2016 HigHer ScHool certificate

examination

REFERENCE SHEET

Mathematics

Mathematics Extension 1

Mathematics Extension 2

 Mathematics

Factorisation Distance between two points

( )( )
a2 b2 = a + b a b d= ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 ab + b 2 )

a3 b3 = ( a b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) Perpendicular distance of a point from a line

ax1 + by1 + c
d=
a2 + b2
Angle sum of a polygon
S = ( n 2 ) 180 Slope (gradient) of a line
y2 y1
m=
x2 x1
Equation of a circle

( x h )2 + ( y k )2 = r 2 Point-gradient form of the equation of a line

y y1 = m ( x x1 )

Trigonometric ratios and identities

opposite side 1 nth term of an arithmetic series

sin = cosec =
hypotenuse sin Tn = a + ( n 1) d
adjacent side 1
cos = sec =
hypotenuse cos Sum to n terms of an arithmetic series
opposite side sin n n
tan = tan = Sn = [ 2a + ( n 1) d ] or Sn = (a + l )
adjacent side cos 2 2
cos
cot =
sin nth term of a geometric series

sin 2 + cos2 = 1 Tn = ar n1

Exact ratios
Sum to n terms of a geometric series

30
Sn =
(
a rn 1 ) or Sn =
(
a 1 rn )

2 3 r 1 1 r
2 45
1

45 60 Limiting sum of a geometric series

1 1
a
S=
Sine rule 1 r
a b c
= = Compound interest
sin A sin B sinC
r n
Cosine rule An = P 1 +
100
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cosC

Area of a triangle
1
Area = absinC
2

 Mathematics (continued)
Differentiation from first principles Integrals

( x + h) ( x ) ( ax + b )n+1
( x ) = lim ( ax + b ) n
dx = +C
h0 h a ( n + 1)

Derivatives ax+b 1
e dx = e ax+b + C
a
dy
If y = x n , then = nx n1
dx ( x )
( x ) dx = ln ( x ) + C
dy dv du
If y = uv , then =u +v
dx dx dx
1
sin ( ax + b ) dx = a cos ( ax + b ) + C
du dv
v u
u dy dx dx
If y = , then = 2 1
v dx v cos ( ax + b ) dx = a sin ( ax + b ) + C

dy du
If y = F ( u ) , then = F ( u )
dx dx 1
sec ( ax + b ) dx = a tan ( ax + b ) + C
2

dy
If y = e ( x ) , then = ( x ) e ( x )
dx
Trapezoidal rule (one application)
dy ( x ) b
If y = loge ( x ) = ln ( x ) , then = ba
dx (x) ( x ) dx 2 ( a ) + ( b )
a
dy
If y = sin ( x ) , then = ( x ) cos ( x )
dx Simpsons rule (one application)
dy b
If y = cos ( x ) , then = ( x ) sin ( x ) ba a + b
dx ( x ) dx 6 ( a ) + 4 2 + ( b )
a
dy
If y = tan ( x ) , then = ( x ) sec 2 ( x )
dx
Logarithms change of base
logb x
loga x =
Solution of a quadratic equation logb a
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
Angle measure
Sum and product of roots of a quadratic equation 180 = p radians
b c
+ = =
a a Length of an arc
l = rq
Equation of a parabola

( x h )2 = 4a ( y k ) Area of a sector
1
Area = r 2q
2

3
 Mathematics Extension 1
Angle sum identities Acceleration

sin ( + f ) = sin cos f + cos sin f d 2x dv dv d 1 2

2 = = v = v
dt dt dx dx 2
cos ( + f ) = cos cos f sin sin f
tan + tan f
tan ( + f ) = Simple harmonic motion
1 tan tan f
x = b + a cos nt + ( )
t formulae x!! = n 2 x b ( )

If t = tan , then
2
2t
sin = Further integrals
1 + t2
1 t2 1 x
cos = 2 dx = sin 1 + C
1 + t2 a x2 a
2t
tan = 1 1 x
1 t2 2 dx = tan 1 + C
a +x
2 a a
General solution of trigonometric equations

sin = a, = n + ( 1)n sin 1 a

Sum and product of roots of a cubic equation
cos = a, = 2n cos1 a
b
tan = a, = n + tan 1 a + + =
a
c
+ + =
a
Division of an interval in a given ratio
d
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 =
a
m + n , m + n
Estimation of roots of a polynomial equation

Newtons method
Parametric representation of a parabola
For x 2 = 4ay,
( x1 )
x2 = x1
x = 2at, y = at 2 ( x1 )

(
At 2at, at 2 , )
tangent: y = tx at 2 Binomial theorem
3
normal: x + ty = at + 2at n n
n n
( a+b ) n
= k a k bnk = k ank b k
At ( x1 , y1 ) , k =0 k =0

tangent: xx1 = 2a ( y + y1 )
2a
normal: y y1 = ( x x1 )
x1

( )
Chord of contact from x0 , y0 : xx0 = 2a y + y0 ( )

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2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW