ASSESSMENT OF WATER SANITATION PROVISION IN ODO

IKOYI AREA OF AKURE

BY

OJO OLAKITAN FRANCIS

MATRIC NUM; 1611520035

AN ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF

URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING, FACULTY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL, OSUN STATE COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY, ESA-OKE.

LEVEL; HND 1
COURSE; RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

LECTURER IN CHARGE;
TPL. OYENIYI

JUNE, 2017

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

FRONT PAGE I

ABSTRACT II

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION 2

1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STATEMENT 3

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 4

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 4

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 4

1.7 THE STUDY AREA 7

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION 7

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK9

2.4 SOURCES, IMPORTANCE OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 9

2.5 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICE DELIVERY 11

2.6 EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 12

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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION 15

3.2 SAMPLING METHOD 15

3.3 DATA COLLECTING TOOLS 15

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 ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to assess the problems facing the world, in particular Rural
in Nigeria from the provision of water and sanitation. Rural is a small village found in Ede
villages. The issue of improving water and sanitation began over centuries ago, but still there
are countless factors hindering water and sanitation services.

The study has progressed through various phases. The first phase of the case study
included sampling of the household in study area. The second phase included the use
questionnaires, literature review, site observation and telephone interview as a data collection
tools. In parallel with the literature survey, collection of basic background data was obtained
from journals, water reports and approved thesis from internet, for site observation collection
of data was done by taking photos and for telephone interviews data was collected through
notes writing. The study used the combination of qualitative and quantitative approach. The
third phase included combining the findings of several studies and this data was critically
analysed using, notes writing, tables and graphs.

Through the distribution of questionnaires to members of the village it was confirmed

that there was water and sanitation problem. For most people the desire was to have access to
water and sanitation. The communitys access to water and sanitation is severely limited due to
their socio-economic status, mostly poverty. The villagers access to water and sanitation is
caused by lack of employment. Lack of unemployment forces people migrate to urban to look
for better opportunities. Most rural people are poor and are highly affected by privatisation.
Lack of participation is another socio-economic factor that deprives people from receiving
water and sanitation services, people in this village are poorly informed on almost aspect of
water and sanitation problems. Water and sanitation coverage is poor in this village due to
infrastructure failure.

CHAPTER ONE

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

Water is the source of life, the most precious and important of all natural resources,
without which the human species cannot survive (DSS, 2010, s.p). Access to safe water is a
human right (Corcoran et al., 2010:16). Access to water should be framed as a human right for
at least three reasons. First, ensuring access to clean water could substantially reduce the global
burden of disease. Millions of people are affected each year by a range of water-borne disease.
Second, the privatization of water, which exploits the view that water is a commodity rather
than a public good, does not result in equitable access. Third, the world is changing in ways
that will both exacerbate water scarcity and threaten the quality of the current water supply
(Barbour et al., 2009:s.p). The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe,
physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses (Bellettin et al.,
2005).

According to Bushbuckridge water crisis (s.a,s.p) New forest faces severe water crisis.
Raab et al. (2008) mentioned that the challenges in water and sanitation are due to historic
underdevelopment of Bushbuckridge local Municipality under apartheid and thus little existing
infrastructure, as well as limited capacity in terms of both human and financial resources. The
livelihoods of many rural people will be seriously affected if the on-going process of change
does not recognize the need to ensure that water is allocated to the productive uses of domestic
water. Thus this research has been prepared as a contribution to improve access to reliable water
and sanitation services in study area.

In recent years due to increase in population and urbanization, the provision of safe and
portable water to the Nigeria public has been on steady decline in terms of service quality and
distribution. This has made access to public water supply a very difficult issue and has resulted
in poor sanitation and spread of water borne diseases. Indeed, the issue of distribution is very
crucial to public water supply if it is agreed that water is not only a commodity but a right to
which people should not be denied. Hence it is necessary that water supply should be given a
top priority as a way of enhancing a healthy and strong population. The issue of distribution is
very important and indeed an essential step in the provision of safe and potable water. Since the
places of consumption of water are relatively far from the source, there is need to devise an
effective distribution system whereby water can be spread to every places where it is concerned.

Hence in addition to pipes, there is the need to use joints so as to get water to the desired

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location. What is more, it is believed often times that impurities in public water supply are
mainly caused by leakages that usually arise from joints in the water distribution system. In all,
access to adequate water supply is better enhanced by an efficient distribution system ( Adebayo
and Ifabiyi, (1999), Amori, (2009), Azeez (1972), Ayoade (1975a&b) and Handidu (1990)).

Distribution is a critical problem as far as the provision of safe and potable water supply
is concerned in most developing countries including Nigeria. This is because the physical
landscape in addition to poor technology has made it difficult to evolve, operate and maintain
an effective distribution system for public water supply. Furthermore, the epileptic and frequent
fluctuations observed in power supply in Nigeria in the last three decades has made it difficult
for existing water treatment plants and booster stations to operate optimally as electric power
is not available to power them and distribute water effectively to the consumers ( Faniran,
(1981, 1983 & 1987), Linsely et al.,(1993), Walski, (1994), Oshodi and Oloni, (2008) and
Broookshire and Whittington, (1993).

The severity of the above problem serves as the impetus and rationale for this study.
Specifically, this study investigated whether there are significant difference in the way
respondents using Iju-Ishaga as a case study perceive the problems of public water distribution
based on some socio-demographic factors such as gender, marital status and socio-economic
background. This is with a view of determining the nature of problem limiting water and
distribution access to safe and potable water supply.

This chapter provides an overview of the thesis. The objective of this introductory
section is to assess water and sanitation problems in the rural community of study area. The
structure of the chapter firstly presents a limited background analysis of study area, including
demographic, socio-economic and geographic factors. Secondly, it will outline the problem
statement, objectives, the hypothesis and significance of the study. Thirdly, it will give a brief
outline of the methodology for the study and lastly, it gives conclusion of the study.

1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STATEMENT

Water supply to New Forest community is not reliable. Linked to water supply is poor
sanitation. According to Water service report tool (s.a:7) water and sanitation supply in study
area is below RDP standard. Most household in study area uses pit latrines.

The current water supply system does not have sufficient capacity to cope with the

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demands. The communal standpipes in the area do not receive water for longer period. There
is always a regular breakdown of electric engine that is used to pump water. One of the major
challenges in this area is infrastructure failure and the municipality does not have staff capacity
or financial resources to implement such systems quickly, hence the majority of residents do
not have access to safe water and sanitation services (Raab et al., 2008:114). The failure by the
municipality to extend water and sanitation services to villagers put people at risk. The villages
are forced to use open sources water from rivers and hand dug wells which often has serious
consequences to health and hygiene.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

It is hoped that the findings of the study will provide ways to improve water and
sanitation service delivery to the rural community of study area. The findings of the study will
improve the existing water management systems and suggesting ways of conducting it. It is
also hoped that the findings will become a role model in conducting analogous research in other
communities.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

The main objective of the study is to assess the water and sanitation problems in study area.
Another focus of the study is:

To determine the causes of water shortage in study area.

To assess water sanitation infrastructure in study area.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of study is to assess the Water and Sanitation Problems in the rural area in
Ondo State, and provide possible solution to the problem water which they are encountered in
the study area.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data
collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

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Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic

This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.7 THE STUDY AREA

Akure is a city in south-western Nigeria, and is the largest city and capital of Ondo State.
The city had a population of 484,798 as at the 2006 population census. In 1915, the colonial
government merged the divisions of Owo, Ondo and Ekiti to form a new province with
headquarters in Akure. In 1976, the town became the capital of Ondo State.

Adebiyi Adegboye Adesida Afunbiowo II was chosen as the Deji of Akure on 13 August
2010 to succeed the previous Oba Oluwadamilare Adeshina, who had been dethroned on 10
June 2010 for sacrilegious misdeeds.[5] Afunbiowo's daughter, the Omoba Adetutu, was
appointed princess regent following his demise on the 30th of November, 2013.

In 2015, Prince Kola Aladetoyinbo, successfully emerged the new Monarch of Akure
after beating twelve other contestants nominated by the Osupa ruling house to become the 47th
Deji of Akure.

GEOGRAPHICAL PLACE

Akure lies about 7015 north of the equator and 5015 east of the Meridian. It is about
700 km Southwest of Abuja and 311 km north of Lagos State. Residential districts are of
varying density, some area such as Arakale, Ayedun Quarters, Ijoka, and Oja-Oba consist of
over 200 persons per hectare, while areas such as Ijapo Estate, Alagbaka Estate, Avenue and
Idofin have between 60-100 people per hectare.[6] The town is situated in the tropic rainforest
zone in Nigeria.

AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCE

Akure has two television and Seven radio stations NTA Akure,[7] Ondo State
Television,[8] Sunshine Radio Akure, Adaba FM, FUTA FM, Positive FM Akure, Orange FM,
Galaxy Radio and Breeze FM. Akure is the trade center for a farming region where cocoa,
yams, cassava, corn and tobacco are grown. Cotton is also grown and used to weave cloth.

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HEALTH AND EDUCATION

The state specialist hospital in Akure is equipped and staffed with trained medical
personnel to cater to the health needs of the populace. To supplement the efforts of the state
specialist hospital in this regard, there are other government health centres and private clinics.
'Abiye' health programme of Governor Mimiko administration was recognized by World Health
Organization (WHO) as one of the best health programmes on maternal health programme with
the establishment of Mother-Child hospital in Akure.

In the last decade most of the roads are not tarred and some are not up to the required
standard. Industries in the area was ineffective by the poor condition of the road which is needed
effective transportation of their product.

Most of the building constructed in the study area in the last ten dont have approve
building plan, and some of the buildings fall short of the required standard. Where the planning
standard was not effective.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

There are abundant literature materials on water supply and sanitation in developed and
developing countries. Therefore, available literature relevant to the study has been reviewed
under the following sub-headings: conceptual frame work; theoretical frame work; Sources,
importance of water supply and sanitation; Water supply and sanitation service delivery;
Constraints and prospects of potable water supply and sanitation; Empirical studies on water
supply and sanitation.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This section is concerned with the conceptualization of service delivery, water supply,
sanitation, constraints and prospects by authors from different discipline such as public health,
English, Environmental Sciences, Hydrology and Waste Management Service Authorities.
Procter (1996) defined service as a system or organization that provides for basic public health
needs. Such public health needs, for example include potable water supply and sanitation.

According to Robinson and Davidson (2006) service refers to condition or occupation

of being a servant or someone who services. Allen and Graham (2002) conceptualized service
as work or duty carried out for a person, organization or country especially when considered as
contributory to the welfare of others. For instance health services, such as potable water supply
and sanitation are public welfare services. The definition by Allen and Graham above has been
adopted in the present study, that is service delivery refers to work, duty or things provided for
public welfare.

There are various services such as agriculture, industry, and health service delivery; but
the study focus on health service delivery. According to Onuzuluike (2005) public health
service comprised vital services usually offered by government and voluntary organizations for
preventing diseases, promotion of health and wellbeing of the people. One of such element
needed for good health and vitality is adequate and satisfactory potable water supply.

The concept of adequacy could be viewed from different perspectives. Longman (2003)
stated that adequacy means quality and quantity in relation to a given situation.

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 According to Davidson and Robinson (2006) adequacy is that which take into account
the beneficiaries perception based on category of a commodity. Discussing the benefits of
adequate water facilities to the wellbeing of urban dwellers, Alaba and Alaba (2001) stated that
adequate provision of potable water supply and sanitation by the target population enhance
efficiency and contributes to standard of living. Water supply facilities that are adequately and
satisfactorily provided impact basic welfare which improves individual and community health.
Longman (2003) defined satisfaction as a feeling of happiness when you get what you wanted.
Hornby (2005) saw satisfaction as a feeling of pleasure because one has achieved something.

Pereault and McCarthy (1996) stated that most organizations that render specific
services to target population do so in order to satisfy the beneficiaries. According to them if the
expected level of quality service is obtained, the beneficiaries are satisfied. Pereault and
McCarthy (1996) further stated that every organization explore avenues on how to effectively
satisfy their beneficiaries needs. They maintained that organizations which find better ways of
satisfying their target population grow in business.

Contributing Bamossy and Semenik (1993) conceptualized satisfaction as utility.

According to them, there are four types of utility among which are form utility created when a
useful commodity is provided, time utility refers to satisfaction derived from timely service;
and place utility meaning satisfaction beneficiaries get when a service is located where the
people wanted it. In the context of the present study, satisfaction refers to utility derive from
potable water supply and sanitation services. Adequate and satisfactory water supply provided
and maintained is life enhancing. For instance water collected from natural spring, rain and pipe
borne water is good for human consumption.

Provision of adequate potable water supply, satisfies thirst and give happiness.
Haughton (2004) conceptualized water supply as a process or activity by which water is
provided for use. For example, potable water provided by WaterAid Nigeria for a community,
is redistributed to households, churches, offices, schools or business premises. Robinson and
Davidson (2006) perceived water supply as obtaining and distribution of water to a town or
community. Contributing, Sofoluwe, Shram and Ogunmekan (1996) stated that the service
delivery of potable water supply and sanitation is better in urban centers.

According to DFID (2000) water from borehole is safe and provides good source of
water technology option in some areas; but where water table is deep motorized boreholes can

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be embarked upon. However, motorized borehole requires electricity or powerful generating
plant to pump water out. Water Aid Nigeria appears to be making plans for the provision of
motorized boreholes and dams perhaps as a result that such projects are capital intensive. From
observation, water supply being rendered by Water Aid Nigeria in the State include: shallow
boreholes, rain water harvesters and protected hand dug wells which provide some measure of
safe and acceptable water supply. Public boreholes are distributed in public places, connected
to settlement areas and houses to supply people with safe water. Similarly, storage tanks, rain
water harvesters, hand dug wells and other water storage systems are provided by WaterAid
Nigeria both for use and for water reserve until there is demand for water during dry season.

Water treatment stations were operated by the State Water Board, for the treatment of
contaminated water by air to remove dissolved gases, filtration to remove impurities,
disinfection with chlorine and application of water guide or heat to kill microorganisms in water
before it is supplied to the public for consumption.

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical approach to the present study was based on theories of health which
described the way and manner people believe and react to issues and problems such as service
delivery, constraints and prospect of potable water supply and sanitation by WaerAid Nigeria.
The relevant theories reviewed were used later to explain the findings of the study. The theories
relevant to the study include: the health belief model, trans-theoretical model and the self-
efficacy theory.

2.4 SOURCES, IMPORTANCE OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Achalu and Achalu (2004) listed sources of water as follows: rain; surface water
comprising streams, lakes and rivers and underground water comprising wells and spring. They
further stated that rain water is pure but pick up impurities from the atmosphere, roofs and
gutters. Surface water is contaminated by human beings and animals, while the underground
water is pure and safe for drinking.

Continuing Lucas and Gilles (2006) listed sources of water supply as follows: rain,
lakes, ponds, streams and rivers. Park (2007) stated that good sources of water must conform
to two criteria. First the quantity must be sufficient for the present and future needs. Secondly,
the quality of water must be socially acceptable to the people or consumers.

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 They further listed rain, surface water and underground water as the three main sources
of water supply. Water is a source of fluid for man and animals, a means of transport, navigation
and communication system, trade routes and naval military base and boundary. Water is a
medium for recreation such as swimming, boating and fishing, tourist centre, an agent for
cleansing, and cooling the body, objects of the environment, source for irrigation, and adjunct
to innumerable industrial process; a conveyor for the disposal of human and industrial wastes,
medium for systems, heating, air conditioning, dams and a means of extinguishing fire. Water
is used for oral rehydration therapy is medicinal. (Sofolluwe, Schram and Ogunmekan,1996).

Although water is available and free, it is not found everywhere, when found in some
area; human activities render it unsuitable for human consumption. Scarcity of water made
Women and school age children especially girls spend hours in search of water. They walk long
distances during dry season to obtain water from rivers, streams, and wells.

These sources are often contaminated with human and animal wastes, giving rise to
incidence of water and sanitation related diseases with some resulting in mortality (Sofolluwe,
Schram and Ogunmekan, 1996). WHO (2002) stated that potable water supply and sanitation
is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. WHO further stated that potable water
supply and sanitation is a prerequisite for the realization of other human rights; such as
preserving health of women and children in terms of reduction in water and sanitation related
diseases which account for most sickness and death among people in developing countries
including Nigeria. Adequate and quality water supply is not only a vital environmental health
need to life but they play significant roles in socio-economic and political development of
human population.

WHO further stated that one of the importance of providing potable water supply and
sanitation for communities and. Households is that water supply contributes to peoples
physical growth and development as well as meeting the socio-economic development of the
people. Water serves other important functions in agriculture such as farming, fishing, animal
husbandry, and food processing. The people who are sixty years and above but have access to
potable water supply and sanitation facilities live longer (WHO, 2002).

Ogbuji (2003) listed the benefits of potable water in terms of psychological satisfaction
and happiness. According to Ogbuji water is used for irrigation, dams, hydroelectric power
supply and satisfy thirst. When water is used in terms of oral rehydration therapy, cleaning of

13
wound or infused intravenously it is medicinal. Water is used for domestic, industrial and
commercial purposes (Achalu and Achalu, 2004; Park, 2007).

WHO (2006) stated that each one pound invested on the provision of public potable
water supply and sanitation is capable of yielding economic return of three to four pounds
sterling depending on the region of the World where such investment was made. WHO further
stated that households served with potable water supply and sanitation services are likely to
suffer less morbidity and mortality arising from poor water quality and sanitation.

The WHO maintained that medical costs borne by households as a result of ill-health
such as diarrhoea episodes globally will be reduced by ten per cent if potable water is available.
According to the WHO, such medical cost put together annually amounted to as much as seven
billion pounds. WHO contended that reduction in the number of ill-health in adults leads to
increase in the number of working days without excuse duty when potable water and sanitary
facilities are sited close to where people live, school or work environments; and health hazard
such as snake bite occurring to people who defecate in the bush are averted.

According to WASH (2006) sanitation enhance use of local materials, acceptability,

affordability, and sharing of latrines. Sanitation target is that every household in a community
to own and use latrine and sharing of neighborhood toilets. Proper sanitation prevents flies and
smell in toilets and in homes, break chain of disease transmission such as those associated with
poor water and sanitation practices. It ensures personal, food, water and environmental hygiene.
Sanitation is child- and -disabled friendly. Adoption of latrine option whether traditional or
sophisticated latrine gives household and communities dignity, self respect, opportunity to
participate in decision making and enactment of community policy or community bylaws
regarding water supply and sanitation service delivery.

2.5 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICE DELIVERY

Water Aid Organization was formed in 1981 in response to the launching of

International Drinking Water Decade of 1980-1991. It is the United Kingdoms major
International Charity Non-Governmental Organization dedicated exclusively to the provision
of safe domestic water supply and sanitation in vulnerable communities.

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A new approach in sanitation called community led total sanitation (CLTS) involve refuse and
sewage disposal by the use of household latrines, safe management of child stool, drainages
and general environmental hygiene.

Following outbreak of guinea worm and other water and sanitation related diseases in
Oju local Government Area; Water Aid Organization was invited by the Department for
International Development (DFID) to Oju Benue State in 1996 to support the people with the
provision of public potable water supply and sanitation (Ebismieju, 2006, Ocholi, 2006).

Water Aid Nigeria the same year began pilot water scheme and sanitation work
processes so as to sustain public potable water supply and sanitation services delivery in Benue
State. Water Aid Nigeria built the capacity of community institutions including staff and
coordinators who are the administrative heads of water and sanitation unit at the Local
Government level for the management of Water supply and sanitation. They embark on drilling
and installation of pubic bore holes, hand dug wells, and rain water harvesters; and ensure even
distribution of water to people in households, churches, offices and business premises.
According to UN (1990) water from bore hole is safe and provides socially acceptable water
supply especially for drinking. Water from rain water harvester is second followed by water
from hand dug wells.

2.6 EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Akpovi (1984) studied refuse disposal as an urban sanitation problem in Benin city. The
cross sectional survey research design was utilized. The population for the study comprised all
the residents in the city. The sample consisted of 764 respondents. The instrument for the data
collection was questionnaire. The result of the study showed that 80 per cent of households in
the area had inadequate refuse bins. The result further shows that the few refuse bins available
were not emptied regularly.

Asogwa (1990) studied sanitation and health problems in Nigerian cities. A case study
of Enugu urban. The study utilized case study design. The population for the study comprised
residents of the area. The sample was selected randomly from seventeen residential areas of the
town. The result of the study shows that income level was a major determinant of the levels of
environmental sanitation in the area. The results further, showed that pipe borne water supply
and sanitation including refuse and sewage disposal were inadequate.

15
 Opara (1991) studied the problem of environmental sanitation in Oweri urban. The
survey research design was utilized. The population for the study comprised 25,000 urban
households. The sample consisted of 248 respondents. The instrument used for data collection
was questionnaire. The result of the study showed that all the respondents have access to
adequate and regular pipe borne water supply. The result further shows that open vehicle was
used to convey refuse to final disposal sites.

Obilom (1993) studied evaluation of the role of Anambra State Environmental

Sanitation Authority (ASESA) in the disposal of refuse in Enugu and Onitsha urban. Survey
research design was utilized. The population for the study comprised the entire permanent staff
of ASESA in Enugu and Onitsha urban. Stratified random sampling technique was utilized to
select a sample of 218 respondents. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The
data collected were analyzed using percentages and means. The result of the study showed that
the objectives of ASESA were moderately achieved.

Ezedum (1998) studied community participation in rural sanitation and water supply
among residents of Edem Ani, Nsukka. The survey research design was employed in the study.
The population for the study comprised the entire residents of the area. The study sample
consisted of forty heads of households. The sample was drawn using systematic random and
purposive sampling techniques. The data collected for the study were quantitative and
qualitative. The quantitative data were collected with the use of questionnaire while the
qualitative data were derived through interview. The results of the study indicated that the
residents of the area actively participated in the provision of water supply and sanitation
facilities. Alumona (1998) studied management of refuse by the staff of University of Nigeria,
Nsukka. The cross-sectional survey research design was utilized. The population for the study
comprised 412 house wives on campus. The sample consisted of 125 house wives selected from
250 households. The result showed that staff in the residential quarters of the University used
different receptacles to collect and store refuse.

The result further shows that open dumping was used as final refuse disposal sites along
road side, nearby bush and vegetable garden Coker, Sikiru, Sridhar and Sangodoyin (1999)
studied characterization and management of solid wastes in Ibadan. The study utilized survey
research design. The population for the study comprised staff of the hospitals. All the staff
present on duty at the time of the investigation were utilized. The instrument for data collection
was questionnaire and direct observation The result of the study showed that waste management

16
in all the hospitals studied were in a deplorable state. Open dumping and burning were used for
refuse disposal with adverse effect from smoke on the residents. The study further showed that
the disposal sites were not fenced and so attracted human and animal scavengers. The result
further shows that wheel barrows were the main vehicle utilized in conveying waste. Cleaners
designated for collecting waste were not provided with protective devices. They observed that
there was no policy on waste management in Nigeria.

Lagho (2001) studied utilization of safe water supply and sanitation facilities among
urban households in Pathon, Thailand. Cross sectional survey research design was utilized. The
population for the study comprised all the residents of the area of the study. The sample
consisted of 97 householders. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The result
of the study showed that respondents identified poverty and lack of infrastructure as constraints
to utilization of household water supply and sanitation. The result further shows that poverty
particularly constrained the ambition of the urban poor from participating in the provision of
water supply and sanitation.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Chapter discusses the approaches used in achieving the aim and objectives of the
study. It discusses the research design, study population, the sample frame, sample size and its
characteristics, the sampling methods adopted, sources and instruments of data collection, data
analysis and presentation. It explains the use of pilot survey for ascertaining the validity and
reliability of data collection instrument (questionnaire)

3.2 SAMPLING METHOD

The researcher selected the community of study area, in Local Municipality as the area
of interest. This was because the researcher was familiar with this area. The area is faced with
water and sanitation problem. The target for sampling is only the households. The community
of study area consist of 430 households with the population of 913. Among 430 households
only 50 households will be surveyed.

Random sampling will be used to select households; this is because random sampling
gives each household an equal chance to be selected. The households will be numbered from 0
to 100. The first number is house number 1, then followed house number 3, then 5, 7, 9, 11, 13,
15, 17, 19 until 100. In order words the researcher sampled household 1, but household 2 was
not sampled then continued to household 3 and again household 4 was not sampled then
continued to household 5 until household 100.

3.3 DATA COLLECTING TOOLS

The use of literature review, questionnaires, observation and telephone interview to

collect data was employed in this study. Questionnaires, site observation and telephone
interview were chosen because they ensure ease of access to the villagers. The literature review
was used as a source of collecting secondary data. Primary data was collected through the use
of questionnaire, site observation and telephone interview.

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QUESTIONNAIRES

The research employed the use of questionnaires. Questionnaires were used to collect
both quantitative data (closed ended questions) and qualitative data (open ended questions).
The questionnaires were distributed personally in each household in the community of New
Forest. The questionnaire consisted of a set of questions that were presented to the head of the
household for answers. Questions were asked in Yoruba language as this was the local language
and the answers were ticked or written down. In addition, those who were surveyed were asked
a number of questions in indicative of their demographics, employment status, educational
status, environmental and water status, the coping strategies, the sources used for water, types
of toilet used and municipality intervention.

QUESTIONNAIRES ANALYSIS

Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Excel database was created. Every
response item on the questionnaire was carefully entered as a numbered code under the
questions header in the Microsoft excel when the entire survey questionnaires was collected.
Going through each questionnaire after entering data was done for accuracy as well as referring
back to the aims of the study.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE

The community was not involved in any water project and decision making. Not
involving the community in decision making have weakens water and sanitation service
delivery for example they have no choice in selecting the appropriate technology for their
community, such as boreholes or hand pump. This was motivated by Barat (2007) that a factor
that undermines the sustainability of improved services includes participation community Most
respondents mentioned that they want the government to intervene to water and sanitation
problems.

RECOMMENDATION

Most of the villagers in New Forest have back yard gardens, domestic animals and
businesses that require water for functioning. Investing in rainwater harvesting technologies
will help in mitigating water problems. The government should introduce and promote simple
and cost-effective technologies for rainwater harvesting. The government should also commit
itself to providing financial assistance to poor household for the capital cost of rainwater

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underground tanks. Rainwater harvesting underground tanks can be alternative, much cheaper
than yard taps. Rainwater harvesting tanks can provide water for domestic use, livestock and
gardening. Their advantage is that they can provide water when water is not available.

CONCLUSION

The objective of the study was to assess water and sanitation problems in study area
community. The assessment of water and sanitation problems in this community established
that people faces a severe water crisis. Studies showed that by 2025 the world population could
be facing severe water shortage.

The study highlighted significant problems in equity and sustainability of rural water
and sanitation service delivery. The causes of water and sanitation problem according to review
of the literature were due to infrastructure failure, poverty, low coverage, low allocation of
funds for water supply and sanitation, lack of water availability (rainfall), population growth,
privatization of water services and unplanned settlements. The obstacles to improving water
supply include lack of human resources, lack of financial resources, unclear roles and
responsibilities. The analysis of the study has been done based upon responses to the different
questions by the villagers. The analysis gave a picture of what was causing water and sanitation
problems.

The analysis of the study threw up a very water. This study presents a synthesis of
findings from a research project. The findings of the research showed that water shortages were
due to weak infrastructure, systems that were not repaired and maintained which makes systems
to fall into disuse. Water shortages were also due to insufficient water capacity, contaminating
existing water sources and lack of communication by government officials to the villagers. The
villagers collect water from unreliable sources and were still using pit latrines as their coping
strategy. Water shortages have a great impact on community activities.

In conclusion public action is needed to remedy this unacceptable situation in study

area, it must be action based on clear policy which is premised on the rights of all people to
determine their own future. The government must ensure that all people have access to basic
water and sanitation services at a cost which is affordable to the rural households and to the
country as whole.

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