Professional Documents
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combustin interna1
Juan Carlos Goi Delin*
Mario Rojas Delgado*
Universidad de Lima. Lima, Per
1. INTRODUCCIN
1.1 Biocombustibles
Tabla 1
!"#$%&"&$'()*+),$-&-.,/#0$,!+#)1-2)2+&/2#-#)3)12-&+#-#
Generacin 4+&/2#-#)3)12-&+#-#
!"#$%&'()"$*+,#)-$&'(.)-)(/)0+-(0&*1!'#$1"+'2(1$&3$4'+"(3+()0+$-
Primera #+(%+5+#)"(6#-),'+'#+-$70)0$8,9(:(1$&+#),&"(6;+-*+,#)0$8,(3+('&-
"!0$&,+'()<!0)-)3)'9=
!"#$%&'( ,&( )"$*+,#)-$&'( &( +,( #$+--)'( 3+( 0!"#$%&( *)-5$,)"+'( ,&(
).#)'(.)-)(0!"#$%&'()"$*+,#)-$&'(.)-)(/)0+-(1$&0&*1!'#$1"+'=(>+(
Segunda
0&,'$3+-)( .-&0+')*$+,#&( 3+( 1$&*)')?( "@.$3&'( *)-5$,)"+'( .)-)(
1$&3$4'+"(:("$5,&0+"!"8'$0&'(.)-)()"0&/&"=
B&( '+( !'),( #$+--)'( )-)1"+'( :( ")( 1$&*)')( '+( 3+'0&*.&,+( .)-)(
&1#+,+-(*)#+-$)(.-$*)(.)-)(/)0+-(0&*1!'#$1"+'=(>+(0&,'$3+-)(+"(
A+-0+-)
.-&0+')*$+,#&(3+(*$0-&)"5)'(.)-)(&1#+,+-(1$&3$4'+"(6"$.&--+7,+-
-@)9(:(1$&+#),&"(6"$5,&0+"!-+7,+-@)9=
B&('+(!'),(#$+--)'()-)1"+'(:(")(1$&*)')(,&('+(3+'0&*.&,+(.)-)(
/)0+-(0&*1!'#$1"+'=(>+(0&,'$3+-)(+"(.-&0+')*$+,#&(3+(*$0-&)"-
Cuarta
5)'(.)-)(&1#+,+-(1$&3$4'+"(.&-(#+-*&0&,%+-'$8,(6"$.&--+7,+-@)9=(
C'#D()0#!)"*+,#+(+,(3+')--&""&=
(((((C")1&-)0$8,(.-&.$)=
Tabla 2
4+!"&$'()+(02+)&-.,/#0$,!+5)#+6/2$*"*)+(+2670$&")3)#+28$&$-)*+).-0-2
60&,#$,F)9
60&,#$,!)0$8,9
Gas natural >+(.-&3!0+(.)-)(+O.&-#)0$8,= I&'( #),J!+'( 3+( )0+-&( 3+( )"#)( -+-
"$0!)3&( '$'#+,0$)( -+J!$+-+,( $,'.+00$8,( :(
0+-#$70)0$8,=
Metanol Q@,$*)( .-&3!00$8,?( 0&*&( '!1R >+( 3+1+,( !')-( "!1-$0),#+'( +'.+-
.-&3!0#&= 0$)"+'( :( 0&*.)#$1$"$3)3?( #)*1$4,(
+,()!#&.)-#+'=
5#)$ -.)&)$ %&$ &@& *#$ !",&4".%&4#$ )&$ %&2"&"$ #6#$ -.)&)$ !"*&-4."*&)$
de la atmsfera, de origen natural y antropognico, que absorben y
emiten radiacin en determinadas longitudes de ondas del espectro de
$4.%!. !/"$!"@4.44#B.$&6!*!%#$;#4$'.$)+;&42 !&$%&$'.$C!&44.<$'.$.*6/)@&4.<$
9",!"):
;8-!/&$'()*+)6"#+#)*+)+<+&0-)$(8+2("*+2-)+()+!)=+2>5
en el periodo 2005-2012 (kt CO2 +?@A
Figura 1
Diagrama del planteamiento de la investigacin
Propuesta
Introduccin
Planteamiento general
Recopilacin
Seleccin de referencias Marco referencial
Revisin de la informacin
Fundamentos
Temas controversiales Marco conceptual
Protocolos e instructivos
Plan experimental
Mezclas seleccionadas Trabajo de laboratorio
Mediciones y registro
Resultados
Discusin y conclusiones Anlisis de resultados
Alcance de objetivos
Resultados
Conclusiones
Elaboracin propia.
Figura 2
!"#$"%"&'!%()!*+",-&,.)&'!'/.%"&,.&.0'"1-&,.&%-/-$.'&,.&+-%23'/!40&!0/.$0"
:%$&!1+(/!(!-$+)'(/!(1'&'4!$(/!(0'1*2$&%#-(%-&!4-+
3-+,%.+/'4
Pantalla
de gases
Gases
Aire
0'1*9 5+*,!4'
Motor Freno Computadora
/!(0'-&4',
Software
!"#$%&'()(
65788
*+,+-.+(/!
0'1*2$&%*,!
5"2)"&6
7.)"+!40&,.&%.8+)"'&9:;<=&.0'"1","'
>-0/.0!,-&,.&")+-?-)&+"$23$"0/.&@")+-?-)&,.'0"/3$")!8",-A
C)+-?-)&+"$23$"0/.&@D&E-)3%.0&1&%"'"&%.,!,-'A
B.8+)"&0-%!0")
@9:;<=A D&F-)G&H-%!0GIB.,!,-I !J.$G D&F-)G& % Masa
Elaboracin propia.
Tabla 5
&7.)"+!40&,.&%.8+)"'&@ KLA&.0'"1","'
>-0/.0!,-&,.&2!-,!M'.)&@.'/.$&%./N)!+-&,.&O+!,-&#$"'-IPCB<QA
K!-,!M'.)&@D&F-)3%.0&%.,!,-A
B.8+)"&0-%!0")
@ KLA Registro 1 Registro 2 7.#!'/$-&R S$-%.,!-
5"2)"&T
S)"0&,.&.0'"1-'&,.&)"'&%.8+)"'&9:;<=&@%-/-$&,.&+!+)-&U//-A&
1& KL&@%-/-$&,.&+!+)-& !M'.)A
S)"0&,.&.0'"1-'&,.&%.8+)"'&,.&+-%23'/!2).'&9:;<=&.0&.)&%-/-$&,.
+!+)-&U//-&@.0+.0,!,-&(-$&+?!'("A
I!.0,+$("'4(!-$+)+4(J;<=>KL
;<=>?9@ G95E10 G95E12
Relacin de parmetros seleccionados para el motor de ciclo Otto
MNO%1!-(J-L(P(FE8=8(4"1
6'-$21'(JQORSL(T!4$2$(&'4U2!(JV1L
6'-$21'(JQORSL(T!4$2$("'&!-0%+(JQWL
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$(&'4U2!(JV1L
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$("'&!-0%+(JQWL
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$(0'-$21'(/!(0'1*2$&%*,!(JQORSL
MNO%1!-(J-L(P(Z+4%+*,!
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$(4NO%1!-(J4"1L9(:%-(0+4O+(J5'4U2!(1[-9L
Elaboracin propia.
S)"0&,.&.0'"1-'&,.&%.8+)"'&,.&+-%23'/!2).'& KL&.0&.)&%-/-$
,.&+!+)-& !M'.)&@.0+.0,!,-&(-$&+-%($.'!40A
B.8+)"'&(-$&.0'"1"$&@ KLA
K; KVW KVX
Relacin de parmetros seleccionados para el motor de ciclo Disel
MNO%1!-(J-L(P(CE=88(4"1
6'-$21'(JQORSL(T!4$2$(&'4U2!(JV1L
6'-$21'(JQORSL(T!4$2$("'&!-0%+(JQWL
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$(&'4U2!(JV1L
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$("'&!-0%+(JQWL
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$(0'-$21'(/!(0'1*2$&%*,!(JQORSL
MNO%1!-(J-L(P(Z+4%+*,!
>X0%!-0%+(JYL(T!4$2$(4NO%1!-(J4"1L9(:%-(0+4O+(J5'4U2!(1[-9L
Elaboracin propia.
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 5!1"!4+&24+\(]]]]]]]]]]((((_6
(((^'/!4(0+,'4[X0'\((]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]((( `21!/+/(4!,+&%T+\((]]]]](((((Y
5!1"!4+&24+$(J_6L
a a a
n Salida Gases mc Vaire Vagua 5B 5K 5e Pot
Entrada Entrada b
J4"1L de 30!%&! de JQORSL (m3R1%-L (m3R1%-L JV91L JV91L JV91L JQWL
de agua de aire
agua !$0+"!
Elaboracin propia.
Combustibles alternativos en motores de combustin interna
5"2)"&`
!'+3'!40&,.&$.'3)/",-'&("$"&%.8+)"'&9:;=&.0&%-/-$&,.&+!+)-&U//-
>,( 0'-$21'( /!( 0'1*2$&%*,!( T+4[+( )( +21!-&+( 0'-( !,( &'4U2!( !-(
6'-$21'A&'4U2! ,+( 1%$1+( "4'"'40%#-( "+4+( ,'$( /%c!4!-&!$( "'40!-&+d!$( /!( +,0'S',(
0+4*24+-&!($%-(2-+(/%c!4!-0%+($%O-%X0+&%T+9(
>,(!c!0&'(/!(,+(!X0%!-0%+(0'-(4!$"!0&'(+,(&'4U2!($%O2!(2-+(&!-/!-0%+(
>X0%!-0%+A&'4U2! $%1%,+4( U2!( ,+( 4!,+0%#-( 0'-$21'A&'4U2!( 0'-( !,( %-04!1!-&'( /!(
+,0'S',(0+4*24+-&!(!-(,+(1!.0,+9
3("!$+4(/!(U2!(!$&+(4!,+0%#-($!('*&2T'($%-(0+4O+(/!,(1'&'4(J$','(
,+$("!4/%/+$("'4(!,(c4!-'(/%-+1'1N&4%0'L(,+("!U2!f+(!X0%!-0%+($!(
%-04!1!-&#($%O-%X0+&%T+1!-&!(0'-(!,(4NO%1!-(/!,(1'&'4("+4+(0+/+(
>X0%!-0%+A4NO%1!-
2-+(/!(,+$(1!.0,+$9(>-(!$&!(0+$'(,+(!X0%!-0%+(1!d'4#(,%O!4+1!-&!(
0'-( !,( %-04!1!-&'( /!,( 0'-&!-%/'( /!( +,0'S',( 0+4*24+-&!( !-( ,+(
1!.0,+9(
Elaboracin propia.
5"2)"&:
!'+3'!40&,.&$.'3)/",-'&("$"&%.8+)"'& KL&.0&%-/-$&,.&+!+)-& !M'.)
>,( 0'-$21'( /!( 0'1*2$&%*,!( "+4+( 2-( 1%$1'( &'4U2!( /!,( 1'&'4(
&%!-!( 2-+( &!-/!-0%+( +( ,+( *+d+( +-&!( !,( %-04!1!-&'( !-( "'40!-&+d!(
6'-$21'A&'4U2!
/!(*%'/%N$!,("+4+(,+(1!.0,+9(>$&!(!c!0&'($!('*$!4T+(+(/%c!4!-&!$(
&'4U2!$9(
>,( !c!0&'( /!( ,+( !X0%!-0%+( 0'-( 4!$"!0&'( +,( &'4U2!( $%O2!( 2-+(
>X0%!-0%+A&'4U2! &!-/!-0%+( ,%O!4+1!-&!( /!$0!-/!-&!( +-&!( !,( %-04!1!-&'( /!,(
*%'/%N$!,(!-(,+(1!.0,+9(
e+( !X0%!-0%+( 0'-( 4!$"!0&'( +( ,+( "'&!-0%+( /!,( 1'&'4( $%O2!( 2-+(
>X0%!-0%+A"'&!-0%+ &!-/!-0%+(,%O!4+1!-&!(+$0!-/!-&!(0'-(!,(%-04!1!-&'(/!,(*%'/%N$!,(
!-(,+(1!.0,+9
>$&+(4!,+0%#-($!('*&%!-!("+4+("42!*+($%-(0+4O+(/!,(1'&'4(J$','(,+$(
"!4/%/+$("'4(!,(c4!-'(/%-+1'1N&4%0'L()(,+("!U2!f+(!X0%!-0%+($!(
>X0%!-0%+A4NO%1!-
mantiene aproximadamente en el mismo orden de magnitud para
,+$(/%c!4!-&!$(1!.0,+$("!&4#,!'(/%N$!,A*%'/%N$!,(!-$+)+/+$9(
Elaboracin propia.
Tabla 10
7.'3%.0&,.&)"'&($3.2"'&$.")!8","'&+-0&%.8+)"'& K=
3.4 Observaciones
Tabla 11
C)#30"'&($-(!.,",.'&,.&)-'&+-%(-0.0/.'&,.&)"'&%.8+)"'
,.&+-%23'/!2).'&.0'"1","'
-"$&9+!%7$3#&$'"<'"4!7#$9)+!#7*!%&H$4"$+)<'7$3#$%)"0%!"# "$1"$%)''"-
lacin para las mezclas G95E12 de 0.98 o mayor, y para las mezclas
DB12 de 0.97 o mayor.
!"#$%&'
()*+#,)&-.$+#+&/)$0#.&1.2&3),4#+/!42.&567&89:
n = 2050 rpm
*: $ " .6;-
20(3,4,56789,:;
5<-=:.$#!> ?(
<0(3,4,=!!,(30*
@<-=:ABB.-=<6
>*,4,8?,@
C6:>%D
%!"
%!
()*+,-)./01234
$!"
$!
#!"
#!
!"
!
! # ! $ ! % ! & ! " ! ' !
5)67,8./9-4
Elaboracin propia.
!"#$%&;
()*+#,)&-.$+#+&<)/.*3!%&567&89:
n = 2050 rpm
+= $ " />?.
20(3,4,56789,:;
@;.A=/$#!B C)
<0(3,4,=!!,(30*
6;.A=D((/.A;>
>*,4,8?,@
E>=B%F
%!"
%!
)*+,-.*/012345
$!"
$!
#!"
#!
!"
!
! $! &! '! (! # ! #$! #&!
6*78+9:;/01<5
Elaboracin propia.
Figura 5
8=3!.*3!%&-.$+#+&/)$0#.&567&89:
n-9
= 2050 rpm
$ " 41:7
20(3,4,56789,:;
/.7;94$#!< =>
<0(3,4,=!!,(30*
?.7;9@AA47;.1
>*,4,8?,@
B19<%C
!%"
!%
!$"
()*+*,-+*.
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
! # ! $ ! % ! & ! " ! ' !
/0123,45678
Elaboracin propia.
!"#$%&>&
8=3!.*3!%&-.$+#+&<)/.*3!%&567&89:
n = 2050 rpm
.8 $ " 39:;
20(3,4,56789,:;
</;=83$#!> ?@
<0(3,4,=!!,(30*
0/;=8A((3;=/9
>*,4,8?,@
B98>%C
!%"
!%
!$"
)*+,+-.,+/
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
! $! &! '! (! # ! #$! #&!
012-.,+/34567
Elaboracin propia.
;&$ E3!# &$ %3'/&$ *3"4 '&$ +&$ "0%!"#%!&$ /"'434$ "+$ %)#43*)$ 1"$ %)*-
234 !2+"8$*&'%)$3#&$ "#1"#%!&$9)+!#7*!%&$%)#$9!%)$*(F!*)$1"$"0-
ciencia hacia un valor constante del 32 %. Sin embargo, el consumo de
combustible se eleva fuertemente.
!"#$%&?
8=3!.*3!%&-.$+#+&3)*+#,)&567&89:
n = 2050 rpm
20(3,4,56789,:;
+9 $ " 2:;1
<,1=92$#!> ?-
<0(3,4,=!!,(30*
@,1=9ABB21=,:
>*,4,8?,@
C:9>%D
!%"
!%
!$"
&'()(*+)(,
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
! !" #! #!" $! $!" %! %!"
-.+/01.2345678
Elaboracin propia.
!"#$%&@&
8=3!.*3!%&-.$+#+&$A"!,.*&567&89:
n = 2050 rpm
!"#$%$&'()*$+,
! "#$#%&'(
)*(+!%",-.#/0
-!"#$%$.//$"#!0
1*(+!233%(+*&
10$%$)2$3
4&!.56
!&
!%"
!%
'()*)+,*)-
!$"
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
" # #" $ $" %
!"#$%& !"#$
Elaboracin propia.
!"#$%&'
()*+#,)&-.$+#+&/)$0#.&1234
n = 1500 rpm
+; &( /7<.
!"#$%$&&(2$+,
6=.>;/""!'?)
-!"#$%$.//$"#!0
@=.>;A%%/.>=7
10$%$)2$3
B7;C'D
&!$
&!#
)*+,-.*/012345
&!"
&!
!%
!$
!#
!"
!
! & ! " ! ' ! # ! ( !
6*78-9/0:.5
Elaboracin propia.
Figura 10
()*+#,)&-.$+#+&5)/.*6!%&1234
n = 1500 rpm
!"#$%$&&(2$+,
,> &( 0?@/
-!"#$%$.//$"#!0
A</B>0""!'C*
7</B>D%%0/B<?
10$%$)2$3
E?>)'F
&!$
&!#
*+,-./+0123456
&!"
&!
!%
!$
!#
!"
!
! &! "! '! #! (! $! )!
7+89,:;<012=6
Elaboracin propia.
!"#$%&$%!"&'%(!")'$*#%!"+!"$,&-$.&-!"$/$&#-(!"0$+")1#1%"$."/'.&-2."
0$+" #1%3'$4" &1." '.!" #$.0$.&-!" 5!&-!" $+" 67" 8" 0$" $,&-$.&-!9" :'!.01" +!"
&!%;!" $*" &$%14" +!" $,&-$.&-!" $*" &$%14" <'$*" .1" *$" #%!.*)-#$" <1#$.&-!" .-"
torque; pero el motor consume combustible para su funcionamiento.
Figura 11
786!.*6!%&-.$+#+&/)$0#.&1234
n = 1500 rpm
,8 #" 3096
!"#$%$&&(2$+,
.-6:83$$!%;<
-!"#$%$.//$"#!0
=-6:8>??36:-0
10$%$)2$3
@08A%B
!&
!%"
!%
'()*)+,*)-
!$"
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
! # ! $ ! % ! & ! " !
./012+34567
Elaboracin propia.
!"&'!%#!"&'%(!"%$<%$*$.#!"+!"#$.0$.&-!"0$"+!"$,&-$.&-!"$."/'.&-2."
de la potencia; se obtiene un valor mximo de 36%.
Figura 12
&786!.*6!%&-.$+#+&5)/.*6!%&1234
n = 1500 rpm
!"#$%$&&(2$+,
.8 #" 39:;
-!"#$%$.//$"#!0
</;=83$$!%>?
0/;=8@AA3;=/9
10$%$)2$3
B98(%C
!&
!%"
!%
)*+,+-.,+/
!$"
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
! #! $! %! &! "! '! (!
012-.,+/34567
Elaboracin propia.
!"3'-.#!"&'%(!")'$*#%!"+!"$,&-$.&-!"($%*'*"$+"&1.*')1"0$"&1)='*-
#-=+$4")!%&!.01"'.!"#$.0$.&-!"+1;!%>#)-&!"0$"$,&-$.&-!"5!&-!"'."(!+1%"
constante del 36%. Sin embargo, el consumo de combustible se eleva
fuertemente ante el incremento de la carga o torque.
!"#$%&39
&786!.*6!%&-.$+#+&6)*+#,)&1234
n = 1500 rpm
!"#$%$&&(2$+,
.< #" 5=>4
?/4@<5$$!%A0
-!"#$%$.//$"#!0
B/4@<C((54@/=
10$%$)2$3
D=<E%F
!&
!%"
!%
)*+,+-.,+/
!$"
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
! !$ !& !' !( #! #!$ #!& #!'
01.234156789:;
Elaboracin propia.
!"*$?#!"&'%(!")'$*#%!"+!"$,&-$.&-!"($%*'*"$+"%@;-)$."$."%<)4"01.-
de se debe vencer solo las prdidas que originan la turbulencia del aire
del giro del freno dinamomtrico.
!"#$%&3:
786!.*6!%&-.$+#+&$;"!,.*&1234
n = 1500 rpm
!"#$%$&&'($)*
,7 #" 2451
+!"#$%$,--$"#!.
8-1972$$!%:;
<-197=>>219-4
/.$%$0($1
?47@%A
!&
!%"
!%
'()*)+,*)-
!$"
!$
!#"
!#
! "
!
" # #" $ $" %
./0)1+,234516
Elaboracin propia.
Figura 15
!"#$%&'(&)'($)!*%&'(&$)&+,-./)&(!&0#!+-1!&'(&$).&2/3&'($&(4(&+-"5(6)$&
451678,215389:5, %,;3
*+,-./
<18*:=:>0,98,?0@7A5,,B !C (.
%"
%!
"
! 0
-123/
&!!
'!!!
''!!
' !!
'%!!
'"!!
'(!!
'#!!
')!!
'$!!
'&!!
!!!
'!!
!!
%!!
"!!
(!!
Elaboracin propia.
REFERENCIAS