Optimizacion PDF

Laminated Composite Materials Structural Design Methods of Composite Optimization Examples
Design and Optimization of Laminated

Composite Materials
Vladimir Gantovnik
Clemson University
November 14, 2006
Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Design and Optimization of Laminated Composite Materials
Outline
1 Laminated Composite Materials
2 Structural Design
3 Methods of Composite Optimization
4 Examples

Composite Materials

Composite Materials
Combination of a strong material (fibers) with a weaker

material (matrix)

Composite Materials

material (matrix)
Layered structure

Composite Materials

material (matrix)
Layered structure
Stacking sequence

Composite Materials

material (matrix)
Layered structure
Stacking sequence
Directional nature of the material - Anisotropy
Composite Components in an Airbus A-320

SEM Micrographs of Carbon Fiber Composite

Carbon Fiber Composite Fuselage Section

Composite Components in Helicopter

Composite Components in Military Aircraft

SpaceShipOne
SpaceShipOne is the first operational space vehicle made entirely
of carbon composite!

Composite Pieces in an Vehicles

Composite Pieces in an Vehicles

Composite Bicycle

Structural Design and Optimization

Structural Design and Optimization

Galileo Galilei (1638): Optimal cantilever problem (parabolic
height function produces the minimum weight design for a
tip-loaded, constant width cantilever).

Optimization Problem Formulation
Standard Form:
Minimize f (x)
subject to
gj (x) 0, j {1, . . . , q}
and
(xi )min xi (xi )max ,
i {1, . . . , m}.

Optimization Problem Formulation
Standard Form:
Minimize f (x)
subject to
gj (x) 0, j {1, . . . , q}
and
(xi )min xi (xi )max ,
i {1, . . . , m}.
Linear (LP) and Nonlinear (NL) Programming Problems;

Integer Programming Problems (IP);
Mixed-Integer Programming Problems (MIP).
Optimization Methods
Mathematical programming techniques


For composites: Kirch (1981), Vanderplaats (1984), Rozvany
(1989), Arora (1990), Haftka (1990).


(1989), Arora (1990), Haftka (1990).
Evolutionary methods


(1989), Arora (1990), Haftka (1990).
Evolutionary methods
For composites: Callahan & Weeks (1992), Le Riche &
Haftka (1993), Hajela (1993), Nagendra et al. (1993), Ball et
al. (1993), Gurdal et al. (1994), Kogiso et al. (1994).

Stacking Sequence
z=h/2
45
90
45
h z=0
0
45
90
z=-h/2

Stacking Sequence
Possible angles: 0 , 45 ,
z=h/2
45 90
90
45
h z=0
0
45
90
z=-h/2

Stacking Sequence
z=h/2
45 90
90 Genetic code: 1,4,7
45
h z=0
0
45
90
z=-h/2

Stacking Sequence
z=h/2
45 90
45 Laminate Code:
h z=0
0 [90/45/0/45/90/45]
45
90
z=-h/2

Stacking Sequence
z=h/2
45 90
45 Laminate Code:
h z=0
0 [90/45/0/45/90/45]
45 Integer Design Variable:
90 (7, 4, 1, 4, 7, 4)
z=-h/2

Typical Optimization Problems
Design of laminates with required stiffness

Optimization for maximum strength
Design for maximum buckling loads
Thermal effects \ uniform or variable temperature distribution

Wing with Individually Optimized Laminates

Integer Search Space
`
X
Number of possible designs: 3i = 3, `=1
i=1
`
X
N i (A), 1 4 7
i=1
`
where A is the integer X
3i = 12, `=2
alphabet; N(A) is the length of i=1
the alphabet A; ` is the length
of chromosome, or number of 11 14 17 10
plies in a laminate. 41 44 47 40
71 74 77 70

Integer Search Space
N(A)
`
2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 6 12 20
3 14 39 84
4 30 120 340
5 62 363 1364
6 126 1092 5460
7 254 3279 21844
8 510 9840 87380
9 1022 29523 349524
10 2046 88572 1398100
20 2097150 5230176600 1466015503700

Selection of Variables
Material related variables

Configuration related variables
Geometry related variables

Selection of Variables
Material related variables

Configuration related variables
Geometry related variables
Decision variables
Design variables

Material Related Variables

Decision variables:
Fiber material

Decision variables:
Fiber material
Fiber pattern

Decision variables:
Fiber material
Fiber pattern
Continuous fibers (unidirectional, biaxial, woven fabric)
Discontinuous fibers (randomly oriented, preferred orientation)

Decision variables:
Fiber material
Fiber pattern
Matrix material

Decision variables:
Fiber material
Fiber pattern
Matrix material
Polymer
Metal
Carbon
Ceramic

Decision variables:
Fiber material
Fiber pattern
Matrix material
Polymer
Metal
Carbon
Ceramic
Design variables:
Fiber volume content
Concentration of fibers with respect to location

Configuration Related Variables

Decision variables:

Decision variables:
Selection of the type of lamination:

Decision variables:
Non-hybrid laminate
Hybrid laminate
Sandwich structure

Decision variables:
Non-hybrid laminate
Hybrid laminate
Sandwich structure
Design variables:

Decision variables:
Non-hybrid laminate
Hybrid laminate
Sandwich structure
Design variables:
Fiber orientation
Stacking sequence
Layer thicknesses

Geometry Related Variables

Decision variables:
Location and type of joints
Form of the centerline or the mid-surface (e.g., cylindrical,
spherical or paraboloid shells, etc.)
Cross-sectional shape (e.g., I-beam, L-beam, etc.)

Decision variables:
Design variables:

Decision variables:
Design variables:
Cross-sectional dimensions
Locations of supports
Curvature in the case of shell structures

Fuselage Panel

Stiffener

Composite Materials with Different Forms of Constituents

Fiber Arrangement Patterns in the Layer

Best Aircraft?

Best Aircraft?

Best Aircraft?

Design/Optimization Issues
Design Complexity

Design Complexity
Modelling complexity:
the level of complexity employed in a modelling of a structure
(laminate, stiffened plate, segmented plate, grid shell, etc.)

Design Complexity
Analysis complexity:
the constitutive and geometrical properties used in the
structural analysis (linear elastic analysis, plastic, nonlinear and
probabilistic effects, material, loading, and geometrical
uncertainties)

Design Complexity
Analysis complexity:
the constitutive and geometrical properties used in the
structural analysis (linear elastic analysis, plastic, nonlinear and
probabilistic effects, material, loading, and geometrical
uncertainties)
Optimization complexity:
the type of optimization problem (continuous design variables,
integer design variables, mixed-integer design variables,
convexity of design space, etc.)

Laminate under Transversal Loading

Laminated Plate Theory
The strain-displacement relationships:

u
xx = ,
x
v
yy = ,
y
u v
xy = + .
y x

The strains in terms of middle surface displacements:
u 0 2w
xx = z 2,
x x
v 0 2w
yy = z 2,
y y
u 0 v 0 2w
xy = + 2z .
y x xy

The strains in terms of middle surface displacements:
xx 0xx

xx
yy = 0 +z yy ,
yy
xy 0xy xy

where
2
0 u 0

w
xx x

xx x2 2

v 0 w
0yy = y , yy = y 2 .
0 u 0 v 0 2w
xy xy

+ 2 xy

y x

The stresses are

0
xx Q11 Q12 Q16 xx xx
yy = Q12 Q22 Q26 0 +z yy ,
yy
xy k Q16 Q26 Q66 k 0xy xy

where Qij are the plane stress-reduced stiffnesses.

The forces and moments for a n-ply laminate:

Nxx Z h/2 xx Xn Z zk xx
Nyy = yy dz = yy dz,

Nxy
h/2
k=1 zk1
xy xy k

Mxx Z h/2 xx Xn Z zk xx
Myy = yy z dz = yy z dz.

Mxy
h/2
xy

k=1 zk1

xy k


The forces for a n-ply laminate:
A16 0xx

Nxx A11 A12
Nyy = A12 A22 A26 0 +
yy
Nxy A16 A26 A66 0xy

B11 B12 B16 xx
B12 B22 B26 yy .
B16 B26 B66 xy


The moments for a n-ply laminate:
B16 0xx

Mxx B11 B12
Myy = B12 B22 B26 0 +
yy
0
Mxy B16 B26 B66 xy

D11 D12 D16 xx
D12 D22 D26 yy .
D16 D26 D66 xy


The extensional stiffness (Aij ), the coupling stiffness (Bij ), and the
bending stiffness (Dij ) are defined as
n
X
Aij = (Qij )k (zk zk1 ),
k=1
n
1 X
Bij = (Qij )k (zk2 zk1
2
),
2
k=1
n
1 X
Dij = (Qij )k (zk3 zk1
3
),
3
k=1
where Qij is the reduced stiffness matrix.


The reduced stiffness matrix is
Q11 = Q11 c 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )s 2 c 2 + Q22 s 4 ,
Q12 = (Q11 + Q22 4Q66 )c 2 s 2 + Q12 (s 4 + c 4 ),
Q22 = Q11 s 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 )s 2 c 2 + Q22 c 4 ,
Q16 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66 )sc 3 + (Q12 Q22 + 2Q66 )s 3 c,
Q26 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66 )s 3 c + (Q12 Q22 + 2Q66 )sc 3 ,
Q66 = (Q11 + Q22 2Q12 2Q66 )s 2 c 2 + Q66 (s 3 + c 3 ),
where s = sin(), c = cos(),
E1,2 12 E2
Q11,22 = , Q12 = , Q66 = G12 .
1 12 21 1 12 21

Equilibrium equations in terms of forces and moments:

Nxx Nxy
+ = 0,
x y
Nxy Nyy
+ = 0,
x y
2 Mxx 2 Mxy 2 Myy 2w 2w
+ 2 + + N xx + N yy +
x 2 xy y 2 x 2 y 2
2w
2Nxy = 0.
xy

Example
The equation governing the out-of-plane displacement w of a

symmetric and balanced laminate subjected to a pressure loading q
is
4w 4w 4w
D11 + 4D 16 + 2(D 12 + 2D 66 ) +
x 4 x 3 y x 2 y 2
4w 4w
4D26 + D 22 = q(x, y ).
xy 3 y 4
If we know displacement field of every point it means that we know
everything about the structure!

Example (out-of-plane displacement)
For a simply supported plate under sinusoidally varying pressure,

x y
q(x, y ) = q0 sin sin ,
a b
the solution is
a4 q0 sin(x/a) sin(y /b)
w= .
4 [D11 + 2(D12 + 2D66 )(a/b)2 + D22 (a/b)4 ]

Example (out-of-plane displacement)
For a uniform pressure distribution,
q(x, y ) = q0 ,
the solution is
16q0 X X mx ny
w= wmn sin sin ,
6 a b
m=1,3,... n=1,3,...
where
1
m 4 mn 2 n 4 1
wmn = D11 + 2(D12 + 2D66 ) + D22 .
mn a ab b

Example (transverse vibration)
For the transverse vibrations of a laminated plate, we replace q

with the inertia load
2w
q(x, y ) = h .
t 2
The natural vibration frequencies are given as
r
2 m 4 mn 2 n 4
mn = D11 + 2(D12 + 2D66 ) + D22 ,
h a ab b
where m and n are the number of half waves in the x and y

directions, respectively.

Example (buckling)
If the plate is loaded such that Nx = Nx0 and Ny = Ny 0 ,

then the critical value of corresponding to a buckling load is
determined as
h 4 2 i
n 4
2 D11 ma + 2(D12 + 2D66 ) mn ab + b
cr (m, n) = 2 2
.
(m/a) Nx0 + (n/b) Ny 0
The buckling load multiplier is obtained by finding the lowest value

of cr for all combinations of m and n.

Future Research

Future Research
Remember 1466015503700 possible designs (20 layers and 4

possible orientations only!)

Future Research

Single ply thickness is 0.1429 mm

Future Research

Wall thickness in submarine is 100 mm

Future Research

Laminate consists of 700 layers!!!

Future Research

Laminate consists of 700 layers!!!
How many possible combinations?


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Laminated Composite Materials Structural Design Methods of Composite Optimization Examples

Design and Optimization of Laminated

November 14, 2006

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

1 Laminated Composite Materials

3 Methods of Composite Optimization

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Combination of a strong material (fibers) with a weaker

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Combination of a strong material (fibers) with a weaker

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Combination of a strong material (fibers) with a weaker

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Combination of a strong material (fibers) with a weaker

Composite Components in an Airbus A-320

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

SEM Micrographs of Carbon Fiber Composite

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Carbon Fiber Composite Fuselage Section

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Composite Components in Helicopter

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Composite Components in Military Aircraft

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Composite Pieces in an Vehicles

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Composite Pieces in an Vehicles

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Structural Design and Optimization

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Structural Design and Optimization

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Optimization Problem Formulation

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Optimization Problem Formulation

Linear (LP) and Nonlinear (NL) Programming Problems;

Mathematical programming techniques

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Mathematical programming techniques

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Mathematical programming techniques

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Mathematical programming techniques

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Typical Optimization Problems

Design of laminates with required stiffness

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Wing with Individually Optimized Laminates

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Integer Search Space

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Integer Search Space

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University

Material related variables

Vladimir Gantovnik Clemson University