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: 11 JUN 08 Jet Impact : MIME 3470 Page 1

Grading Sheet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Experiment . 6
JET IMPACT
Students Names / Section
POINTS SCORE TOTAL
APPEARANCE, ORGANIZATION, ENGLISH, and GRAMMAR 10
MATHCAD
Ordered Data, Dimensions, Physical Properties 10
Calculations & Results ArraysInclude Velocity & Force %Diff 15
Required Plots 15
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Comment on Differences in Velocity & Force Between Nozzle & Target 10
When Can One Ignore Gravity in Bernoullis Equation? 10
Kline-McClintock Uncertainty 15
CONCLUSIONS 10
ORIGINAL DATASHEET 5
TOTAL 100
COMMENTS

GRADER d
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MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory From a momentum balance the sum of external forces equals the
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ change in momentum

m
v out m
v in .
Experiment . 6
F
FORCE ON VARIOUSLY SHAPED Hence, for the x-direction of the system in Figure 1,
OBJECTS DUE TO Fx m
1V1 m V1 V2 cos
2V2 cos m (3)
JET IMPACT and in the y-direction
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Fy m
2V2 sin . (4)
LAB PARTNERS: NAME NAME Moreover, since the jet is flowing freely through air, it is
NAME NAME considered to be under constant pressure (i.e., atmospheric) at its
NAME NAME interface with the atmosphere. Therefore, it may be assumed that the
SECTION
jet cross-sectional area is constant, A1 = A2. Now from Equation 1
EXPERIMENT TIME/DATE: TIME, DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 m
m 2
(5)
OBJECTIVEThis experiment is a study in momentum transfer 1 A1V1 2 A2V2
(ergo, force transmitted) from a fluid to objects of various forms. In
particular, the study looks at the momentum transfer as a function of and since the fluid is incompressible.
the angle through which the fluid stream was deflected. By varying a V1 V2 . (6)
fluid streams deflection angle, up to twice the original momentum of Therefore, Equations 2 and 3 become1
the stream can be transferred to the object. Fx m V1 1 cos Fy m
2V1 sin . (7)
INTRODUCTIONOver the years, engineers have found many
ways to utilize the impact force of fluids. For example, the Pelton EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREThe experimental apparatus
wheel has been used to make flour. Further, the impulse turbine is still is that shown in Figure 2. The procedure detailed below is to be
used in the first and also sometimes the second stage of a steam performed on each of two different targets (vanes)one a flat plate
turbine. Firemen make use of the kinetic energy stored in a jet to and the other a hemispherical cup. That procedure is as follows:
extinguish fires in high-rise buildings. Many other applications of
fluid jets can be cited which reveals their technological importance.
This experiment is designed to study the force that can be imparted by
a jet of fluid on a surface diverting the flow.

y
F
x

Figure 1 Impact Force Imparted by a Fluid Jet to a Body When

the Body Changes the Flow Direction of the Fluid
THEORYA change in momentum of an object or a fluid is
always accompanied by an impulse force (impact force).
Consider a jet of fluid flowing steadily with a velocity V1 and a
mass flow rate m 1 . The jet impinges on a plate inclined at an angle
to the direction of the flow. From a mass balance, the same amount of
liquid impinging on the plate must also leave the plate; thus,
m1 m 2 m . (1)
Force is the time derivative of momentum, mv, where m is the
mass impacting on the plate and v is the velocity of impact. Thus,

d mv dv dm
F m v m
v
dt dt dt
0
As there is no
acceleration
just a change
in mass flow
. (2)

1
Think about what is happening before blindly applying these equations.
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Jockey Balance Bar x1 x2 Jockey Mass 2. In taking data, it would be convenient to have round values of
Flat Plate Target x2 such as 180mm as to 178mm. Thus, the water flow was
Spring with Adjustable
Tension for turned on full force, the jockey weight positioned to the
0
Leveling Balance Level nearest round value, and the water flow backed off just enough
Hopper Beam w/ No Flow Indicator to level the balance bar. (It is easier to adjust the water flow for
Balance Bar y
a given position of the jockey weight as to trying to position of
Hemispherical
Stop Cup Target
the jockey weight for a specified flow of water.).
3. At the left of the schematic is shown a weight hanger. It is
3L L quite heavy in its own righteven before additional weight is
added. The discharge hopper (weighing tank) is emptied until
the weight hanger drops under its own weight. The drain plug
Valve at the bottom of the tank is reinserted and the tank begins to
Weighing Tank
(Hopper) fill. At the point in filling the tank when the tank balance bar
and weight hanger rise up and hit a stop, a stop watch is
Hanger P started. Directly after starting the watch, 5kg of additional
with
Water Reservoir weight is added to the weight hanger. As the discharge tank
5kg continues to fill, eventually enough weight of water is
Mass
achieved to outweigh the 5kg of additional weight that was
added. This causes the tank balance beam to rise up against the
stop again at which time the stop watch is halted.
4. The ratio of moment arms on either side of the fulcrum of the
tank balance beam is 3:1 such that 5kg of additional weight is
balanced by 15kg of water. The flow rate is then 15kg of water
during the time that the stop watch was running
5. Decreasing values of x2 are then laid in and flow reduced
accordingly.
6. Data was taken for a total of six (approximately evenly
spaced) positions of the jockey weight.
7. Perform these steps for each of the targets (flat plate and
hemispherical cup).
In the report:
1. On one graph, plot for both targets the experimental force vs.
the theoretical force. Here, the experimental force is that
calculated from the jockey weight and its position. The
theoretical force is that calculated from the water flow rate. In
determining the theoretical force, the velocity at the target
must be used. The distance from the nozzle to the target (if the
jockey weight balance beam has been leveled prior to flowing
water) is y = 35mm.
2. On one graph, plot for both targets the experimental force vs
the jet velocity at the target. On this plot, also plot twice the
flat-plate experimental force vs. velocity at the target.
3. In the calculations, determine the percent difference in both the
Figure 2Experimental Apparatus velocity and the theoretical force exerted at the target due to the
1. The experiment is set up such that the balance beam is horizontal distance between the nozzle tip and the target. In the discussion,
when the upward force of the water impinging on the target is comment on the differences in velocity and force between nozzle
balanced by the downward force of the jockey weight. This and target. Answer the question: when does gravitational decele-
means that the balance beam and the target are considered to be ration as described by Bernoullis relation become important and
weightless. To achieve this weightless estate, the beam is leveled when may it be neglected?
by changing the tension of the adjusting spring shown in the 4. Finally, considering that the only experimental error is caused by
figure when no water is flowing and for the jockey mass at x1 = the measuring scale on the jockey weight balance bar, find the
0. This must be done for each target used as they are not expected uncertainty in determining the experimental force imparted on
to have the same weight. the target using the Kline-McClintock method. Comment on this
in the discussion. There is a separate downloadable file
describing the Kline-McClintock method.
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Ordered Data, Calculations, & Results
BASIC DIMENSIONS, MASSES, & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES i 1 6
Jockey Weigh Mass: FLAT PLATE DATA : (subscript HEMISHERICAL CUP DATA :(subscript
Nozzle Diameter: "pl" stands for flat PLate) "cup" stands for hemispherical CUP)
Nozzle-to-Target Distance:
Pivot-to-Nozzle Distance:
Tank Arm/Hanger Arm Ratio :
Mass Placed on Hanger:
Mass of Water in Hopper:

Acceleration of Gravity:

Density of Water:
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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
Comment on the differences in velocity and force between nozzle
and target.
Answer

With respect to the first question, when does gravitational

deceleration as described by Bernoullis relation become
important and when may it be neglected?
Answer

Considering that the only experimental error is caused by the

measuring scale on the jockey weight balance bar, find the
uncertainty in determining the experimental force imparted on
the vane using the Kline-McClintock method.
Answer
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APPENDIX ADATA SHEET FOR JET IMPACT

Time/Date: ___________________

Lab Partners: _______________________ _______________________ _______________________

_______________________ _______________________ _______________________

Mass of Jockey Weight _____________ Nozzle Diameter _____________

Distance from Nozzle to Target, y _____________ Distance from Pivot to Jet Center, x1 _____________

Mass Used on Weight Hanger _____________ Ratio of (Tank Lever Arm) _____________
to (Weight Hanger Lever Arm)
Finest Graduation on Balance Bar _____________

FLAT PLATE TARGET HEMISPHERICAL TARGET

Distance of Jockey Distance of Jockey
Time to Fill Time to Fill
Mass from Jet Mass from Jet
Run Tank, Run Tank,
Center, x2 Center, x2
s s
cm cm
1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6