Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6SDWLDOG\QDPLFVFDQEHFRQYHQLHQWO\DQDO\]HGLQDVL[GLPHQVLRQDOIRUPDOLVP7KRVHRI\RX
ZKRDUHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKH NLQHPDWLFFRQFHSWVRIVFUHZVPRWRUV GXDOVELQRUVRUG\DGLFV
PD\ILQGLWXVHIXOWRFRPSDUHWKRVHIRUPDOLVPVZLWKWKLVRQH
$Q\VSDWLDOYHFWRULVFRPSRVHGRIDIUHHSDUWDQGDOLQHSDUW7KHIUHHSDUWLVOLNHDWRUTXH
YHFWRUDZLQGRUDQDQJXODUYHORFLW\LWFRQWDLQVMXVWDPDJQLWXGHDQGGLUHFWLRQ7KHOLQH
SDUWLVOLNHDIRUFHYHFWRUDEXOOHWWUDMHFWRU\RUDGLVSODFHPHQWLWFRQWDLQVPDJQLWXGHDQG
GLUHFWLRQEXWLWDOVRWUDYHOVDORQJDSDUWLFXODUOLQHLQVSDFH$Q\VSDWLDOYHFWRU
a =
a O
LVDOLQHYHFWRULI &
aO = 0 ZKHUH aO = A
&
EHFDXVHLWUHSUHVHQWVWKHYHFWRU SDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHSRLQW A &DQRQLFDOO\LIWKHILUVW
FRPSRQHQWRIDVSDWLDOYHFWRULV]HURLWLVDIUHHYHFWRUZKHUHDVLIWKHVHFRQGLV]HURLWLVD
OLQHYHFWRU
$ULJLGERG\VYHORFLW\LVFRPSOHWHO\VSHFLILHGE\LWVDQJXODUYHORFLW\DQGWKHYHORFLW\RIRQH
SRLQWRQWKHULJLGERG\)RUFRQYHQLHQFHZHDJUHHWKDWDVSDWLDOYHORFLW\
v =
vO
LVDFRPSRVLWHYHFWRUFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHDQJXODUYHORFLW\ DQGWKHYHORFLW\RIWKHSRLQW
LQVWDQWDQHRXVO\DWWKHRULJLQ vO 7KXVWKHOLQHDUYHORFLW\RIDSRLQW 3RQWKHERG\LV
&
v P = vO + P E\WKHVKLIWLQJUXOHRIFODVVLFDOPHFKDQLFV
7KHIRUPXODIRUDULJLGERG\FRRUGLQDWHWUDQVIRUPFDQEHIRXQGE\FRQVLGHULQJWKH
WUDQVODWLRQDQGURWDWLRQFDVHVVHSDUDWHO\6LQFHWUDQVODWLQJWKHRULJLQIURP 2WR3FKDQJHV
a = WR &
a O a O + P
DQGDURWDWLRQFKDQJHVWKHOLQHDQGIUHHFRPSRQHQWYHFWRUVE\ FDUWHVLDQURWDWLRQWKH
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQZKLFKVKLIWV 2WR3IROORZHGE\URWDWLRQE\ (DERXW3LVH[SUHVVHGE\
=
E 0
E
X
Er
P O T
1H[WZHFRQVLGHUGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQLQPRYLQJFRRUGLQDWHV/HWSRLQW 3EHPRYLQJDWYHORFLW\
vO 7KHQ O X P = vO O X P ZKHUH GHQRWHVFRPSRQHQWZLVHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQDQG LV
t t
a a 0
WKHVSDWLDOFURVVRSHUDWRUGHILQHGVRWKDW = 7KLVFDQEHGHULYHGE\
b b a
WUDQVIRUPLQJDYHFWRULQWRDVWDWLRQDU\FRRUGLQDWHV\VWHPWDNLQJWKHGHULYDWLYHDQG
WUDQVIRUPLQJLWEDFN)LQDOO\ZHFRQFOXGHWKDWLI a LVPRYLQJZLWKYHORFLW\ v WKHQWKH
GHULYDWLYHRI a LV v a
1H[WZHDUULYHDWWKHFRQFHSWRIVSDWLDODFFHOHUDWLRQ6LQFHVSDWLDODFFHOHUDWLRQKDVWZR
FRPSRQHQWVFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHGHULYDWLYHRIWKHDQJXODUDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGWKHGHULYDWLYHRIWKH
OLQHDUYHORFLW\RIWKHSRLQWLQVWDQWDQHRXVO\DWWKHRULJLQWKLVPHDQVWKDWFHQWULSHWDO
DFFHOHUDWLRQLV]HUR,IWKHHDUWKUHYROYHVLQDSHUIHFWFLUFOHDURXQGWKHVXQWKHQLWKDV ]HUR
FHQWULSHWDODFFHOHUDWLRQ
)RUH[DPSOHIRUD'2)MRLQWZKLFKUHYROYHVDERXWWKH]D[LVZHZRXOGKDYH
0
0
1
S =
0
0
0
VLQFHWKLVH[WUDFWVWKH WKH]DQJXODUFRPSRQHQWRIWKHDQJXODUYHORFLW\7KLVOHWV\RXSURMHFW
RXWWKHDFWLYHFRPSRQHQWVRIDIRUFHDQGDGGWKHUHOHYDQWRQHVWRWKHFXUUHQWMRLQWV
YHORFLW\
2QWRWKHSK\VLFV:HPXVWILUVWILQGWKHVSDWLDOLQHUWLDRIDERG\:HDVVXPHWKDWWKH[
URWDWLRQDOLQHUWLDPDWUL[ ,LVNQRZQWKHGLDJRQDOHOHPHQWVDUHWKHPRPHQWVDERXWWKH[\
DQG]D[HVUHVSHFWLYHO\DQGWKHRWKHUHOHPHQWVDUHFURVV LQHUWLDVDQGWKDWWKHFHQWHURI
PDVVLVDW3:HGHILQHWKHVSDWLDOLQHUWLD I WREHWKHWHQVRUZKLFKUHODWHVVSDWLDOYHORFLW\
ZLWKVSDWLDOPRPHQWXP,I
P = linear momentum + angular momentum
mv P 0
= +
P mv p I
m(vO + ( P) )
=
I + P m(vO + ( P) )
m( P) m1
= v
I + P m ( P) P m
DQGVRZHKDYHIRXQG I
,QHUWLDVUHTXLUHVSHFLDOWUHDWPHQW7UDQVIRUPLQJWKHPIURPRQHFRRUGLQDWHIUDPHWRDQRWKHU
UHTXLUHVFRQMXJDWLRQLH IP = P X O IO O X P ZKLFKFDQEHYHULILHGGLUHFWO\E\FRQVLGHULQJ
WKHPRPHQWXPLQWKHWZRGLIIHUHQWIUDPHV7KHGHULYDWLYHRIDVSDWLDOLQHUWLDLVMXVWWKH
FRPSRQHQWZLVHGHULYDWLYH,QSDUWLFXODULIDQLQHUWLD I LVPRYLQJZLWKYHORFLW\ v WKHQWKH
GHULYDWLYHRI I LVJLYHQE\ I = v I Iv
DVFDQEHYHULILHGE\GLUHFWO\WDNLQJWKH
t
GHULYDWLYHLQWZRGLIIHUHQWIUDPHV
1RZIRUIRUFHV1HZWRQVODZDSSOLHVWKDWLV f = + v Iv
Iv = Ia :HPD\FRQVLGHU
t
WKLVWREHDQLQKRPRJHQHRXVHTXDWLRQ f = Ia + p ZKHUH p LVWKHELDVIRUFHQHFHVVDU\WR
JLYHWKHERG\]HURVSDWLDODFFHOHUDWLRQ
)LQDOO\ZHFRQVLGHUDQDUWLFXODWHGERG\LQHUWLD7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDIRUFHDSSOLHGWRD
FHUWDLQULJLGERG\DQGLWVDFFHOHUDWLRQWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWDOOWKHDVSHFWVRIWKHDUWLFXODWHG
ERG\LVOLQHDUZLWKWKH$%,EHLQJWKHWHQVRU2EYLRXVO\WKH$%,GHSHQGVRQWKH
FRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHOLQNVVLQFHDVWKHJHRPHWU\FKDQJHVWKHUHVSRQVHRIWKHUHVWRIWKH
OLQNVFKDQJHV)RUWXQDWHO\DQ$%,LVV\PPHWULFDQGSRVLWLYHGHILQLWH7KHH[DPSOHJLYHQLQ
)HDWKHUVWRQHLVLQVWUXFWLYHFRQVLGHUDEDOOPDVVP LQDSLSHPDVVP $IRUFHDORQJWKH
D[LVRIWKHSLSHOHWVFDOOLWWKH]D[LVZLOODFFHOHUDWHWKHEDOORQO\ZKHUHDVDIRUFHDORQJ
HLWKHURIWKHRWKHUD[HVZLOODFFHOHUDWHERWKWKHEDOODQGWKHSLSH7KHUHIRUHWKHPDVV
SRUWLRQXSSHUULJKWFRUQHURIWKH$%,IURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWKHSLSHLV
m1 + m2 0 0
0 m1 + m2 0
0 0 m1
1RZIRUZRUN:RUNLVIRUFHWLPHVGLVSODFHPHQW%XWWKHVFDODUSURGXFWLVQRWTXLWHWKH
VDPHIRUVSDWLDOYHFWRUVDVLWLVIRURUGLQDU\YHFWRUVWUDQVSRVLQJVZLWFKHVWKHWZRVHWVRI
WKUHHFRPSRQHQWVLWLVQRORQJHUSRVLWLYHGHILQLWHDQGLVRQO\GHILQHGEHWZHHQDIRUFHW\SH
YHFWRUDQGDGLVSODFHPHQWW\SHYHFWRU,QWKLVIDVKLRQWKHOLQHYHFWRURIIRUFHOLQHDUIRUFH
LVPXOWLSOLHGWLPHVWKHIUHHYHFWRURIGLVSODFHPHQWOLQHDUGLVSODFHPHQWDQGWKHIUHHYHFWRU
RIIRUFHDQJXODUWRUTXHLVPXOWLSOLHGWLPHVWKHOLQHYHFWRURIGLVSODFHPHQWGLIIHUHQWLDO
DQJOH7KXVWKHZRUN w LV
f
f = , d = , w = fO + f O
fO O
7KHVSDWLDOWUDQVSRVHLVGHILQHGE\VZDSSLQJWKHWZRFRPSRQHQWVIRUDPDWUL[\RXVLPSO\
VZDSWKHXSSHUOHIWDQGORZHUULJKWPDWULFHVDQGWDNHWUDGLWLRQDOWUDQVSRVHVRIWKHIRXU[
PDWULFHV7KHVSDWLDOWUDQVSRVHLVGHVLJQDWHGE\DVXSHUVFULSW 67KHVFDODUSURGXFWRIWZR
YHFWRUVLVHTXDOWRWKHVSDWLDO WUDQSRVHRIWKHILUVWWLPHVWKHVHFRQG
$ULJLGERG\LQHUWLDFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHVXPRIVL[V\PPHWULFG\DGV7KLV
VHQWHQFHLVWKHKHDGLQJRIDORQJVHFWLRQRI )HDWKHUVWRQHEXWLWVQRWUHDOO\QHFHVVDU\WR
XQGHUVWDQGLQGHSWKMXVWWKLQNRILWDVVSOLWWLQJDQ5%,LQWRFRPSRQHQWVRYHUDVL[
GLPHQVLRQDOEDVLV
,QYHUVHG\QDPLFV
,QYHUVHG\QDPLFVLVDVLPSOHSUREOHPJLYHQWKH DFFOHUDWLRQVFDOFXODWHWKHQHFHVVDU\MRLQW
IRUFHV7KHPHWKRGZHGHVFULEHLVFDOOHGWKH1HZWRQ (XOHUPHWKRG
&RPSXWHDOOWKHYHORFLWLHVDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQV
vi = Si qi + vi 1 (v0 = 0)
ai = Si qi + vi Si qi + ai 1 (a0 = 0)
&DOFXODWHWKHQHWIRUFHRQHDFKOLQN
fi net = Ii ai + vi Ii vi
&DOFXODWHWKHMRLQWIRUFHV
fi = fi +1 + fi net fi ext ( fend = fend
net
)
i Q = S S f
i i
)RUZDUGG\QDPLFV
)RUZDUGG\QDPLFVLVKDUGHUJLYHQWKHIRUFHVKRZZLOOWKHURERWPRYH"7KHUHDUHORWVRI
IRUFHSURMHFWLRQVDQGORWVRILQWHUDFWLRQV7KHDUWLFXODWHGERG\ LQHUWLDVPDNHLWHYHQPRUH
FRPSOLFDWHGEXWHVVHQWLDOO\\RXWUHDWDQQMRLQWPRYLQJURERWDVDMRLQWURERWZKRVHRXWHU
OLQNLVDYDVWDUWLFXODWHGERG\
7RVROYHDMRLQWURERW
/HWWKHEDVHEHPRYLQJZLWKYHORFLW\ vb DQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ ab /HWWKHOLQNKDYHLQHUWLD I
DQGOHWWKHMRLQWKDYHVXEVSDFH S &DOFXODWHWKHYHORFLW\DFFHOHUDWLRQDQGQHWIRUFHRIWKH
OLQNDVGHVFULEHGDERYH3URMHFWRXW Q = S S f WKHQVXEVWLWXWHWKHQHWIRUFHIRU f DQGWKH
YDOXHVRIWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGYHORFLW\LQWR f 7KHQVROYHIRU q
7RFDOFXODWHDUWLFXODWHGERG\ LQHUWLDV
/HWDQDUWLFXODWHGERG\FRPSULVHWZRPHPEHUV DQG7KHQDIRUFH f DFWLQJRQZLOOEH
GLVWULEXWHGEHWZHHQWKHWZRE\1HZWRQVODZDFFRUGLQJWR f = I a ,
1 1 1 f = I a
2 2 2
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHMRLQWVXEVSDFHPDWUL[SURMHFWVRXWWKHFRPSRQHQWWKDWDFWVRQ VLQFHLW
ZKHUHKHUH q LVVRUW
PXVWEHWUDQVPLWWHGWKURXJKWKHMRLQW7KLVPHDQVWKDW a2 = a1 + Sq
RIWKHKRPRJHQHRXVFDVHRIWKHMRLQWYHORFLW\DQGIXUWKHUPRUHVLQFH f GRHVQRZRUNLQ
2
7KH)LQDO$OJRULWKPDIWHUDGGLQJLQDOORZDQFHVIRUQRQ]HURYHORFLWLHVDQGDFWLYHIRUFHVWKH
DOJRULWKPWDNHVWKHIROORZLQJIRUPZKLFKLVKRZ,LPSOHPHQWHGLWZLWKVHYHUDOWHPSRUDU\
YDULDEOHVWRVSHHGXSFRPSXWDWLRQ
3HUFRODWHGRZQIURPWKHURRWRIWKHWUHHFDOFXODWLQJYHORFLWLHV,QDOORIWKHVHHTXDWLRQV
ODPEGDUHSUHVHQWVSDUHQWDQG QXUHSUHVHQWVFKLOG
vi = i X i v i + Si qi (v0 = q0 )
ci = vi Si qi + Si qi
3HUFRODWHEDFNXSLQVRPHRUGHUVRWKDWLQIRUPDWLRQLVQHYHUODFNLQJEDFNZDUGVDORQJ
WKHOLVWLVILQHFDOFXODWLQJ $%,V
Ii A = Ii + i X i ( IAi h i b i hSi ) i X i ( Iend
~ A
= Iend )
i
~
bi = ( SiS Ii A Si ) 1
pi = (vi Ii vi fi ext ) + i X i ( pi + IAi ci + hi bi u~i )
~
i
,IWKHURRWLVIL[HGWKHQWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQRIWKHEDVHLV]HURLIWKHURRWLVIUHHWKHQWKH
DFFHOHUDWLRQRIWKHURRWLVJLYHQE\
a0 = ( I0A ) 1 ( f0ext p 0 ), a0 = q0
7KLVFRQFOXGHVWKHPDWKHPDWLFV0RUHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJFROOLVLRQVFRQWDFW
FRPSRVLWHULJLGERG\K\EULGDQGRWKHUDOJRULWKPVDUHLQ )HDWKHUVWRQHVERRN
(GZDUG%R\GHQ
6XPPHU
$FWLYLVLRQ,QF