Chemistry lag Qolg- 216 /Aa thoe M.Taiseen (Mechanica) engineer aoa 4 s x LSs gc De dell sh Authoc M.Taiseer al ov tng Metaiseenq orime ty Asthor go + bel Nact+les M. Tar'see" # calorinetrd:- wuteelertian Mechanice) engineer measecment of heak chenges: ngineer # calorimeter. S 2 pevice that is ysed to meesure Ine bent of Xo a hea - heat Heat of = athe ne dtya breabs oh folabi on ff Sy DH sabioe DP new aan (Mas @) (ag PED) Eien 36) (esi 96913 Scart ei AH = me of solutron (9) & specific heat (z) 3 {at (+9) eactes of gauetten ——e a ey Coc of heat equeed be cat specific heat () = a mount [ degree & fhe bempenature aie oro by (e103) DH jon: heat flow — duving Pros of selubvon lo! o> a \s1 paso 228 Sle eee BETO Bs li o> <———— ae ’ Tet Sligeoaly y a ; pecs 5 > iy)p GBA oe sto Go!) 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The fe mperathure of the morte 15 oe BS find DH aif satadron of (c: “0 Y,) 5 eke ena | 9/me in crevsed My, Sensit if bE ee C increesel = Al és -ve) DH 2 Msatabion ee sls 4.13 > wm DenSito ~ na $5 mass zt : Y er. ls. le (on eL ie = Nslime veve- 2L masse tomy 202° i) pit aor g.bee UNG = |) Fin) wer Specific ont “a y te mish sp ¥ ~ wer'g ht Ge 4.) d Oa opie ps eryExperiment (9) Calorimetry ae 55 To measure heat of reaction Introduction : ‘This experiment is designed to measure the HEATS OF REACTION of series of chemicel reactions. ‘There are several knids of "heats of reactions’, such as heat of solution, heat of neutralization, heat of combustion, heat of formation, etc. However, we shall study only the first two of these. 1. Heat of solution: it is the heat flow during the pers of solution; as an example when ‘NaOH dissolves in water, hydrated ions are form ‘and heat is released. The solution absorbs this heat and, therefore increases in temperature. Ckaaeragc NaOH —224H,0 Naas + OH aq + Heat AH, ‘Where the heat of solution in kJ is AH psartin s OW yeabenliaa hier _ 2 Combined. heat of solution and heat of ‘neutralization: in a second reaction, solid sodium "hydroxide is reacted with an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. During this reaction, heal yater and a dilute aqueous solution of sodium ions and chloride ions are formed. This ° f time both the heat of solution and the heat of neutralization are released: NaOH +H ey Cleg > H2O+Na"eq* Clay Heat AH ee Bare Yeti acid ‘Where the combined heat of solution and heat of ‘neutralization in kJ is AH. 3. Heat of neutralization: It is the heat evolved, at constant pressure, when acids are ~~ neutralized” with: bases.” It can ‘be- obtained -from- the two- steps- above- The- difference. ‘between the heat of reactoin obtained by dissolving solid NaOH in aquesous HCL solution (step 2) and the heat of solution obtained by dissolving solid NaOH ‘in water (stepI). 44, The final experiment of this laboratory class will be to determine the heat of solution of an ‘unknown salt, as in (step 1) above. DV ee Da - BH aime) selabie @ 5 GS 58 Dax, > OM nets or AUvanprado Example 1 Ca sto tO ‘A 2.00 g sample of solid CsOH is dissolved in 200.0 ml. of water in a calorimeter. The temperature of the water was raised from 22.3 to 23.4 °C. Calculate the heat of sotution in Kifmol. (assume the specific heat of the solution to be 4.184 J/g °C and the density of the solution to be 1.00 g/mL). WA\axr wKX5) bo ceoh= “14 uaod® S¢ a. Temperature change, AT= 23.4- 22.3 = 1.1 °C +b. Total mass of solution, m, (200.0 mL water) (1.00 g/mL) + 2.00 g CsOH =202.0 8 c. Heat absorbed by the solution = heat evolved by CsOH= D He Mass of solutin x specific heat ofsolution x AT = 202.0 gx 4.184 Ug*Cx11°C=9303 => —V?° 4. Moles of CsOH = mass/Molar mass = 2.00 g / 149.9 g /mol = 0.01334 mol ¢. Heat evolved per mole of CsOH = 930 1/0.01334 mol =-7.0x 10° I/mol £ Heat of solution in KJ/mole = (-7.0 x 10* J/mol) x (1 kI/10° J) = -70 kJ/mol Note: the minus sign shows that the reaction is exothermic; i.e heat is given off (evolved) by the system. ‘Example 2 Gay a> eee BF se P 'A.2.00 g sample of solid CsOH reacted with 200.0 mL of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCI) in a calorimeter, the temperature of the solution increased from 22.3 to 24.3 SC. Calculate the heat of reaction in kI/mol? (Assume the specific heat of the solution to be 4.184 J/g°C and the density of the solution to be 1.00 g/mL) wlsv ws" ** & a, Temperature change, AT = 2.0 °C b. Total mass of solution = 202,08, c. Heat absorbed by the solution = 202.0 X 4.184 X 2.0 pp Seo Be ws =1.7X10°3 jd, Moles of CsOH = 0.01334 mol me ae Oa - O59 Heat evolved per mole of CsOH = 1.3 x 10° Jimol op at. of reaction in KI /mol = 1.3 X 10° kJ /mol : Note: The difference in the heat of reaction (Example 2) and the heat of solution (Examplet) is the heat of neutralization. So the heat of neutralization of CsOH with HCI is (60KS mol af © paw = oe -60 oe 62 pe : a ua) 2 hi al aos eee ADE the ee AW pe 59Experimental Procedure: Sa ‘Assume that the density of all solutions is 1.00 g/mL and their specific heat is 4.184 Tg °C. ‘A. Determination of the heat of solution for NaOH (AH, 1. Add 100.0 mL of water to the calorimeter. 2. Close the calorimeter and stir the water until a constant temperature is reached. Record the temperature of water. 3. Weigh accurately about 2.0 g of NaOH. You should weigh the NaOH fast, since itis very HYGROSCOPIC. 4, Add the solid NaOH to the water in the calorimeter. Stir gently. Read the temperature every 30 seconds. Record the maximum temperature reached. B. Determination of the heat of reaction (AH;) 1. Add 100.0 mL of 0.500 M HCI solution to the calorimeter. 2. Stir the solution as in procedure 1 above, and record the initial temperature, 3. Weigh accurately about 2.0 g of NaOH. You should weigh the NaOH fast, since it is very HYGROSCOPIC. 4. Add the solid NaOH to the HCI solution in the calorimeter and stir gently until the ‘maximum temperature is reached. Record the maximum (final) temperature. C. Determination of the heat of solution of an unknown salt: 1. Pick up an unknown salt from the instructor and record the unknown number on the report sheet. You will be given the molar mass of the salt. 2. Repeat the procedure in part A, using 3.0 g of the unknown salt in place of NaOH.