COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY Prare 1 Fic. 1.—CARDING ROOM, (From Photographs taken in Manchester Fine Cotton-spinning Mil, by R. Banks)COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY ae i en |e | Fro, 12—JACK-FRAME ROOM, Fic. 13—SPINNING-ROOM, (From Photograpes taken in a Manchester Fine Caton-spinning Mil, by R. Bonks.)COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY. The earliest inventors of spinning machinery (sce SpINNtno) directed their energies chiefly to the improvement of the final stage of the operation, but no sooner were these machines put to practical use than it became ‘apparent that success depended upon mechanically conducting the operations preliminary to spinning. Later inventors were, therefore, called upon not only to improve the inventions of their predecessors, but to devise machinery for preparing the fibres to be spun. Arkwright quickly perceived the importance of this aspect of the problem, and he devoted even more energy to it than FEEDER HOPPER 3or growers, for by the then existing methods of separating cotton lint from seed it would have been impossible to provide an adequate supply of raw material. By inventing the stw gin, Eli Whitney, ‘an American, in the year 1792, did for cotton planters what Paul, Acknzight, Crompton, Cartwright, Watt and others did for texte manufacturers, for he provide them with the means fr Increasing their oust alos ndefitely vag Seng tke pests by wih soon seeds ae separate soypete hdl sel het pie aac "aes leet fame ante Tee tase tas aie TSRILS' Se ahead ieee eine ake FS dec eal doco nue ess but Se epmcment kes bees Tour aise Beaker peer ea Sates ins diel tm Wh iS of anna cop sore aad etal, le etna A lat nS coto ane (Aba 1) which ae ted up asa and eh a Shrc"ate dha earch de cls bet Ist "opin eal Saveted oy alate (D) toad ler WTI the tte ena, By ine tea othe ws CO" and se ‘Brough he yid (ys ue the bars are os SE et ca tao ack Caaee he Shon tne Boe we tae Se Sea Moo hue) idea petced by Cyan G) out of ‘the: machine, "The feong inshore ac in Fic. 1% to the invention with which his name is more intimately associ ated. But, given a complete series of machines for preparing and spinning, the cotton industry (ace Corros MaxvrAcruRe) must Ihave remained unprogressive without the co-operation of cotton this gin the hbreg are drawn by'a Teather fovered quer (A, fg. 2) over the ede ofa stationary blade (B) called a doctor, Which is Gxed_ tangential to. the voller ‘Two cranks (B) move two other blades (C.') up and down immediately behind, Ani parallel fo, the fixed blade (B).. The cotton is thrown into the hopper (F) and the fibres are’ drawn by the, roller (A watt the seeds ave agus the edge ofthe doctor (), when the beaters (C, D) strike chem off but permit the Rbres {0 jo forward wth the’ roller, Attempts contiane to he made 50 19 improve both machines, that production may’ be increase,302 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY Fr. 3. tnd_ labour chart, and the ita of jag the See, econ employed inthe prdution ofall Kinds of yarn; tow ctl Somnath ene tom aes the gin i iin sme canes alle andr | al Basket se cane Ses have been by 1 erase HEELS | pyaar ee soe it Inga a abt We Rom a ua Rigen | taught ie tay clo ee fa Saeed i Se tg eee Sot ie lean ei yada" Wi] dls tats GES and eke ee ae a ore ad el SEO GE a Sede he tae phe ee Th then eet Sn ep tam ap ental | fe Nae ated Fae aps peat’ Sale otk ag options tie | Muna bli Bobet tan dpe fan cing the fibres into a homogeneous mash, "Gy removing im-| the floor of the mixing room. Instead of rollers, a hopper breaker oni ts cana ang Glitter eon reset haart ae aan RS eee | Ee tict vit tions ikelons, hestophes tetera tal dbs" cnet detains aa | Salo iegae tek Ske aco ae fa ea Hogan ating he Rca sad 0} Sompoun | temas em"X aks ple cot toed copesposog HMM yl de’ Nese role the el | Elves ieee bul and hea empl he sen eng ett eine nskins wsderaey | Get eae She aac By Te seas ea Sehgal acc | Sia Pee fe ‘the card and comber; the drawing, slubbing, intermediate and | The Opener.—Mixed cotton may be thrown upon a lattice and Been ead et ae a eee ie 2 Mele ee a nt Faced mth TRE ant a Ea tact wt aces | ENTS tty fone eta ocr Oa by IEAMaulac‘Miropso aicis oieaeat [SCH Be pong RUSE te ane ake fe ees} Fie 4.COTTON-SPINNING ROLLER ovtinoen TAKER ‘OvENDER Fie. es ie atin tah heim eis Sse ee cats sh Guerieti pce tc splindes eel rage, ck te ae ci Bee SSE saktrlesl cide sek a oes scaliee yeh ee se fe idem is he la ith rial Pray eh act a atts iets Beneath ee at wuned age Haga fuente tee ees a ee. Ue ae LOEB Gt aos gO FR Sa ee ld sk Beil erty any te ie I ocala cheatin te Fee ae ne ee MACHINERY 303 scjbsa amy tshcoig esn,Onal eer sean tna Osama ar Espeocaiobrinr funcearotum de oar Bel are ciety fhesfege gether hats Se a ie apes he ich tela pac Se Gah pl uated eae oe Ete Rh abaheni cycrane enviar ae ETI ti Sale Bec eecthien ae ca et eoesese get eset tage ne ctr ire antes tt ague ea a e ie Seka ee Cet gl a a CLS RAih coche Selhcalmtle Ra Peter ate aa ecto RW tee Gites ubirpccy Uae a BORGES Soham otal SS Geen ihe So clade ah dle Meso ee 2 St One a so etait: Rates Cope snaessth Ore Tse tebe septate al Sah SHES Gti Uh snes ipreucliuret ueacutae RI Hoga Shots ee IOP RAI nina Ahead SP eet Splempafend apt aftesettces Slt Meat roared las Pala ar ae apts (Gar Bi ina revolving fa card, In 9 tller and clearer card the Goa Be Gyr alge 8 bel oe eh Sante (Outen ita ah TERS Tei ari iacaiae re ARR See leila ad ncn os Sava dune rie, nian Pus aha eshte ft ie tp RG uti A ew Meh Beecham Hite cede tsconee ech SRE tee hat Sakis Geel he Mean al tec A aa Nad Gh eee eames Fae (8 a feel atari emcee dee ie de aC aie tl ee ws ety PERE pn ke es eae, hei304 scigerl som the ule of A ae elle int igh cee snot et i Se SE oe ey wa to tar antes ow sas on Hissar ane to mince oac ine Mae cate shed es oe hee Sod aes Ret sae ate me ee uh te a an aude anneal Sea AA dens Haar te el athe hasan bak rope tetra end Dy hs es aes Soe oe a an Gs ‘Wc fonmel nannies cata eey Gl lon ee Heats het tce iat wae bath face ‘iets ar al cree Foret abe ating tame Heel the Hin i rat ere 9a pane Tela Sapo a nl alg Sn ca cr at Pein FOP ek tom Got upward, and for exceptionally ons a ot ove ta Trp 50 cane on We eng Eee can't ater wpmecdte Shere fhe Ts lve Svs fonts eg an Stag ets ney eat Shik ce tnd Teel ia ngs Se nice on, toys HS tutte te bith et race Igeatiiae feos ae STS ont Sor es Gesictringl etre he tice he eat ee te eae ee ‘Att Se hea edie sa eee ade ka aie terre asa Bye ere escent fees oer, Elon lipiachne af etek logan pea into se ia al tances is ead et eae es ‘aig totes” Fon ti a fe Su een Me ine es ey a i ee EY ee a ee ine camel tat hey td Heer teed cera famed iro hep hom ttl wees em a a Saag at iced tat ere OO Tee gt he Gen of carded eto tal Sn Sh eee nena, he fee fd ital ete de a Spratt cine gh fot Saf lian im george gt tae 2 an Se com Fart ole very rou Sis ane ee Reng sas OL Ea aly 2 ane rang aa te sialic ral iaibolag Ouest or Th SPA eee tee ete Ae ‘dy le uo Se she feat bat 4 BOE SHR (ie I ede tes le te ft gaa ae a he eeesTuca Zohan ar ak pede alcoho, sy ce te. mt eo ag clon Todo ve pd sic dh ei SL AS Sin es rtp ana ak nat hone FS SUSUR MEE atl seme otha pela nt Miers ig mye ape RE ES cP Gantt fee three rollers ft retuen a portion of the material already, Combed sr to or a ee "Ba es es ihe detonation’ nce Sm neat eae dn hal nd a ae Gee aE RES Cone Tie rameter at ne meneame deo int's Caan te Se die ee ck seis: ee any aa kb ey Sch ofeach Gres the fp comb dale withthe ead Chie Sade arp the moi feat a ee Sd he Bite Goeacton ae rene ean ete resco, Th fre, Biome daring ahaa AM pt Se me Pier fectoned ane tht eet 285-0 le Er comer hp fal ail Patan Be ge” [anche mie modieaton Forward ens of the fibres whilst under the control of the eippee, Ere adh eo gui as cmt hse of he mane, jection abel nto oveiag tn Sp a eee Sas Escada ee rae ang cs abe oe les thentine ah opto sfc Eta Bere dc ge gme’ Sc agency, eal {pln qe tp ce ops nema we Sec ee ent een ar tee ftir aseeid adler of wanes te cats COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY The Drawing Frame.—For fine counts the slivers fom the comber, gn fort orem coupes thon on the card are pac he raving ram, because in both conditions ehe material i regula aiserbated throughout the several slivers, and it fs the function ofthe drawing frame to eliminate all auch irregularities by drawing Eeveral livers down to the dimensions of one, for here the processes bof combination and attenuation are carried further than in ay other fmachige. A drawing frame consists of three ar four ‘heads, sar of Tau patrol dtawing role (AB, G6). The lower role UB) ge ted ont and he ape gas (A) Se cover af the "Each a contain several delves." er aight ‘Gaining succeeding hns of roller (Ay B) to move at an accelerated Speed's the front one revolving about six or eight times faster than {the hack one.”"On leaving the front role the sliver i conducted {oe trumpet-shaped tubs (D), thence beesegn par of calender Fuller (E), and, nally, Uhrough a diagonal passage ina plate (95 hase he he ina aie a), Rack ad fon APRA ite Fae er echdgtocr aa tae ii ae ME BA A a ES rey anetain eat deta ip amelie Sagas Bat iste Sus akc path Bec ce Sela ale Er rater i hae SORES GORING RO sed Oy oan ae Sahai sek anseun cteiretdeacnr ela SIGN alta Tavs be eee Sac ashe Bekah cinta ian Seated Sita Ak frases Sopra ho ec Teetie reagan Worn Smeets oath Salat dwg, spit si Gia dert fate Pattee caer afte sear ga ema om he Fo pa Ek, Ba) which revalves uniformly pon a pine (3), earieg thealivcr {Ch round wich sto ever the Aves axially. Phi yer {hls the united material pos @ wooden tube. (D) in closs-wound Spirals ta in succesve layers. The tube is loosely mounted upon,COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY but driven independently of, the spindle, inorder that asthe tube {Increases in diameter the mimier of evolutions it makes may" be ‘led to tthe conta deneny ofthe ving Ths wheel Byla diferental moton whith wsealy cons sf large wheel ie ower hes aemaeo wv deere whe ‘cone drums at a decreasing spect pa The inermedite frame tomes between the slabbing and roving framts and ts tsar contraction tothe tbber but fas are umber of spindles sid smaller Cab Instead “having ‘cane put at the both ubbing ier ate mounted ‘through the rollers, and drawn dawn ‘pronase hn ae fore, the fourfold processes of ‘com Bstion, Setanta tektog “and Winding ar efeied nace aod Sonus Tie ree frome ia similar in eintpe"toihe abbr and “nue D ||] Relate saetties ur" comin eater nunberct Spades ted the fobes arc saler ‘than wither. Te feodver the rovings from the Tater eae Slee Se tabs, is machin i taal ‘he employed to ‘otten for spinning, but for spinning fine. yarns From the. best Egyptiaa “and” Sea Sous atin, 2 Ron ig Saas es hee re snilay treated in the Trond in ender fo ent the” produtfictenly fe for sino Sarat fhe requis conte ‘Spoming (oe Saat). — Inn provements upon he Savory wheal Eansed continuous spinning te become fg mechanical are at_an cartier date han intermittent’ spinning. Arie yah water, ame ms grad ally changed. tothe Prowl, ‘which Was a duplex machine furaisfed with pe seta dang oir, ad one the Framesvork, All the boscs of one ‘of rollers were connected #0 that fe driving” gear would serve for the Whole length sand. all the spindles wwere driven by bands from 2 central eylinder.. The raving epools iwere placed vertically in a cree between the ewo sets of rollers, andthe rovingy reduced to-the requisite fineness by the later? ithe ch ea a pane oath ae pea th Loe end of a fiver log and attached to a doubleslanged spool whic tras loovely mourted upon a spindle. At each revolution ‘of Tiyer a. ewist was put into the attenuated roving, and the fiver rapped ss much ‘thread: upon spool as the roliers. delivered ‘The Spools rested upoa a piece of woollen cloth stretched over autail and ie all oe ad fl chrough 9 ses eaual othe fength a the spool barrel, ‘On account of a thread having to pull {pool round was sot pouble to api er cout inn Ea nd since each flyer was mauated upon the top ef uns Spindle, vibration increased with speed. In. order to avord such Mibration Afr Danforsh, in or about 1829, placed an favereed cup Upon the top of a stationary spade, and upon the spite freely Aftng sleeve and wharver, the formes to reeive a spol, the latter fo.rotate both, By_a traverse motion all the spools were simul: fancouly raed or depressed co a9 to have their barrels, when at the highest poi etiey within, the up, ad whencat the lowest Entirely below ie” A theead pasced from the drawing roles, outatde fhe cup, to'm spool. As'a Spool roeated ita thread wa uniformly Eat che flower eg ofthe cup bu the yarn eal on every re of the spool bare, and the requisite drag resulted from fection Setup by the thread rubbing against the eurace of the cup. ‘The fhroste has almost-disappeared feom the cotton industry, and Danior' exp frame entey v0, Dut the ternal wed 86 spn ly the only system of continuous spinning used in the cotton industry: was Rest patented in the United ‘Slates of America by J. Thorpe, in 1828, and in that country Was extensively used loag before’ ie became established in England. Aes chet Teature consis in the substitution for the flyer, or the cap, of smooth annular ing (A 8) forme with a flange atthe upper sige over whch ight shape pew wire (8) called a aval, fall sowiy, but af each succeeding ascent and descent tt attains 305 eh pie an ht meinen. inl Dia patria nin itech Acca) Bie li i cameti ee ir elles hatte ce cutee Be Booetinlnc Seemay mene itt HATS ESTEE tae heh he Hh eben trea Mars ee aah 2a STUB uae ppt he a ad jm inases eee gate (eo Be Se ese ee, a isis eee eles aera ie Peace oe Senda, cea Sede gun Se jie Acti eae ae Spo in, fol ii aarti saat cone ieee aed at gees ET satiny the sno te ‘of to the speed of the winding surface. nnn Ue Heed lec Es atm ten cnn oat aa ia aes era Sects POia ROE Sees tara icra San eg ds ee aan IRRICE MaT acs reenter ASSESS oie mics Oa hola SLO) aur hee cig pee Plead scat EGE RSL Seen GOEL Sue Rae INIT Sy ae eet atg nt i ins Rana eek cr ce area egeanstaa uaeeake eae ered ont Soe ete fa tne sea nie neu Be ice am iabatigee his Meniet ye ‘Pisin pelts aes a ‘Rocka Ses ai ripe pe isaac A eeguendea atv Aye ESE RS I erie ado cnn bs Hearst teens ace ees het et SAGE SN rei ae eh anata te Tene Seen ce Gia Pie Sat @ Gables tothe erases ‘pein res ea Foes aca Se ele SOAS Reker unearths SUS concen age the Ag a iclaens Seti trata econ HES tacat anata ecco Reed 2 rt eco ee oem ergs ooh Dan gi etn cee et Se Shoes tis Gri oti SO ie ecard ope Re a Seti gee le heehee 35 the first steam-engine was employed for cotton spinning, SOUS ihe RN eed el ah, the chief mechanism is situated, in the middle of the’ carriage, Se cess i ale oy ae gna are nop cine a Nope ttl Rol malae ny BAND 1N OLLER Fis. &306 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY Fic. 9. this he failed, a8 did Eaton, Smith and many others although ‘ach contributed something towards the solution ofthe problem a Solved im automatic spinning. Eventually the hand mule beeame a Sachin iw mont ofthe work was done suomi he Shanes being chiely required to regulate the velocity of the Backin ‘fv and the inward run of the cartiage and fo ettate the fallers ‘Asa result of thew alterations the machine was made almost double ‘ke length of Kelly's Tn this state many mules continued t0 be ted ust che last decade of the tgth century, and a few aze stil it tie, ‘Between the sears 1824 and 1830 Richard Roberts tavented ‘Bechanim that rendered al pars of the le selacing, the ch Darts of which are shown at Uy}, and they regulate the rota Sf dhe apindtes during the inward ran of the catrage, At Brst his ‘nly used to apin coarse and low-meivm count bhatt is naw employed to spinal counts of yarn, Alvhough numerous changer have ‘ince been made. inthe selfacting’ mule, the ‘mace sib Sale saris fue gen of Rober” For many purposrs the threads as spun by the ring frame ort smule are ready for the manulacturers but where extra strength oF smoothness sFeired ain treads for sewing, crocheting, hoster ince and carpets: also where multicoloured eects are need, a it Grandrele, or some special form of iregulanity, a0 mn corkserewed, Sind mopped yarns, twg_of more single threads are compounded ind twited together, "Tis operation fs knowa. as doubling. at ‘order to prepare threads for doubling te may be necessary to wind Mile by alle pon a langed bobbin, of upon A straight ora tapering Spool fom two to ax threads before twisting them to one Winding machines Tor this purpose are of various Kinds.” There are those in which the threads ae laid evenly between the Ranges of a bobbin, and thowe that coil the threads upon a straight of @ fapering tute to form cheeses. In the fatter the tubes may. be inkd'apon diagonally split drums and rotated by frictional contact. By placing earh group of threads to be wound in the sito a rotating drum, it B-drawn quickly to and (ro and coed upon a spook. Solid instead spit drums be used, she guides for all the threads gon oa chine ape tal fo Ine, which is wavered ism may be provided throughout for treating each group of threads fo'be wound: “The bobbins or tues may be led from cops ri Shools‘or hanks, but a stop motion fa required for cach threads ‘Witeh wit come iato operation immediately a fracture occurs beaters sexo dates ae cotta and iceman. former resemble throstle and ring spinaiag machines, but since they dornot attenuate the material Sly one fine of roller pro- Vida, “The folded materials placed in & erel and led through the Tollers co the spines to be twisted ina wee or dry condition. It Jet the peice fatens down mow othe prruding end of the brea and. produces a comparatively smooth thread.» i dey, the doubled yarn etaite some of its furry character. There are two types of continous doublers, which are kaowa respectively. as Ea and’ Scorch, By the English system of dey doubling the yarn from the cree! may yin be treated, on its way to the spindl Yatious ways to obtain the desired tension. Te may beled under & fod, over a guid, round and between the lle ad round @ aa Pee: For wet doubling. a trough containing water fs placed behin the rollers and the yatn passes beneath a glass rod i the water, thence over a guide. benetth, between and over the rollers to the Spindles. By the Scotch system the trough fs placed below the lect tm stared ne. sim ner say omen Ra sage ee tes a eee insu Se, hotel re Pon Sat ed rt ee ae Spin ie seeceaen et at ana Bite Meee at teint oneal Maas ieee ce maser dat tit sebpedndes Samu’ cmacas nate Bete Syeicrrth maeare teeene dete a ar cee ee ee ie uterine atte ett Garages Ea pen ane Sang SPSS Mee re Sac rt lh mc a che Sager aa tebeigiae og cate es Severn Eiht ah ects Teen lin gor pny and hoe ao core dear tm et Sere Re ea ba al coats ee stood ele eal pte wert ieee ota tact Ph tatu as tian Madiemer stg meechetrewce Seo esemie Atswlc tls Unt shskmearkaer, Wyte race gees IGS the fatirde Gears eae sateen teat tao ae scat tlh ghee aire eon SESW footg ite ire cher ar toe iSeeeii a Seger nan eh gate eal ants a ian AGA dada Ra nar sees as tc pe fe sgahecentaat sarc agent at ga Er Soman uaee ens bac Se cha ehdeee eget Sata octal anton Sie Osta as a BSG or Piles, Que ta et irae lcci et Etc Se ln ig Pe ht a te et eth pacing ie mee tema AS SEs tan he itt gg ton iy ‘ein the site hortzontal plane.” After beading a thread forward er kien aie cette an Aiea OUR a anh Hoop ala note earthen Soa alt ORD cetacean He al, iy dey Gee are Some ae earn Saree tay cn Sei Sd ae tae ae serach cihgahad dk ENTaatn dad rl Pun a ante hae a ie eng oc gnc a yb ren wane volgen en ank forte prapring and fing press Buta ea hanks fork freee is res aa Sing ad Pema ames ng er ehe*F Se a eae ee oar nonce nd Seas A aay Pa age gi and he aa tank a em Gf two Kinds: namely, open ani crowed” Open reeling forms lea, Shu weven of these age hited in one hank bya lease band which SEEM ihe lag ad fran oc eo ee tse tig ule een Rel as Wet cin er Rams aoe ep al ih eliate the vont othe Bundling Press—Hanks are made into, short or long bundles, ‘ach Weighing of 10 Th. In short bundles te fy usual to fora froupe of tem hanks, and’ theve are twisted together, folded and ESmpressed into bundles: but i Tong bundles the harks are com prensed without being folded, A'press consist ofa strong table u EBciSa hos wth dpe end fom The ertom of this box z ‘ansverstly and marke to Tee and fall by wheel gearin yccen ike The ides dcop See rade of verti a hg ‘ontal bars, set to coincide with the_grooves in the bottom. Fo ‘neat of vertical bars a similar numberof horiznntal top peces are Afnged, td to the other act levers are jornted, which held the ho Zonal bars in position. When the hinged hars are turned wp strings enw shrug the groove a he Bottom i covered wih sat fo The has arethen iid in the box. another paper is pi {buve chem, and the hinged bars are drawn down and lacked. The ioetom then ses a predetermined distance, and automatically ops. While in this postion the strings are‘ted, the bottom of ‘the press next descends, and the bundle removed.“ (T- W- F) 307