

a) Suction and discharge line pressure drop due to friction losses reduces compressor
capacity and increases power consumption.
b) Liquid line pressure drop due to friction loss and liquid static head may cause flash gas
(Flash gas is the refrigerant gas which results from the vaporisation of liquid refrigerant
to cool the remaining liquid refrigerant to a lower pressure level).
c) Suction and discharge lines must be sized for proper gas velocity to assure oil return to
the compressor.

The design considerations with long refrigerant piping installations are:

a) Assure positive and continuous return of oil to the compressor crankcase.

b) Refrigerant pressure losses are inevitable with long piping. This should not be
remedied at the expense of retarding oil return to the compressor.
c) Prevent liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor during running, off cycles and
start up.
d) Avoid trapping of oil in the evaporator or suction line which may subsequently return to
the compressor as large slug with possible damage to the compressor.

In view of the above mentioned considerations, it is recommended that the refrigerant pipe size be
maintained as specified on the indoor and outdoor units. It is not necessary to resize the pipe as
long as the refrigerant pipe length limits are not exceeded.

2-7
2.6.1 Suction line
The suction line should have the following characteristics:
a) A total pressure drop of not more than 2oF change in saturation temperature (which is
equivalent to 3 psi for R-22 refrigerant @ 40F evaporating temperature). Of course, for
long piping installations, this value will be much higher.
b) Sufficient velocity (>1500fpm for vertical riser, >750 fpm for horizontal runs) for oil return
to the compressor (greater refrigerant velocities are obtained by decreasing the size of
the suction line. However this will create a higher pressure drop).

Note: (Criteria (b) has higher priority over (a)).

c) Prevention of liquid refrigerant from draining into the compressor during OFF cycle.

When installing the evaporator below the compressor, using a trap at the bottom of the pipe riser
is necessary. The purpose of the trap is to drain oil and liquid refrigerant out of the line to which the
expansion valve bulb is strapped. See following diagram:

Trap
To
compressor

Evaporator

Figure 2.3: Evaporator located below the compressor.

When installing the evaporator above the compressor, using an inverted Loop can prevent refrigerant
from draining into the compressor during OFF cycle. However, the loop will not prevent refrigerant migration
due to temperature of the evaporator being higher than the compressor.

Evaporator
To
compressor

Figure 2.4: Evaporator located above the compressor.

The trap should be as small as possible to prevent large slugs of oil being returned to the compressor when
the trap clears. When a suction riser is 30 feet or more in length, an oil trap should be installed every 15 feet
of vertical rise. This trap aids in oil return and provides a drainage point for oil, which is en route up the riser
when the compressor stops. When the unit starts again, the oil is returned to the compressor quickly and in
a relatively small slugs. See Section 2.3.

2-8
2.6.2 Discharge line
Pressure drop due to friction loss in discharge lines causes the compressor to operate in higher pressure
resulting in reduced capacity and increased power consumption.

Discharge lines should have:

a) A total pressure drop of 1oF to 2oF change in saturation temperature (equivalent to 3.5 psi for
R-22 refrigerant @ 120F condensing temperature). Long piping will give higher readings.
b) Sufficient velocity (>1500fpm) for oil return to the compressor.

Note: (Criteria (b) has higher priority over criteria (a))

c) A means to prevent refrigerant from draining back to compressor head during the OFF
cycle.

Long discharge pipe lines are only encountered during the reversed cycle heating mode. The same pipe is
the suction line during the cooling mode. Therefore, the main consideration with long discharge pipe installations
is the discharge oil line trap, which is actually the same as the suction line oil traps. The same rule applies,
i.e. a trap should be installed every 15 feet of vertical rise. These traps will aid in oil return and provides a
drainage point for oil that is en route up the riser when the compressor stops, as well as for liquid refrigerant
which may condense during the OFF cycle.

2.6.3 Liquid line

When the refrigerant is in liquid state, the oil in the liquid line is readily carried along by the refrigerant to the
evaporator. There is no problem with oil return in liquid lines. Thus, the design of the liquid piping is less
critical than that of the suction lines and the discharge lines.

The problem encountered in the liquid line is mainly one of preventing the liquid from flashing before it
reaches the refrigerant control (capillary tube or thermal expansion valve).

The problem of flash gas in the liquid line is that:

a) It reduces the capacity of the refrigerant control.

b) It causes erosion of the valve pin and seat.
c) It often results in erratic control of the liquid refrigerant to the evaporator.

To avoid flashing of the liquid in the liquid line, sufficient liquid subcooling is required along the pipe line.

The liquid line should be designed with a maximum gas velocity of 360 fpm.

2-9
2.6.4 Refrigerant piping checking method

This section provides a general guide on how to check the refrigerant piping.

Procedure:
1) Select indoor and outdoor models:
a) Capacity (Btu/hr or tons)
b) Original gas and liquid line size.
c) Standard factory length.

2) Obtain the following parameters:

a) Horizontal pipe length. Check if pipe limits have been exceeded.
b) Vertical pipe length. Check if pipe limits have been exceeded.
c) Number of bends.
d) List of fittings installed, e.g.: filter drier, valves, sight glass.

3) Based on the information from 1(a) and 1(b), use the pressure drop charts (Figure D.4) and
velocity charts (Figure D.3) for the following:
a) Pressure drop for current pipe size and pipe size at least 2 sizes bigger than current size.
b) Velocity in pipe for current pipe size and for pipe size at least 2 sizes bigger than current size.

Note: The charts are applicable only for refrigerant R-22.

4) Based on the information from 2(a) and 2(b), calculate the actual pressure loss for the pipe
sizes.

5) Based on the information from 2(c) and 2(d), find from Table D.1 to Table D.6 for the equivalent
lengths of the fittings such as elbows and valves.

6) Check the values against the design criteria set for pressure drop and velocity in gas line. The
design criteria are listed as below:
a) Gas line criteria:
i) Minimum horizontal line gas velocity = 750fpm
ii) Minimum vertical risers gas velocity = 1500fpm

7) Check the refrigerant velocity of the standard pipe size. Check also the refrigerant pipe pressure
drop. Determine the performance of the standard pipe size. Compare the values with those
pipes which are 2 sizes larger as reference.

8) Get factory standard length; calculate the additional oil from the actual pipe run. For every 10ft of
extra length from standard testing length, add 3 fl.oz. of oil (1 fl.oz. 30cc).

9) Refer to Table D.5. Based on the length and inner diameter of the pipe, find the
amount of refrigerant to be added in.

2 - 10
Sample calculation 06:
Capacity = 50000Btu/hr (Note: 1ton = 12000Btu/hr).
Suction line size = (OD). L type hard copper pipe.
Liquid line size = 3/8" (OD). L type hard copper pipe.
40oF (4.4C) evaporation temperature.
120oF (48.9C) condensing temperature. (Refrigerant density = 1087 kg/m3)
Standard testing length = 7.6m.
Compressor maximum R22 holding capacity = 4.5kg.
Standard R22 charge = 2.5kg.
System is utilizing expansion valve (indoor).
Cooling mode system.

Evaporator
6

4 2

5
15

7
10

10

4
Condenser NOTE : Dimensions are not to scale

Figure 2.5 : Schematic diagram for sample problem

Capacity = 4.17 tons (5 hp)

Total pipe length = 68 ft (20.7 meters)
Elevation = 15 ft (4.6 meters)

With reference to the specifications in Secton 1 for a 5 hp unit (50 meters maximum length, 15 meters maximum
height), the total pipe length and elevation are still within the limits.

2 - 11
We can thus build the following tabulation:

Pressure drop / 100ft (psi), g. Refer to

Misc. fittings equivalent length (ft), d.
(Note: Assume long radius 90o bend).
Velocity (fpm). Refer to Figure 2.6.

Refer to Table D.3, D.4 & D.6.

Equivalent length for 1 bend, b

Equivalent length for all bends

Calculated pressure drop (psi)

Refer to Table D.1 & D.2.

Total equivalent length (ft)

Number of bends, a.

Total length (ft), e.

OD Size (inch)

h = f x (g/100)
f=c+d+e

Figure 2.7
c=axb
Section

3/4 4000 1.40 12.60 0.00 80.60 15 12.1

Suction 7/8 2700 9 1.55 14.00 0.00 68 82.00 6.5 5.3
1 2100 1.70 15.30 0.00 83.30 3.2 2.7
3/8 340 0.90 8.10 0.00 76.10 25 19.0
Liquid 1/2 190 9 1.00 9.00 0.00 68 77.00 5.5 4.2
5/8 120 1.20 10.80 0.00 78.80 1.8 1.4

Table 2.1: Tabulated values for various parameters.

For this calculation example, it is necessary to perform an interpolation to obtain the equivalent length le (7/8)
and le (5/8) of the bends from the available data in Table D.1 and D.2.

Formula used to obtain these values is:

li = li-1 + [(i i-1) /(i+1 i-1)] x (li+1 li-1)

Where: li = Equivalent length to be determine.

li-1 = 1 step smaller equivalent length .
li+1 = 1 step bigger equivalent length.
i = Diameter of li.
i-1 = 1 step smaller diameter.
i+1 = 1 step bigger diameter.

Equivalent length for 90o long radius bend for 7/8", le

le (7/8) = le (3/4) + [(OD7/8 OD3/4)/(OD1 OD3/4)] x (le (1) le(3/4))
= 1.40 + [(7/8 3/4)/(1 3/4)] x (1.70 1.40)
= 1.55

Equivalent length for 90o long radius bend for 5/8", le

le (5/8) = le (1/2) + [(OD5/8 OD1/2)/(OD3/4 OD1/2)] x (le (3/4) le(1/2))
= 1.00 + [(5/8 1/2)/(3/4 1/2)] x (1.40 1.00)
= 1.20

With these answers, the pressure drop across the pipes can be calculated, as shown in the Table 2.1.
As expected, the pressure drop across the larger pipes is found to be much lower.

With this installation, the extra pipe length = 68ft (7.6m / (0.3048m/ft))
= 43.1ft
Therefore, the extra lubricant oil required = Extra length x (0.3fl.oz/ft)
= 12.92fl.oz.

2 - 12
Refer to Table d.5 to determine the internal pipe diameter. The extra refrigerant required is calculated as
follows :

OD =3/8" case (ID = 0.305").

Extra R22 = V
= 0.25d2L
= 0.25(3.142)(0.305in x (0.0254mm/in))2(68ft x (0.3048m/ft) 7.6m)(1087kg/m3)
= 0.67kg Total charge = 2.5 + 0.67 = 3.17kg (OK)

OD = case (ID = 0.43").

Extra R22 = V
= 0.25d2L
= 0.25(3.142)(0.430in x (0.0254m/in))2(68ft x (0.3048m/ft) 7.6m)(1087kg/m3)
= 1.34kg Total charge = 2.5 + 1.34 = 3.84kg (OK)

OD = 5/8" case (ID = 0.545").

Extra R22 = V
= 0.25d2L
= 0.25(3.142)(0.545in x (0.0254mm/in))2(68ft x (0.3048m/ft) 7.6m)(1087kg/m3)
= 2.15kg Total charge = 2.5 + 2.15 = 4.65kg (NG)

Because the pipe length limit is not exceeded, the original pipe size is still recommended to be used in this
system. The calculations reveal that the system will be safe to operate, but additional oil of 12.9 fl. oz. and
additional refrigerant R22 charge of 0.7kg must be added.

In this example, R-22 is used as the refrigerant. When other refrigerants are used, the corresponding refrigerant
properties must be applied. For example, properties of refrigerant R407C and R410A are available in the
Appendix section. The corresponding pipe charts must also be used in the computation.

2 - 13
1

120 190 340 2100 4000

2700

Figure 2.6: R-22 refrigerant velocity chart

2 - 14
 1

3.2 6.5 15

1.8 5.5 25

Figure 2.7: R-22 refrigerant pressure drop chart

2 - 15
2.7 Cr ankcase Hea
Crankcase ter
Heater

Crankcase heater is a sealed heater installed with close contact to the outer circumference at the bottom of
the compressor. Examples of crankcase heater and how crankcase heater is installed onto a compressor is
shown in Figure 2.8, Figure 2.9, and Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.8: Example of crankcase heater.

Figure 2.9: Crankcase heater installed onto a rotary compressor.

Figure 2.10: Crankcase heater installed onto a reciprocating compressor.

2 - 16
The purpose of installing crankcase heater is to protect the compressor from the negative effects of the liquid
refrigerant in the compressor and in the lubricating oil. In simple words, crankcase heaters are frequently
used to retard migration. It removes the refrigerant by heating from the outside. Refrigerant entering the
compressor will be vaporized and driven back into the suction line. Crankcase heater should be installed
during long piping installations where the risk of liquid refrigerant migration is much higher.

The crankcase heater size differs according to the capacity and the application of the compressor. A heater
of about 40W to 80W should be used.

When the compressor is inactive for a long period, the crankcase heater should be energized for at least 6 to
12 hours before operation of the compressor is started. Please note that burning might occur if oil gets on to
the crankcase heater.

Deterioration due to water condensation and acoustic insulation materials (such as pheuol products) can
lead to defective insulation.

2.8 Pump Down Cy

Down cle
Cyc

The most positive dependable means of properly controlling the liquid refrigerant, particularly if the charge is
large, is by means of a pump down cycle. By closing a liquid line valve, the refrigerant can be pumped into the
condenser and receiver, and the compressor operation controlled by means of a low-pressure control. The
refrigerant can thus be isolated during periods when the compressor is not in operation. Migration to the
compressor and crankcase is prevented.

Although the pump down cycle is one of the protection method against migration, it will not protect against
liquid flooding during operation.

2 - 17
2.9 Minimize Bends
Minimize

Piping between the condenser and evaporator units shall not have too many bends. Bends should be avoided
as much as possible.

When the number of bends (bending angle) is large, the internal pipe resistance increases, and the refrigerant
flow is impaired. These bends tend to retard oil return. The compressor capacity is also reduced and there
are higher risks of compressor failures. Refer Section 1.6 for the recommended maximum number of
bends.

Figure 2.11: Too many bends

2 - 18
2.10 Minimize Ex
Minimize cessi
Excessi
cessivve Heights

The system does not perform correctly when both the condenser and evaporator units are too far away from
each other (either vertically or horizontally). The required refrigerant quantity increases and the products
guaranteed range is exceeded. Also, the circulation of refrigerant and lubrication oil malfunctions, the capacity
drops, and compressor trouble may occur.

The piping length should be as short as possible because the capacity and the reliability decreases as piping
length increases. Select the shortest length possible. Refer Section 1.6 for the recomended maximum
heights and lengths.

Figure 2.12: Too long horizontal length.

Figure 2.13: Excessive height different.

2 - 19
Section 3
Capacity Effect
One of the most frequently asked question with long piping installations is How much is the effect to the
cooling or heating capacities when operating with long piping? It has been mentioned that with longer
piping, the capacity will be lower due to pressure losses along the pipe lines. However, to determine the
magnitude of the capacity reduction is not just a simple matter of calculating the pressure drops along the
pipe line.

The cooling or heating capacity of a system is very much dependent on the operating suction and discharge
pressures of the compressor. It is also dependent on the amount of superheat at the suction and subcool
at the condenser outlet. All of these boil down to the refrigerant mass flow rate pumped by the compressor.
When the pipe lines become longer, and the refrigerant charge is increased, the values of both the superheat
and subcool will also change. This will affect the mass flow rate. In other words, in order to accurately
determine the capacity, we will need to measure the pressures, superheat and subcooling.

Another consideration is that with the longer pipe lines, there will be higher heat losses due to conduction
along the pipe length. Of course, this can be overcome by ensuring good pipe insulation on the pipes.
Generally, a suitable pipe insulation of sufficient thickness (e.g. Superlon/Armaflex, thick) will be effective
in giving good thermal insulation.

In view of the above, it is difficult to determine accurately the capacity reductions due to long pipe installation.
It is not practical to directly measure both the compressor suction and discharge pressures as there are no
pressure taps at these locations in the air-conditioning unit. A table or graph of the compressor performance
is also required to determine this value.

Nevertheless, it is possible to roughly estimate the capacity by using the calculated pressure drop along
the suction and discharge pipe lines in relation to the original rated capacity of the system with the standard
pipe length. It is assumed that the rated evaporating and condensing temperatures of the system remain
the same. Note 1.

Note 1: Strictly speaking, this is not true, as a reduction in suction pressure will also reduce the discharge pressure (and vice-
versa). The system balancing will be affected. However this assumption has been made to simplify the estimation process.

3- 1
Cooling Capacity

The cooling capacity of the unit has been rated with a standard pipe length at a specific evaporating temperature
and condensing temperature.

Suction
pipe

Ps P
Suction Evap.
pressure temp.
(sat.), Te

Cond.
temp.
(sat.), Tc
Liquid pipe (2-
P phase)
)))) ))))

Std. pipe
length

Figure 3.1: Cooling cycle

With a longer pipe length, the compressor suction pressure must become lower in order to maintain the
same evaporating temperature at the coil, i.e. Te. As a result, the refrigerant mass flow rate of the compressor
reduces, giving a lower cooling capacity. The longer the pipe the lower the suction pressure.

The pressure drop along the pipe can be expressed as equivalent temperature reading because of the
general acceptance of this method of pipe sizing. The corresponding pressure drop in psi (or kPa) may be
determined by referring to the saturated refrigerant properties. Different refrigerants will give different values
of pressure drop.

The following general capacity trend has been extracted from CARRIER Handbook:

Suction pipe line Pressure Drop Compressor Capacity, %

No Line Loss 100
2F (1.1C) Line Loss 95.7
4F (2.2C) Line Loss 92.2

Table 3.1: Suction line pressure drop against compressor capacity

3- 2
Heating Capacity

With the action of the 4-way reversing valve, the suction pipe will now become the discharge pipe. Because
of the expansion device configuration, the liquid pipe will maintain the same 2-phase flow.

Discharge
pipe

Discharge
pressure P
Pd Cond.
temp.
(sat.), Tc

Evap.
temp.
(sat.), Te Liquid pipe
(2-phase)
P )))) ))))

Std. pipe
Outdoor length Indoor
unit unit

Figure 3.2: Heating cycle

As before, the heating capacity has been rated at specific evaporating and condensing temperatures, with
the standard pipe length. With a longer pipe installation, there will be no change in the suction pipe line
pressure drop, but rather the effect comes from the discharge pipe.
Due to the additional discharge pipe pressure drop, the compressor discharge pressure has to be increased
in order to maintain the same condensing temperature at the coil.

As a result of this higher discharge pressure, the compressor capacity will decrease, increasing the power
input. The following table illustrates this situation:

Discharge pipe line Pressure Drop Compressor Capacity, %

No Line Loss 100
2F (1.1C) Line Loss 98.4
4F (2.2C) Line Loss 96.8

Table 3.2: Discharge line pressure drop against compressor capacity.

Notice that the amount of capacity loss due to the discharge pipe line pressure drop is lower than the
equivalent pressure drop along the suction line.

3- 3
3.1 Pr essur
Pressur
essuree Dr op Char
Drop ts
Charts

The following explains the refrigerant pipe line pressure drop chart which has been described
under the topic Pipe sizing in Section 2.

Figure 3.3: Pressure drop chart for R-22

3- 4
Figure 3.3 shows the pressure drop chart for R-22

This chart gives the pressure drop along 3 different types of refrigerant pipe lines, i.e.
a) suction pipe [A]
b) liquid pipe [B]
c) discharge pipe [C]

The differentiations can be found on the right hand side of the chart.

Note that for each of the liquid and discharge pipe, there is only one representative line irrespective of the
pipe size. But there are several lines for the suction pipe, corresponding to different evaporating temperatures.

Figure 3.3 is applicable only for R-22 refrigerant. Other types of refrigerant will require different charts. The
chart for R-407C refrigerant has also been included in the Appendix section.

The following explains how the pressure drop chart is used. Refer to Figure 3.3:

1. Determine the cooling capacity of the system in Refrigerant Tons.

2. Project downwards from the capacity scale at the top. Intersect the three types of pipe lines
[A], [B], and [C].
3. Determine the evaporating temperature and condensing temperature of the system.
4. Project horizontally to the left at the point of intersection with the suction line (at the
corresponding evaporating temperature), discharge line, and liquid line.
5. Intersect the projected lines with the left section of the chart at the corresponding pipe
sizes.
6. Then, project downwards to the pressure drop scale at the bottom of the chart.
7. Follow the slope lines to read from the bottom scale for the desired condensing temperature.

Note that the pressure drop values are given in the unit psi/100 Feet.

3- 5
The next step is to estimate the capacity changes. The approach used in this manual is by referring to the
capacity changes on the actual compressor performance curves. The focus will be on three different types
of compressors:

a) Matsushita rotary compressor

b) Bristol reciprocating compressor
c) Copeland scroll compressor

Table 3.3 shows the average percentage of capacity loss per degree of pressure drop along the suction
line for each of these compressors. This is done for cooling mode at a specific evaporating temperature
range of 40 45F (4.4 7.2C) and condensing temperature range of 120 125F (48.9 51.7C).

Matsushita rotary % capacity loss per F % capacity loss per F

(R-22) (R-407C)
1 h.p. -2.1% -2.1%
1.5 h.p. -1.9% -2.0%
2 h.p. -1.8% -1.9%
2.5 h.p. -1.3% -1.9%

Bristol reciprocating % capacity loss per F

(R-22)
3 h.p. -2.0%
4 h.p. -2.3%
5 h.p. -2.2%
6 h.p. -1.9%

Copeland scroll % capacity loss per F % capacity loss per F

(R-22) (R-407C)
3 h.p. -1.9% -2.0%
4 h.p. -2.1% -2.2%
5 h.p. -1.9% -2.1%
6 h.p. -1.9% -2.0%
7.5 h.p. -1.9% -2.0%
10 h.p. -1.8% -2.0%
12.5 h.p. -1.8% -1.9%

Table 3.3: Average percentage capacity loss per degree pressure drop in cooling mode

3- 6
Table 3.4 shows the average capacity losses during heating mode for every degree of pressure drop
along the hot gas discharge pipe line. This applicable for evaporating temperature of 26 30F (-3 -
1C) and condensing temperature of 111 114F (43.9 45.6C).

Matsushita rotary % capacity loss per F % capacity loss per F

(R-22) (R-407C)
1 h.p. -0.7% -0.8%
1.5 h.p. -0.6% -0.6%
2 h.p. -0.6% -0.7%
2.5 h.p. -1.1% -0.7%

Bristol reciprocating % capacity loss per F

(R-22)
3 h.p. -0.7%
4 h.p. -0.8%
5 h.p. -0.8%
6 h.p. -0.7%

Copeland scroll % capacity loss per F % capacity loss per F

(R-22) (R-407C)
3 h.p. -0.6% -0.7%
4 h.p. -0.7% -0.8%
5 h.p. -0.6% -0.7%
6 h.p. -0.6% -0.7%
7.5 h.p. -0.6% -0.7%
10 h.p. -0.5% -0.7%
12.5 h.p. -0.6% -0.7%

3-7
By knowing the additional pressure drop along the long pipe line, the change of cooling or heating capacity
can be estimated.

Referring to Sample Calculation 06, from figure 2.7 it was determined for the 5 hp unit, that the pressure
drop for the suction pipe is 15 ft. per 100 ft., and for the 3/8" liquid pipe is 25 ft. per 100 ft. The unit has
been rated with a standard pipe length of 25 ft (7.6 m). Thus, if the unit is installed with a total pipe length
(inclusive of bends) of 68 ft, the pressure drop along the additional pipe length can be calculated as follows:

Additional suction pressure drop = (68 25) ft *15/100 = 6.45 psi.

Additional liquid pressure drop = (68 25) ft * 25/100 = 10.75 psi.
Within the scope of this manual, the effect of the liquid line pressure drop is assumed negligible.

a) For refrigerant R-22, every F of suction pressure drop is equivalent to about 1.5 psi. Refer to R-
22 saturated tables at 40 45F. Hence, the additional suction pressure drop of 6.45 psi is equivalent
to 6.45/1.5 = 4.3F.

If the unit is using a Copeland scroll compressor, the capacity reduction will be about 4.3 * 1.9 = 8.2%, i.e.
giving a rated capacity of 0.918 * 50,000 = 45,900 Btu/hr.
If a Bristol reciprocating compressor is used instead, the capacity reduction will be about 4.3 * 2.2 = 9.5%.

b) Recalculating the above example by using refrigerant R-407C, every F of suction pressure drop is
also equivalent to about 1.5 psi. Note that R-407C is an azeotropic refrigerant, and the refrigerant
dew saturated temperature is used in the calculation. Refer Tables D.30 to D.33 for the refrigerant
properties. The calculation of the suction line pressure drop is done using the R-407C Pressure
Drop chart as in Figure 3.4. From the chart, the pressure drop of the suction pipe is 13 psi per
100 feet. Therefore, the total equivalent pipe length of 68 ft. will now give a total pressure drop of
(68 25) ft * 13/100 = 5.59 psi. This is equivalent to 5.59/1.5 = 3.7F.

With a Copeland scroll compressor (R-407C), the capacity reduction will be 3.7 * 2.1 = 7.8%, i.e. giving a
rated capacity of 0.922 * 50,000 = 46,100 Btu/hr.

The same can be done with other refrigerants using the saturated properties of the refrigerant.

3- 8
7 13

Figure 3.4 : Pressure drop chart for R-407C

3- 9
During heating mode, both the pipes will now be under high pressure, with the suction pipe becoming the
discharge pipe. The same example be used to work out the pressure drop along this discharge line.
This example assumes the capillary tube is found in the outdoor unit with a condensing temperature of
100F.

Again, the effect of the liquid line pressure drop is assumed negligible. Looking at the pressure drop
chart, we find that the pressure drop along this is about 10 psi /100 ft. Refer to Figure 3.4.
This translates to an additional discharge line pressure drop of (68 25)ft * 10 /100 = 4.3 psi
a) For R-22 refrigerant at 110 114F, every F of discharge pipe pressure drop is equivalent to
3.3psi .
Therefore, the additional pressure drop of 4.3 psi is equivalent to 4.3/3.3 = 1.3F.
With a Copeland scroll compressor, this will give a capacity reduction of 1.3 * 0.6% =
0.78%.

If the heating capacity of the unit is rated at 53,000 Btu/hr, the unit will thus, have a rating of 0.9922 *
53,000 = 52,586 Btu/hr.

b) For R-407C refrigerant, every F of discharge pipe pressure drop is equivalent to 3.5 psi . From
Figure 3.5 a pressure drop of about 7 psi per 100 feet is obtained when this example is
recalculated using R-407C. Thus, the additional discharge line pressure drop is (68 25) ft *
7/100 = 3 psi.

Hence, the long piping will give an equivalent pressure drop of 3/3.5 = 0.85F. The capacity reduction is
then 0.85 * 0.8% = 0.68% for a Bristol compressor.

3 - 10
 10

Figure 3.5: Example on using pressure drop chart for R-22

3 - 11
Section 4
Piping Installation
The following section will provide some guidelines for refrigerant copper pipe installation, especially in relation
to long piping jobs. Since the copper pipe is a flexible material, care must be taken to ensure proper installation.

4.1 Pipe Material

Material

It is recommended that Type L or Type M hard copper pipes be used to install the split type air-conditioning
units. See Table D.5 for a the physical properties of the pipe. Alternatively, refrigeration tubing with thinner
wall thickness, may be used. The wall thickness must be sufficient to withstand a burst pressure of at least
1700 psig (11730 kPa) when used with R-22 and R-407C refrigerant.

However, working with R-410A refrigerant will require a stronger pipe material to withstand the higher working
pressure. Burst strength of at least 2400 psig will be required. In view of this, do not use the softer refrigeration
tubing and Type M pipes. It is recommended that Type L be used for R-410A.

Joining of two pipes can be done easily by brazing with a copper filler rod. For better quality joint, a filler rod
with 2% silver may be used. It may also be necessary to braze the copper pipe to a brass or steel fitting. In
such instances, brazing with 34% silver filler rods must be used (together with brazing flux).

4.2 Pipe Insulation

Insulation

It is only necessary to insulate the cold suction pipe. Do not insulate the hot liquid pipe. If the expansion
device is located in the outdoor unit, the liquid pipe will have a 2-phase flow inside which is cold. This must
also be insulated. Generally, this is for the smaller units (1 to 2.5 hp).

However, for heat pump units, it is important for both pipes to be insulated. This is because of the cold
ambient temperatures when the unit is running in heat mode. The insulation will prevent heat loss to the
ambient along the hot pipe line.

Insulation can be done easily by inserting the copper pipes into elastomeric insulation pipes. Examples are
Armaflex and Superlon. Use the correct insulation sizes to the corresponding copper pipe size. Do not use
a larger insulation as this will create an air space which will then create condensation (sweating). Cut sections
of the insulation must be glued or taped together over the pipes, e.g. at bends and joints.

Recommended insulation: k-value of 0.034 0.037 W/m.K

Minimum insulation thickness: (12.7 mm)

Do not insert two copper pipes into a single large pipe insulation. Such practice will cause the system to lose
performance due to heat gain or heat loss because the pipe surfaces are not in good contact with the
insulation. Cross heat transfer between a cold and hot pipe can occur due to the close proximity of the two
pipes. Potential sweating problems may also occur due to the created air space within.

4-1
4.3 Horizontal R
Horizontal uns
Runs

Normally, refrigerant pipes are run above the ceiling space. In order to do such horizontal runs, it is necessary
to have supports at certain intervals so that the pipes do not sag. Supports in the form of saddles or angle
brackets may be used. Multiple pipes can share the same support.

hanger rods
embedded into
ceiling ceiling with wall
plugs

SADDLE SUPPORT

hanger rods
(threaded) copper pipes

saddle bar

nuts

Figure 4.1: Pipe support using saddle

copper pipes ANGLE BRACKET

wall

bracket

Figure 4.2: Pipe support using angle bracket

4-2
It is not recommended to run the pipes on the floor, for the simple reason that people may just step on the
pipes and damage them. However, should there be a need to do so; some kind of protection must be given.
An example is to place the pipes into a GI trunking box which is mounted (screwed) onto the floor.

Trunking
box

Floor level

Figure 4.3: Pipe support using trunking box

The following table gives recommendation for the support spacing of the copper pipes:

Pipe diameter, OD () Distance between spacing, (ft)

Up to 5/8 6
7/8 to 1-1/8 8
1-3/8 to 2-1/8 10

Table 4.1 : Recommneded support spacing of copper pipes

Pipe sagging due to spacing

too far apart

support spacing

Figure 4.4: Effect of improper support spacing

4-3
4.4 Ver tical R
ertical uns
Runs

Vertical pipe runs (of small sizes up to 5/8") are usually mounted on walls by nailing them with wall clips. This
is an easy and quick method of installation.

An alternative method is by using pipe brackets. Simple saddle brackets made with angle iron are mounted
with wall plugs onto the wall. The pipes are then clamped onto these brackets. This method is especially
good for heavier and larger pipe sizes.

TOP VIEW

bracket

copper pipe

Figure 4.5: Vertical pipe installation on saddle brackets

4-4
Yet another method of running these pipes is by using electrical cable trays. These pre-fabricated trays are
mounted onto the wall by using saddle brackets, similar to the above-mentioned. The copper pipes are then
clamped onto the trays. The main advantage of using these trays is a very neat, organized and clean
installation.

Fig. 4-5: Vertical pipe installation on cable tray

Another similar method is by using the trunking boxes. The trunking can be mounted straight onto the wall
with wall plugs or on brackets, and the copper pipes inserted into them. The main advantage is that the pipes
will be covered and protected from damage.

Fig. 4-6: Trunking box

4-5
In some instances, the pipes are required to go through a floor slab. A suitably sized hole must be made
in the floor (e.g. by coring method) to accommodate all the pipes going through. Suitable brackets may
then be fabricated to hold the pipes together.

brackets
core hole

floor slab

Figure 4.8: Pipe run through floor slab

4-6
4.5 Pipe Bends

Copper pipes MUST NOT be bent with bare hands. This will cause the pipe to dent or collapse at the bent
area. Use the proper pipe bending tool and the correct tool size corresponding to the required pipe diameter
.

Figure 4.9: Pipe bender

Pipes up to can be bent by using the pipe bending tool. Generally, larger pipes are not bent but rather
copper elbows are used instead. The elbows are brazed onto straight lengths of pipe.

Figure 4.10: Copper elbow

An application example will be making an oil trap. The pipe bending tool is used to bend the two U-shape of
the trap. For the larger pipe size, braze together 4 elbows to form the trap.

Figure 4.11 : Example of how elbows can be used to create U-traps.

4-7
It is very common to find refrigerant pipe runs having to go over obstacles, e.g. concrete beams and columns,
existing pipe works and electrical conduits. To do this, many elbows and bends are used along the way. As
much as this is necessary, it is important to keep within the specified maximum quantity of bends for the
system. Refer to Table 1.1.

4.6 Vibr
ibraation and Noise in Piping

Improper pipe installation may create undesirable vibration and noise. The effect of such vibrations are:
a) Physical damage to the piping, mainly due to fatigue failure along the brazed
joints. This lead to loss of refrigerant and subsequent compressor damage.
b) Transmission of noise along the pipe into occupied spaces.

The vibrations along the pipes are generated by the rigid connection of the piping to the compressor. It is
impossible to eliminate vibration in piping, it is only possible to mitigate its effect. The indoor and outdoor air
conditioning units have the internal piping designed to give minimal vibrations at the point of pipe connection.
Thus, it is vital that the external piping must be designed and run properly to prevent unnecessary excessive
vibrations.

Several points for consideration:

1) In general, pipe vibration can be reduced by having flexibility in the piping and using isolation type
hangers. Do not clamp the pipe too near to the outdoor unit (which houses the compressor) as this
will increase the pipe rigidity at the connection. Allow sufficient length before putting in the first clamp
or pipe support.

2) Vibration and noise radiation from a piping system may also be caused by gas
pulsations due to the compressor action or from turbulence of high velocity refrigerant flow in
the pipes. This is more apparent along the hot discharge line, e.g. during heating mode.

Noise resulting from gas pulsations is usually objectionable only when the piping characteristics of
the system result in amplification of the pulsation due to resonance. Such problems may be reduced
by changing the size and length of the resonating pipe. Mufflers may also be added. Turbulence
noises may be overcome by using a larger pipe to reduce the refrigerant velocities.

3) When the pipes penetrate through walls or floors, provide sufficient clearance to
prevent vibration contact of the pipe surface with the hole.

4) Flexible metal hose may be used to absorb vibration transmitted along smaller pipe
lines. These should be installed at right angles to the direction of vibration for best effect. However,
such metal hose is not suitable for larger pipes because it is not actually flexible unless the ratio of
length to the diameter is relatively great. Since, in practice, the length which can be used is often
limited, it follows that flexibility is reduced with larger pipe size.

4-8
Appendix A
Common Compressor Failure
There are a few possibilities of compressor failure due to long piping installation. These are:

a) Liquid flood back.

b) Flooded starts.
c) Liquid slugging.
d) Loss of lubrication.
e) Over heating.
f) Contamination.
g) Presence of moisture.
h) Refrigerant migration.
i) Liquid compression mechanism.

A.1 Liquid F loodbac

Floodbac k
loodback

Liquid floodback can be termed as the continuous return of liquid refrigerant (instead of vapour) to the
compressor during the running cycle.

Typical common causes of liquid floodback are:

a) Over-charge of refrigerant.
b) Return air filter dirty.
c) Dirty coil.
d) Return air duct too small.
e) Evaporator blower dirty.
f) Evaporator blower motor faulty.
g) TXV or capillary tube oversized.
h) Superheat setting is too low.

With long piping installations, the main contributing factor is the extra refrigerant charged to the system,
which causes this liquid floodback phenomenon.

Liquid floodback will cause dilution of the compressor oil and also will wash oil from the moving parts
surfaces. This in turn will lead to overheating of the mechanical bearing surfaces as the lubricating
properties of the oil deteriorate and friction builds-up.

Due to such causes, common compressor components affected are:

a) Broken valves (suction and discharge).
b) Seized bearings (main and cage).
c) Seized connecting rods and pistons.
d) Burnt motor due to mechanical fragments or high current draw.

To prevent such undesirable situation, there are several ways to prevent it:
a) Adequately sized accumulator.
b) Ensure sufficient superheat at the suction.
c) Correct size of expansion valve.
d) Proper air flow/distribution.
e) Proper refrigerant charge.

A-1
A.2 Flooded Star ts
Starts

Flooded starts are the result of refrigerant migration into the oil in the crankcase. This mixture causes
foaming of the oil during start-ups. The foaming mixture gets sucked into the compression chamber and
causes damage to the moving parts. Furthermore, during this period the oil level in the crankcase may
reduce below the safety limit, causing insufficient lubrication. This phenomenon is more serious at lower
outdoor temperatures as the refrigerant migration rate is higher. Generally, this absorption takes place
during shutdown of the system.

With such phenomenon, the affected compressor components are:

a) Broken valves (suction and discharge IMMEDIATE).
b) Blown gaskets IMMEDIATE.
c) Loss of lubrication GRADUAL.

With long piping installations, because of the higher refrigerant charge, the migration rate into the oil
becomes higher. Therefore, during start-ups, the foaming becomes more violent, subjecting the compressor
to higher operating stresses.

There are ways to minimise such undesirable situation. They are:

a) Proper refrigerant charge.
b) Correct amount of oil in the crankcase (refer to manufacturer specifications and data sheets).
c) Install crankcase heater.
d) Pump down cycle.

A.3 Liquid Slug ging

Slugging

This is a term to describe a compressor pumping liquid refrigerant, oil, or both. In other words, it is liquid
compression. This is characterised by a loud metallic clatter within the compressor, accompanied by extreme
vibrations. Liquid slugging is a severe form of liquid floodback.

Slugging normally appears at start up when liquid refrigerant has migrated to the sump.
Liquid slugging occurs due to:
a) No crankcase heater fitted.
b) Defective crankcase heater or not connected.
c) Compressor experiencing liquid floodback (see Section A.1: Liquid floodback).
d) Overcharge of refrigerant.
e) Overcharge of oil in crankcase.

Again the main contributing factor with long piping installations is the extra refrigerant charge required by the
system. If not careful, this may cause large amount of liquid refrigerant flooding into the compressor.

Typical failures related to this phenomenon are:

a) Damaged piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and scroll orbits.
b) Suction or discharge reed broken.
c) Motor damaged due to broken internal components.

There are several ways to prevent liquid slugging:

a) Pump down control system.
b) Crankcase heater must be energised at least 24 hours before the initial start-up.
c) Adequate accumulator sizing.
d) Proper superheat setting on the expansion valve.
e) Correct size of expansion valve.
f) Proper refrigerant charge.

A-2
A.4 Loss of Lubrication
Lubrication

Introduction

In any refrigeration system, oil and refrigerant are always present. The main purpose of oil is to lubricate the
mechanical moving parts of the compressor. Liquid refrigerant and oil are miscible in one another and their
magnitude of miscibility will depend on the type of refrigerant, the temperature, and the pressure which both
are exposed to. It is because of this miscibility that a certain amount of oil will always leave the compressors
crankcase and be circulated with the refrigerant.

Although oil is always treated as a lubricant to reduce mechanical wear and friction, oil actually accomplishes
many more purposes. The other functions of oil are:

a) Act as a seal between the discharge and suction sides of the compressor.
b) Act as a noise dampener by reducing internal mechanical noise within a compressor.
c) Performs heat transfer task by sweeping away any heat from internal rotating and stationary
parts.

Causes and prevention

Loss of lubrication is defined as the absence or lack of oil in the crankcase. Generally, this will occur when the
rate of oil return is lower than the rate it is pumped out of the compressor. The system must allow oil to return
to the compressor at the rate it leaves; else it can cause overheating problems.

The common causes of loss of lubrication are:

a) Low refrigerant velocity (e.g. due to wrong pipe sizing).

b) Insufficient or no oil traps.
c) Very frequent ON/OFF cycling of the compressor.
d) Low loads which reduces the refrigerant flow rate.
e) Liquid flood back.
f) Oil trapped in the system.
g) Loss of refrigerant charge.

With long piping installations, there are several points to be aware of:

1) The higher refrigerant charge required in the system may dilute the oil in the
compressor, causing deterioration of the lubricating properties. See Section 2.1:
Additional oil.
2) The long piping may cause the velocity of the refrigerant in the pipe to reduce,
due to friction forces. As a result, the oil becomes more difficult to be
carried along by the refrigerant. Hence, the rate of oil return to the compressor
reduces.

To prevent oil loss, the following choices of solutions can be considered:

a) Apply compressor minimum run time setting to ensure oil return after start up.
This will allow time for the compressor to return the oil from the system. Too frequent start-stop
cycles will reduce this run time and can cause oil return problems.
b) Correctly size the pipe diameter length, and reduce the number of bends. Where necessary install
proper oil traps on the vertical pipe lines.
c) Do not overcharge the system to prevent oil dilution.

A-3
A.5 Overhea
Overheating
erheating

Compressors generate heat through compression, motor windings, and friction at load bearing surfaces. It is
this heat that causes the compressor external shell and discharge port to be hot. Compressors are designed
to withstand this high temperature up to a specified limit.

In most common applications, the highest operating temperature allowed at the discharge line is 135oC
(275oF) for reciprocating compressors and 115oC for rotary compressors. At temperatures higher than this
limit, the lubricating properties of the oil will deteriorate. The motor winding insulation will also begin to
breakdown, causing damage to the compressor. In some instances, some of the moving parts may also
seize together.

The causes of over heating can be categorized into three broad areas:

a) Refrigeration
i) Improper setting of controls (TXV, pressure regulators, hot gas bypass, pressure
control switches, etc) causing insufficient refrigerant flow through the compressor,
reducing the motor cooling
ii) Lack of proper suction line insulation causing a higher return gas temperature to
the compressor
iii) Low suction pressure due to undersized evaporator and loss of refrigerant which
causes a lower refrigerant flow rate and reducing the motor cooling
iv) High discharge pressure due to blocked condenser, insufficient air circulation, re-
circulation of hot discharge air, undersized discharge line, condenser fan motor failure
and refrigerant overcharge.
v) Highly superheated return gas temperature

b) High compression ratio

Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of the compressor discharge pressure to the
suction pressure. High ratios generally occur when the outdoor ambient temperature
becomes very high while trying to maintain a cool indoor temperature. It is important that
the system operates within the specified operating temperature limits to prevent such
high ratios.

c) Electrical
i) Voltage unbalance between phases, causing excessive winding temperature.
ii) Current unbalance between phases, causing excessive winding temperature.
iii) Single phasing of the power supply, causing high winding temperature.
iv) Supply voltage too high (e.g. > 15% of nominal voltage).
v) Faulty capacitors and contactors.
vi) Rapid ON/OFF cycling of the compressor.

With the long piping installation, the main contributing factor which may lead to compressor overheating is due
to insufficient oil return and oil dilution. This lack of lubrication will cause friction to build up in the moving parts
and cause the temperature to rise.

To prevent overheating:

a) Maintain the suction and discharge pressure at safe levels.

b) Control the return gas temperature by
i) Insulating the suction line.
ii) Setting adequate superheat.
c) Ensure sufficient lubrication (See Section A.4: Loss of lubriation).

A-4
A.6 Contamination
Contamination

Contamination is the presence of foreign substances in the refrigerant system. Some foreign matter can cause
chemical reaction or change the chemical composition of material within the system.

There are several types of contamination:

a) Acid in system from previous compressor change.

b) Flux from solder joints.
c) Copper shavings.
d) Water.
e) Dirt.
f) Air.

The effects of contamination are:

a) Blocked oil passages leads to bearing failure.

b) Motor failures due to solid shorting windings.
c) High head pressure due non condensable gases.
d) Moisture in the system - forms acid in the system which attacks the metal and windings.
Moisture will also cause the expansion device to freeze-up internally.

The longer the piping, the higher the chances that contamination will get into the system.

There are several ways to eliminate such undesirable situations:

a) Air Evacuate the system thoroughly before charging.

b) Moisture Evacuate the system thoroughly before charging.
c) Foreign matter Apply care to workmanship. Use filter-driers.

Presence of Moisture

Of all the contaminants, moisture in a HVAC system is the most harmful. Moisture will reduce the life span of
the HVAC system. The possible causes for moisture to be present are:

a) Open system exposed to air and moisture.

b) Compressor tubes left open.
c) Leak in system (particularly on the low side).
d) Wet rags or water to cool poor solder joints.
e) Wet refrigerant.
f) Lack of knowledge with the use of hygroscopic oils.
g) Incorrect evacuation process.

Again, with long piping installations, the chances are higher that moisture may enter into the refrigeration
system. This is due to the extra brazing/welding of the long pipe sections.

Figure A.1 shows the progression of compressor failure due to the contamination of foreign substances,
while Figure A.2 shows the same when the contamination is due to air and moisture.

A-5
 Bearing seizure,
locking between Lock.
cylinder and piston.

Entry into the

compressor.

Valve breakage. Overload or lock.

Entry of foreign

A-6
substances. Seating in valve Poor start.

Evaporator pressure
drop. Insufficient cooling.

Restriction of
expansion valve, Large pressure loss.
capillary tube & drier.

Large compression Compressor overheating.

ratio.

Figure A.1: Causes and effects of foreign substances entry into refigerantion system.
 Bearing overheating. Lock.

Motor overheating. Motor burnout.

Abnormal heating. Sludge deposit at Defective valve

the valve parts. operation.

Lack of cooling
capacity.
Rise of the condensing
temperature.

Wear & seizure of rotating and

Rise of the sliding parts.
Air entry. condenser pressure. Large compressor load.

Wasteful power consumption.

Motor overheating.

A-7
Acid generation. Motor insulation damage. Motor burnout.

Condensation to
moisture.
Lock.
Copper plating of rotating
and sliding parts.

Seizure of rotating
and sliding parts.
Moisture Hydrolysis with the Sludge deposit. Lubricating oil
entry. refrigerant. deterioration.

Insufficient cooling.

Icing of expansion valve Clogging of expansion valve & capillary

& capillary tube. tube. Compressor

Figure A.2 : Causes and effects of air and moisture entry to refrigerant system.
overheating.
A.7 Refrig er
efriger ant Mig
erant Migrration

Refrigerant migration is described as the absorption of liquid refrigerant into the compressor oil during
periods when the compressor is not operating for a long period. It occurs when the compressor sump becomes
colder than the indoor coil. As a result of this temperature differential, there will be partial pressure differential
of the refrigerant between these two locations, This will force the refrigerant to migrate to the compressor
where it is absorbed into the oil. Although this type of migration is most pronounced in colder weather, it can
also occur at relatively high ambient temperatures with remote type condensing units for air conditioning and
heat pump applications.

When the compressor is started in this condition, the following negative effects occur:

a) During starting, the rapid pressure drop inside the compressor causes the refrigerant in the lubricating
oil to explode out, thereby creating foaming in the sump. The foam, which contains lubricating oil is
then sucked into the cylinder causing liquid compression.
b) Liquid compression occurs because the liquid refrigerant and lubricating oil in the cylinder are
compressed. This will damage the valve parts and bearings.
c) As the foam gets pumped out of the compressor, the amount of lubricating oil inside the compressor
is reduced. Thus, the bearings will not be lubricated sufficiently and seizure might occur.

Long piping will require more refrigerant charge, therefore causing the migration rate to increase. The oil
dilution also becomes more severe. All this gives potential problems to the compressor if care is not taken
during installation and operation.

The dangers of refrigerant migration can be prevented by having proper control of the refrigerant charge
amount and by installing a crankcase heater. See Section A.2: Flooded starts and Section A.3: Liquid slugging.

A-8
Appendix B
Suction Accumulator
As mentioned in Section 2.4: Suction Accumulator, it is not recommended to install an additional suction
accumulator in the long piping system as long as the maximum pipe length limits are not exceeded. All
heat pump products have built in suction accumulator. Nevertheless, the following provides some
information on the function and construction of an accumulator.

The accumulator is a vessel which serves as a storage container for liquid refrigerant which has flooded
through the system. It has a provision for metering the return of oil and liquid to the compressor at a rate
in which the compressor can safely operate.

Each accumulator features an inlet deflector that bends refrigerant flow to prevent internal splashing and
aid in the collection of refrigerant oil in the bottom of the unit. A U-tube is connected to the outlet connection
of the accumulator. As refrigerant gas leaves the accumulator, oil is pulled through an oil return orifice
and returned to the compressor. Solid copper fittings allow for easy installation.

Suction accumulator assures only the return of refrigerant vapour and prevents compressor failure due
to liquid refrigerant entering the compressor.

Figure B.1: Refrigerant flow inside accumulator.

B-1
Oil return
orifice

Figure B.2: Internal layout of suction accumulator.

B-2
B .1 A pplications
pplications

Refrigerant flood back in a system is one of the most common causes of compressor failure. Excessive
liquid refrigerant dilutes the oil in the compressor crankcase causing wear and tear to the moving parts.
Complete loss of oil in the compressor can result in broken rods and crankshafts.

In heat pump systems, an accumulator can act as a receiver during the heating cycle, when the system
load imbalance results in excessive liquid refrigerant in the system. Flooding can occur in a heat pump
system whenever the cycle is switched between the cooling and heating as there may be liquid that has
not vaporized. The liquid is then pumped back to the compressor.

This may also occur during the defrost cycle, where the liquid has not cleared the evaporator on start up
or termination of the defrost cycle, or during low ambient heating cycle when there is insufficient air
temperature to vaporize the liquid.

All the above mentioned problems will be compounded with long piping installations due to the additional
refrigerant charge.

The accumulator should be located in the compressors common suction line between :
a) The reversing valve and compressor in heat pump units, and
b) The evaporator and compressor in cooling only units.

It must also have provisions for a positive return of oil to the compressor so that oil does not become
trapped in the accumulator. The liquid refrigerant and oil must be metered back to the compressor at a
controlled rate to avoid damage to the compressor. Therefore, a proper sizing of the oil orifice is required.
The actual refrigerant holding capacity needed for an accumulator is also determined by the particular
application and should be selected to hold the maximum liquid refrigerant flood back anticipated.

B .2 Installation
Installation

Install the accumulator in the common suction line as close to the compressor as possible. Be sure that
the inlet connection is connected to the common suction line and the outlet connection goes to the
compressor. Always install accumulators in the vertical position.

When the compressor-condensing unit is located indoors, there may be a problem of suction accumulators
that sweat and drip. It is necessary to completely insulate the accumulator to be vapour sealed to prevent
condensation forming under the insulation.

A rusting problem may occur if the accumulator is exposed to moisture for long periods of time. Care
must be taken to prevent the paint from being burnt off during the welding process to avoid the metal
from being exposed. When the compressor is being changed due to severe compressor burnout, the
suction accumulator should also be changed. The contaminants and particles that are caught in the
accumulator during the burnout can return to the new compressor and cause damage. It is also possible
that oil from the first compressor may be stored in the accumulator and the excess oil return may cause
failure.

B-3
B .3 Sizing and Selecting an Accumula
Accumula tor
ulator

Suction accumulators should never be selected based on connection sizes only. It is more important to
select an accumulator based on the minimum pressure drop, proper oil return, and the amount of refrigerant
it is required to hold.

Suction accumulators are meant to assist with momentary flooding and migration. However, under severe
conditions the accumulator must have sufficient volume to prevent over flowing and causing damage to
the compressor. As a guideline, the accumulator must have adequate liquid holding capacity of not less
than 50% of the entire system charge. The accumulator should not add excessive pressure drop to the
system. A properly sized oil return orifice ensures positive oil return to the compressor. The recommended
orifice size is 1 mm.

B-4
Appendix C
Oil Seperator
There is no requirement to install additional oil separators in the system if the pipe length limits are not
exceeded, as described in Section 2.5: Oil Separator. The following provides some additional information
about the function, construction, and installation of commercially available oil separators.

C.1 Intr oduction

Introduction

Refrigeration compressors are lubricated by refrigerant oil that circulates from the crankcase or housing.
When the compressor operates, refrigerant oil will leave the compressor in a mixture with the hot compressed
refrigerant gas. Small amounts of oil circulating through the system will not affect the systems performance.
However, too much circulating oil interferes with the operation of flow controls, evaporator, condenser, and
filter driers.

At low temperature installations, refrigerant oil thickens and becomes difficult to move out of the evaporator.
Accumulation of refrigerant oil in the evaporator would affect evaporator efficiency leading to compressor
failure.

No matter what type of oil separator, they are not 100% efficient; some small quantities of oil will continue to
be transported with the discharge gas and refrigerant through the system.

Placing an oil separator between the compressor discharge and the condenser will protect the refrigeration
system. The oil separator will maintain correct oil level in the compressor, reduce oil trapping, and improve on
system reliability.

Figure C.1: Oil sperator within a cooling system circuit.

C-1
 Figure C.2 : Internal layout of oil seperator

C.2 Function

A mixture of refrigerant and oil from compressor enters into the inlet of the oil separator. This mixture flows
through a screen and baffle arrangement to cause the fine particles of oil to gather and drop to the bottom of
the oil separator. The refrigerant gas passes through the outlet screen to trap residual oil particles, and
passes oil free to the condenser.

The refrigerant oil gathers in the bottom of the oil separator unit, where a float operated needle valve opens
to allow the return of oil to the compressor. Oil returns quickly to the compressor because of the higher
pressure in the oil separator than in the crankcase. When the oil level has lowered, the needle valve will
reseat to allow oil to build-up again in the separator.

C-2
C.3 Installation
Installation

The oil separator must be primed with the correct type and grade of compressor oil. It must be mounted
securely in a vertical position. If space permits, the separator can be installed inside the unit, else, it can be
installed externally.

The oil separator should be installed in the discharge line as close as possible to the compressor. An initial
charge of refrigerant oil must be added to the oil separator to actuate the float mechanism to return oil to the
compressor. Use the same type of oil that is in the crankcase of the compressor.

The discharge line from the compressor is assembled to the inlet connection of the oil separator and a line is
connected from the outlet connection of the oil separator to the inlet of the condenser. The smallest connection
on the oil separator is the oil return connection and a line is run from this to the compressor crankcase or
suction pipe line. To do this, it may be necessary to cut the existing internal piping of the unit and modify it.

The pipe line from the separator to the condenser should be carried about 50mm higher than the condenser
and pitched with a downward slope into the condenser inlet connection. In this way, should any condensation
occur in this line at the condenser connection, it will drain forward into the condenser.

The body of the oil separator should be insulated so that it retains some heat during the compressor idle
periods. Otherwise, it may act as a primary condenser on start up. If this should occur, the separator will feed
condensed liquid refrigerant back to the compressor crankcase, causing liquid hammering, oil dilution, and
risk of more mechanical damage. This situation can easily and safely be eliminated by the addition of an
electrical off cycle heater cable of low wattage, applied to the separator body below the insulation.

C.4 Maintenance

When the float valve jams, oil stops flowing to the compressor preventing sufficient oil return. A periodic
inspection will help prevent such undesired situation.

Oil separators stop working when solid materials such as oxide scale and carbon jam the float mechanism
and block the orifice to the compressor.

The high discharge temperatures of the compressor may cause solid particles to be formed in the oil. These
particles will end up in the bottom of the separator, jamming the float mechanism and blocking the valve seat.

If the oil return is continually hot, the oil float valve may be leaking, or it is being held open by sludge or foreign
matter. The backpressure will be affected, reducing system capacity. A compressor that is pumping excessive
oil will also cause the return line to be continually hot.

If the oil return line is continually cold, there may be condensation of liquid refrigerant in the oil separator. This
liquid, when entering the compressor crankcase could cause lubrication failure within the compressor. This
should not be allowed to happen.

When piping up long discharge lines, vertical runs of piping should include oil traps every 3 meters of rise to
prevent excess oil in the discharge line from returning to the oil separator during the off cycle.

During long off-cycles or long manual shutdowns, liquid refrigerant may collect in the oil separator. The return
of liquid refrigerant to the compressor through the oil return line may cause slugging and possible damage to
the compressor. A check valve installed on the outlet line of the oil separator will help prevent the liquid
refrigerant from returning to the compressor. Insulating the oil separator will prevent it from acting as a
condenser and passing heat to the surrounding air. The addition of a filter in the oil return line will help keep
the oil clean.

C-3
Appendix D
Useful Tables and Charts
Smooth bend elbows Smooth Bend Tees
90o Flow- Straight-Thru Flow
o 1 90o o 1 45o 180o
Long Thru No Reduce Reduce
Nominal 90 Std Street 1 45 Std
Street1 Std1
pipe or Radius2 Branch Reduction d 1/4 d 1/2
tube size
(in.)

3/8 1.4 0.9 2.3 0.7 1.1 2.3 2.7 0.9 1.2 1.4
1/2 1.6 1.0 2.5 0.8 1.3 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.4 1.6
3/4 2.0 1.4 3.2 0.9 1.6 3.2 4.0 1.4 1.9 2.0
1 2.6 1.7 4.1 1.3 2.1 4.1 5.0 1.7 2.3 2.6
1 1/4 3.3 2.3 5.6 1.7 3.0 5.6 7.0 2.3 3.1 3.3
1 1/2 4.0 2.6 6.3 2.1 3.4 6.3 8.0 2.6 3.7 4.0
2 5.0 3.3 8.2 2.6 4.5 8.2 10 3.3 4.7 5.0
2 1/2 6.0 4.1 10 3.2 5.2 10 12 4.1 5.6 6.0
3 7.5 5.0 12 4.0 6.4 12 15 5.0 7.0 7.5
3 1/2 9.0 5.9 15 4.7 7.3 15 18 5.9 8.0 9.0
4 10 6.7 17 5.2 8.5 17 21 6.7 9.0 10
5 13 8.2 21 6.5 11 21 25 8.2 12 13
6 16 10 25 7.9 13 25 30 10 14 16
8 20 13 NIL 10 NIL 33 40 13 18 20
10 25 16 NIL 13 NIL 42 50 16 23 25
12 30 19 NIL 16 NIL 50 60 19 26 30
14 34 23 NIL 18 NIL 55 68 23 30 34
16 38 26 NIL 20 NIL 62 78 26 35 38
18 42 29 NIL 23 NIL 70 85 29 40 42
20 50 33 NIL 26 NIL 81 100 33 44 50
24 60 40 NIL 30 NIL 94 115 40 50 60

Note : 1) R/D approximately equal to 1.

2) R/D approximately equal to 1.5.

Table D.1: Various bends losses equivalent length

D-1
 Mitre Elbows
90o Ell 60o Ell 45o Ell 30o Ell
Nominal
Pipe or
Tube Size
(in.)

3/8 2.7 1.1 0.6 0.3

1/2 3.0 1.3 0.7 0.4
3/4 4.0 1.6 0.9 0.5
1 5.0 2.1 1.0 0.7
1 1/4 7.0 3.0 1.5 0.9
1 1/2 8.0 3.4 1.8 1.1
2 10 4.5 2.3 1.3
2 1/2 12 5.2 2.8 1.7
3 15 6.4 3.2 2.0
3 1/2 18 7.3 4.0 2.4
4 21 8.5 4.5 2.7
5 25 11 6.0 3.2
6 30 13 7.0 4.0
8 40 17 9.0 5.1
10 50 21 12 7.2
12 60 25 13 8.0
14 68 29 15 9.0
16 78 31 17 10
18 85 37 19 11
20 100 41 22 13
24 115 49 25 16

Table D.2: Various elbow losses equivalent length

D-2
 Valve Losses in Equivalent feet of pipe1
Swing Lift
Globe2 60o - Y 45o - Y Angle2 Gate5 Y - Type Strainer6
Check3 Check
Nominal
pipe or
tube size
(in.)

Flanged Screwed
End End
3/8 17 8 6 6 0.6 5 NIL NIL
1/2 18 9 7 7 0.7 6 NIL 3
3/4 22 11 9 9 0.9 8 NIL 4
1 29 15 12 12 1 10 NIL 5 Globe &
1 1/4 38 20 15 15 1.5 14 NIL 9 Vertical
1 1/2 43 24 18 18 1.8 16 NIL 10 Lift Same
2 55 30 24 24 2.3 20 27 14 as Globe
2 1/2 69 35 29 29 2.8 25 28 20
Valve4
3 84 43 35 35 3.2 30 42 40
3 1/2 100 50 41 41 4 35 48 NIL
4 120 58 47 47 4.5 40 60 NIL
5 140 71 58 58 6 50 80 NIL
6 170 88 70 70 7 60 110 NIL
8 220 115 85 85 9 80 150 NIL
10 280 145 105 105 12 100 190 NIL
Angle Lift
12 320 165 130 130 13 120 250 NIL
Same as
14 360 185 155 155 15 135 NIL NIL
Angle
16 410 210 180 180 17 150 NIL NIL
Valve
18 460 240 200 200 19 165 NIL NIL
20 520 275 235 235 22 200 NIL NIL
24 610 320 265 265 25 240 NIL NIL

Note : 1) Losses are for all valves in fully open position and strainers clean.
2) These losses do not apply to valves with needle point type seats.
3) Losses also apply to the in line ball type check valve.
4) For Y pattern globe lift check valve with seat approximately equal to the nominal
pipe diameter, use values of 60o Y valve for loss.
5) Regular and short pattern plug cock valves, when fully open, have same loss as gate
valve. For valve losses of shoty pattern plug cocks above 6 inches check manufacturer.
6) For 0.045 thru 3/16 inch perforations with screen 50% clogged, loss is double.

Table D.3: Valve losses equivalent length

D-3
 Sudden Enlargement* d/D Sudden Contraction* d/D Sharp Edge* Pipe Projection*
1/4 1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/4 Entrance Exit Entrance Exit
Nominal
pipe or
tube size
(in.)

3/8 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 1.5 0.8 1.5 1.1
1/2 1.8 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.4 1.8 1.0 1.8 1.5
3/4 2.5 1.5 0.5 1.2 1.0 0.5 2.8 1.4 2.8 2.2
1 3.2 2.0 0.7 1.6 1.2 0.7 3.7 1.8 3.7 2.7
1 1/4 4.7 3.0 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.0 5.3 2.6 5.3 4.2
1 1/2 5.8 3.6 1.2 2.9 2.2 1.2 6.6 3.3 6.6 5.0
2 8.0 4.8 1.6 4.0 3.0 1.6 9.0 4.4 9.0 6.8
2 1/2 10 6.1 2.0 5.0 3.8 2.0 12 5.6 12 8.7
3 13 8.0 2.6 6.5 4.9 2.6 14 7.2 14 11
3 1/2 15 9.2 3.0 7.7 6.0 3.0 17 8.5 17 13
4 17 11 3.8 9.0 6.8 3.8 20 10 20 16
5 24 15 5.0 12 9.0 5.0 27 14 27 20
6 29 22 6.0 15 11 6.0 33 19 33 25
8 NIL 25 8.5 NIL 15 8.5 47 24 47 35
10 NIL 32 11 NIL 20 11 60 29 60 46
12 NIL 41 13 NIL 25 13 73 37 73 57
14 NIL NIL 16 NIL NIL 16 86 45 86 66
16 NIL NIL 18 NIL NIL 18 96 50 96 77
18 NIL NIL 20 NIL NIL 20 115 58 115 90
20 NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 142 70 142 108
24 NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 163 83 163 130

* Enter table for losses at smallest diameter d.

Table D.4: Special fitting losses equivalent length

D-4
 Minimum WT of
Nom. Transverse Weight of Outside
Stubbs Test Water in
Classification Tube OD (in.) tw (in.) ID (in.) area (sq Tube Surface
Gage Pressure Tube*
Size (in.) in.) (lb/ft) (sq ft/ft)
(psi) (lb/ft)
HARD 1/4 3/8 23 0.025 0.325 0.083 1000 0.106 0.036 0.098
3/8 1/2 23 0.025 0.450 0.159 1000 0.144 0.069 0.131
1/2 5/8 22 0.028 0.569 0.254 890 0.203 0.110 0.164
3/4 7/8 21 0.032 0.811 0.516 710 0.328 0.224 0.229
1 1 1/8 20 0.035 1.055 0.874 600 0.464 0.379 0.295
1 1/4 1 3/8 19 0.042 1.291 1.309 590 0.681 0.566 0.360
1 1/2 1 5/8 18 0.049 1.527 1.831 580 0.940 0.793 0.425
Govt. Type "M"
2 2 1/8 17 0.058 2.009 3.170 520 1.460 1.372 0.556
250 lb Working
2 1/2 2 5/8 16 0.065 2.495 4.890 470 2.030 2.120 0.687
Pressure
3 3 1/8 15 0.072 2.981 6.980 440 2.680 3.020 0.818
3 1/2 3 5/8 14 0.083 3.459 9.400 430 3.580 4.060 0.949
4 4 1/8 13 0.095 3.935 12.160 430 4.660 5.262 1.080
5 5 1/8 12 0.109 4.907 18.910 400 6.660 8.180 1.340
6 6 1/8 NIL 0.122 5.881 27.160 375 8.910 11.750 1.600
8 8 1/8 NIL 0.170 7.785 47.600 375 16.460 20.600 2.130
HARD 3/8 1/2 19 0.035 0.430 0.146 1000 0.198 0.063 0.131
1/2 5/8 NIL 0.040 0.545 0.233 1000 0.284 0.101 0.164
3/4 7/8 NIL 0.045 0.785 0.484 1000 0.454 0.209 0.229
1 1 1/8 NIL 0.050 1.025 0.825 880 0.653 0.358 0.295
1 1/4 1 3/8 NIL 0.055 1.265 1.256 780 0.882 0.554 0.360
1 1/2 1 5/8 NIL 0.060 1.505 1.780 720 1.140 0.770 0.425
Govt. Type "L"
2 2 1/8 NIL 0.070 1.985 3.094 640 1.750 1.338 0.556
250 lb Working
2 1/2 2 5/8 NIL 0.080 2.465 4.770 580 2.480 2.070 0.687
Pressure
3 3 1/8 NIL 0.090 2.945 6.812 550 3.330 2.975 0.818
3 1/2 3 5/8 NIL 0.100 3.425 9.213 530 4.290 4.000 0.949
4 4 1/8 NIL 0.110 3.905 11.970 510 5.380 5.180 1.080
5 5 1/8 NIL 0.125 4.875 18.670 460 7.610 8.090 1.340
6 6 1/8 NIL 0.140 5.845 26.830 430 10.200 11.610 1.600
HARD 1/4 3/8 21 0.032 0.311 0.076 1000 0.133 0.033 0.098
3/8 1/2 18 0.049 0.402 0.127 1000 0.269 0.055 0.131
1/2 5/8 18 0.049 0.527 0.218 1000 0.344 0.094 0.164
3/4 7/8 16 0.065 0.745 0.436 1000 0.641 0.189 0.229
1 1 1/8 16 0.065 0.995 0.778 780 0.839 0.336 0.295
1 1/4 1 3/8 16 0.065 1.245 1.217 630 1.040 0.526 0.360
Govt. Type "K" 1 1/2 1 5/8 15 0.072 1.481 1.722 580 1.360 0.745 0.425
400 lb Working 2 2 1/8 14 0.083 1.959 3.014 510 2.060 1.300 0.556
Pressure 2 1/2 2 5/8 13 0.095 2.435 4.656 470 2.920 2.015 0.687
3 3 1/8 12 0.109 2.907 6.637 450 4.000 2.870 0.818
3 1/2 3 5/8 11 0.120 3.385 8.999 430 5.120 3.890 0.949
4 4 1/8 10 0.134 3.857 11.680 420 6.510 5.050 1.080
5 5 1/8 NIL 0.160 4.805 18.130 400 9.670 7.800 1.340
6 6 1/8 NIL 0.192 5.741 25.880 400 13.870 11.200 1.600
SOFT 1/4 3/8 21 0.032 0.311 0.076 1000 0.133 0.033 0.098
3/8 1/2 18 0.049 0.402 0.127 1000 0.269 0.055 0.131
1/2 5/8 18 0.049 0.527 0.218 1000 0.344 0.094 0.164
3/4 7/8 16 0.065 0.745 0.436 1000 0.641 0.189 0.229
1 1 1/8 16 0.065 0.995 0.778 780 0.839 0.336 0.295
1 1/4 1 3/8 16 0.065 1.245 1.217 630 1.040 0.526 0.360
1 1/2 1 5/8 15 0.072 1.481 1.722 580 1.360 0.745 0.425
2 2 1/8 14 0.083 1.959 3.014 510 2.060 1.300 0.556
2 1/2 2 5/8 13 0.095 2.435 4.656 470 2.920 2.015 0.687
3 3 1/8 12 0.109 2.907 6.637 450 4.000 2.870 0.818
3 1/2 3 5/8 11 0.120 3.385 8.999 430 5.120 3.890 0.949
4 4 1/8 10 0.134 3.857 11.680 420 6.510 5.050 1.080
5 5 1/8 NIL 0.160 4.805 18.130 400 9.670 7.800 1.340
6 6 1/8 NIL 0.192 5.741 25.880 400 13.870 11.200 1.600

* To change Wt of Water in Tube (lb/ft) to Gallons of Water (gal/ft), divide values in tableby 8.34.

Table D.5: Properties of Copper tube

D-5
 Service Pipe Fittings
Wrought copper, wrought brass or
Hard copper tubing, Type L*
tinned cast brass.
Suction
Steel pipe, standard wall
Line 150lb welding or threaded malleable
Lap welded or seamless for iron.
sizes larger than 2" IPS.
Wrought copper, wrought brass or
Hard copper tubing, Type L*
tinned cast brass.
Steel pipe
R12, R22 AND
Liquid Extra strong wall for sizes 1 1/2"
R500
Line IPS and smaller. 300lb welding or threaded malleable
Standard wall for sizes larger iron.
than 1 1/2" IPS.
Lap welded or seamless for
larger than 2" IPS.
Wrought copper, wrought brass or
Hard copper tubing, Type L*
tinned cast brass.
Hot Gas
Steel pipe, standard wall
Line 300lb welding or threaded malleable
Lap welded or seamless for
iron.
larger than 2" IPS.
Welding, galvanized, cast, malleable
Black or galvanized steel pipe**
or black iron. ***
Chilled Water
Cast brass, wrought copper or
Hard copper tubing**
wrought brass.
Welding, galvanized, cast, malleable
Condenser or Galvanized steel pipe**
or iron. ***
Make Up
Cast brass, wrought copper or
Water Hard copper tubing**
wrought brass.
Galvanized, drainage, cast or
Drain or Galvanized steel pipe**
malleable iron.***
Condensate
Cast brass, wrought copper or
Lines Hard copper tubing**
wrought brass.
Black steel pipe** Welding or cast iron.***
Steam or
Cast brass, wrought copper or
Condensate Hard copper tubing**
wrought brass.
Black steel pipe Welding or cast iron.***
Hot Water Cast brass, wrought copper or
Hard copper tubing**
wrought brass.

* Except for sizes 1/4" and 3/8" OD where wall thicknesses of 0.30 and 0.32 inch are required.
Soft copper refrigerantion tubing may be used for sizes 1 3/8" OD and smaller. Mechanical
joints must not be used with soft copper tubing in sizes larger than 7/8" OD.

** Normally standard wall steel pipe or Type M hard copper tubing is satisfactory for air conditioning
applications. However, the piping material selected should be checked for the design
temperature-pressure ratings.

*** Normally 125lb cast iron and 150lb malleable iron fittings are satisfactory for the usual air
conditioning applications. However, the fitting material selected should be checked for the
design temperature-pressure ratings.

Table D.6: Pipe type recommendations

D-6
Copelands Summit Series Compressor Specification
Current (A) Operating Conditions
Model CCH (W)
LRA RLA Pmax (psig) Tmax (oC)
ZR36K3-PFJ-501 82.0 16.4 70 382 150
ZR42K3-PFJ-501 97.0 17.1 70 382 150
ZR47KC-TFD-501 48.0 7.2 70 382 150
ZR61KC-TFD-501 65.5 10.0 70 382 150
ZR72KC-TFD-501 74.0 10.0 70 382 150
ZR36K3E-PFJ-501 82.0 16.4 70 382 150
ZR47KCE-TFD-501 48.0 7.2 70 382 150
ZR61KCE-TFD-501 65.8 10.0 70 382 150
ZR72KCE-TFD-501 74.0 10.0 70 382 150

Table D.7: Compressors operating specifications

White Oil Charge MMMA Oil Refrigerant

Model (CC) Charge (CC) charge
Initial Refill Initial Refill kg lb
ZR36K3-PFJ-501 1240 1120 N/A N/A 3.6 8
ZR42K3-PFJ-501 1240 1120 N/A N/A 3.6 8
ZR47KC-TFD-501 1240 1120 N/A N/A 3.6 8
ZR61KC-TFD-501 1950 1830 N/A N/A 4.5 10
ZR72KC-TFD-501 1770 1660 N/A N/A 4.5 10
ZR36K3E-PFJ-501 N/A N/A 1240 1120 3.6 8
ZR47KCE-TFD-501 N/A N/A 1360 1240 3.6 8
ZR61KCE-TFD-501 N/A N/A 1950 1830 4.5 10
ZR72KCE-TFD-501 N/A N/A 1770 1660 4.5 10

Table D.8: Compressors charging specifications

D-7
Matsushitas Compressor Specification
Current (A) Operating Conditions Oil Charge (cc) Refrigerant
Model o
LRA RLA Pmax (MPa) Tmax ( C) Initial Type Charge (kg)
2PS164D2BC02 18 / 20 4.1 / 3.9 N/A 115 350 A 1.100
2KS340D3AA02 35.5 / 38.7 9.1 / 9.4 2.6 115 430 A 1.100
2JS464D3AA02 60 / 66 13.9 / 14.7 2.8 115 1130 A 2.100
4
2JS35C225ASA 47 10.2 N/A 115 700 A 2.100
4
2J44C3R225A 54 13 N/A 115 700 A 2.100
2JS442P3AA015 24.9 4.8 N/A 115 700 A 2.100
5
2JS356P3AA01 21.4 3.9 N/A 115 700 A 2.100
2KS224D3AC02 23 / 25 6.00 / 5.90 N/A 115 410 A 1.100
2JS350D3BB02 52 / 56 10.0 / 10.5 N/A 115 700 A 2.100
2JS438D3AA02 51 / 57 12.6 / 13.1 N/A 115 1130 A 2.100
5CS102XEB N/A N/A 4.1 115 360 B 1.250
2RS127D5BB02 11.3 / 12.3 3.10 / 2.95 2.6 115 290 A 0.800
5RS092XAB N/A N/A 4.1 115 320 B 1.100
2KS210D3BB02 27 / 29.5 5.45 / 5.30 2.6 115 410 A 0.750
2JS350D3BA02 50 / 55 10.1 / 10.6 2.8 115 700 A 1.350
2JS438D3BA02 58 / 62 12.5 / 13.0 2.8 115 700 A 1.350
2JS464D3BC02 60 / 66 13.5 / 14.4 2.8 115 1130 A 1.350
5RS080DRSM329 11.3 / 12.4 3.10 / 3.00 4.1 115 300 B 0.800
5PS102DPSM370 15.8 / 17.2 3.75 / 3.55 4.1 115 350 B 0.800
5PS132DPSM371 20.2 / 22.0 5.30 / 5.30 4.1 115 350 B 0.800
6
2PV164N7BB02 N/A 7.4 N/A 115 450 A 1.100
2JS324D3AB07 42.0 / 47.0 10.3 / 9.80 3.2 115 1000 A 2.100
2JS438D3JA02 63.0 / 67.0 12.2 / 12.5 2.8 115 1130 A 2.100
2KS206D3AB04 25.0 / 27.0 5.30 / 5.25 2.6 115 410 A 1.000
7
2KS28S236A6F 49.0 8.40 2.6 115 670 A 1.800
7
2J35S236AB 67.0 10.6 2.6 115 1130 A 2.100
4PS164DAA N/A N/A N/A N/A 350 B 1.100
4KS225DAA N/A N/A N/A N/A 410 B 1.100
4JS350DAC N/A N/A N/A N/A 700 B 2.100
4JS435DAC N/A N/A N/A N/A 700 B 2.100
5
4JS435PAA 26.0 5.00 2.8 115 700 B 2.100
5
4JS350PAA 21.0 4.10 2.8 115 700 B 2.100
4PS132DAA 14.0 / 15.0 3.55 / 3.40 2.8 115 350 B 1.100

Note: 1) Oil Type A - ATMOS M60 or SUNISO 4GDID.

2) Oil Type B - RB68A or FREOL ALPHA 68M.
3) All current is based on 220V /240V respectively unless stated otherwise.
4) 240V supply voltage.
5) 380V supply voltage.
6) 110V supply voltage.
7) 230V supply voltage.
8) Pa = PSI x 6900.

Table D.9: Compressors operating specifications

D-8
Toshibas Compressor Specification
Current (A) Operating Conditions Oil Charge (cc) Refrigerant
Model
LRA RLA Pmax (MPa) Tmax (oC) Initial Type Charge (kg)
PH120X1C - 4DH2 17.6 / 19.0 3.10 / 2.90 2.6 115 350 A 0.850
PH165X1C - 4DH2 21.7 / 23.7 4.20 / 4.00 2.6 115 400 A 0.850
PH160X1C - 4DZ2 21.7 / 23.7 4.10 / 4.00 2.6 115 400 A 0.850
PH135X1C - 4DZ2 19.8 / 21.6 3.40 / 3.20 2.6 115 400 A 0.850

Note: 1) Oil Type A - SUNISO 4GSD.

2) Pa = PSI x 6900.
3) All current is based on 220V /240V respectively unless stated otherwise.
4) kg = lb x 0.454.

Table D.10: Compressors operating specifications

D-9
Bristols Compressor Specification
Operating
Current (A) Oil Charge (fl .oz) Refrigerant
Model Conditions CCH (W)
Charge (l b)
LRA RLA Pmax (PSIG) Initial Refill Type
H23B30QABK1 68.0 12.4 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0
H23B26QABC2 70.0 12.2 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0
H23A353DBE3 35.0 5.00 400 - 500 50 47 A 30 5.5
H23A383ABK1 82.0 15.5 400 - 500 50 47 A 30 5.5
H23A383DBE3 39.0 5.20 400 - 500 50 47 A 30 5.5
H23A463DBE3 45.0 6.30 400 - 500 55 52 A 30 5.5
H23A623DBE3 62.0 8.20 400 - 500 55 52 A 30 5.5
H23B24QABK1 55.0 9.80 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0
H2NG204DRE3 150 30.0 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H2NG294DPE3 215 44.0 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H23B32QABK1 91.0 14.0 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0
H23B35QABK1 95.0 15.2 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0
H23A383ABC2 97.0 17.0 400 - 500 50 47 A 30 5.5
H23A463ABK1 100 18.8 400 - 500 55 52 A 30 5.5
H25A62QCBC2 147 24.6 400 - 500 65 62 A 40 15.0
H25A62QDBL4 150 16.0 400 - 500 65 62 A 40 15.0
H25A62QDBL5 157 14.9 400 - 500 65 62 A 40 15.0
H25G094DBD4 & 5 190 25.4 N/A 96 80 C 70 10.0
H25G124DBD2 & 5 264 33.5 N/A 96 80 C 70 10.0
H25G144DBD2 & 5 252 43.1 N/A 96 80 C 70 10.0
H2NG204DRE3 150 30.0 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H2NG204DRE6 141 30.0 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H2NG244DRE3 190 36.5 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H2NG244DRE6 180 36.6 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H2NG294DPE3 215 44.0 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H2NG294DPE6 200 43.9 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H25G104DBD2 228 29.0 N/A 96 80 C 70 10.0
H25G184DPD2 234 51.4 N/A 224 208 C 100 20.0
H25G204DPD2 282 62.8 N/A 224 208 C 100 20.0
H25G244DPD2 360 66.6 N/A 224 208 C 100 20.0
H25G294DPD2 400 82.4 N/A 224 208 C 100 20.0
H25G094DBE2 95 12.7 N/A 96 80 C 65 10.0
H25G104DBE7 115 14.6 N/A 96 80 C 65 10.0
H25G124DBE7 130 17.0 N/A 96 80 C 65 10.0

Note: 1) 220V / 240V / 50Hz supply voltage.

2) 230V / 208V / 60Hz supply voltage.
3) 380V / 415V / 50Hz supply voltage.
4) 230V / 200V / 60Hz supply voltage.
5) 220V / 200V / 50Hz supply voltage.
6) 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
7) 380V / 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
8) Oil Type A - Specification 581003.
9) Oil Type B - Zerol 150T.
10) Oil Type C - Specification 581006.
11) Pa = PSI x 69000.
12) L = fl.oz x 0.02957.
13) kg = lb x 0.454.

Table D.11: Compressors operating specifications

D - 10
 Operating
Current (A) Oil Charge (fl .oz) Refrigerant
Model Conditions CCH (W)
Charge (l b)
LRA RLA Pmax (PSIG) Initial Refill Type
H25G144DBE6 126 21.6 N/A 96 80 C 70 10.0
H25G184DPE6 117 25.7 N/A 224 208 C 95 20.0
H25G204DPE6 141 31.4 N/A 224 208 C 95 20.0
H25G244DPE6 180 33.3 N/A 224 208 C 95 20.0
H25G294DPE6 200 41.2 N/A 224 208 C 95 20.0
H23B30QABC2 82 14.0 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0
H26A72QDBE6 79 9.2 400 - 500 65 62 A 40 15.0
H26A72QDBL4 158 18.3 400 - 500 65 62 A 40 15.0
H2NG184DPE3 125 26.0 N/A 224 208 B 95 20.0
H2NG184DPD5 265 53.5 N/A 224 208 B 100 20.0
H23B20QABC2 57 9.0 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0
H23B24QABK1 55 9.8 450 - 550 40 37 A 30 6.0

Note: 1) 220V / 240V / 50Hz supply voltage.

2) 230V / 208V / 60Hz supply voltage.
3) 380V / 415V / 50Hz supply voltage.
4) 230V / 200V / 60Hz supply voltage.
5) 220V / 200V / 50Hz supply voltage.
6) 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
7) 380V / 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
8) Oil Type A - Specification 581003.
9) Oil Type B - Zerol 150T.
10) Oil Type C - Specification 581006.
11) Pa = PSI x 6900.
12) L = fl.oz x 0.02957.
13) kg = lb x 0.454.

Table D.12: Compressors operating specifications

D - 11
Oil Dilution Ratio
As discuss at Section 2.1 , liquid flood back will cause dilution of the compressor oil. This dilution
process will deteriote the lubricating properties of oil.

The formula shown below is to help end users to select a proper refrigerant charge and oil charge:

moil
R = x 100% ...(A.1)
moil + mrefrigerant

(V)oil
R = x 100% ...(A.2)
( V)oil + m refrigerant

0.9*oil(cc) x 100%
R = ...(A.3)
0.9*oil(cc) + R22 Weight(g)

Where: 1) R is a dilution ratio and must be greater than 22%.

2) Volume for oil in centimeter cube (cc).
3) oil is assume to be 0.9g/cc.

Sample calculation A-01:

a) Standard factory testing length = 7.6m / 24.9 ft

b) Actual pipe length = 10.0m / 32.8ft
c) Compressor specifications:
i) Initial oil charge = 38fl.oz. (Brand new compressor)
ii) Refill oil charge = 34fl.oz. (Not brand new compressor)
d) Standard factory charge = 2.50kg

Extra length = 32.8ft 24.9ft

= 7.9 ft

With 10ft = 3fl.oz. , therefore extra oil charge for extra length of:
7.9ft = 2.37fl.oz.

3
1 fl.oz 30cm 0.03l

Total volume of oil = 38.00fl.oz + 2.37fl.oz

= 40.37fl.oz
3
= 1211.1cm

Substitute values to equattion A.3 :

0.9*oil(cc) x 100%
R =
0.9*oil(cc) + R22 Weight(g)
= 0.9 x 1211.1 x 100%
0.9 x 1211.1 + 2500
= 30.36%

R is greater than 22%, therefore criteria met.

D-12
 ALCO Oil Separator Capacity Ratings in TONS
At Evaporator Temperature
Model Number
R12 R22 R502 R134A
Flanged Sealed -40oF +40oF -40oF +40oF -40oF +40oF -40oF +40oF
A-F5882 4 A-W5582 4 1.00 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.50 2.00 1.00 1.75
A-F5885 5 A-W5585 5 3.00 4.00 4.50 5.50 4.75 5.75 3.75 4.50
A-F5887 7 A-W5587 7 4.50 5.50 7.00 8.00 7.50 8.50 4.80 6.40
A-F5888 9 A-W5588 9 6.00 7.50 9.00 10.50 9.50 11.50 6.38 8.50
A-F5890 11 A-W5590 11 7.50 10.00 11.50 13.50 12.00 14.50 8.00 11.50
A-F5892 13 A-W5592 13 9.00 11.50 14.00 17.50 16.00 17.50 9.50 13.25
NIL A-W5690 11 9.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 20.00 9.50 13.75
A-F5792 13 A-W5692 13 11.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 24.00 11.75 16.00
A-F5794 17 A-W5694 17 17.00 22.00 25.00 30.00 30.00 35.00 18.00 25.25

Table D.13: Oil separator capacity ratings in TONS

ALCO Oil Separator Capacity Ratings in KWS

At Evaporator Temperature
Model Number
R12 R22 R502 R134A
Flanged Sealed -40oC +40oC -40oC +40oC -40oC +40oC -40oC +40oC
A-F5882 4 A-W5582 4 3.52 5.27 5.27 7.03 5.27 7.03 3.52 6.15
A-F5885 5 A-W5585 5 10.55 14.06 15.82 19.34 16.70 20.22 13.19 15.82
A-F5887 7 A-W5587 7 15.82 19.34 24.61 28.13 26.37 29.89 16.88 22.50
A-F5888 9 A-W5588 9 21.10 26.37 31.64 36.92 33.40 40.43 22.43 29.89
A-F5890 11 A-W5590 11 26.37 35.16 40.43 47.47 42.19 50.98 28.13 40.43
A-F5892 13 A-W5592 13 31.64 40.43 49.22 61.53 56.26 61.53 33.40 46.59
NIL A-W5690 11 31.64 42.19 45.71 49.22 52.74 70.32 33.40 48.35
A-F5792 13 A-W5692 13 38.68 49.22 56.26 63.29 70.32 84.38 41.31 56.26
A-F5794 17 A-W5694 17 59.77 77.35 87.90 105.48 105.48 123.06 63.29 88.78

Table D.14: Oil separator capacity ratings in KWS

D - 13
 ALCO Oil Separator Dimensional Data
Sealed Type (Style No. 1)
Dimensions
Connection Size
Model No. Style No. A B
in mm in mm in mm
A-W5582 4 1 1/2 12 4 100 10.25 260
A-W5585 5 1 5/8 16 4 100 14.25 362
A-W5587 7 1 7/8 22 4 100 17.75 451
A-W5588 9 1 1 1/8 28 4 100 21.00 533
A-W5590 11 1 1 3/8 35 4 100 21.25 540
A-W5592 13 1 1 5/8 42 4 100 21.63 549
A-W5690 11 1 1 3/8 35 6 152 15.63 397
A-W5692 13 1 1 5/8 42 6 152 18.63 474
A-W5694 17 1 2 1/8 54 6 152 19.18 487

Table D.15: Oil separator dimensions for style 1

ALCO Oil Separator Dimensional Data

Sealed Type (Style No. 2)
Dimensions
Connection Size
Model No. Style No. A B C
in mm in mm in mm in mm
A-W5582 4 2 1 5/8 42 6 152 20.25 514 4.25 108
A-W5585 5 2 2 1/8 54 6 152 20.31 516 4.50 115
Table D.16: Oil separator dimensions for style 2

ALCO Oil Separator Dimensional Data

Sealed Type (Style No. 3)
Dimensions
Connection Size
Model No. Style No. A B C
in mm in mm in mm in mm
A-F5882 4 3 1/2 12 4 100 10.25 260 5.50 142
A-F5885 5 3 5/8 16 4 100 14.25 362 5.50 142
A-F5887 7 3 7/8 22 4 100 17.75 451 5.50 142
A-F5888 9 3 1 1/8 28 4 100 21.00 533 5.50 142
A-F5890 11 3 1 3/8 35 4 100 21.25 540 5.50 142
A-F5892 13 3 1 5/8 42 4 100 21.63 549 5.50 142
A-F5792 13 2 1 5/8 42 6 152 20.25 514 4.25 108
A-F5794 17 2 2 1/8 54 6 152 20.31 516 4.50 115

Table D.17: Oil separator dimensions for style 3

Figure D.1 : Different styles of oil separator

D - 14
 Oil Separator Cross Reference Chart
Sealed Type - Float Valve
ALCO AC & R TEMPRITE
Fitting Shell
Length Length Length
Size Diameter Model Model Model
inch mm inch mm inch mm
1/4 -- -- -- S5580 8.25 20.95 -- -- --
3/8 -- -- -- S5581 8.25 20.95 -- -- --
1/2 A-W5582 4 10.75 27.30 S5582 10.25 26.03 601 10.25 26.03
5/8 A-W5585 5 13.19 33.50 S5585 14.25 36.19 602 12.75 32.38
4"
7/8 A-W5587 7 15.00 38.10 S5587 17.75 48.08 603 14.50 36.83
1 1/8 A-W5588 9 16.25 41.27 S5588 21.00 53.34 604 15.38 39.05
1 3/8 A-W5590 11 19.50 44.53 S5590 21.25 53.97 605 19.00 48.26
1 5/8 A-W5592 13 19.88 50.47 -- -- -- -- -- --
7/8 -- -- -- S5687 11.13 28.25 -- -- --
1/8 -- -- -- S5688 15.38 39.04 -- -- --
1 3/8 6" A-W5690 11 -- -- S5690 15.63 39.69 -- -- --
5/8 A-W5692 13 -- -- S5692 18.63 47.30 -- -- --
2 5/8 A-W5694 17 -- -- S5694 19.13 48.57 -- -- --

Table D.18: Oil separator (sealed type) cross reference chart

Oil Separator Cross Reference Chart

Flanged Type - Float Valve
ALCO AC & R TEMPRITE
Fitting Shell
Length Length Length
Size Diameter Model Model Model
inch mm inch mm inch mm
1/2 A-F5882 4 10.50 26.67 S5882 10.25 26.03 501 10.13 25.72
5/8 A-F5885 5 15.00 38.10 S5885 14.25 36.19 502 12.63 32.06
7/8 A-F5887 7 18.00 45.72 S5887 17.75 44.96 503 14.25 36.19
4"
1 1/8 A-F5888 9 21.25 53.97 S5888 21.00 53.34 504 15.25 38.74
1 3/8 A-F5890 11 21.38 54.29 S5890 21.25 53.97 505 18.75 47.62
1 5/8 A-F5892 13 21.75 55.24 -- -- -- -- -- --
1 5/8 A-F5792 13 20.13* 51.11 S5792 20.25 51.43 506 20.25 51.43
6"
2 1/8 A-F5794 17 20.31* 51.59 S5794 20.31 51.59 507 21.25 53.97
1 5/8 -- -- -- S1901 21.00 53.34 -- -- --
2 1/8 8" -- -- -- S1902 21.00 53.34 -- -- --
2 1/5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 508 24.88 63.18
2 5/8 -- -- -- S1903 21.50 54.61 -- -- --
10"
3 1/8 -- -- -- -- -- -- 509 36.25 92.67
3 1/8 -- -- -- S1904 25.75 63.41 -- -- --
12"
3 5/8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
3 5/8 14" -- -- -- -- -- -- 510 51.25 130.17

Table D.19: Oil separator (float type) cross reference chart

D - 15
 Capacity in Tons of Refrigeration
R134A R404A/R507
Model Number
-40oF -20oF 0o F +20oF +40oF -40oF -20oF 0o F +20oF +40oF
A-AS 3 84 0.22 0.34 0.60 0.80 1.20 0.23 0.40 0.80 1.00 1.30
A-AS 3 105 0.31 0.48 0.80 1.20 1.70 0.40 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00
A-AS 3 125 0.31 0.48 0.80 1.20 1.70 0.40 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00
A-AS 3 126 0.41 0.64 1.00 1.60 2.30 0.40 0.70 1.50 2.00 2.60
A-AS 3 145 0.31 0.48 0.80 1.20 1.70 0.40 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00
A-AS 3 146 0.41 0.64 1.00 1.60 2.30 0.40 0.70 1.50 2.00 2.60
A-AS 4 64 0.22 0.34 0.60 0.80 1.20 0.23 0.40 0.80 1.00 1.30
A-AS 4 65 0.31 0.48 0.80 1.20 1.70 0.40 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00
A-AS 4 105 0.31 0.48 0.80 1.20 1.70 0.40 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00
A-AS 4 106 0.41 0.64 1.00 1.60 2.30 0.40 0.70 1.50 2.00 2.60
A-AS 5 96 0.41 0.64 1.00 1.60 2.30 0.40 0.70 1.50 2.00 2.60
A-AS 5 97 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.80 1.30 2.70 3.60 1.30
A-AS 5 126 0.41 0.64 1.00 1.60 2.30 0.40 0.70 1.50 2.00 2.60
A-AS 5 127 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.80 1.30 2.70 3.60 4.60
A-AS 5 137 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.80 1.30 2.70 3.60 4.60
A-AS 5 139 1.30 2.00 3.10 5.00 7.20 1.40 2.10 4.40 5.90 7.60
A-AS 5 179 1.90 3.00 3.10 5.00 7.20 1.40 2.10 4.40 2.90 1.60
A-AS 5 1711 1.90 3.00 4.60 7.30 10.70 2.20 3.40 7.20 9.60 12.20
A-AS 6 117 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.80 1.30 2.70 3.60 4.60
A-AS 6 137 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.80 1.30 2.70 3.60 4.60
A-AS 6 139 1.30 2.00 3.10 5.00 7.20 1.40 2.10 4.40 5.90 7.60
A-AS 6 1411 1.90 3.00 4.60 7.30 10.70 2.20 3.40 7.20 9.60 12.20
A-AS 6 1713 3.00 1.80 7.30 11.70 17.00 3.30 5.10 10.70 14.20 18.20
A-AS 6 2013 3.00 4.80 7.30 11.70 17.00 3.30 5.10 10.70 14.20 18.20
A-AS 6 2513 3.00 4.80 7.30 11.70 17.00 3.30 5.10 10.70 14.20 18.20

Table D.20: Suction accumulator capacity selection chart

Capacity in Tons of Refrigeration

R22 R502
Model Number
-40oF -20oF 0oF +20oF +40oF -40oF -20oF 0oF +20oF +40oF
A-AS 3 84 0.40 0.60 0.90 1.40 2.00 0.30 0.50 0.80 1.30 1.80
A-AS 3 105 0.50 0.80 1.40 2.10 3.00 0.50 0.76 1.20 1.90 2.70
A-AS 3 125 0.50 0.80 1.40 2.10 3.00 0.50 0.76 1.20 1.90 2.70
A-AS 3 126 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.60 1.00 1.60 2.50 3.50
A-AS 3 145 0.50 0.80 1.40 2.10 3.00 0.60 0.76 1.20 1.90 2.70
A-AS 3 146 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.60 1.00 1.60 2.50 3.50
A-AS 4 64 0.40 0.60 0.90 1.40 2.00 0.30 0.50 0.80 1.30 1.80
A-AS 4 65 0.50 0.80 1.40 2.10 3.00 0.50 0.76 1.20 1.90 2.70
A-AS 4 105 0.50 0.80 1.40 2.10 3.00 0.50 0.76 1.20 1.90 2.70
A-AS 4 106 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.60 1.00 1.60 2.50 3.50
A-AS 5 96 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.60 1.00 1.60 2.50 3.50
A-AS 5 97 1.30 2.00 3.30 5.10 7.30 1.10 1.70 2.80 4.30 6.20
A-AS 5 126 0.72 1.10 1.80 2.80 4.00 0.60 1.00 1.60 2.50 3.50
A-AS 5 127 1.30 2.00 3.30 5.10 7.30 1.10 1.70 2.80 4.30 6.20
A-AS 5 137 1.30 2.00 3.30 5.10 7.30 1.10 1.70 2.80 4.30 6.20
A-AS 5 139 2.10 3.30 5.30 8.30 11.80 1.90 2.90 4.60 7.10 10.20
A-AS 5 179 2.10 3.30 5.30 8.30 11.80 1.90 2.90 4.60 7.10 10.20
A-AS 5 1711 3.40 5.30 8.50 13.20 18.80 3.00 4.60 7.40 11.60 16.50
A-AS 6 117 1.30 2.00 3.30 5.10 7.30 1.10 1.70 2.80 4.30 6.20
A-AS 6 137 1.30 2.00 3.30 5.10 7.30 1.10 1.70 2.80 4.30 6.20
A-AS 6 139 2.10 3.30 5.30 8.30 11.80 1.90 2.90 4.60 7.10 10.20
A-AS 6 1411 3.40 5.30 8.50 13.20 18.80 3.00 4.60 7.40 11.60 16.50
A-AS 6 1713 5.10 8.00 12.80 20.00 28.50 4.40 6.90 11.00 17.20 24.50
A-AS 6 2013 5.10 8.00 12.80 20.00 28.50 4.40 6.90 11.00 17.20 24.50
A-AS 6 2513 -- -- 12.80 20.80 28.50 4.40 6.90 11.00 17.20 24.50

Table D.21: Suction accumulator capacity selection chart

D - 16
 ALCO Accumulator Dimensional Data
A B C D Holding Capacity
Unit 40oF 40oF
Fitting Fitting Tons R22
Model Number Weight Diameter Length Liquid Liquid
Size Separation (+40oF)
(LBS) (in) (in) R404A R502/R22/
(Nominal) (in)
/R507 R134A
A-AS 3 84 1/2 2.0 3 8 1.63 2.0 1.5 1.5
A-AS 3 105 5/8 2.4 3 10 1.63 3.0 2.0 2.0
A-AS 3 125 5/8 2.9 3 12 1.63 3.0 2.5 3.0
A-AS 3 126 3/4 2.9 3 12 1.63 4.0 2.5 3.0
A-AS 3 145 5/8 3.3 3 15 1.63 3.0 3.3 3.5
A-AS 3 146 3/4 3.3 3 14 1.63 4.0 2.8 3.5
A-AS 4 64 1/2 2.8 4 6 2.50 2.0 2.0 2.5
A-AS 4 65 5/8 2.8 4 6 2.50 3.0 2.0 2.5
A-AS 4 105 5/8 4.6 4 10 2.50 3.0 3.5 4.0
A-AS 4 106 3/4 4.6 4 10 2.50 4.0 3.5 4.0
A-AS 5 96 3/4 5.1 5 9 2.75 4.0 5.5 6.0
A-AS 5 97 7/8 5.1 5 9 2.75 7.3 5.5 6.0
A-AS 5 126 3/4 6.6 5 12 2.75 4.0 7.5 8.0
A-AS 5 127 7/8 6.6 5 12 2.75 7.3 7.5 8.0
A-AS 5 137 7/8 7.1 5 13 2.75 7.3 8.0 8.5
A-AS 5 139 1 1/8 7.1 5 13 2.75 11.8 8.0 8.5
A-AS 5 179 1 1/8 8.4 5 17 2.75 11.8 10.0 12.0
A-AS 5 1711 1 3/8 8.4 5 17 2.75 18.8 10.0 12.0
A-AS 6 117 7/8 10.0 6 11 2.94 7.3 9.0 10.0
A-AS 6 137 7/8 11.7 6 13 2.94 7.3 11.0 12.0
A-AS 6 139 1 1/8 11.7 6 13 2.94 11.8 11.0 12.0
A-AS 6 1411 1 3/8 12.1 6 14 2.94 18.8 12.0 15.0
A-AS 6 1713 1 5/8 15.4 6 17 2.94 28.5 15.0 16.0
A-AS 6 2013 1 5/8 18.1 6 20 2.94 28.5 16.0 20.0
A-AS 6 2513 1 5/8 22.6 6 25 2.94 28.5 20.0 25.0

Table D.22: Suction accumulator holding capacity selection chart

Table D.2: Accumulator cross-section

D - 17
 Suction Accumulator Cross Reference
ALCO VKMP PARKER

Nominal Length (Cap to Cap)

Nominal Length (Cap to Cap)

Holding capacity (LBS)1

Holding capacity (LBS)1

Holding capacity (LBS)3

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Overall Length
OD Tube

Fitting

Fitting

Fitting
Model

Model

Model
A-AS 3 84 3 1/2 8 2.0 2.0 VA-30-4S 1/2 8 2.0 2.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 3 105 3 5/8 10 3.0 2.5 VA-31-5S 5/8 10 3.0 2.5 PA3060-10-5 5/8 10.35 2.0 2.2
A-AS 3 125 3 5/8 12 3.0 3.0 VA-32-5S 5/8 12 3.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 3 126 3 3/4 12 4.0 3.0 VA-32-6S 3/4 12 4.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 3 145 3 5/8 15 3.0 3.5 VA-35-5S 5/8 15 3.0 3.5 PA3060-15-5 5/8 15.05 2.1 3.4
A-AS 3 146 3 3/4 14 4.0 3.5 VA-35-6S 3/4 14 4.0 3.5 PA3060-15-6 3/4 15.05 2.3 3.4
A-AS 4 64 4 1/2 6 2.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 4 65 4 5/8 6 3.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 4 75 4 5/8 6 5/8 3.0 3.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 4 105 4 5/8 10 3.0 5.0 VA-44-5SRD 5/8 10 3.0 5.0 PA4065-9-5C 5/8 9.62 3.0 3.8
A-AS 4 106 4 3/4 10 4.0 5.0 VA-44-6SRD 3/4 10 4.0 5.0 PA4065-9-6C 3/4 9.62 3.0 3.6
A-AS 5 96 5 3/4 9 4.0 6.0 VA-54-6SRD 3/4 9 4.0 6.0 PA5083-9-6C 3/4 9.62 3.8 5.6
A-AS 5 97 5 7/8 9 7.3 6.0 VA-54-7SRD 7/8 9 7.3 6.0 PA5083-9-7C 7/8 9.62 3.9 5.5
A-AS 5 126 5 3/4 12 4.0 9.0 VA-56-6SRD 3/4 12 4.0 9.9 PA5083-11-6 3/4 11.33 3.9 6.9
A-AS 5 127 5 7/8 12 7.3 9.0 VA-56-7SRD 7/8 12 7.3 9.0 PA5083-11-7 7/8 11.33 4.4 6.8
A-AS 5 137 5 7/8 13 7.3 9.5 VA-57-7SRD 7/8 13 7.3 9.5 PA5083-12-7 7/8 12.88 5.4 7.8
A-AS 5 139 5 1 1/8 13 11.8 9.5 VA-57-9SRD 1 1/8 13 11.8 9.5 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 179 5 1 1/8 17 11.8 12.0 VA-59-9SRD 1 1/8 17 11.8 12.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 1711 5 1 3/8 17 18.8 12.0 VA-59-11SRD 1 3/8 17 18.8 12.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 117 6 7/8 11 7.3 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 137 6 7/8 13 7.3 12.0 VA-610-7SRD 7/8 13 7.3 12.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 139 6 1 1/8 13 11.8 12.0 VA-610-9SRD 1 1/8 13 11.8 12.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 1411 6 1 3/8 14 18.8 13.0 VA-611-11SRD 1 3/8 14 18.8 13.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 1713 6 1 5/8 17 28.5 16.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 2013 6 1 5/8 20 28.5 20.0 VA-616-13SRD 1 5/8 20 28.5 20.0 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 2513 6 1 5/8 25 28.5 25.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Notes: 1) R22 at 40oF evaporator.

2) R22.
3) R22 at 40oF divided by 0.7.
4) R22 at 0oF saturation.

Table D.23: Suction accumulator cross reference chart

D - 18
 Suction Accumulator Cross Reference
ALCO AC&R Refrigeration Research

Nominal Length (Cap to Cap)

Holding capacity (LBS)1

Holding capacity (LBS)4

Holding capacity (LBS)2

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Overall Length

Overall Length
OD Tube

Fitting

Fitting

Fitting
Model

Model

Model
A-AS 3 84 3 1/2 8 2.0 2.0 -- -- -- -- -- 3680 1/2 7.69 0.9 1.5
A-AS 3 105 3 5/8 10 3.0 2.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 3 125 3 5/8 12 3.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- -- 3685 5/8 12.00 2.0 2.5
A-AS 3 126 3 3/4 12 4.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 3 145 3 5/8 15 3.0 3.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 3 146 3 3/4 14 4.0 3.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 4 64 4 1/2 6 2.0 3.0 -- -- -- -- -- 3816 1/2 6.50 0.9 2.1
A-AS 4 65 4 5/8 6 3.0 3.0 S-7043 5/8 6 3/8 1.81 2.1 3701 5/8 6.63 2.0 2.1
A-AS 4 75 4 5/8 6 5/8 3.0 3.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 4 105 4 5/8 10 3.0 5.0 S-7045 5/8 10 3/8 1.81 4.1 3702 5/8 10.63 2.0 4.0
A-AS 4 106 4 3/4 10 4.0 5.0 S-7046 3/4 10 3/8 2.51 4.1 3703 3/4 10.63 3.0 4.0
A-AS 5 96 5 3/4 9 4.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 97 5 7/8 9 7.3 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 126 5 3/4 12 4.0 9.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 127 5 7/8 12 7.3 9.0 S-7057 7/8 13 4.32 8.5 -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 137 5 7/8 13 7.3 9.5 -- -- -- -- -- 3738 7/8 13.00 4.0 7.0
A-AS 5 139 5 1 1/8 13 11.8 9.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 179 5 1 1/8 17 11.8 12.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 5 1711 5 1 3/8 17 18.8 12.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 117 6 7/8 11 7.3 10.0 -- -- -- -- -- 3827 7/8 13.00 4.0 7.0
A-AS 6 137 6 7/8 13 7.3 12.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 139 6 1 1/8 13 11.8 12.0 S-7061 1 1/8 15 9.09 11.8 3700 1 1/8 15.00 9.0 11.4
A-AS 6 1411 6 1 3/8 14 18.8 13.0 -- -- -- -- -- 3837 1 3/8 13.50 17.0 9.5
A-AS 6 1713 6 1 5/8 17 28.5 16.0 -- -- -- -- -- 3698 1 5/8 17.13 28.0 13.0
A-AS 6 2013 6 1 5/8 20 28.5 20.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
A-AS 6 2513 6 1 5/8 25 28.5 25.0 S-7065 1 5/8 24 3/4 27.50 20.1 3704 1 5/8 24.75 28.0 20.5

Notes: 1) R22 at 40oF evaporator.

2) R22.
3) R22 at 40oF divided by 0.7.
4) R22 at 0oF saturation.

Table D.24: Suction accumulator cross reference chart

D - 19
Figure D.3 : R-22 refrigerant velocity chart

D - 20
Figure D.4 : R-22 refrigerant pressure drop chart

D - 21
 R22 Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Thermal Cond. Surface
Temp. Pres. 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv Viscosity (mPas) Temp.
(kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) (mW/mK) tension
(oC) (MPa) (oC)
(mN/m)
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
-100.00 0.00201 1571.3 8.2660 90.71 358.97 0.5050 2.0543 1.061 0.497 1.243 1127 143.6 845.8 7.25 143.1 4.46 28.12 -100.00
-95.00 0.00341 1558.1 5.9554 96.02 361.41 0.5348 2.0262 1.061 0.505 1.240 1104 145.3 772.6 7.46 140.5 4.65 27.24 -95.00
-90.00 0.00481 1544.9 3.6448 101.32 363.85 0.5646 1.9980 1.061 0.512 1.237 1080 147.0 699.4 7.67 137.8 4.84 26.36 -90.00
-85.00 0.00759 1531.6 2.7115 106.63 366.31 0.5928 1.9744 1.062 0.520 1.235 1057 148.7 645.2 7.88 135.2 5.05 25.50 -85.00
-80.00 0.01037 1518.2 1.7782 111.94 368.77 0.6210 1.9508 1.062 0.528 1.233 1033 150.3 591.0 8.09 132.6 5.25 24.63 -80.00
-75.00 0.01542 1504.7 1.36081 117.26 371.24 0.6479 1.9308 1.064 0.537 1.232 1010 151.8 549.3 8.31 130.1 5.47 23.78 -75.00
-70.00 0.02047 1491.2 0.9434 122.58 373.70 0.6747 1.9108 1.065 0.545 1.231 986 153.3 507.6 8.52 127.6 5.68 22.92 -70.00
-65.00 0.02899 1477.5 0.74011 127.93 376.15 0.7004 1.8939 1.068 0.555 1.231 963 154.7 474.5 8.73 125.1 5.90 22.08 -65.00
-60.00 0.03750 1463.7 0.5368 133.27 378.59 0.7260 1.8770 1.071 0.564 1.230 940 156.0 441.4 8.94 122.6 6.12 21.24 -60.00
-55.00 0.05102 1449.7 0.43033 138.65 381.01 0.7506 1.8625 1.075 0.575 1.231 917 157.2 414.5 9.15 120.2 6.36 20.41 -55.00
-50.00 0.06453 1435.6 0.3239 144.03 383.42 0.7752 1.8480 1.079 0.585 1.232 893 158.3 387.5 9.36 117.8 6.59 19.58 -50.00
-49.00 0.06799 1432.8 0.3092 145.11 383.90 0.7801 1.8454 1.080 0.587 1.233 889 158.5 382.7 9.41 117.4 6.64 19.42 -49.00
-48.00 0.07145 1429.9 0.2945 146.19 384.37 0.7849 1.8428 1.081 0.589 1.233 884 158.7 377.8 9.45 116.9 6.69 19.25 -48.00
-47.00 0.07520 1427.1 0.2815 147.28 384.85 0.7897 1.8402 1.082 0.592 1.234 880 158.9 373.2 9.49 116.4 6.74 19.09 -47.00
-46.00 0.07894 1424.2 0.2684 148.36 385.32 0.7944 1.8376 1.083 0.594 1.234 875 159.1 368.6 9.53 115.9 6.79 18.92 -46.00
-45.00 0.08300 1421.3 0.2567 149.45 385.79 0.7992 1.8352 1.085 0.597 1.235 870 159.3 364.1 9.58 115.5 6.84 18.76 -45.00

D - 22
-44.00 0.08705 1418.4 0.2450 150.53 386.26 0.8039 1.8327 1.086 0.599 1.235 865 159.5 359.6 9.62 115.0 6.89 18.59 -44.00
-43.00 0.09143 1415.5 0.2345 151.62 386.73 0.8087 1.8303 1.087 0.601 1.236 861 159.7 355.3 9.66 114.5 6.94 18.43 -43.00
-42.00 0.09580 1412.6 0.2240 152.70 387.20 0.8134 1.8278 1.088 0.603 1.236 856 159.9 351.0 9.70 114.0 6.99 18.27 -42.00
-41.00 0.10044 1409.7 0.2144 153.79 387.66 0.8180 1.8254 1.090 0.606 1.236 852 160.1 346.8 9.74 113.6 7.04 18.11 -41.00
-40.81 0.10132 1409.2 0.2126 154.00 387.75 0.8189 1.8250 1.090 0.606 1.236 851 160.1 346.0 9.75 113.5 7.05 18.08 -40.81 b
-40.50 0.10282 1408.3 0.2098 154.34 387.90 0.8204 1.8243 1.090 0.607 1.236 849 160.2 344.7 9.77 113.3 7.07 18.03 -40.50
-40.00 0.10523 1406.8 0.2052 154.89 388.13 0.8227 1.8231 1.091 0.608 1.237 847 160.3 342.6 9.79 113.1 7.09 17.94 -40.00
-39.00 0.11031 1403.9 0.1968 155.98 388.60 0.8274 1.8209 1.092 0.611 1.238 843 160.5 338.6 9.83 112.7 7.14 17.78 -39.00
-38.00 0.11538 1401.0 0.1883 157.07 389.06 0.8320 1.8186 1.093 0.613 1.238 838 160.6 334.5 9.87 112.2 7.19 17.62 -38.00
-37.00 0.12083 1398.1 0.1807 158.17 389.52 0.8367 1.8164 1.095 0.616 1.239 833 160.8 330.6 9.92 111.7 7.24 17.46 -37.00
-36.00 0.12628 1395.1 0.1730 159.27 389.97 0.8413 1.8141 1.096 0.619 1.239 828 160.9 326.7 9.96 111.2 7.29 17.30 -36.00
-35.00 0.13213 1392.1 0.1662 160.37 390.43 0.8459 1.8120 1.098 0.622 1.240 824 161.1 322.9 10.00 110.8 7.35 17.14 -35.00
-34.00 0.13797 1389.1 0.1593 161.47 390.89 0.8505 1.8098 1.099 0.624 1.241 819 161.2 319.1 10.04 110.3 7.40 16.98 -34.00
-33.00 0.14424 1386.2 0.1530 162.57 391.34 0.8551 1.8077 1.101 0.627 1.242 815 161.4 315.4 10.08 109.9 7.46 16.82 -33.00
-32.00 0.15050 1383.2 0.1468 163.67 391.79 0.8596 1.8056 1.102 0.629 1.242 810 161.5 311.7 10.12 109.4 7.51 16.66 -32.00
-31.00 0.15720 1380.2 0.1412 164.78 392.24 0.8642 1.8036 1.104 0.632 1.243 805 161.7 308.2 10.17 109.0 7.56 16.50 -31.00
-30.00 0.16389 1377.2 0.1355 165.88 392.69 0.8687 1.8015 1.105 0.635 1.244 800 161.8 304.6 10.21 108.5 7.61 16.34 -30.00

Note : b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

Table D.25: R-22 Thermophysical properties

 R22 Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Thermal Cond. Surface
Temp. Pres. 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv Viscosity (mPas) Temp.
(kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) (mW/mK) tension
(oC) (MPa) (oC)
(mN/m)
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
-29.00 0.17104 1374.2 0.1304 166.99 393.14 0.8733 1.7995 1.107 0.638 1.245 796 161.9 301.2 10.25 108.0 7.67 16.18 -29.00
-28.00 0.17819 1371.1 0.1253 168.10 393.58 0.8778 1.7975 1.108 0.641 1.246 791 162.0 297.7 10.29 107.5 7.72 16.02 -28.00
-27.00 0.18582 1368.1 0.1206 169.22 394.03 0.8823 1.7956 1.110 0.644 1.247 787 162.2 294.4 10.34 107.1 7.78 15.86 -27.00
-26.00 0.19344 1365.0 0.1160 170.33 394.47 0.8868 1.7937 1.112 0.646 1.248 782 162.3 291.0 10.38 106.6 7.83 15.70 -26.00
-25.00 0.20156 1362.0 0.1117 171.45 394.91 0.8913 1.7918 1.114 0.650 1.249 777 162.4 287.7 10.42 106.2 7.89 15.55 -25.00
-24.00 0.20968 1358.9 0.1075 172.56 395.34 0.8957 1.7899 1.115 0.653 1.250 772 162.5 284.4 10.46 105.7 7.94 15.39 -24.00
-23.00 0.21832 1355.8 0.1036 173.68 395.78 0.9002 1.7881 1.117 0.656 1.252 768 162.6 281.3 10.51 105.3 8.00 15.23 -23.00
-22.00 0.22696 1352.7 0.0998 174.80 396.21 0.9046 1.7862 1.119 0.659 1.253 763 162.7 278.1 10.55 104.8 8.06 15.07 -22.00
-21.00 0.23614 1349.6 0.0962 175.92 396.64 0.9091 1.7844 1.121 0.662 1.254 759 162.8 275.0 10.59 104.4 8.12 14.92 -21.00
-20.00 0.24531 1346.5 0.0927 177.04 397.06 0.9135 1.7826 1.123 0.665 1.255 754 162.8 271.9 10.63 103.9 8.17 14.76 -20.00
-19.00 0.25505 1343.4 0.0894 178.17 397.49 0.9179 1.7809 1.125 0.669 1.257 749 162.9 268.9 10.68 103.5 8.23 14.61 -19.00
-18.00 0.26479 1340.3 0.0862 179.30 397.91 0.9223 1.7791 1.127 0.672 1.258 744 163.0 265.9 10.72 103.0 8.29 14.45 -18.00
-17.00 0.27511 1337.2 0.0833 180.43 398.33 0.9267 1.7774 1.129 0.675 1.260 740 163.1 263.0 10.76 102.6 8.35 14.30 -17.00
-16.00 0.28543 1334.0 0.0803 181.56 398.75 0.9311 1.7757 1.131 0.678 1.261 735 163.1 260.1 10.80 102.1 8.40 14.14 -16.00
-15.00 0.29636 1330.8 0.0776 182.70 399.16 0.9355 1.7740 1.133 0.682 1.263 731 163.2 257.3 10.85 101.6 8.46 13.99 -15.00
-14.00 0.30728 1327.6 0.0749 183.83 399.57 0.9398 1.7723 1.135 0.685 1.264 726 163.2 254.4 10.89 101.1 8.52 13.83 -14.00

D - 23
-13.00 0.31883 1324.4 0.0724 184.97 399.98 0.9442 1.7707 1.137 0.689 1.266 721 163.3 251.6 10.94 100.7 8.59 13.68 -13.00
-12.00 0.33038 1321.2 0.0699 186.11 400.39 0.9485 1.7690 1.139 0.692 1.267 716 163.3 248.8 10.98 100.2 8.65 13.52 -12.00
-11.00 0.34259 1318.0 0.0676 187.26 400.80 0.9529 1.7674 1.142 0.696 1.269 712 163.3 246.1 11.02 99.8 8.71 13.37 -11.00
-10.00 0.35479 1314.7 0.0653 188.40 401.20 0.9572 1.7658 1.144 0.699 1.270 707 163.3 243.4 11.06 99.3 8.77 13.21 -10.00
-9.00 0.36767 1311.5 0.0632 189.55 401.60 0.9615 1.7643 1.147 0.703 1.272 702 163.4 240.8 11.11 98.9 8.83 13.06 -9.00
-8.00 0.38054 1308.2 0.0610 190.70 401.99 0.9658 1.7627 1.149 0.707 1.274 697 163.4 238.1 11.15 98.4 8.89 12.91 -8.00
-7.00 0.39412 1304.9 0.0591 191.86 402.38 0.9701 1.7612 1.152 0.711 1.276 693 163.4 235.6 11.20 98.0 8.96 12.76 -7.00
-6.00 0.40769 1301.6 0.0571 193.01 402.77 0.9744 1.7596 1.154 0.715 1.278 688 163.4 233.0 11.24 97.5 9.02 12.60 -6.00
-5.00 0.42199 1298.3 0.0553 194.17 403.16 0.9787 1.7581 1.157 0.719 1.280 684 163.4 230.5 11.28 97.1 9.09 12.45 -5.00
-4.00 0.43628 1295.0 0.0535 195.33 403.55 0.9830 1.7566 1.159 0.722 1.282 679 163.4 227.9 11.32 96.6 9.15 12.30 -4.00
-3.00 0.45132 1291.7 0.0519 196.50 403.93 0.9873 1.7551 1.162 0.727 1.285 674 163.4 225.5 11.37 96.2 9.22 12.15 -3.00
-2.00 0.46636 1288.3 0.0502 197.66 404.30 0.9915 1.7536 1.164 0.731 1.287 669 163.4 223.0 11.41 95.7 9.28 12.00 -2.00
-1.00 0.48218 1284.9 0.0486 198.83 404.68 0.9958 1.7522 1.167 0.735 1.289 665 163.4 220.6 11.46 95.3 9.35 11.85 -1.00
0.00 0.49799 1281.5 0.0471 200.00 405.05 1.0000 1.7507 1.169 0.739 1.291 660 163.3 218.2 11.50 94.8 9.42 11.70 0.00
1.00 0.51460 1278.1 0.0457 201.18 405.42 1.0043 1.7493 1.172 0.744 1.294 655 163.3 215.9 11.55 94.4 9.49 11.55 1.00
2.00 0.53120 1274.7 0.0442 202.35 405.78 1.0085 1.7478 1.175 0.748 1.296 650 163.2 213.5 11.59 93.9 9.56 11.40 2.00
3.00 0.54863 1271.3 0.0429 203.53 406.14 1.0127 1.7464 1.178 0.753 1.299 646 163.2 211.2 11.64 93.5 9.63 11.25 3.00

Note : b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

Table D.26: R-22 Thermophysical properties

 R22 Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Thermal Cond. Surface
Temp. Pres. 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv Viscosity (mPas) Temp.
(kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) (mW/mK) tension
o o
( C) (MPa) ( C)
(mN/m)
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
4.00 0.56605 1267.8 0.0416 204.71 406.50 1.0169 1.7450 1.181 0.757 1.301 641 163.1 208.9 11.68 93.1 9.70 11.10 4.00
5.00 0.58432 1264.3 0.0404 205.90 406.85 1.0212 1.7436 1.184 0.762 1.304 637 163.1 206.7 11.73 92.7 9.77 10.96 5.00
6.00 0.60259 1260.8 0.0391 207.09 407.20 1.0254 1.7422 1.187 0.766 1.307 632 163.0 204.4 11.77 92.2 9.84 10.81 6.00
7.00 0.62174 1257.3 0.0380 208.28 407.55 1.0296 1.7409 1.190 0.771 1.310 627 162.9 202.2 11.82 91.8 9.92 10.66 7.00
8.00 0.64088 1253.8 0.0368 209.47 407.89 1.0338 1.7395 1.193 0.775 1.313 622 162.8 200.0 11.86 91.3 9.99 10.51 8.00
9.00 0.66092 1250.3 0.0358 210.67 408.23 1.0380 1.7382 1.196 0.780 1.316 618 162.7 197.9 11.91 90.9 10.07 10.37 9.00
10.00 0.68095 1246.7 0.0347 211.87 408.56 1.0422 1.7368 1.199 0.785 1.319 613 162.6 195.7 11.96 90.4 10.14 10.22 10.00
11.00 0.70191 1243.1 0.0337 213.08 408.89 1.0464 1.7355 1.203 0.790 1.323 608 162.5 193.6 12.01 90.0 10.22 10.08 11.00
12.00 0.72286 1239.5 0.0327 214.28 409.21 1.0505 1.7341 1.206 0.795 1.326 603 162.4 191.5 12.05 89.5 10.29 9.93 12.00
13.00 0.74477 1235.9 0.0318 215.49 409.53 1.0547 1.7328 1.210 0.801 1.330 599 162.3 189.4 12.10 89.1 10.37 9.79 13.00
14.00 0.76668 1232.2 0.0309 216.70 409.85 1.0589 1.7315 1.213 0.806 1.333 594 162.2 187.3 12.14 88.6 10.45 9.64 14.00
15.00 0.78956 1228.6 0.0300 217.92 410.16 1.0631 1.7302 1.217 0.812 1.337 589 162.1 185.3 12.19 88.2 10.53 9.50 15.00
16.00 0.81244 1224.9 0.0291 219.14 410.47 1.0672 1.7289 1.220 0.817 1.340 584 161.9 183.2 12.24 87.7 10.61 9.35 16.00
17.00 0.83632 1221.2 0.0283 220.37 410.77 1.0714 1.7276 1.224 0.823 1.344 580 161.8 181.2 12.29 87.3 10.69 9.21 17.00
18.00 0.86020 1217.4 0.0275 221.59 411.07 1.0755 1.7263 1.228 0.828 1.348 575 161.6 179.2 12.33 86.8 10.77 9.06 18.00
19.00 0.88511 1213.7 0.0267 222.83 411.37 1.0797 1.7251 1.232 0.834 1.353 570 161.5 177.3 12.38 86.4 10.86 8.92 19.00

D - 24
20.00 0.91002 1209.9 0.0260 224.06 411.66 1.0838 1.7238 1.236 0.840 1.357 565 161.3 175.3 12.43 85.9 10.95 8.78 20.00
21.00 0.93599 1206.1 0.0253 225.30 411.94 1.0880 1.7225 1.240 0.847 1.362 560 161.2 173.4 12.48 85.5 11.04 8.64 21.00
22.00 0.96195 1202.3 0.0246 226.54 412.22 1.0921 1.7212 1.244 0.853 1.366 555 161.0 171.5 12.53 85.0 11.12 8.50 22.00
23.00 0.98898 1198.5 0.0239 227.79 412.50 1.0963 1.7200 1.248 0.860 1.371 551 160.8 169.6 12.58 84.6 11.21 8.36 23.00
24.00 1.0160 1194.6 0.0232 229.04 412.77 1.1004 1.7187 1.252 0.866 1.375 546 160.6 167.7 12.63 84.1 11.30 8.22 24.00
25.00 1.0442 1190.7 0.0226 230.30 413.03 1.1045 1.7175 1.2565 0.8725 1.3800 541 160.4 165.8 12.69 83.7 11.40 8.08 25.00
26.00 1.0724 1186.7 0.0220 231.55 413.29 1.1086 1.7162 1.261 0.879 1.385 536 160.2 163.9 12.74 83.2 11.49 7.94 26.00
27.00 1.1017 1182.8 0.0214 232.82 413.54 1.1128 1.7149 1.266 0.886 1.391 532 160.0 162.1 12.79 82.8 11.59 7.80 27.00
28.00 1.1309 1178.8 0.0208 234.08 413.79 1.1169 1.7136 1.271 0.893 1.396 527 159.7 160.3 12.84 82.3 11.69 7.66 28.00
29.00 1.1614 1174.8 0.0203 235.35 414.03 1.1211 1.7124 1.276 0.901 1.402 522 159.5 158.5 12.90 81.9 11.79 7.52 29.00
30.00 1.1919 1170.7 0.0197 236.62 414.26 1.1252 1.7111 1.281 0.908 1.408 517 159.2 156.7 12.95 81.4 11.89 7.38 30.00
31.00 1.2236 1166.7 0.0192 237.91 414.49 1.1293 1.7099 1.286 0.916 1.414 512 159.0 154.9 13.01 81.0 12.00 7.25 31.00
32.00 1.2552 1162.6 0.0187 239.19 414.71 1.1334 1.7086 1.291 0.924 1.420 507 158.7 153.1 13.06 80.5 12.10 7.11 32.00
33.00 1.2881 1158.5 0.0182 240.48 414.93 1.1376 1.7074 1.297 0.932 1.427 502 158.5 151.4 13.12 80.1 12.21 6.98 33.00
34.00 1.3210 1154.3 0.0177 241.77 415.14 1.1417 1.7061 1.302 0.940 1.434 497 158.2 149.6 13.17 79.6 12.31 6.84 34.00
35.00 1.3551 1150.1 0.0173 243.08 415.34 1.1458 1.7049 1.308 0.949 1.441 492 157.9 147.9 13.23 79.2 12.43 6.71 35.00
36.00 1.3892 1145.8 0.0168 244.38 415.54 1.1499 1.7036 1.314 0.957 1.448 487 157.6 146.1 13.28 78.7 12.54 6.57 36.00

Note : b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

Table D.27: R-22 Thermophysical properties

 R22 Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Thermal Cond. Surface
Temp. Pres. 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv Viscosity (mPas) Temp.
(kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) (mW/mK) tension
o
( C) (MPa) (oC)
(mN/m)
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
37.00 1.4247 1141.6 0.0164 245.69 415.73 1.1541 1.7023 1.320 0.967 1.456 483 157.3 144.4 13.34 78.3 12.66 6.44 37.00
38.00 1.4601 1137.3 0.0159 247.00 415.91 1.1582 1.7010 1.326 0.976 1.463 478 157.0 142.7 13.40 77.8 12.77 6.30 38.00
39.00 1.4969 1132.9 0.0155 248.33 416.08 1.1624 1.6998 1.333 0.986 1.472 473 156.7 141.1 13.46 77.4 12.90 6.17 39.00
40.00 1.5336 1128.5 0.0151 249.65 416.25 1.1665 1.6985 1.339 0.995 1.480 468 156.4 139.4 13.52 76.9 13.02 6.04 40.00
41.00 1.5717 1124.1 0.0147 250.99 416.40 1.1706 1.6972 1.346 1.005 1.489 463 156.1 137.8 13.58 76.5 13.15 5.88 41.00
42.00 1.6098 1119.6 0.0143 252.32 416.55 1.1747 1.6959 1.353 1.015 1.498 458 155.7 136.1 13.64 76.0 13.28 5.72 42.00
43.00 1.6493 1115.1 0.0140 253.67 416.69 1.1789 1.6946 1.361 1.026 1.508 453 155.4 134.5 13.71 75.6 13.42 5.62 43.00
44.00 1.6887 1110.6 0.0136 255.01 416.83 1.1830 1.6933 1.368 1.037 1.517 448 155.0 132.8 13.77 75.1 13.55 5.51 44.00
45.00 1.7296 1106.0 0.0133 256.37 416.95 1.1872 1.6920 1.376 1.049 1.528 443 154.6 131.2 13.84 74.6 13.69 5.38 45.00
46.00 1.7704 1101.4 0.0129 257.73 417.07 1.1913 1.6906 1.384 1.061 1.538 437 154.2 129.5 13.90 74.1 13.83 5.25 46.00
47.00 1.8128 1096.7 0.0126 259.10 417.17 1.1955 1.6893 1.393 1.074 1.550 432 153.8 127.9 13.97 73.7 13.98 5.13 47.00
48.00 1.8551 1091.9 0.0123 260.47 417.27 1.1997 1.6879 1.401 1.086 1.561 427 153.4 126.3 14.04 73.2 14.13 5.00 48.00
49.00 1.8989 1087.1 0.0119 261.86 417.36 1.2039 1.6866 1.410 1.100 1.574 422 153.0 124.7 14.11 72.8 14.29 4.87 49.00
50.00 1.9427 1082.3 0.0116 263.25 417.44 1.2080 1.6852 1.419 1.113 1.586 417 152.6 123.1 14.18 72.3 14.45 4.74 50.00
51.00 1.9880 1077.4 0.0113 264.65 417.50 1.2122 1.6838 1.429 1.128 1.600 412 152.2 121.6 14.25 71.9 14.62 4.62 51.00
4.49

D - 25
52.00 2.0333 1072.4 0.0110 266.05 417.56 1.2164 1.6824 1.439 1.142 1.614 407 151.7 120.0 14.32 71.4 14.78 52.00
53.00 2.0802 1067.4 0.0108 267.47 417.60 1.2206 1.6810 1.450 1.158 1.629 402 151.3 118.5 14.40 70.9 14.96 4.37 53.00
54.00 2.1270 1062.3 0.0105 268.89 417.63 1.2248 1.6795 1.461 1.173 1.644 396 150.8 116.9 14.47 70.4 15.14 4.24 54.00
55.00 2.1755 1057.2 0.0102 270.33 417.65 1.2291 1.6781 1.473 1.191 1.661 391 150.3 115.4 14.55 70.0 15.33 4.12 55.00
56.00 2.2239 1052.0 0.0100 271.76 417.66 1.2333 1.6766 1.485 1.208 1.677 386 149.8 113.8 14.63 69.5 15.52 4.00 56.00
57.00 2.2740 1046.7 0.0097 273.21 417.65 1.2376 1.6751 1.498 1.227 1.696 381 149.3 112.3 14.72 69.1 15.72 3.88 57.00
58.00 2.3240 1041.3 0.0094 274.66 417.63 1.2418 1.6736 1.511 1.246 1.714 375 148.8 110.7 14.80 68.6 15.92 3.75 58.00
59.00 2.3758 1035.9 0.0092 276.14 417.59 1.2461 1.6721 1.525 1.267 1.735 370 148.3 109.2 14.89 68.1 16.14 3.63 59.00
60.00 2.4275 1030.4 0.0090 277.61 417.55 1.2504 1.6705 1.539 1.287 1.755 364 147.7 107.6 14.98 67.6 16.36 3.51 60.00
62.50 2.5644 1015.9 0.0084 281.40 417.31 1.2613 1.6664 1.583 1.350 1.818 351 146.3 103.8 15.22 66.5 16.99 3.22 62.50
65.00 2.7012 1001.4 0.0079 285.18 417.06 1.2722 1.6622 1.626 1.413 1.881 337 144.9 100.0 15.46 65.3 17.61 2.92 65.00
67.50 2.8493 985.6 0.0074 289.14 416.58 1.2834 1.6576 1.685 1.499 1.969 323 143.3 96.2 15.74 64.1 18.39 2.64 67.50
70.00 2.9974 969.7 0.0069 293.10 416.09 1.2945 1.6529 1.743 1.584 2.056 309 141.7 92.4 16.02 62.9 19.16 2.36 70.00
72.50 3.1576 952.1 0.0064 297.28 415.29 1.3061 1.6477 1.828 1.708 2.186 295 139.9 88.5 16.36 61.8 20.16 2.09 72.50
75.00 3.3177 934.4 0.0060 301.46 414.49 1.3177 1.6424 1.913 1.832 2.315 280 138.1 84.6 16.70 60.6 21.16 1.82 75.00
77.50 3.4908 914.1 0.0055 305.95 413.25 1.3300 1.6362 2.047 2.032 2.525 265 136.2 80.6 17.13 59.6 22.52 1.56 77.50
80.00 3.6638 893.7 0.0051 310.44 412.01 1.3423 1.6299 2.181 2.231 2.735 249 134.2 76.6 17.55 58.6 23.87 1.30 80.00
82.50 3.8508 869.3 0.0047 315.41 410.10 1.3557 1.6221 2.432 2.608 3.134 232 132.0 72.4 18.13 58.0 25.85 1.07 82.50

Note : b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

Table D.28: R-22 Thermophysical properties

 R22 Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Thermal Cond. Surface
Temp. Pres. 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv Viscosity (mPas) Temp.
(kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) (mW/mK) tension
(oC) (MPa) (oC)
(mN/m)
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
85.00 4.0378 844.8 0.0043 320.38 408.19 1.3690 1.6142 2.682 2.984 3.532 215 129.7 68.1 18.71 57.4 27.82 0.83 85.00
87.50 4.2401 812.5 0.0040 326.24 405.03 1.3846 1.6032 3.332 3.980 4.579 196 127.2 63.2 19.60 58.4 31.19 0.62 87.50
90.00 4.4423 780.1 0.0036 332.09 401.87 1.4001 1.5922 3.981 4.975 5.626 177 124.6 58.3 20.48 59.3 34.55 0.40 90.00
92.50 4.6624 721.5 0.0031 340.83 394.58 1.4232 1.5704 10.646 15.133 16.028 153 121.3 51.4 22.62 71.4 46.85 0.23 92.50
95.00 4.8824 662.9 0.0026 349.56 387.28 1.4462 1.5486 17.310 25.290 26.430 128 118.0 44.4 24.76 83.5 59.15 0.05 95.00
95.60 4.9385 590.3 0.0022 358.61 376.65 1.4705 1.5194 61 56.43 0.02 95.60
96.15 4.9900 523.8 0.0019 366.90 366.90 1.4927 1.4927 0 0.0 NIL NIL 0.00 96.15 c

Note : b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

Table D.29: R-22 Thermophysical properties

D - 26
Figure D.5 : R-22 p-h diagram

D - 27
 S uva 407C R E F R IG E R A NT
V E L OC IT Y IN L INE S (65F E vap. Outlet)

Figure D.6 : R-407C refrigerant velocity chart

D - 28
 S uva 407C R E F R IG E R A NT
P R E S S UR E DR OP IN L INE S (65F E vap. Outlet)

Figure D.7 : R-407C refrigerant pressure drop chart

D - 29
 R407C Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.01000 -82.79 -74.95 1496.9 1.8970 91.30 365.97 0.5293 1.9442 1.245 0.662 1.180 1025 149.1 0.01000
0.01500 -77.79 -70.05 1482.7 1.4439 97.56 369.00 0.5614 1.9260 1.251 0.674 1.180 997 150.5 0.01500
0.02000 -72.79 -65.14 1468.5 0.9907 103.81 372.02 0.5934 1.9078 1.257 0.685 1.179 968 151.9 0.02000
0.03000 -67.14 -59.60 1452.1 0.7542 110.96 375.43 0.6281 1.8909 1.264 0.700 1.180 938 153.3 0.03000
0.04000 -61.48 -54.06 1435.6 0.5176 118.11 378.83 0.6627 1.8739 1.271 0.714 1.180 908 154.6 0.04000
0.05000 -57.82 -50.47 1424.7 0.43575 122.80 381.02 0.6844 1.8646 1.277 0.724 1.181 889 155.4 0.05000
0.06000 -54.16 -46.88 1413.8 0.3539 127.48 383.20 0.7061 1.8553 1.282 0.734 1.182 869 156.2 0.06000
0.07000 -51.38 -44.15 1405.5 0.31200 131.06 384.84 0.7223 1.8490 1.287 0.743 1.183 855 156.7 0.07000
0.08000 -48.59 -41.42 1397.1 0.2701 134.64 386.48 0.7384 1.8427 1.291 0.751 1.184 841 157.2 0.08000
0.09000 -46.32 -39.20 1390.2 0.24455 137.59 387.81 0.7514 1.8380 1.295 0.758 1.186 830 157.6 0.09000
0.10000 -44.04 -36.97 1383.2 0.2190 140.53 389.13 0.7643 1.8333 1.298 0.765 1.187 818 157.9 0.10000
0.10100 -43.84 -36.77 1382.5 0.2170 140.80 389.25 0.7654 1.8329 1.299 0.766 1.187 816 157.9 0.10100
0.10132 -43.77 -36.70 1382.3 0.2163 140.89 389.29 0.7658 1.8328 1.299 0.766 1.187 816 157.9 0.10132 b
0.11000 -42.10 -35.06 1377.1 0.2015 143.07 390.25 0.7752 1.8295 1.302 0.772 1.188 808 158.1 0.11000
0.12000 -40.17 -33.18 1371.2 0.1844 145.58 391.35 0.7861 1.8258 1.305 0.778 1.189 798 158.4 0.12000
0.13000 -38.48 -31.52 1365.9 0.1719 147.81 392.32 0.7956 1.8227 1.309 0.784 1.191 790 158.6 0.13000

D - 30
0.14000 -36.78 -29.85 1360.6 0.1594 150.03 393.28 0.8050 1.8196 1.312 0.790 1.192 781 158.8 0.14000
0.15000 -35.27 -28.37 1355.9 0.1500 152.03 394.14 0.8134 1.8170 1.315 0.796 1.194 774 159.0 0.15000
0.16000 -33.75 -26.89 1351.1 0.1405 154.02 394.99 0.8217 1.8143 1.318 0.801 1.195 766 159.1 0.16000
0.17000 -32.38 -25.55 1346.7 0.1331 155.84 395.75 0.8292 1.8121 1.321 0.806 1.196 759 159.3 0.17000
0.18000 -31.00 -24.20 1342.3 0.1256 157.65 396.51 0.8367 1.8098 1.324 0.811 1.197 752 159.4 0.18000
0.19000 -29.74 -22.97 1338.3 0.1197 159.33 397.21 0.8436 1.8078 1.327 0.816 1.199 746 159.5 0.19000
0.20000 -28.48 -21.73 1334.2 0.1137 161.00 397.90 0.8504 1.8058 1.329 0.821 1.200 740 159.5 0.20000
0.21000 -27.32 -20.59 1330.5 0.1088 162.56 398.53 0.8567 1.8040 1.332 0.826 1.202 734 159.6 0.21000
0.22000 -26.15 -19.45 1326.7 0.1038 164.11 399.16 0.8630 1.8022 1.335 0.830 1.203 728 159.7 0.22000
0.23000 -25.07 -18.39 1323.2 0.09966 165.57 399.75 0.8688 1.8006 1.338 0.835 1.205 723 159.8 0.23000
0.24000 -23.98 -17.33 1319.6 0.09552 167.02 400.33 0.8746 1.7989 1.340 0.839 1.206 717 159.8 0.24000
0.25000 -22.97 -16.34 1316.3 0.09200 168.39 400.87 0.8801 1.7975 1.343 0.843 1.207 712 159.8 0.25000
0.26000 -21.95 -15.34 1312.9 0.08847 169.75 401.41 0.8855 1.7960 1.345 0.847 1.208 707 159.8 0.26000
0.27000 -20.99 -14.40 1309.7 0.08544 171.05 401.92 0.8906 1.7947 1.347 0.851 1.210 702 159.9 0.27000
0.28000 -20.03 -13.46 1306.5 0.08240 172.34 402.42 0.8957 1.7933 1.349 0.855 1.211 697 159.9 0.28000
0.29000 -19.13 -12.58 1303.5 0.07976 173.57 402.89 0.9005 1.7921 1.352 0.859 1.213 693 159.9 0.29000
0.30000 -18.22 -11.69 1300.5 0.07712 174.80 403.36 0.9053 1.7908 1.354 0.863 1.214 688 159.9 0.30000

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.30: R-407C Thermophysical properties

 R407C Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.31000 -17.36 -10.85 1297.6 0.0748 175.97 403.81 0.9099 1.7897 1.357 0.867 1.216 684 159.9 0.31000
0.32000 -16.49 -10.00 1294.7 0.0725 177.14 404.25 0.9144 1.7885 1.359 0.871 1.217 680 159.9 0.32000
0.33000 -15.67 -9.20 1291.9 0.0704 178.26 404.67 0.9188 1.7874 1.361 0.875 1.219 676 159.9 0.33000
0.34000 -14.85 -8.39 1289.1 0.0684 179.38 405.09 0.9231 1.7863 1.363 0.879 1.220 672 159.9 0.34000
0.35000 -14.07 -7.63 1286.5 0.0665 180.46 405.49 0.9272 1.7853 1.366 0.883 1.221 668 159.9 0.35000
0.36000 -13.28 -6.86 1283.8 0.06467 181.53 405.88 0.9313 1.7843 1.368 0.886 1.222 664 159.8 0.36000
0.37000 -12.53 -6.13 1281.2 0.0630 182.56 406.26 0.9353 1.7834 1.370 0.890 1.224 660 159.8 0.37000
0.38000 -11.78 -5.39 1278.6 0.06137 183.59 406.63 0.9392 1.7824 1.372 0.893 1.225 656 159.8 0.38000
0.39000 -11.06 -4.69 1276.1 0.0599 184.59 406.99 0.9430 1.7815 1.374 0.897 1.227 653 159.8 0.39000
0.40000 -10.33 -3.98 1273.6 0.05838 185.58 407.34 0.9467 1.7806 1.376 0.900 1.228 649 159.7 0.40000
0.41000 -9.64 -3.30 1271.2 0.0570 186.54 407.68 0.9503 1.7798 1.378 0.904 1.230 646 159.7 0.41000
0.42000 -8.94 -2.62 1268.7 0.0557 187.50 408.02 0.9539 1.7789 1.380 0.907 1.231 642 159.6 0.42000
0.43000 -8.27 -1.97 1266.4 0.0544 188.43 408.35 0.9574 1.7781 1.383 0.911 1.233 639 159.6 0.43000
0.44000 -7.60 -1.31 1264.0 0.0532 189.36 408.67 0.9609 1.7772 1.385 0.914 1.234 636 159.5 0.44000
0.45000 -6.95 -0.68 1261.8 0.0521 190.26 408.98 0.9643 1.7765 1.387 0.918 1.236 633 159.5 0.45000

D - 31
0.46000 -6.30 -0.04 1259.5 0.0509 191.16 409.29 0.9676 1.7757 1.389 0.921 1.237 629 159.4 0.46000
0.47000 -5.68 0.57 1257.3 0.0499 192.04 409.59 0.9709 1.7750 1.391 0.925 1.239 626 159.4 0.47000
0.48000 -5.05 1.18 1255.0 0.0489 192.91 409.88 0.9741 1.7742 1.393 0.928 1.240 623 159.3 0.48000
0.49000 -4.45 1.77 1252.9 0.0479 193.76 410.17 0.9772 1.7735 1.395 0.931 1.241 620 159.3 0.49000
0.50000 -3.84 2.36 1250.7 0.0469 194.61 410.45 0.9803 1.7728 1.397 0.934 1.242 617 159.2 0.50000
0.52500 -2.40 3.77 1245.5 0.0448 196.63 411.11 0.9877 1.7712 1.402 0.942 1.246 610 159.1 0.52500
0.55000 -0.95 5.18 1240.3 0.0427 198.65 411.77 0.9951 1.7695 1.407 0.950 1.250 603 158.9 0.55000
0.57500 0.39 6.49 1235.4 0.0410 200.56 412.37 1.0020 1.7680 1.412 0.958 1.254 596 158.8 0.57500
0.60000 1.74 7.80 1230.4 0.0392 202.46 412.97 1.0089 1.7665 1.416 0.966 1.257 589 158.6 0.60000
0.62500 3.00 9.03 1225.7 0.0377 204.26 413.52 1.0153 1.7651 1.421 0.974 1.261 583 158.4 0.62500
0.65000 4.26 10.26 1221.0 0.03618 206.05 414.07 1.0217 1.7637 1.426 0.981 1.265 577 158.2 0.65000
0.67500 5.45 11.42 1216.5 0.03489 207.76 414.57 1.0278 1.7624 1.431 0.989 1.269 571 158.0 0.67500
0.70000 6.64 12.58 1212.0 0.03359 209.47 415.07 1.0339 1.7611 1.436 0.997 1.273 565 157.8 0.70000
0.72500 7.77 13.68 1207.7 0.03246 211.10 415.54 1.0396 1.7599 1.441 1.005 1.277 559 157.6 0.72500
0.75000 8.90 14.78 1203.4 0.03133 212.72 416.00 1.0453 1.7587 1.445 1.012 1.280 553 157.4 0.75000
0.77500 9.98 15.83 1199.2 0.03034 214.28 416.43 1.0508 1.7576 1.450 1.020 1.284 548 157.2 0.77500
0.80000 11.05 16.87 1195.0 0.02934 215.84 416.85 1.0562 1.7564 1.455 1.027 1.288 543 157.0 0.80000
0.82500 12.08 17.87 1191.0 0.02846 217.34 417.25 1.0614 1.7553 1.460 1.035 1.293 538 156.8 0.82500

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.31: R-407C Thermophysical properties

 R407C Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.85000 13.10 18.86 1187.0 0.0276 218.83 417.65 1.0665 1.7542 1.464 1.042 1.297 532 156.5 0.85000
0.87500 14.08 19.82 1183.1 0.0268 220.27 418.02 1.0715 1.7532 1.469 1.049 1.301 527 156.3 0.87500
0.90000 15.06 20.77 1179.1 0.0260 221.71 418.38 1.0764 1.7522 1.474 1.056 1.305 522 156.1 0.90000
0.92500 16.00 21.68 1175.3 0.0253 223.10 418.72 1.0811 1.7512 1.479 1.064 1.310 518 155.9 0.92500
0.95000 16.94 22.59 1171.5 0.0246 224.49 419.06 1.0858 1.7502 1.483 1.071 1.314 513 155.6 0.95000
0.97500 17.85 23.47 1167.8 0.02397 225.84 419.38 1.0904 1.7493 1.488 1.079 1.318 509 155.4 0.97500
1.00000 18.75 24.35 1164.1 0.0233 227.18 419.69 1.0949 1.7483 1.493 1.086 1.322 504 155.1 1.00000
1.05000 20.46 26.01 1157.0 0.02222 229.75 420.26 1.1035 1.7465 1.503 1.101 1.331 496 154.6 1.05000
1.10000 22.17 27.67 1149.8 0.0211 232.31 420.83 1.1121 1.7446 1.512 1.116 1.340 487 154.1 1.10000
1.15000 23.77 29.22 1142.9 0.02018 234.74 421.32 1.1201 1.7429 1.522 1.132 1.350 479 153.6 1.15000
1.20000 25.37 30.77 1136.0 0.0193 237.16 421.81 1.1281 1.7412 1.532 1.147 1.359 470 153.1 1.20000
1.25000 26.87 32.22 1129.4 0.0185 239.47 422.24 1.1357 1.7396 1.542 1.163 1.369 463 152.6 1.25000
1.30000 28.37 33.67 1122.8 0.0177 241.77 422.66 1.1432 1.7380 1.552 1.178 1.379 455 152.0 1.30000
1.35000 29.79 35.04 1116.4 0.0170 243.97 423.02 1.1504 1.7364 1.563 1.194 1.390 448 151.5 1.35000
1.40000 31.21 36.41 1109.9 0.0163 246.17 423.38 1.1575 1.7348 1.573 1.210 1.400 440 151.0 1.40000
1.45000 32.56 37.71 1103.7 0.0157 248.29 423.69 1.1643 1.7333 1.584 1.227 1.412 434 150.5 1.45000

D - 32
1.50000 33.90 39.01 1097.4 0.0151 250.40 424.00 1.1710 1.7318 1.594 1.243 1.423 427 149.9 1.50000
1.55000 35.18 40.24 1091.3 0.0146 252.43 424.27 1.1775 1.7303 1.605 1.260 1.435 420 149.3 1.55000
1.60000 36.46 41.47 1085.2 0.0141 254.46 424.53 1.1839 1.7288 1.616 1.277 1.447 413 148.7 1.60000
1.65000 37.68 42.65 1079.2 0.0136 256.43 424.75 1.1901 1.7273 1.628 1.295 1.460 407 148.2 1.65000
1.70000 38.90 43.82 1073.2 0.0131 258.39 424.96 1.1962 1.7258 1.639 1.313 1.472 401 147.6 1.70000
1.75000 40.07 44.95 1067.3 0.0127 260.29 425.13 1.2022 1.7244 1.652 1.332 1.486 395 147.1 1.75000
1.80000 41.24 46.07 1061.4 0.0123 262.19 425.30 1.2081 1.7229 1.664 1.350 1.499 389 146.5 1.80000
1.85000 42.37 47.15 1055.6 0.0119 264.04 425.43 1.2138 1.7215 1.677 1.370 1.514 383 145.9 1.85000
1.90000 43.49 48.22 1049.8 0.0116 265.89 425.56 1.2195 1.7200 1.689 1.389 1.528 377 145.3 1.90000
1.95000 44.57 49.26 1044.1 0.01121 267.69 425.66 1.2250 1.7186 1.703 1.410 1.544 371 144.7 1.95000
2.00000 45.65 50.29 1038.3 0.01087 269.48 425.75 1.2305 1.7172 1.716 1.431 1.559 365 144.1 2.00000
2.05000 46.69 51.28 1032.6 0.01056 271.24 425.81 1.2358 1.7157 1.730 1.453 1.576 360 143.6 2.05000
2.10000 47.73 52.27 1026.9 0.01025 272.99 425.87 1.2411 1.7142 1.744 1.475 1.592 354 143.0 2.10000
2.15000 48.73 53.23 1021.3 0.00997 274.71 425.89 1.2463 1.7128 1.759 1.499 1.610 349 142.4 2.15000
2.20000 49.73 54.19 1015.6 0.00969 276.42 425.91 1.2515 1.7113 1.774 1.522 1.628 344 141.8 2.20000
2.25000 50.70 55.12 1010.0 0.00943 278.10 425.90 1.2566 1.7099 1.790 1.547 1.647 339 141.2 2.25000
2.30000 51.67 56.04 1004.3 0.00917 279.78 425.88 1.2616 1.7084 1.805 1.572 1.666 333 140.6 2.30000

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.32: R-407C Thermophysical properties

 R407C Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
2.35000 52.61 56.93 998.7 0.0089 281.43 425.84 1.2665 1.7069 1.823 1.599 1.688 328 140.0 2.35000
2.40000 53.55 57.82 993.0 0.0087 283.08 425.79 1.2714 1.7054 1.840 1.625 1.709 323 139.4 2.40000
2.45000 54.46 58.68 987.4 0.0085 284.70 425.71 1.2762 1.7039 1.858 1.654 1.732 318 138.8 2.45000
2.50000 55.37 59.54 981.8 0.0083 286.32 425.62 1.2810 1.7023 1.876 1.683 1.755 313 138.2 2.50000
2.55000 56.26 60.38 976.2 0.0080 287.92 425.51 1.2857 1.7008 1.896 1.715 1.780 308 137.6 2.55000
2.60000 57.14 61.22 970.5 0.00783 289.51 425.39 1.2903 1.6992 1.916 1.746 1.805 303 136.9 2.60000
2.65000 58.00 62.03 964.9 0.0076 291.09 425.24 1.2949 1.6977 1.938 1.781 1.833 298 136.3 2.65000
2.70000 58.86 62.83 959.2 0.00745 292.66 425.09 1.2995 1.6961 1.959 1.815 1.860 293 135.7 2.70000
2.75000 59.70 63.62 953.5 0.0073 294.22 424.91 1.3041 1.6945 1.983 1.853 1.891 289 135.1 2.75000
2.80000 60.53 64.41 947.8 0.00709 295.77 424.72 1.3086 1.6928 2.006 1.890 1.921 284 134.5 2.80000
2.85000 61.35 65.17 942.1 0.0069 297.31 424.50 1.3131 1.6911 2.032 1.932 1.955 279 133.9 2.85000
2.90000 62.16 65.93 936.3 0.0068 298.85 424.28 1.3175 1.6894 2.058 1.973 1.988 274 133.2 2.90000
2.95000 62.95 66.67 930.5 0.0066 300.38 424.02 1.3219 1.6877 2.087 2.019 2.026 270 132.6 2.95000
3.00000 63.74 67.41 924.7 0.0064 301.91 423.76 1.3262 1.6860 2.115 2.065 2.064 265 132.0 3.00000
3.10000 65.27 68.83 912.8 0.0061 304.94 423.12 1.3349 1.6824 2.183 2.174 2.154 256 130.7 3.10000

D - 33
3.20000 66.80 70.25 900.9 0.0059 307.97 422.48 1.3435 1.6787 2.251 2.283 2.244 246 129.4 3.20000
3.30000 68.26 71.60 888.5 0.0056 310.99 421.67 1.3520 1.6747 2.339 2.424 2.362 237 128.1 3.30000
3.40000 69.71 72.94 876.0 0.0053 314.01 420.85 1.3605 1.6707 2.427 2.565 2.479 228 126.8 3.40000
3.50000 71.11 74.22 862.8 0.0051 317.06 419.82 1.3690 1.6663 2.546 2.755 2.639 219 125.5 3.50000
3.60000 72.50 75.49 849.6 0.0048 320.10 418.79 1.3775 1.6618 2.665 2.945 2.798 210 124.1 3.60000
3.70000 73.84 76.70 835.3 0.0046 323.21 417.50 1.3862 1.6568 2.837 3.218 3.027 201 122.7 3.70000
3.80000 75.18 77.91 821.0 0.0044 326.32 416.20 1.3948 1.6518 3.009 3.490 3.256 191 121.3 3.80000
3.90000 76.47 79.05 805.1 0.0042 329.57 414.55 1.4037 1.6459 3.283 3.916 3.614 182 119.9 3.90000
4.00000 77.75 80.19 789.1 0.0039 332.81 412.89 1.4126 1.6400 3.556 4.342 3.972 173 118.4 4.00000
4.10000 79.00 81.26 770.3 0.0037 336.34 410.66 1.4223 1.6327 4.063 5.108 4.616 164 116.9 4.10000
4.20000 80.24 82.33 751.5 0.00350 339.86 408.43 1.4319 1.6254 4.570 5.874 5.259 154 115.3 4.20000
4.30000 81.46 83.32 726.8 0.00327 344.02 405.09 1.4433 1.6151 5.847 7.686 6.772 144 113.5 4.30000
4.40000 82.67 84.30 702.1 0.00303 348.17 401.74 1.4546 1.6048 7.125 9.498 8.286 134 111.7 4.40000
4.50000 84.02 85.00 624.5 0.00261 358.99 391.37 1.4843 1.5751 81 67.5 4.50000
4.65280 86.08 86.08 506.0 0.00198 375.52 375.52 1.5298 1.5298 0 0.0 4.6528 c

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.33: R-407C Thermophysical properties

Figure D.8 : R407C p-h diagram

D - 34
 R410A Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.01000 -88.54 -88.49 1462.6 2.0988 77.49 377.55 0.4628 2.0880 1.311 0.652 1.225 1102 159.7 0.01000
0.01500 -83.80 -83.75 1448.8 1.5983 83.74 380.40 0.4958 2.0637 1.316 0.662 1.225 1070 161.3 0.01500
0.02000 -79.05 -79.00 1435.0 1.0977 89.99 383.24 0.5288 2.0394 1.321 0.672 1.225 1038 162.9 0.02000
0.03000 -73.69 -73.64 1419.0 0.8360 97.10 386.40 0.5644 2.0162 1.327 0.685 1.226 1006 164.5 0.03000
0.04000 -68.33 -68.28 1403.0 0.57430 104.21 389.55 0.6000 1.9930 1.332 0.697 1.227 973 166.0 0.04000
0.05000 -64.86 -64.81 1392.5 0.48366 108.85 391.55 0.6223 1.9799 1.336 0.707 1.229 953 166.9 0.05000
0.06000 -61.39 -61.34 1381.9 0.39302 113.49 393.54 0.6445 1.9668 1.340 0.716 1.230 933 167.8 0.06000
0.07000 -58.76 -58.71 1373.8 0.34659 117.04 395.02 0.6610 1.9578 1.344 0.724 1.232 918 168.4 0.07000
0.08000 -56.12 -56.07 1365.6 0.30016 120.58 396.50 0.6775 1.9487 1.348 0.732 1.233 903 169.0 0.08000
0.09000 -53.97 -53.92 1358.9 0.27180 123.49 397.69 0.6908 1.9418 1.351 0.739 1.235 891 169.4 0.09000
0.10000 -51.82 -51.76 1352.1 0.24343 126.40 398.87 0.7040 1.9349 1.354 0.745 1.236 878 169.8 0.10000
0.10100 -51.62 -51.56 1351.5 0.24116 126.67 398.98 0.7052 1.9343 1.355 0.746 1.236 877 169.9 0.10100
0.10132 -51.56 -51.50 1351.3 0.24044 126.75 399.01 0.7056 1.9341 1.355 0.746 1.236 877 169.9 0.10132 b
0.11000 -49.98 -49.92 1346.3 0.22400 128.90 399.86 0.7152 1.9293 1.357 0.752 1.238 868 170.2 0.11000
0.12000 -48.16 -48.10 1340.5 0.20506 131.38 400.84 0.7262 1.9238 1.360 0.758 1.240 858 170.5 0.12000
0.13000 -46.56 -46.50 1335.4 0.19120 133.57 401.69 0.7359 1.9192 1.363 0.764 1.242 849 170.8 0.13000

D - 35
0.14000 -44.95 -44.89 1330.3 0.17733 135.75 402.54 0.7455 1.9145 1.366 0.769 1.243 840 171.0 0.14000
0.15000 -43.52 -43.46 1325.7 0.16682 137.72 403.29 0.7540 1.9105 1.369 0.775 1.245 832 171.2 0.15000
0.16000 -42.09 -42.02 1321.0 0.15631 139.68 404.03 0.7625 1.9065 1.372 0.780 1.246 824 171.4 0.16000
0.17000 -40.80 -40.73 1316.8 0.14806 141.47 404.70 0.7702 1.9030 1.375 0.785 1.248 817 171.6 0.17000
0.18000 -39.50 -39.43 1312.5 0.13981 143.25 405.36 0.7778 1.8995 1.377 0.790 1.250 810 171.7 0.18000
0.19000 -38.31 -38.24 1308.6 0.13316 144.90 405.95 0.7848 1.8964 1.380 0.795 1.252 804 171.8 0.19000
0.20000 -37.12 -37.05 1304.7 0.12651 146.54 406.54 0.7918 1.8932 1.383 0.799 1.253 797 171.9 0.20000
0.21000 -36.02 -35.95 1301.1 0.12103 148.07 407.09 0.7982 1.8904 1.386 0.804 1.255 791 172.0 0.21000
0.22000 -34.92 -34.85 1297.4 0.11555 149.59 407.64 0.8046 1.8876 1.388 0.808 1.257 785 172.1 0.22000
0.23000 -33.90 -33.83 1294.0 0.11095 151.02 408.14 0.8105 1.8851 1.391 0.813 1.259 780 172.2 0.23000
0.24000 -32.87 -32.80 1290.5 0.10635 152.44 408.64 0.8164 1.8825 1.393 0.817 1.260 774 172.2 0.24000
0.25000 -31.91 -31.84 1287.3 0.10244 153.79 409.10 0.8220 1.8802 1.395 0.822 1.262 769 172.3 0.25000
0.26000 -30.95 -30.88 1284.1 0.09852 155.13 409.56 0.8275 1.8778 1.397 0.826 1.264 763 172.4 0.26000
0.27000 -30.05 -29.98 1281.0 0.09515 156.40 409.99 0.8327 1.8757 1.400 0.830 1.266 758 172.4 0.27000
0.28000 -29.15 -29.07 1277.9 0.09177 157.66 410.41 0.8378 1.8735 1.402 0.834 1.267 753 172.4 0.28000
0.29000 -28.30 -28.22 1275.0 0.08883 158.87 410.81 0.8427 1.8715 1.405 0.838 1.269 749 172.5 0.29000
0.30000 -27.44 -27.36 1272.1 0.08589 160.07 411.20 0.8476 1.8695 1.407 0.842 1.271 744 172.5 0.30000

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.34: R-410A Thermophysical properties

 R410A Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.31000 -26.63 -26.55 1269.3 0.0833 161.22 411.57 0.8522 1.8676 1.409 0.846 1.273 740 172.5 0.31000
0.32000 -25.81 -25.73 1266.5 0.0807 162.36 411.94 0.8568 1.8657 1.411 0.850 1.274 735 172.5 0.32000
0.33000 -25.04 -24.96 1263.8 0.0784 163.46 412.29 0.8612 1.8640 1.414 0.854 1.276 731 172.5 0.33000
0.34000 -24.27 -24.18 1261.1 0.0761 164.55 412.63 0.8656 1.8622 1.416 0.858 1.277 726 172.5 0.34000
0.35000 -23.53 -23.44 1258.5 0.07410 165.60 412.96 0.8698 1.8606 1.418 0.862 1.279 722 172.5 0.35000
0.36000 -22.79 -22.70 1255.9 0.07205 166.65 413.29 0.8740 1.8589 1.420 0.865 1.281 718 172.5 0.36000
0.37000 -22.08 -22.00 1253.4 0.07022 167.66 413.60 0.8780 1.8574 1.422 0.869 1.283 714 172.5 0.37000
0.38000 -21.37 -21.29 1250.9 0.06838 168.67 413.90 0.8819 1.8558 1.424 0.873 1.284 710 172.5 0.38000
0.39000 -20.69 -20.61 1248.5 0.06672 169.65 414.19 0.8858 1.8543 1.427 0.877 1.286 707 172.5 0.39000
0.40000 -20.01 -19.92 1246.1 0.06506 170.62 414.48 0.8896 1.8528 1.429 0.880 1.288 703 172.5 0.40000
0.41000 -19.36 -19.27 1243.8 0.06355 171.56 414.76 0.8933 1.8514 1.431 0.884 1.290 699 172.5 0.41000
0.42000 -18.70 -18.61 1241.4 0.06204 172.49 415.03 0.8969 1.8499 1.433 0.887 1.291 695 172.5 0.42000
0.43000 -18.07 -17.98 1239.2 0.06067 173.40 415.29 0.9005 1.8486 1.435 0.891 1.293 692 172.5 0.43000
0.44000 -17.44 -17.35 1236.9 0.05929 174.31 415.55 0.9040 1.8472 1.437 0.894 1.295 688 172.4 0.44000
0.45000 -16.83 -16.74 1234.7 0.05803 175.19 415.80 0.9074 1.8460 1.439 0.898 1.297 685 172.4 0.45000
0.46000 -16.22 -16.13 1232.5 0.05677 176.07 416.05 0.9107 1.8447 1.441 0.901 1.298 682 172.3 0.46000

D - 36
0.47000 -15.63 -15.54 1230.4 0.05561 176.92 416.29 0.9140 1.8435 1.443 0.905 1.300 679 172.3 0.47000
0.48000 -15.04 -14.95 1228.2 0.05445 177.77 416.52 0.9173 1.8422 1.445 0.908 1.302 675 172.3 0.48000
0.49000 -14.47 -14.38 1226.1 0.05339 178.60 416.75 0.9205 1.8410 1.448 0.912 1.304 672 172.3 0.49000
0.50000 -13.90 -13.81 1224.0 0.05232 179.43 416.97 0.9236 1.8398 1.450 0.915 1.306 669 172.2 0.50000
0.52500 -12.55 -12.46 1219.0 0.04998 181.40 417.49 0.9311 1.8370 1.455 0.924 1.310 662 172.1 0.52500
0.55000 -11.19 -11.10 1214.0 0.04763 183.37 418.01 0.9386 1.8342 1.460 0.932 1.314 654 171.9 0.55000
0.57500 -9.93 -9.84 1209.3 0.04566 185.23 418.48 0.9456 1.8317 1.465 0.941 1.319 647 171.8 0.57500
0.60000 -8.67 -8.57 1204.5 0.04369 187.08 418.94 0.9526 1.8291 1.470 0.949 1.324 640 171.7 0.60000
0.62500 -7.49 -7.39 1200.0 0.04202 188.83 419.36 0.9591 1.8267 1.475 0.957 1.329 633 171.5 0.62500
0.65000 -6.30 -6.20 1195.5 0.04035 190.58 419.77 0.9656 1.8243 1.480 0.965 1.333 626 171.3 0.65000
0.67500 -5.18 -5.08 1191.2 0.03891 192.24 420.15 0.9717 1.8221 1.485 0.973 1.338 620 171.2 0.67500
0.70000 -4.06 -3.96 1186.9 0.03746 193.90 420.53 0.9778 1.8199 1.490 0.981 1.342 614 171.0 0.70000
0.72500 -3.00 -2.90 1182.8 0.03620 195.49 420.87 0.9836 1.8178 1.495 0.989 1.347 608 170.9 0.72500
0.75000 -1.94 -1.84 1178.6 0.03494 197.07 421.21 0.9894 1.8157 1.500 0.997 1.352 602 170.7 0.75000
0.77500 -0.94 -0.84 1174.6 0.03384 198.59 421.52 0.9949 1.8137 1.505 1.005 1.357 597 170.5 0.77500
0.80000 0.07 0.17 1170.6 0.03273 200.10 421.82 1.0004 1.8117 1.509 1.013 1.361 591 170.3 0.80000
0.82500 1.03 1.13 1166.8 0.03175 201.56 422.10 1.0056 1.8099 1.514 1.021 1.366 586 170.1 0.82500

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.35: R-410A Thermophysical properties

 R410A Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.85000 1.99 2.09 1162.9 0.0308 203.01 422.38 1.0108 1.8080 1.519 1.029 1.371 580 169.9 0.85000
0.87500 2.91 3.01 1159.2 0.0299 204.41 422.64 1.0158 1.8062 1.524 1.037 1.376 575 169.7 0.87500
0.90000 3.82 3.93 1155.4 0.0290 205.81 422.89 1.0208 1.8044 1.529 1.045 1.381 569 169.5 0.90000
0.92500 4.70 4.81 1151.8 0.0282 207.16 423.12 1.0256 1.8027 1.534 1.053 1.387 564 169.3 0.92500
0.95000 5.58 5.69 1148.1 0.02745 208.50 423.35 1.0303 1.8010 1.539 1.061 1.392 559 169.0 0.95000
0.97500 6.43 6.54 1144.6 0.02674 209.81 423.56 1.0349 1.7994 1.544 1.069 1.397 555 168.8 0.97500
1.00000 7.27 7.38 1141.0 0.02603 211.11 423.77 1.0395 1.7977 1.549 1.077 1.402 550 168.6 1.00000
1.05000 8.87 8.98 1134.2 0.02480 213.60 424.13 1.0482 1.7946 1.559 1.094 1.413 541 168.2 1.05000
1.10000 10.47 10.58 1127.4 0.02356 216.09 424.49 1.0568 1.7915 1.569 1.110 1.424 532 167.7 1.10000
1.15000 11.97 12.08 1120.9 0.02253 218.44 424.79 1.0649 1.7886 1.580 1.127 1.436 524 167.3 1.15000
1.20000 13.46 13.57 1114.3 0.02149 220.79 425.08 1.0730 1.7857 1.590 1.143 1.447 515 166.8 1.20000
1.25000 14.86 14.98 1108.0 0.02061 223.02 425.31 1.0806 1.7829 1.601 1.160 1.459 507 166.3 1.25000
1.30000 16.26 16.38 1101.7 0.01973 225.25 425.54 1.0882 1.7801 1.611 1.177 1.471 499 165.8 1.30000
1.35000 17.58 17.70 1095.6 0.01897 227.38 425.72 1.0954 1.7775 1.622 1.195 1.484 491 165.3 1.35000
1.40000 18.90 19.02 1089.5 0.01820 229.51 425.90 1.1026 1.7749 1.633 1.212 1.496 483 164.8 1.40000
1.45000 20.16 20.28 1083.6 0.01754 231.56 426.03 1.1094 1.7724 1.645 1.230 1.510 476 164.3 1.45000

D - 37
1.50000 21.41 21.53 1077.7 0.01688 233.60 426.16 1.1162 1.7698 1.656 1.248 1.523 469 163.8 1.50000
1.55000 22.60 22.72 1071.9 0.01630 235.57 426.25 1.1227 1.7674 1.668 1.267 1.537 462 163.3 1.55000
1.60000 23.79 23.91 1066.1 0.01571 237.53 426.34 1.1291 1.7649 1.679 1.285 1.551 455 162.8 1.60000
1.65000 24.93 25.05 1060.5 0.01519 239.43 426.39 1.1353 1.7625 1.691 1.305 1.566 449 162.3 1.65000
1.70000 26.06 26.18 1054.9 0.01467 241.32 426.43 1.1415 1.7601 1.703 1.324 1.581 442 161.8 1.70000
1.75000 27.15 27.27 1049.4 0.01421 243.16 426.44 1.1475 1.7578 1.716 1.345 1.597 436 161.3 1.75000
1.80000 28.23 28.35 1043.8 0.01375 244.99 426.45 1.1534 1.7554 1.729 1.365 1.613 429 160.7 1.80000
1.85000 29.27 29.39 1038.4 0.01333 246.77 426.43 1.1592 1.7531 1.742 1.387 1.630 423 160.2 1.85000
1.90000 30.31 30.43 1032.9 0.01291 248.54 426.40 1.1649 1.7508 1.755 1.408 1.646 417 159.6 1.90000
1.95000 31.31 31.43 1027.5 0.01254 250.28 426.34 1.1704 1.7486 1.769 1.431 1.665 411 159.6 1.95000
2.00000 32.31 32.43 1022.1 0.01216 252.01 426.27 1.1759 1.7463 1.783 1.454 1.683 405 159.6 2.00000
2.05000 33.27 33.40 1016.8 0.01182 253.70 426.18 1.1813 1.7441 1.798 1.478 1.703 400 158.6 2.05000
2.10000 34.23 34.36 1011.5 0.01147 255.38 426.08 1.1866 1.7419 1.812 1.502 1.722 394 157.5 2.10000
2.15000 35.16 35.29 1006.3 0.01116 257.03 425.96 1.1918 1.7397 1.828 1.528 1.743 389 157.0 2.15000
2.20000 36.09 36.21 1001.0 0.01085 258.68 425.83 1.1970 1.7374 1.843 1.553 1.763 383 156.4 2.20000
2.25000 36.99 37.11 995.8 0.01056 260.29 425.67 1.2021 1.7352 1.860 1.581 1.786 378 155.9 2.25000
2.30000 37.88 38.00 990.6 0.01027 261.90 425.51 1.2071 1.7330 1.876 1.608 1.808 372 155.3 2.30000

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.36: R-410A Thermophysical properties

 R410A Thermophysical Properties.
Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.
Absolute Density Volume Spec. Heat, cp Sound velocity Absolute
Temperature (oC) 3 3 Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kgK) cp/cv
Pressure (kg/m ) (m /kg) (kJ/kgK) (m/s) Pressure
(MPa) (MPa)
Bubble Dew Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Vapor Liquid Vapor
2.35000 38.75 38.87 985.4 0.0100 263.48 425.33 1.2120 1.7308 1.894 1.637 1.833 367 154.8 2.35000
2.40000 39.62 39.73 980.2 0.0097 265.06 425.14 1.2169 1.7286 1.911 1.666 1.857 361 154.2 2.40000
2.45000 40.46 40.57 975.0 0.0095 266.62 424.92 1.2217 1.7264 1.930 1.698 1.884 356 153.7 2.45000
2.50000 41.29 41.41 969.8 0.0093 268.17 424.70 1.2264 1.7242 1.948 1.729 1.910 351 153.1 2.50000
2.55000 42.11 42.23 964.7 0.00902 269.70 424.45 1.2311 1.7220 1.968 1.764 1.939 346 152.6 2.55000
2.60000 42.92 43.04 959.5 0.00879 271.22 424.20 1.2358 1.7197 1.988 1.798 1.967 341 152.0 2.60000
2.65000 43.71 43.83 954.4 0.00858 272.73 423.92 1.2404 1.7175 2.010 1.835 1.999 336 151.4 2.65000
2.70000 44.50 44.61 949.2 0.00836 274.23 423.63 1.2450 1.7152 2.031 1.872 2.030 331 150.8 2.70000
2.75000 45.27 45.38 944.0 0.00816 275.71 423.32 1.2495 1.7130 2.055 1.912 2.065 327 150.3 2.75000
2.80000 46.03 46.14 938.8 0.00796 277.19 423.00 1.2539 1.7107 2.078 1.952 2.099 322 149.7 2.80000
2.85000 46.78 46.89 933.6 0.00778 278.66 422.66 1.2584 1.7084 2.104 1.997 2.138 317 149.2 2.85000
2.90000 47.52 47.63 928.4 0.00759 280.13 422.31 1.2628 1.7061 2.130 2.041 2.176 312 148.6 2.90000
2.95000 48.25 48.36 923.2 0.00742 281.58 421.93 1.2672 1.7038 2.158 2.090 2.218 308 148.0 2.95000
3.00000 48.98 49.08 918.0 0.00724 283.03 421.55 1.2715 1.7014 2.186 2.139 2.260 303 147.4 3.00000
3.10000 50.38 50.48 907.4 0.00692 285.90 420.68 1.2800 1.6966 2.251 2.254 2.361 294 146.3 3.10000

D - 38
3.20000 51.77 51.87 896.7 0.00659 288.77 419.81 1.2885 1.6918 2.316 2.369 2.461 285 145.1 3.20000
3.30000 53.10 53.19 885.8 0.00630 291.61 418.78 1.2969 1.6867 2.398 2.516 2.590 276 143.9 3.30000
3.40000 54.42 54.51 874.9 0.00601 294.45 417.75 1.3052 1.6816 2.479 2.662 2.718 267 142.7 3.40000
3.50000 55.69 55.77 863.6 0.00574 297.29 416.54 1.3135 1.6762 2.585 2.857 2.890 259 141.5 3.50000
3.60000 56.95 57.03 852.2 0.00547 300.12 415.32 1.3218 1.6707 2.691 3.051 3.061 250 140.2 3.60000
3.70000 58.16 58.24 840.3 0.00523 302.99 413.88 1.3301 1.6648 2.836 3.322 3.301 241 139.0 3.70000
3.80000 59.36 59.44 828.3 0.00498 305.85 412.43 1.3384 1.6589 2.980 3.592 3.540 232 137.7 3.80000
3.90000 60.51 60.59 815.4 0.00475 308.79 410.68 1.3468 1.6522 3.192 3.999 3.901 223 136.4 3.90000
4.00000 61.66 61.73 802.5 0.00451 311.72 408.93 1.3552 1.6455 3.403 4.405 4.262 214 135.0 4.00000
4.10000 62.76 62.83 788.2 0.00428 314.79 406.75 1.3640 1.6378 3.745 5.091 4.871 205 133.6 4.10000
4.20000 63.86 63.92 773.8 0.00405 317.85 404.56 1.3727 1.6300 4.086 5.776 5.480 196 132.1 4.20000
4.30000 64.91 64.97 757.1 0.00382 321.17 401.65 1.3822 1.6203 4.742 7.191 6.737 187 130.5 4.30000
4.40000 65.96 66.01 740.3 0.00358 324.49 398.74 1.3916 1.6105 5.398 8.606 7.994 178 128.9 4.40000
4.50000 66.90 66.94 697.7 0.00319 331.13 388.97 1.4106 1.5811 139 100.4 4.50000
4.85239 70.22 70.22 547.5 0.00183 354.53 354.53 1.4775 1.4775 0 0.0 4.85239 c

Note : b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

Table D.37: R-410A Thermophysical properties

Figure D.0: R410A p-h diagram

D - 39
Conversion Table

Capacity Pressure

Btu/hr x 0.252 = kCal/hr psi x 0.07 = kg/cm2

Btu/hr x 0.293 = WATTS (W) psi x 27.7 = W.G.(in.)
BHP x 0.746 = KILOWATTS (kW) psi x 2.309 = W.G.(ft.)
Btu/hr x 0.001 = MBH psi x 0.69 x 104 = Pascal (Pa)
psi x 14.5038 = bar
Volume bar x 1 x 105 = Pascal (Pa)

L x 0.001 = m3
L x 0.264 = US GPM Temperature
L x 0.0353 = ft3 o
F = (1.8 x oC) + 32
in3 x 16.386 = cm3 o
C = (oF - 32) / 1.8
fl.oz x 0.02957 = L o
K = 273.15 + oC
ft3 x 0.02831 = m3

Mass
Pounds x 0.454 = KILOGRAMS (kg)
Grams x 0.035 = fl.oz.

Flow Rate
L/s x 3.6 = m3/hr
L/s x 0.001 = m3/s
L/s x 15.85 = US GPM
L/s x 2.119 = CFM

Area
in2 x 6.94 x 10-3 = ft2
in2 x 6.452 x 10- = m2
in2 x 6.452 = cm2

D - 40
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